1 1989 25 1984 28

1984 51 129 1984 199 275 1984 199 275

1988 3 37. 1993 90 505 511 533 538. 1979 3 1.

1985 1 59. Salter s 1996 3 46 47.

G Fowels Lecture experiments in chemistry fifth edition london G.Bell Sons Ltd. 1959 P507 508. 1961 511 1945 9 1 14.

1983 16 17 M.J.Frazer Up-to-date and precise learning objectives in chemistry New trends in chemistry teaching The Unesco Press Paris 1975 P.45.

The American Chemical Society Chemcom Chemistry in thecommunity Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 1988 P.xi.

1988 254 1993 16 1945 9 3

1983 16 18 1991 271 275 1985 2 3 M.H.Gardner The Future Teaching School Chemistry The UnescoPress 1984 P.347 1992 1 7 11 1992 2 7 9

12 13. 1992 2 9 11

170 172 1990 106

P.4. B.S.FurnissandJ.R.Parsonage IndependentLearninginTertiaryScienceEducation ThamesPolytechnic 1975

1985 2 1994 2 1988 79 86 1988 79 86 JohnC.Whitmer ElementarySchoolScience DirectionsandOpportiunities J.Chem.Educ. Vol.51 3 169

1986 3 54 55 1988 88 1988 79 86

R.B.Ingle and A.M.Ranaweea Curriculum innovation in schoolchemistry teaching school chemistry The Unesco Prese 1984 P.45 46

R.B.Ingle and A.M.Ranaweea Curriculum innovation in schoolchemistry teaching school chemistry The Unesco Prese 1984 P.45 46 M.J.Frazer Uptodate and precise l earnign objectives in chemistry NewTrends in Chemistry Teaching Vol. The Unesco Press Paris 1975 P.43

1993 323 211 1993 323 211 1990 30 31

1992

1996 52 54 1982 45

1985 160 162 1993 1 22 1983 32 34 1987 60 69 1988 16 18 170 171 1990 47 53

1996 8 8 11

1996 9 73 74

1996 84

1996 311 314

1991 212 214 1990 54 55

1996 111 1988 19 22 172 174

1992 1 58

1996 280

1996 283 237

1994 85 87

1992 3 106

1989 24 27 1989 37 1992 83 1996 68

é 243 1989 6 25 1996 6 24 25

1992 75

B.S 1987 22 1991 55

A.J E.J. 1989 69 162 The Chemical Society Assessment Group RESEACH IN ASSESSMENT 1975 London. 1992 295 1988 3 1 1996

1991 1 27 1994 6 1 1993 6 29 31

D.G. 1991 80 1993 5 29

1993 5 29

1991 2 20

1996 9 72

J.M. 1982 392 D.P. 1994

204 1997 336 338

1992 88 MCE 1994 4 9

1992 235

1996 130 131

1990 474 475

2 2 3 2 4 FeS SO SO H SO 1992 676

1988 328 1992 1 26 27

1988 5

1996 1 28 1990 1 45 46

1990 1 45 46 1993 256

1992 1 26 27 1992 1 26 27 1987 4 12 14 1991.6 25 27

1991.6 25 27

1997 43 44

1994 5 32 33 1990 89

1997 43 44

1992 4 5

1992 124 137

1997 2 180

1995 263

1996 57

1993 34 35

1991 3 22 23 1985 289

1991 3 22 23 1979 1983 37 63

1991 3 26

1992 95 1979 1 27 29 1992 10 11

1996 40 41

G.Fowels Lecture Experiments in Chemistry Fifth Edition London G.Bell Sons Ltd 1959 P.2 5.

1992 103 104

1991 3 23

1996 10 6 7

SO 4 2

HNO SO 2 3 4 CO 2 3 2 SO 4

1994 1996

1 X X i X = X i N N

2 (X i X) S = N Z = X i X S Z = 0 X = X i Z 0 X X i Z 0 X X i 1992 184 186 1990 349

X 5 X X Z Z = X - ( ) ( ) 1991 2 16 17

x x x

N XY X Y r = [ N X 2 ( X) 2 ][ N Y 2 ( Y) 2 ] 2r r x x 1 + r hh hh α = k 2 k -1 1 S i 2 S t

1989 197

Xi Pi = W i X i i W i Ri Pi = N PH( i) P L( i) Pi = 2 28 / 35 + 12 / 35 P 1 = = 057. 2 i

kp 1 CP = k 1 4 0. 53 1 CP = 0. 37 4 1 1987 101

1990 349

28 30 35 37 Si Si Cl Cl SiCl 14 14 17 17 4

1990 6 15

1995 88 1992 1 16 17

Wi Wi W = i a n j N a i j j

Wi m 1 Wi = W = W Wi m j= 1 ji ji j i j i

F = i m k= 1 b W j i k F = n i= 1 F i W i F1 F2 F3 F = F1W1 + F2W2 + F3W3

1985 6 73 74

1979 205

1993 16 17

1985 18 1996 6 63 64 1989 1 43

1995 10 26 30 1996 10 24 25

1979 9 10 1984 5

1994 8 25 30

X X X 1 2 3 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1995 8 7 1996 3 23 24 1990 330

1995 12 7 8

1995 12 7 8

X1 X2 Z = X X S1 n 1 2 2 1 S + n 2 2 2 X1 X 2 1 2 MCE 1994 4 8 12 1993 149 153

Z = X 1 X 2 2 2 S1 S2 + n1 n2 8815. 88. 89 = = 2. 02 1. 96 2 2 2. 28 119. + 39 42

1992 3.19 24

1996 1 11 15 1993 1 29 31