Study on the Vegetation Ecology of Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest in the Middle and Upper Watershed of Nan-Tz-Shian Stream in Southwestern Taiwan
( ) ( 8821805) Study on the Vegetation Ecology of Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest in the Middle and Upper Watershed of Nan-Tz-Shian Stream in Southwestern Taiwan ( ) ( ) / ( )
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70 20 5 5 5 1 70 500 563 118 321 203 70 5 70 9 A. - B. - C. - D. E. - F. - G. H. - I. - 9 (I) (II) (III) I
Abstract To determine the relationship between vegetation and environmental parameters in the middle and upper watershed of Nan-Tze-Shian stream, the first comprehensive multivariate statistical analysis of the woody vegetation data obtained from field survey, is presented. According to physiognomy and plant composition, 70 homogenous stands were sampled in the area. Each plot is composed of twenty 5 5 m 2 quadrates. Five environmental factors including plot location, altitude, slope, aspect and microtopography were recorded. All woody plants in each plot species with dbh = 1cm present in the quadrates were identified, and their dbh were measured. In addition, ground layer species were identified and evaluated by their coverage. The vascular plants inventory recorded a total of 118 families, 321 genera and 563 species. Among the 203 woody plants, the families are rich in species including Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Theaceae, Symploaceae and Moraceae. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was applied to the ordination analysis, to clarify the spatial variation of the 70 plots and search for relationship of the variation with 5 environmental variables. Classification of the vegetation types was conducted by the cluster analysis (CA), two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and tabular comparison method. The results obtained from the analysis are that the distribution of vegetation types and flora are obvious and sensitive to the elevation and whole light sky space (WLS) and the floristic classification distinguished 9 forest types: Neolitsea acuminatissima - Cyclobalanopsis morii, Vaccinium randaiense - Castanopsis cuspidata, Pasania kawakamii - Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides, Beilschmiedia erythrophloia, Engelhardtia roxburghiana - Cyclobalanopsis longinux, Helicia formosana - Machilus konishii kusanoi, Castanopsis formosana, Machilus zuihoensis - Schefflera octophylla and Ficus irisana - Machilus kusanoi associations. The associations were re-arranged by tabular comparison method for developing a hierachy of forest vegetation system. This hierachical system consists of Three alliances, characterized by Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides, Beilschmiedia erythrophloia and Machilus kusanoi, respectively. Finally, I ascribed the vertical vegetation spectrum along with altitude gradient. The altitudinal boundaries between upper Quercus, lower Quercus and Machilus-Castanopsis zones are ca. 1800 m and 1200 m, respectively. The results might help us to understand the habitat diversity and plant diversity in the area, and those are expected to apply to vegetation mapping and environment monitoring. Key words: Multivariate statistical analysis, Nan-Tze-Shian stream, Vegetation types. II
III... I Abstract...II...III...IV...V...1...3...3...6...20...20...21...22...24...26...26...26...26...27...30...30...30...30...31...34...34...35...36...60...60...60...61...61...62...65...65...66...67...76...76...78
1...28 2...29 3 ( Day and Monk 1974)...31 4 DCA 1 2...35 5...37 6...38 7...60 IV
V 1...4 2...11 3...17 4...24 5 ( Gauch 1982)...32 6...34 7 10...34 8 DCA...35 9 DCA...36 10...39 11...45 12 -...56 13 -...56 14 -...57 15...57 16 -...58 17 -...58 18...59 19 -...59 20 -...60
(Evergreen broad-leaved forest) 38 N (Miyawaki and Sasaki 1985) 31-32 N 24 N ( 2000) 2500 32 (Hsieh et al. 1997) (Fagaceae) (Lauraceae) (Theaceae) (Magnoliaceae) (Elaeocarpaceae) (Su 1985) (Su 1984 1999) ( 2002) (Lawesson 2000Dzwonko and Loster 2000 Bergmeier and Dimopoulos 2001) (Jiang et al. 2000Mwasumbi et al. 1994Sardinero 2000Sari 2000) (Grossman et al. 1998Bruelheids and Chytry 2000) Su (1985) 7 ( 2003) ( 2003) 7 Su (1984 b) (1) (2) (3) 1
2
(1) (1968) ( ) Su (1984 b) Hsieh et al. (1994) ( ) ( ) ( - ) ( ) ) (2000) (Class of vegetation type) (Subclass of vegetation type) (Order of vegetation type) (Vegetation type) (Alliance) 5 3 2 3
1 / /1912 /1929 /1931 /1939 /1962 /1959 - - ( - ) ( - ) ( - ) /1968 /19681970 ( ) ( ) ( ) /1969 /1970 /1972 ( ) ( ) ( ) Su/1984 b /1993 /1993 Hsieh et al./1994 ( ) ( ) ( - ) ( ) ( ) /1995 /1997 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - /1998 /19992000 ( ) ( ) 4
5 ( ) /2000 I A. 1. 2. 3. 4. B. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. C. 13. II A. 14. B. 15. 16. 17. C. 18. D. 19. III A. 20. B. 21. 22. IV A. 23. B.Chasmophytic 24. Chasmophytic C. 25. V A. 26. 27. 28. B. 29. 30.
Su (1985) 7 - (2) Su (1984 b) (3) (1941) 1200-2300 37 900 3 1800-2000 (1989) 12.4 K 42 40 - - 20-30 10-25 1.5-10 1.5 (2002) Braun-Blanquet 400-1600 - - - / - - - 6
- - (2003) 9.5 K 1 (100 100 ) (1982) 500 (1963) 2 3 12 0.4 (1967) 40 10 m 10 m 1400-1700 Miyawaki et al. (1981) (1) - 1480 (2) - 1600 25 (3) - 1650 7
(1988) 25 15 m 20 m 11 (1) - (2) - (3) - (4) - (5) - - (6) - (7) / (8) - - (9) (10) - - (11) - - (1990) 32 20 5 m 5 m 7 1400 8 (1) - (2) - (3) (4) - (5)- (6) - (7) (8) (1991) 42 12 10 m 5 m 6 5 (I) - 350-700 - (II) - - 700-1000 (III) - - 700-1000 (IV) - 900-1300 (V) - - 1200-1800 - (1400 ) ( 500-1400 ) (500 ) Su (1984 b) (1992) 42 20 5 m 5 m 7 A. B. 7 A1. A2. - A3. - A4. B1. - B2. 8
- B3. (1994) (1)?? (2)?????? 35 10 m 25 m PH 9 (1) - - - (2) - - - (3) - 1750-2000 (4) - - - (5) - (6) - 1925 (7) - 1985-1995 (8) - 2120 (9) 1990 (1996) 10 10 m 10 m (1991) - - 650 (1991) 80 (2002) 1800-2400 70 5 10 m 10 m (TWINSPAN) 2 (1) - - 2110-2280 - (2) - 1950-2080 2 (2002) 1100-2643 39 10 m 25 m 5 9
(1) - (2) - (3) - (4) - (5) - (2003) 1900 2 200 10 m 10 m 200 - (2003) 39 5 10 m 10 m 34 5 3 2 (1) - (2) - - (3) - 10
2 1935 450 m (Ficus spp.) (Machilus spp.) 450-900 m 900-1200 m 1200 m 1600 m 1941 Alt. 1200-2300 m 900 m 2 1963 Alt. 1700 m 12 0.1 1976 38.8 Alt. 1400-1700 m 12.5 40 9.7 10 m 10 m 1974 700 m Alt. 0-3090 m - - 2400 m - - - - - - 1960-2800 m 11
- - - - - 2800 m Miyawaki et al. 1981 - Alt. 1450-1700 m - - 1982 1. - - 2. 10 5 m 5 m Alt. 50-500 m 1982 10 Alt. 0-1062 m 1. - 5 m 5 m 2. - - 12 3. - 4. - a. - b. - c. 5. a. - - b. c. - d. - 6.- a. b. c. - 7. - - 8. - 9.- 10. - 11.- - 12. - 1. 2. 3. - 4. - - - 5.
6. 1988 1. - Alt. 400-2772 m 25 15 m 20 m 2. - 3. - 4. - 5. - - 6. - / 7. - 8. - - 9. 10. - - 11. - - 1989 - - Alt. 1816-1780 m 40 m 42 m 1989 - - Alt. 900-1550 m 5 - - 10 m 10 m - - 15 1990 - Alt. 30-1400 m 20 5 m 5 m 32 - - - - 1991 - Alt. 260-1800 m 12 10 m 5 m 42 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1991 20 - Alt. 800-3090 m 5 m 5 m 33 - - - - - - - - - 1991 - Alt. 500-2735 m 10 5 m 5 m 20 - - - - 1992 36 10 m 10 m 13
10 m 5 m 5 m 5 m 1992 I. 55 II. Alt. 1100-1300 m 5 III. IV. 1992 - Alt. 1050-1688 m 10 5 m 5 m 23 - - 1992 Alt. 580-2300 m 20 5 m 5 m 42 - - - - 1994 (1) Alt. 1750-2300 m 35 10 m 25 m - - (2) - - - - (3) - (4) - - - (5) - (6) - (7) - (8) - (9) 1994 1. - Alt. 0-550 m 10 10 m 10 m 5 m 5 m 112 2. - - 3. - 4. - - 5. 6. - - - 7. - 14
- - - 8. - - - 9.- - - - 1994 - Alt. 800-1326 m 10 5 m 5 m 13 1996-20 - 5 m 5 m - 46 - Alt. 500-1600 m 1996 Alt. 650 m - - N 22 0 57 60 E 120 0 40 70 10 10 m 10 m 1997 1. - Alt. 800-1400 m 6 20 m 30 m 2. 1997 1. - Alt. 50-290 m 22 2. - 3. 1999 1. - 15 Alt. 120-295 m 2. - 5 m 5 m 3. 15 2000-35 Alt. 0-223 m 10 m 10 m 2002 (1) - - Alt. 1930-2350 m 5 10 m 10 m 70 - (2) - 2002 (1) - Alt. 1100-2650 m 39 10 m 25 m (2) - (3) - (4) - (5) - 2002 - Alt. 1620-2650 m 400-1600 m 2 - - - / - - - - - - 15
- 2003 9.5K Alt. 1965-2025 m 100 m 100 m 1 2003-100 m 200 m 2 2003 (1) - 39 5 10 (2) m 10 m - - (3) - 2004 (1) - Alt. 150-400 m 20 5 m 5 m 20 (2) - (3) - (4) - (5) - 2004 1. Alt. 380-1800 m 4 10 m 10 m 34 2. - 3. - 4. 2004 (1) - Alt. 850-1055 m 20 5 m 5 m 60 - - (2) - - - (3) - - - 16
3 ( ) ( ) 1800-2300 ( 1941) - ( 1988) 2000-2100 - 2200-2300 ( 1988) - / 2400-2450 ( 1988) - 2000-2250 - - - ( 1994) - - 1965-1975 - ( 1994) - ( 1994) 2045 - ( 1994) 1925 - - 2110-2280 - ( 2002) - 1950-2080 ( 2002) - 2440 ( 2002) - - 2000 ( 2002) - / 1880 ( 2002) - - 1870 ( 2002) - 1880 ( 2002) - 2122 ( 2002) - - 1840 ( 2002) ( 2003) 1965-2025 - 2150-1575 ( 2002) 2000 ( 2003) 1200-1800 ( 1941) ( 1941) ( 1941) - 1480 (Miyawaki et al. 1981) 17
- (Miyawaki et al. 1981) 1600 - (Miyawaki et al. 1981) 1650 - ( 1988) 1500-1700 - - 1700-1800 ( 1988) - - 1816-1780 ( 1989) - 1200 ( 1990) - 1200-1800 - - - ( 1991) - 1300-1800 ( 1992) - 1750-1950 ( 1992) - - 1450-1770 - ( 1994) - ( 1994) 1750-2000 - 1780 ( 2002) - 1615-2095 ( 2002) - 1570-1615 ( 2002) - 1505 ( 2002) - 1374-1814 - ( 2003) - - ( 1988) 850-1200 650-800 ( 1988) - - ( 1988) 500-800 - - ( 1988) 500-700 - 790-1100 ( 1990) ( 1990) 400-1100 - - 350-700 - ( 1991) - - 700-1000 ( 1991) - - 700-1000 18
( 1991) - ( 1991) 900-1300 - 500-1500 - ( 1992) - - ( 1996) 650-1210-1515 ( 2002) - 1345-1497 ( 2003) - 600-664 ( 2003) 19
(vegetation) (plant community) (physiognomy) (growth form) (plant compositions) (Gaussian curve) (skewed) (bimodal) (plateau) (Austin et al. 1984Austin 1987Austin and Smith 1989) (habitat) Whittaker et al. (1973) (biotope) (hyperspace) (habitat hypervolume) (landscape) Ohsawa (1987) (zonal) (topographical) (within community) Ohsawa (1987) (species niche) (habitat niche) (age-state niche) 20
( ) Whittaker (1978) 1. (Physiognomic Tradition) Humboldt (1807) Grisebach (1838) 2. (Northern Tradition) (1) Uppsala (Du Rietz 1921)(2) Gams (1918) Lippmaa (1939) (3) Cajander (19091949) Markus (1930) Raunkiaer (1934) BÖcher (19331954) Hansen (1930) Steindo rsson (1954) (biotopes) 3. (Southern Tradition) Zürich Montpellier Braun-Blanquat Z-M ( 1983)Braun-Blanquat (Association) (character species) Westhoff Maarel (1978) (floristic-sociological approach) Whittaker (1962) Kent Coker (1992) Braun-Blanquat (1) (2) (releve) (homogenous)(3) (minimal area)(4) (fidelity) (5) 4. (Russian Tradition) Uppsala (sociation) (biogeocoenose) 21
5. (British Tradition) Moss (1910) Tansley (1920) (formation) Clements Tansley (polyclimax) 6. (American Tradition) Clements (succession) Clements Gleason (19261939) Clements (organismic concept) (individualistic concept) Whittaker (195119561960 1967) Wisconsin (Curtis and McIntosh 1951Curtis 1959Bray and Curtis 1957McIntosh 1967) (continuum concept) (homogenous) (classification) (ordination) ( ) (Gauch 1982) (cluster analysis, CA) (two-way indicator species analysis, TWINSPAN) (detrend correspondence analysis, DCA) (canonical correspondence analysis, CCA) 4 ( 1983 1987 b1987 c 1996Gauch 1982Kent and Coker 1992McCune and Grace 2002) CATWINSPANDCA CCA (4) 1. (CA) (polytheticagglomerativehierarchical) (dendrogram) 22
23 Jaccard Sorensen (Euclidea distance) (Ward s method) (unweighted pair-group method, UPGMA) 2. (TWINSPAN) (polythetic divisivehierarchical) Hill et al. (1975) FORTRAN (Hill 1979 b) (reciprocal averaging, RA) (Hill 1973) TWINSPAN (0/1) TWINSPAN (pseudospecies) (differential species) 3. (DCA) DCA DCA (RA) (weighted average, WA) (Hill 1979 a) RA (arch effect) (compression of axis ends) DCA RA (rescaling) 0 1 (detrending) RA 0 4 SD 4. (CCA) CCA ter Braak (1986) ( correspondence analysis)
(Gauch 1982) (redundancy) (Pandora s box) (Jams and McCulloch 1990) 4 (CA) (chaining) (TWINSPAN) CA (DCA) (CCA) unimodal ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (Millington and Alexander 2000) 24
2003 (mapping scale) ( ) (Wyatt 2000) Su (1985) 7 ( ) ( 2003) ( 2003) 25
(3952 m) (2845 m) (2610 m) (2610 m) (2254 m) (1602 m) (973 (730 m) (3952 (2827 m) (2481 m) (1664 (1044 m) 20 (1) ( 1986) ( 1984) 3 (3850 m) (2413 (2.3 m) 1. 2 1785-3910 mm 60-77 5-8 2.5-9 1112 1 3 2. 2 3.9 10.8 24.7 3 1000 18.95 2000 13.18 3000 7.98 420-2600 10-21 (1957) Su (1984 a) 26
500 500-1500 1500-2500 2500 27
1 28
2 29
2002 1 2002 1 3 (Anglo-American School) (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg 1974) 20 5 5 1 (DBH1cm) (Huang 2003) 2002 4 2004 2 70 24 18 7 6 15 (GPS-plus II) ( TWD 67 ) ( ) (1987 a) 1. (Altitude) 2. (Slope) 3. (Aspect) Day Monk (1974) 16 (3) 1 ( ) 16 ( ) 4. 1 23 5. (Synthetic) Whittaker (1960) 0-10 (5)10-20 30
(4)20-30 (3)30-40 (2)40 (1) 6. (Whole light sky space, WLS) GPS (2003) 3 ( Day and Monk 1974) Wisconsin (Important Value Index, IVI) (Curtis and McIntoch 1950) IVI 300 IVI ( ) = Rdi( ) Rdoi( )Rfi( ) Rdi( ) = 100 Rdoi( ) 100 Rfi( ) = 100 IVI 3 100 Gauch (1982) (octave scale) 0-9 (5) PC-ORD (McCune and Mefford 1997) 31
5 ( Gauch 1982) (X) 0 0 0 < X < 0.5 1 0.5 < X < 1 2 1 < X < 2 3 2 < X < 4 4 4 < X < 8 5 8 < X < 16 6 16 < X < 32 7 32 < X < 64 8 64 < X < 100 9 (Access 2002 ) IVI (Classification) (Ordination) (Detrended correspondence analysis, DCA) (Pearson correlation coefficient) (Cluster analysis, CA) Sorensen IS2w/(ab)a A b B w A B Group Average (UPGMA) (dendrogram) (Two-way indicator species analysis, TWINSPAN) (Tabular comparison method) (Braun-Blanquet 1965 1983) (synonyms) 32
(2003) (S) SP n (Np/N) n S n 0-9 P 0-1 Np N S S (581-100 461-80 341-60 221-40 11-20) (Association) (Alliance) (Max) (Min) (Mean) (SE) 95 (T1 T2) 33
70 500 564 118 321 ( ) 21 42 117 3 4 4 82 231 367 12 44 76 (6) IVI (29.69) (20.34) (9.44) (2.54) (2.15 ) (2.06) (2.03) (1.81) (1.76) (1.47) (7) (29.69) (20.34) 50.03 (25) (15) 40 (30.14) (27.91) 57.85 6 21 42 117 3 4 4 82 231 366 12 44 76 118 321 563 Family 7 10 Number of species Dominance IVI 1 Lauraceae 25 30.14 29.69 2 Fagaceae 15 27.71 20.34 3 Theaceae 12 8.16 9.44 4 Rutaceae 5 1.09 2.54 5 Magnoliaceae 1 1.97 2.15 6 Araliaceae 3 2.49 2.06 7 Juglandaceae 1 2.80 2.03 8 Symploaceae 11 1.11 1.81 9 Proteaceae 2 1.33 1.76 10 Moraceae 11 1.60 1.41 Others 118 21.59 26.77 34
(DCA) 3 (length of gradient) 6.5463.6423.269 (SD) (Eigenvalue) 0.77040.3939 0.29963 (8) 2 3 70 1 2 (4) 8 DCA 1 6.546 0.7704 2 3.642 0.3939 3 3.269 0.2996 Axis 2 250 150 50-50 S25 S66 A -150-200 S34 S35 S26 B S36 S22 C S69 S68 S19 S29 S70 S67 S37 S40 S31 S41 S33 S39 S38 S24 S27 S14 S44 S48 S3 S21 S46 S47 S32 S7 S57 S23 S1 S43 S54 S42 S53 S62 S45 S2 S49 S55 S4 S13 S58 S59 S20 S30 S61 S28 S8 S60 S56 E D F S52 S51 S65 S9 S5 S15 S6 S11 S17 S12 S50 0 200 400 Axis 1 S16 S10 S63 4 DCA 1 2 G H I S18 S64 3 (Pearson correlation coefficient) 9 1 1 9 35
(1 ) 420 2600 2 9 DCA 1 0.912 0.125 0.080 0.095 0.255 2 0.324 0.144 0.077 0.091 0.413 3 0.008 0.136 0.116 0.057 0.056 p0.01 p0.05 (CA) (5) 25 70 9 A(S25S26S34S35S66) B(S4S7S20S21S22S23S28S30S32S36S44S45S46S47 S48S56)C(S19S29S37S67S68S69S70)D(S14S24S27 S31S33S38S39S40S41S51S52)E(S1S2S8S13S42 S49S57S58S59S60S61S62)F(S3S43S53S54S55)G(S5 S9S50S65)H(S6S11S12S15S17)I(S10S16S18S63S64) (TWINSPAN) 4 (6) 70 9 (A)(S25S26S34S35S66)(B)(S4S7 S20S21S22S23S28S32S36S44S45S46S47S48S56)(C) (S19S29S33S67S68S69S70)(D)(S14S24S27S31S37S38 S39S40S41)(E)(S1S2S8S13S30S42S49S57S59S60S61) (F)(S43S53S54S55S58S62)(G)(S3S51S52S65)(H)(S6 S9S11S12S15S17)(I)(S5S10S16S18S50S63S64) (CA) (TWINSPAN) (concentration of correlation) (CA) (TWINSPAN) (10) 70 9 ( ) (S) 70 9 9 203 36
(11) 10 11 I A. - B. - C. - (II) D. E. - F. - (III) G. H. - I. - 37
38 5 Distance (Objective Function) Information Remaining (%) 2.8E-02 100 2.4E+00 75 4.7E+00 50 7.1E+00 25 9.4E+00 0 S1 S2 S13 S8 S49 S60 S61 S42 S59 S57 S58 S62 S4 S20 S28 S56 S30 S7 S23 S45 S32 S46 S47 S48 S22 S44 S21 S36 S3 S43 S53 S54 S55 S14 S27 S24 S33 S40 S41 S31 S38 S39 S19 S29 S37 S67 S68 S69 S70 S51 S52 S25 S26 S35 S34 S66 S5 S50 S65 S9 S6 S11 S17 S12 S15 S10 S18 S16 S64 S63 E B F C D H I A G D
70 plots Level 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------- Level 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Level 3 ------------------------------------------------------------- Level 4 25 ------------------------------------------------------- 26 34 35 66 (A) 27 19 29 33 67 68 69 70 57 5 22 17 7 (C) 4 7 20 21 22 23 28 32 36 44 45 46 47 48 56 15 11 1 2 8 13 30 42 49 57 59 60 61 (E) 43 53 54 55 58 62 30 6 (F) 9 14 24 27 31 37 38 39 40 41 (D) 13 4 3 51 52 65 (G) 6 6 9 11 12 15 17 (H) 13 7 5 10 16 18 50 63 64 (I) (B) 6 39
10 A B C D E F G H I 36223 232402434440225 7216663 044232133355 00103544566 554556 6005 11011 16161 Tsuga chinensis Rhamnus chingshuiensis Picea morrisonicola Symplocos heishanensis Sycopsis sinensis Ligustrum morrisonense Daphne arisanensis Litsea morrisonensis Elaeagnus formosana Symplocos migoi Acer morrisonense Cephalotaxus wilsoniana Microtropis fokienensis Callicarpa remotiflora Mahonia japonica Osmanthus enervius Symplocos modesta Trochodendron aralioides Sinopanax formosana Neolitsea acuminatissima Symplocos morrisonicola Cyclobalanopsis morii Eurya strigillosa 46565 162473526784086 0997897 301437418912 12380729901 343582 5950 57612 03648 2---- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- 2---- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- 5--3- -1------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- -2--- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- --3-- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- -1--1 --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----2 --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----1 --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ---1- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- 54--3 --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- 1---1 --1------------ --2---- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ---23-1------------- -----1- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- -2--- --------------- ------- ------------ ---------1- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --1------------ ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ---1- --1------------ -1----- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- 1---- --------------- ------- ------1----- 1-1-------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- -3------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- -1------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- -1------------- ----2-- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- 56455 --------------- -2----- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- 46544 22--1---------- ------- ------------ --1-------- ------ ---- ----- ----- 55656 333-1------2--- -3----- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- -4344 2345--22------- -32---- ------------ ----------- -11--- ---- ----- ----- Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides 56-34 343---14------- 5656555-6555454421- ---122232-- ------ ---- ----- ----- Castanopsis cuspidata Eurya loquaiana Machilus thunbergii Daphniphyllum glaucescens Lithocarpus lepidocarpus Cleyera japonica Gordonia axillaris Eurya leptophylla Machilus japonica Callicarpa randaiensis Pittosporum illicioides Rhododendron leptosanthum Osmanthus heterophyllus Acer kawakamii Dendropanax dentiger Symplocos konishii Eurya chinensis Quercus tatakaensis Rhododendron oldhamii Photinia beauverdiana Schima superba Pasania kawakamii Viburnum parvifolium Neolitsea aciculata Viburnum integrifolium Ligustrum pricei --663 5564665434524-3 633-44- ----4---55-- 66633211-2- 241-3- ---- ----- ----- 33632 634644454444345 4--1--- 4-------2-1- -1-211----- --2--- ---- ----- ----- --111 456665555554445-55---2 5446433-1--- 55554454555-24-33 4--- ----- ----- --224-1-----------31 --1-2-- ---------2-- -1334-221-3 1-1--- ---- ----- ----- ---33-352343442253-- -34---- ---21-24---2 422-34----3 ------ ---- ----- ----- --5-5 45---4-3---42-- ------- ------------ -1--------- ------ ---- ----- ----- --355 4344-2323323444 433---- -33-3----21- ---32332332 -----3 ---- ----- ----- -31-- ---3----122---- -24-32- -------1---- ----------- ------ ---- --1-- ----- ----- --21---1-2----- 514-664 -45-22-5351- ----------- 22--3- ---- ----- ----- ---21 1--------11---- -1----- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- --23- ---------11-2-- -42-2-- --1--------- -------2--- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- 54-14453--15565 2--2--- --------1--- -1435--2-33 ------ ---- ----- ----- 2---- --------------- ------- ------------ -------4432 ----2- ---- ----- ----- ----- 1-------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- 2---- ------3---3---- ------- ------------ --3-------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----3-3------------- 32--3-1 -3---------- ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- 6---3-4-2-1-------3-5-----2-3----2-123- --1----12-- 232-21 ---- -4--- ----- ----- -34-------1--1- --15-3- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- 1-------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- 1--2-232---23--111-- 3--2322 ----3---1--- ----------- ------ -2-- ---2-1---- ----- 44--43-4-----3- -1----- --2344--53-- ----4------ ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- 1411-----11---- 3444352-13-211232-3 ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ---2-1------1----11-113-4-3 ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----3 2-4242-14342--- 2525152-24454-424-- ---1-1----- -3---- ---- ----- ----- ---1-1--14553--255-5 ------- ------------ ---12------ ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- -2----12344---- --2---- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- 40
Symplocos glauca --1-- ---2-2--3------ ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- Symplocos sonoharae Vaccinium randaiense Adinandra formosana Ilex ficoidea Cinnamomum subavenium Prunus transarisanensis Prunus campanulata Picrasma quassioides Cyclobalanopsis longinux Elaeocarpus japonicus Ternstroemia gymnanthera Osmanthus matsumuranus Litsea acum inata Michelia compressa ----- 1-----2321----3 ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- 5--1-344-224553-3----- ------------ ---31------ ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- ------4-444---3 ------- ------------ --1--3----- ------ ---- ----- ----- -2--- 1---4223322-22- ------- --2--1134--- 333343-4434 1----- ---- ----- ----- ----- ----22-----1--- ------- -----------1 442-32----- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- ------1-------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- ----------1---- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- ----1---------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- 1-2444444545566 ------- ----3---4--- 54555545556 253--- 3--- ----- ----- ----- ---34334-322423 ------- ----1------- 3234---4-44 ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- ---22-1--114453 ------- --------1--- -13453-2--1-3---- ---- ----- ----- ----- ---2-1-233311-- 1---2-4 --42222-3-1-21-31-----1 ------ 2--- ---1- ----- --23-2-424-435551--- 5646555 555555554563 54334564554 655555 3--- ----- ----- ----- -1445543344223-423-2-- -2313411443-33342434233 422233 4--- 3---2 --2-- Cinnamomum insulari-montanum ----- -4-----2333---- --24445-22-3-33---- 1------1--- ------ ---1 1-44- ----- Elaeocarpus sylvestris Hydrangea chinensis Eriobotrya deflexa Viburnum formosanum Machilus zuihoensis Symplocos formosana Wikstroemia lanceolata Engelhardtia roxburghiana ----- 3-1143-2-1-312- --1---- 2--1332241-- -221--21-12 243-3- ---- 12431-31-- ----- -2------35411-- --2---- -2----1----- -------32-1 -----2 4--- 45--- ----- ----- 2--1--12--312-- -21-3-3-41-123-2--- 1-2213-31-2 ------ ---- 1-22- ----- ----- --------1--1--- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- ----1---------- ----1-- ---------1-- ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- ---2--2--1----- ------- ------------ ----------- -4-2-1 ---- ----- ----- ----- ---------1----- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------5 ------- ------------ 44554354653 ----65 ---- ----- ----- Zelkova serrata ----- 1-----------1-- -1-4--3 ------------ ----------- ------ ---- 2---- --2-- Ilex hayataiana Malus doumeri Ilex pedunculosa Alnus formosana Callicarpa formosana Cinnamomum kanehirae Meliosma rhoifolia Ardisia cornudentata Acer albopurpurascens Euonymus tashiroi Ilex goshiensis Ilex rotunda Itea parviflora Litsea acutivena Podocarpus macrophyllus Skimmia reevesiana Symplocos arisanensis Helicia cochinchinensis Neolitsea parvigemma Pasania brevicaudata Sloanea formosana Prunus phaeosticta Tricalysia dubia Beilschmiedia erythrophloia Turpinia formosana Castanopsis kusanoi Damnacanthus indicus Xylosma congesta Helicia formosana ----- ---1--4-------- ------- ------------ ----------2 ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- -1---1--------- ----311 ---1----1--- ----2------ ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- -----------2--- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- -1-4--- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- -3-33-1 -------1---- ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- -----1--2------ ------- ----4-13---- ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- ---1------2---- ------- ------------ ------1---- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- -------------2- ------- ------2---1-1----134331 ----31 ---- 12--- -42-- ----- -------------1- -1-11-4 3-21223----4 -----31---- ------ 35-- ----- --3-1 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ 3---------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ 224-------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ -----2----- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------1----- 222----1--2 ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----2------ ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ -12----2--- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- -----------2--- ------- ------------ ---2------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- -------4------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------1 ------- ------------ --------312 44--4- ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- 3----4----51 43---4-3432 414-2- ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ---3-------- 34-4233-143 542-45 ---- ----- ----- ----- ---------2----- ------- 4----344---- -----1----- 12--1- ---- ----2 ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ -42----3--4 3132-- ---- ----- ----- ----- -----------1-2- ------- 1344-224-431-2334333332 442231 32-- 1---- ----- ----- ------2-543---- 23554-5 565655666666 43133454432 334546 524-2---- 4---- ----- ---------12---- ----1-2 434--54-5543 ---1-33---1-33-1-4555 54446 54313 ----- --------------- ------- 5----------4 ----------- 5456-- ---- ----- ----- ----- -----------2--- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- 2-----2-3---------- ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ----1------- ----------- 546713 ---- ----- ----- 41
Oreocnide pedunculata ----- --------------- ---12-2 1-1---11-324 ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----2 Tetradium glabrifolium Litsea akoensis Celtis formosana Maesa perlaria Fraxinus griffithii Camellia sinensis Symplocos caudata Viburnum luzonicum Diospyros morrisiana Strobilanthes flexicaulis Machilus konishii Machilus philippinense Embelia lenticellata Ficus formosana Viburnum odoratissimum Ardisia sieboldii Syzygium formosanum Castanopsis formosana Alniphyllum pterospermum Pasania cornea Rhus succedanea Schefflera octophylla Litsea hypophaea Glycosmis citrifolia Pasania ternaticupula Glochidion rubrum Cleyera japonica Lasianthus microstachys Machilus zuihoensis Ardisia chinensis Strobilanthes formosanus Aucuba chinensis Camellia salicifolia Castanopsis fargesii Castanopsis kawa kamii Bridelia tomentosa Neolitsea konishii Ardisia virens Lindera communis Semnostachya longespicata Lasianthus fordii Mallotus paniculatus Morus australis Gardenia jasminoides Trema orientalis Wendlandia uvarufolia Cinnamomum camphora Diospyros eriantha Vitex quinata Aphananthe aspera Cyclobalanopsis glauca Ehretia acuminata Mallotus philippensis ----- --------------- ----1-- ------------ ----------- 2-2--- ---- -1--- ----- ----- --------------- --25334 2-2----2--2- ----------- -1---- -122 ---1-1-1-- ----- --------------- ------3-133--32-2-1 ----------- ------ 4-23 43324 3443- ----- --------------- ------1 --2------1-- ----------- -2---- -1-- ---1- -1--- ----- --------------- ------3 ------------ ----------- ------ -1-- 34-3- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ---1------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ 2---------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ -------1--- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ---------13 ----1- ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- 1----------- ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- 5-----5----4-2---3-2-1-344234 --3- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ----------43 -------1--- ----1-5--- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------1 ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ------31--- -1--2- ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- 1----43---54 1----43---1 ------ 322- ----2 2---- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ 3---------- ------ -3-- ----- 2---- ----- --------------- ------- ---4-41----- -------31-2 3----2-2-- 3-4-- --2-- ----- --------------- ------- 1----------3 ----------- ------ 6566 ----1 4---- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ -2--------- -11--- ---3 ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ 1------1--3 --3-2- --51 ----- 3---- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------2 ------ ---- 12--- ----- ----- --------------- ------- 2---------1- -22---54-44 ----55 42-4 45654 24443 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ --------1-- -----2 14-- 2423- -23-- ----- --------------- ------- ------3---65 ------3---- --2--- 3346 43--4 47464 ----- --------------- ------- -----------2 ------1---- ----23 --3- ----- 2---4 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ -------1--- ----1- -1-1 12--- 1---1 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ 1---------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------1 ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ---------2-- ----------- ------ ---- 41344 ----- ----- --------------- ------- 1----------- ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- -----------3 ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- 1----------- ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- -----------4 ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------1----- ----------- --3--- ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- 3----------- ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ---2- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------1----2 ----------- ------ --44 1---3 4-13- ----- --------------- ------- ------1----- ----------- ---2-- --2- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------1----2 ----------- --3-32 -32- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- 4----------- ----------- ------ --2- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- -----2 ---- ----- ----1 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ----2- --1-2322- 2--12 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ 2--- 12--- 2---1 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ -1-- 213-- --1-- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- --1--- -1-- ---11 2-12- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- -555- ---12 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---2 2-2-4 --2-- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- -3441 ----4 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- 2-11- -1-2- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- -2--2-2-3- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ -6-- 5---- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---3-1-12 --22- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ -1-- 431-3 2-351 42
Psychotria rubra ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ -33- --234 2---- Sapindus mukorossii Ficus erecta Ficus irisana Ficus nervosa Ficus septica Glochidion zeylanicum Koelreuteria henryi Lagerstroemia subcostata Machilus kusanoi ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ --35 33554 442-3 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ --12 2---- ---1- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ --22 1--1-54555 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ --2- -1--- 1-333 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- --21-3---3 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- -11-2 2312- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ -2-3 --2-- 32-24 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ -3-2 11-31 2-442 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ -314-1-16 46655 Melia azedarach ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---2-121- ----- Cinnamomum osmophloeum Bischofia javanica Capparis acutifolia Phoebe formosana Prunus zippeliana Maclura cochinchinensis Macaranga tanarius Champereia manillana Diospyros oldhamii Euphoria longana Ficus superba Liquidambar formosana Radermachia sinica Sapium discolor Styrax formosana Styrax suberifolia Dendrocnide meyeniana Murraya euchrestifolia Murraya paniculata Ficus variegata Leea guineensis Deutzia pulchra Glochidion philippicum Melanolepis multiglandulosa Ficus virgata Aleurites montana Crateva adansonii Croton cascarilloides Cryptocarya chinensis Ilex asprella Melicope pteleifolia Symplocos theophrastifolia Saurauia tristyla richodesma calycosum ----- --------------- ------- 1----------- ----------- ------ ---- --1-- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ --2- ----- 1---2 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ --4- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- 3----------- ----------- ------ --43 ----- 234-- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ --3- ----- ---2- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---1 ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---1 ----- 1---- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- --44- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- 3---- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- --3-- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- 22--- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- 12--- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- -2-2- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- -3--- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- -4-32 ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ---5- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- 41244 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---1 ----- -323- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- --1-- ---13 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- 3---4 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- 1---- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- --1-- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----3 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----1 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- 1---- ----4 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ---1- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- 1---- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----1 ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- 1---- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----- 1---- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- -1--- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ----------1- ----------- ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --------------- ------- ------------ ----------- ------ ---- ----1 ----- ----- --------------- ------- -----------1 ----------- ------ ---- ----- ---1-43
11 IVI (1=5-20 2=21-40 3=41-60 4=61-80 5=81-100) (evergreen broad-leaved forest formation) I. (montane temperate evergreen broad-leaved forestquercus zone) (I) (Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides allianceupper Quercus zone) A. - (Neolitsea acuminatissima - Cyclobalanopsis morii association) B. - (Vaccinium randaiense - Castanopsis cuspidate association) C. - (Pasania kawakamii - Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides association) (II) (Beilschmiedia erythrophloia alliancelower Quercus zone) D. (Beilschmiedia erythrophloia association) E. - (Engelhardtia roxburghiana - Cyclobalanopsis longinux association) F. - (Helicia formosana - Machilus konishii association) II. (submontane subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest (III) (Machilus kusanoi alliance) Machilus-Castanopsis zone) G. (Castanopsis formosana association) H. - (Machilus zuihoensis - Schefflera octophylla association) I. - (Ficus irisana - Machilus kusanoi association) Alliance (I) (II) (III) Association A II B C D E F G H I Number of plots 5 15 7 12 11 6 4 5 5 Tsuga chinensis 1,1 - - - - - - - - Rhamnus chingshuiensis 1,1 - - - - - - - - Symplocos heishanensis 1,1 - - - - - - - - Sycopsis sinensis 1,1 - - - - - - - - Ligustrum morrisonense 1,2 - - - - - - - - Daphne arisanensis 1,1 - - - - - - - - Litsea morrisonensis 1,1 - - - - - - - - Elaeagnus formosana 1,1 - - - - - - - - Symplocos migoi 2,3 - - - - - - - - Neolitsea acuminatissima 5,5-1,1 - - - - - - Symplocos morrisonicola 5,5 1,1 - - 1,1 - - - - Cyclobalanopsis morii 6,5 1,3 1,1 - - - - - - Viburnum integrifolium 1,1 2,3 - - 1,1 - - - - Symplocos modesta - 1,1 - - - - - - - Trochodendron aralioides - 1,1 - - - - - - - Callicarpa remotiflora - 1,1 - - - - - - - Acer kawakamii - 1,1 - - - - - - - Rhododendron oldhamii - 1,1 - - - - - - - Symplocos arisanensis - 1,1 - - - - - - - Ilex pedunculosa - 1,1 - - - - - - - Prunus transarisanensis - 1,1 - - - - - - - Prunus campanulata - 1,1 - - - - - - - Picrasma quassioides - 1,1 - - - - - - - Viburnum formosanum - 1,1 - - - - - - - Damnacanthus indicus - 1,1 - - - - - - Wikstroemia lanceolata - 1,1 - - - - - - - Symplocos sonoharae - 1,2 - - - - - - - Vaccinium randaiense - 2,4 1,1-1,1 - - - - Alnus formosana - - 1,2 - - - - - - 44
Embelia lenticellata - - 1,1 - - - - - - Pasania kawakam ii - 1,2 3,5 1,4 - - - - - Viburnum parvifolium 1,1 1,2 2,4 - - - - - - Acer morrisonense 1,2 1,1 1,1 - - - - - - Cephalotaxus wilsoniana 1,2 1,1 1,1 - - - - - - Mahonia japonica 1,1 1,1 1,1 - - - - - - Callicarpa randaiensis 1,2 1,1 1,1 - - - - - - Eurya strigillosa 3,4 1,3 1,2 - - 1,2 - - - Symplocos konishii 1,1 1,1 1,3 1,1 - - - - - Picea morrisonicola 1,2 1,1 - - - - - - - Symplocos glauca 1,1 1,1 - - - - - - - Cleyera japonica 1,2 1,2 - - 1,1 - - - - Dendropanax dentiger 1,1 1,1 - - 1,1 - - - - Sinopanax formosana - 1,1 1,1 - - - - - - Quercus tatakaensis - 1,2 1,3 - - - - - - Ligustrum pricei - 1,2 1,1 - - - - - - Ardisia chinensis - - - 1,1 - - - - - Symplocos theophrastifolia - - - 1,1 - - - - - Strobilanthes formosanus - - - 1,1 - - - - - Strobilanthes flexicaulis - - - 1,1 - - - - - Aucuba chinensis - - - 1,1 - - - - - Camellia salicifolia - - - 1,1 - - - - - Castanopsis kawakamii - - - 1,1 - - - - - Engelhardtia roxburghiana - 1,1 - - 5,5 1,2 - - - Ilex goshiensis - - - - 1,2 - - - - Podocarpus macrophyllus - - - - 1,2 - - - - Cleyera japonica - - - - 1,1 - - - - Lasianthus microstachys - - - - 1,1 - - - - Euonymus tashiroi - - - - 1,1 - - - - Ilex rotunda - - - - 1,1 - - - - Litsea acutivena - - - - 1,1 - - - - Camellia sinensis - - - - 1,1 - - - - Symplocos caudata - - - - 1,1 - - - - Viburnum luzonicum - - - - 1,1 - - - - Helicia formosana - - - 1,1-5,5 - - - Castanopsis kusanoi - - - 1,1-3,3 - - - Machilus konishii - - - 1,2 1,2 4,5 1,2 - - Helicia cochinchinensis - 1,1 - - 1,2 2,2 - - - Prunus phaeosticta - - - - 1,2 2,3 - - - Ternstroemia gymnanthera - 1,3-1,1 2,3 1,1 - - - Neolitsea parvigemma - - - 1,2 2,3 2,3 - - - Pasania brevicaudata - - - 1,1 3,4 3,4 - - - Machilus philippinense - - - 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,2 - - Diospyros morrisiana - - - - 1,1 1,1 - - - Ficus formosana - - - - 1,1 1,2 - - - Alniphyllum pterospermum - - - - 1,1 1,2 1,2 - - Itea parviflora - - - 1,1 1,2 - - - - Osmanthus enervius 1,1 - - 1,1 1,1 - - - - Ardisia virens - - - 1,1-1,1 1,2 - - Lindera communis - - - 1,1-1,2 1,2 - - Diospyros morrisiana - - - - 1,1 1,1 - - - Ficus formosana - - - - 1,1 1,2 - - - Alniphyllum pterospermum - - - - 1,1 1,2 1,2 - - Cinnamomum subavenium - 1,2-1,1-1,1 - - - Elaeocarpus japonicus - 2,4-1,1 2,3 - - - - Osmanthus heterophyllus 1,1 - - - 1,2 1,1 - - - Eurya leptophylla 1,2 1,2 1,3 1,1 - - - 1,1 - Lithocarpus lepidocarpus 1,2 3,4 1,2 1,2 1,2 - - - - Pittosporum illicioides 1,2 1,1 1,3 1,1 1,1 - - - - Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides 3,4 1,3 6,5 3,4 1,2 - - - - Malus doumeri - 1,1 1,3 1,1 1,1 - - - - 45
Schima superba - 1,2 1,1 1,2 1,1 - - - - Rhododendron leptosanthum - 3,4 1,2 1,1 2,3 - - - - Machilus japonica - 1,2 4,4 2,3-1,2 - - - Machilus zuihoensis - 1,1 1,1 1,1 - - - - - Eriobotrya deflexa - 1,2 1,3 1,2 2,3 - - 1,3 - Sloanea formosana - 1,1-1,2 1,1 1,2-1,1 - Cyclobalanopsis longinux - 4,4-1,1 5,5 1,2 1,2 - - Castanopsis cuspidata 2,3 4,4 3,4 1,2 3,4 2,3 - - - Eurya loquaiana 4,5 5,5 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,1 - - - Daphniphyllum glaucescens 1,3 1,1 1,2 1,1 2,3 1,2 - - - Gordonia axillaris 2,3 3,4 1,3 1,2 2,3 1,1 - - - Neolitsea aciculata 1,1 2,3 4,5 2,3 1,1 1,1 - - - Ilex ficoidea 1,1 3,4-2,3 1,1 1,2 - - - Litsea acuminata 1,2 2,3 6,5 5,5 5,5 6,5 1,2 - - Machilus thunbergii 1,3 5,5 1,3 2,3 5,5 2,3 1,2 - - Eurya chinensis 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 2,4-1,1 - Capparis acutifolia - - - - - - 1,2 - - Maclura cochinchinensis - - - - - - 1,2 - - Castanopsis formosana - - - 1,1 - - 6,5 1,1 1,1 Sapium discolor - - - - - - - 1,1 - Styrax suberifolia - - - - - - - 1,1 - Melicope pteleifolia - - - - - - - 1,1 - Aleurites montana - - - - - - - 1,1 - Cryptocarya chinensis - - - - - - - 1,1 - Saurauia tristyla - - - - - - - 1,1 - Bridelia tomentosa - - - - - - - 1,1 - Diospyros oldhamii - - - - - - - 1,1 - Euphoria longana - - - - - - - 1,1 - Ficus superba - - - - - - - 1,2 - Liquidambar formosana - - - - - - - 1,2 - Radermachia sinica - - - - - - - 1,2 - Champereia manillana - - - - - - - 1,2 - Styrax formosana - - - - - - - 2,3 - Wendlandia uvarufolia - - - - - - - 2,3 1,2 Diospyros eriantha - - - - - - - 2,4 1,1 Machilus zuihoensis - - - 1,1 - - - 4,5 - Glochidion zeylanicum - - - - - - - 1,3 2,4 Dendrocnide meyeniana - - - - - - - - 3,5 Ficus variegata - - - - - - - - 1,2 Leea guineensis - - - - - - - - 1,1 Deutzia pulchra - - - - - - - - 1,1 Glochidion philippicum - - - - - - - - 1,1 Melanolepis multiglandulosa - - - - - - - - 1,1 Crateva adansonii - - - - - - - - 1,1 Croton cascarilloides - - - - - - - - 1,1 Ilex asprella - - - - - - - - 1,1 Machilus kusanoi - - - - - 1,1 2,3 1,3 6,5 Mallotus paniculatus - - - - - 1,1 1,2 2,4 1,3 Trema orientalis - - - - - 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,3 Morus australis - - - - - - 1,2 1,2 1,2 Gardenia jasminoides - - - - - - 1,2 1,3 1,1 Cinnamomum camphora - - - - - - 1,2 1,3 1,1 Ehretia acuminata - - - - - - 1,2 1,3 1,2 Mallotus philippensis - - - - - - 1,2 2,4 2,4 Psychotria rubra - - - - - - 1,2 2,3 1,1 Sapindus mukorossii - - - - - - 1,2 4,5 3,4 Ficus erecta - - - - - - 1,2 1,1 1,1 Ficus irisana - - - - - - 1,2 1,2 5,5 Ficus nervosa - - - - - - 1,2 1,1 2,4 Koelreuteria henryi - - - - - - 1,2 1,1 2,4 Lagerstroemia subcostata - - - - - - 1,2 1,4 2,4 46
Lagerstroemia subcostata - - - - - - 1,2 1,4 2,4 Neolitsea konishii - - - 1,1 - - 1,2 1,2 1,3 Fraxinus griffithii - - 1,1 - - - 1,2 2,3 - Cyclobalanopsis glauca - - - - - - 1,2 1,1 - Melia azedarach - - - - - - 1,2 1,3 - Macaranga tanarius - - - - - - 1,2-1,1 Bischofia javanica - - - - - - 1,2-1,2 Prunus zippeliana - - - - - - 1,2-1,1 Murraya euchrestifolia - - - - - - 1,2-1,3 Ardisia sieboldii - - - - 1,1-1,2-1,1 Phoebe formosana - - - 1,1 - - 1,2-2,3 Vitex quinata - - - - - - - 1,3 1,2 Aphananthe aspera - - - - - - - 1,2 1,2 Ficus septica - - - - - - - 1,2 1,2 Murraya paniculata - - - - - - - 1,1 1,2 Ficus virgata - - - - - - - 1,1 1,1 Photinia beauverdiana 1,2 1,3 2,4 1,1 - - - 1,1 - Osmanthus matsumuranus - 1,3 1,2 1,2 1,2-1,2 1,1 - Ardisia cornudentata - 1,1-1,1 1,3 1,2-1,2 1,2 Acer albopurpurascens - 1,1 1,3 1,2 1,1-1,2-1,2 Michelia compressa - 3,4 2,4 2,4 4,5 3,5 1,2 1,2 1,1 Beilschmiedia erythrophloia - 1,2 3,4 6,5 4,5 5,5 3,3 1,1 1,1 Turpinia formosana - 1,1 1,2 3,3 1,2 1,2 5,5 5,5 4,5 Elaeocarpus sylvestris - 1,3 1,1 2,3 1,3 2,3-3,5 1,2 Cinnamomum insulari-montanum - 1,2 2,4 1,2 1,1-1,2 2,3 - Hydrangea chinensis - 1,2 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,1 1,2 1,2 - Litsea akoensis - - 2,4 1,1-1,1 1,3 1,1 1,2 Celtis formosana - - 1,1 1,2 - - 2,3 4,5 3,4 Maesa perlaria - - 1,1 1,1-1,1 1,2 1,1 1,1 Schefflera octophylla - - - 1,1 2,2 1,2 2,3 5,5 4,5 Glycosmis citrifolia - - - 1,2 1,1 1,1 4,5 2,3 5,5 Syzygium formosanum - - - 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,1 Pasania ternaticupula - - - 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,2-1,2 Viburnum odoratissimum - - - 1,2 1,2-2,3 1,1 1,1 Litsea hypophaea - - - - 1,1 1,1 1,2 2,4 1,2 Glochidion rubrum - - - - 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,2 Pasania cornea - - - - 1,2 1,2 1,2-1,1 Other species Microtropis fokienensis 1,1 - - - 1,1 - - - - Symplocos formosana - 1,1 - - - 1,2 - - - Cinnamomum kanehirae - 1,1-1,2 - - - - - Meliosma rhoifolia - 1,1 - - 1,1 - - - - Zelkova serrata - 1,1 1,3 - - - - 1,1 1,1 Ilex hayataiana - 1,1 - - 1,1 - - - - Adinandra formosana - 1,2 - - 1,1 - - - - Skimmia reevesiana - 1,1 - - 1,1 - - - - Callicarpa formosana - - 1,3 1,1 - - - - - Semnostachya longespicata - - - 1,1 - - 1,2 - - Tetradium glabrifolium - - 1,1 - - 1,2-1,1 - Cinnamomum osmophloeum - - - 1,1 - - - 1,1 - Xylosma congesta - - 1,2 1,1 - - - - - Castanopsis fargesii - - - 1,1-1,1 - - - Oreocnide pedunculata - - 1,3 1,3 - - - - 1,1 Rhus succedanea - - - - 1,1 - - 1,2 - Trichodesma calycosum - - - 1,1 - - - - 1,1 Lasianthus fordii - - - - - 1,1 - - 1,1 47
(evergreen broad-leaved forest formation) ( 11) I. (montane temperate evergreen broad-leaved forest Quercus zone) 1200 2600 ( 11) (I) (Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides allianceupper Quercus zone) 1800 2600 (11) - - - A. - (Neolitsea acuminatissima - Cyclobalanopsis morii association) 1. - ( 2002) 2. S25S26S34S35S66 2270 2600 2040 9093 20 3. (1) (2) (a) (b) 48
(c) 4. - 12 B. - (Vaccinium randaiense - Castanopsis cuspidate association) 1. ( 1941) 2. S4S7S20S21S22S23S28S32S36S44 S45S46S47S48S56 1650 2300 1040 8999 15 20 3. (1) (2) (a) (b) (c) 4. 13 49
C. - (Pasania kawakamii- Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides association) 1. - - ( 2002) - ( 2002) - - ( 2002) - ( 2002) ( 2003) 2. S19S29S33S67S68S69S70 1970 2080 1035 8598 20 3. (1) (2) (a) (b) (c) 4. 14 (II) (Beilschmiedia erythrophloia alliancelower Quercus zone) 1200 1800 (11) - - D. (Beilschmiedia erythrophloia association) 1. - - ( 50
1989) - ( 2002) - ( 2002) 2. S3S14S24S27S31S37S38S39S40S41 S5152 1370 1900 1030 7496 2-3. (1) (2) (a) (b) (c) 4. 15 E. - (Engelhardtia roxburghiana - Cyclobalanopsis longinux association) 1. ( 1941) 2. S1S2S8S13S30S42S49S57S59S60 S61 1200 1780 5 40 8399 15 3. 51
(1) (2) (a) (b) (c) F. - (Helicia formosana - Machilus konishii association) 1. 2. S43S53S54S55S58S62 1320 1560 1030 87 97 20 3. (1) (2) (a) (b) (c) II. (submontane subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forestmachilus-castanopsis zone) 52
500 1200 (11) (III) (Machilus kusanoi alliance) G. (Castanopsis formosana association) 1. 2. S5S9S50S65 900 1300 535 8699 15 20 3. (1) (2) (a) (b) (c) 4. 18 H. - (Machilus zuihoensis - Schefflera octophylla association) 1. 2. S6S11S12S15S17 650 1000 3050 8599 12 53
3. (1) (2) (a) (b) (c) 4. 19 I. - (Ficus irisana - Machilus kusanoi association) 1. 2. S10S16S18S63S64 500 800 1525 7589 15 3. (1) (2) (a) (b) (c) 4. 20 54
12 - Rdo Rde Rfi IVI Cyclobalanopsis morii 25.50 6.13 11.15 14.97 Neolitsea acuminatissima 7.49 14.42 13.37 13.43 Symplocos morrisonicola 5.74 9.45 10.96 9.81 Castanopsis cuspidata 14.93 5.15 6.61 9.49 Cyclobalanopsis 10.76 4.57 4.29 7.28 Eurya loquaiana 2.73 6.65 6.76 6.15 Eurya chinensis 3.15 6.60 4.38 5.48 Gordonia axillaris 5.29 3.28 4.59 4.77 Picea morrisonicola 8.77 0.64 1.99 3.88 Eurya strigillosa 2.22 2.76 5.64 3.86 Cleyera japonica 3.48 3.24 2.94 3.59 Symplocos migoi 2.07 2.04 5.00 3.27 Daphniphyllum glaucescens 0.64 1.41 2.47 1.67 Lithocarpus lepidocarpus 1.50 0.52 1.31 1.17 Cephalotaxus wilsoniana 0.83 0.71 1.47 1.09 Eurya leptophylla 0.24 0.60 2.12 1.06 Litsea acuminata 0.29 0.80 1.76 1.04 Symplocos konishii 0.40 0.50 1.33 0.80 Pittosporum illicioides 0.46 26.27 1.09 0.70 Sycopsis sinensis 0.32 0.44 0.96 0.62 Others 3.19 3.82 9.81 5.86 Total 100 100 100 100 13 - Rdo Rde Rfi IVI Machilus thunbergii 11.81 10.81 8.79 10.54 Castanopsis cuspidata 13.77 6.02 5.78 8.61 Cyclobalanopsis longinux 14.25 4.43 5.35 8.02 Eurya loquaiana 4.71 10.47 7.84 7.70 Rhododendron leptosanthum 5.12 8.33 5.41 6.29 Viburnum integrifolium 1.78 8.05 4.06 4.62 Vaccinium randaiense 3.49 4.46 3.56 3.84 Lithocarpus lepidocarpus 6.08 2.14 3.16 3.83 Gordonia axillaris 3.61 3.00 4.44 3.70 Litsea acuminata 1.86 4.88 4.28 3.69 Michelia compressa 2.20 3.75 4.54 3.51 Elaeocarpus japonicus 2.10 1.99 2.65 2.25 Neolitsea aciculata 1.50 2.44 2.67 2.22 Cleyera japonica 1.71 2.30 2.48 2.17 Ternstroemia gymnanthera 1.78 2.09 2.55 2.14 Schima superba 3.17 1.00 1.40 1.86 Eurya strigillosa 1.52 1.91 2.02 1.83 Adinandra formosana 2.11 1.06 1.56 1.58 Beilschmiedia erythrophloia 1.45 1.41 1.56 1.47 Ilex ficoidea 0.78 1.47 1.89 1.38 Others 15.2 17.99 24.01 18.75 Total 100 100 100 100 55
14 - Rdo Rde Rfi IVI Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides 18.20 14.85 7.09 13.68 Litsea acuminata 10.74 14.28 13.68 13.16 Machilus japonica 10.44 11.72 8.79 11.60 Castanopsis cuspidata 8.64 6.10 4.40 6.43 Beilschmiedia erythrophloia 5.38 6.53 5.99 6.06 Pasania kawakamii 5.62 4.36 4.69 5.03 Neolitsea aciculata 3.51 4.02 7.06 5.01 Cinnamomum insulari-montanum 5.32 5.64 2.06 4.44 Litsea akoensis 1.58 3.95 4.21 3.36 Machilus thunbergii 5.09 4.04 3.02 3.03 Viburnum parvifolium 0.81 2.56 2.38 1.91 Eurya leptophylla 0.54 1.89 2.67 1.69 Michelia compressa 1.60 1.01 1.96 1.52 Gordonia axillaris 1.34 1.04 2.15 1.51 Eurya chinensis 0.61 1.79 1.75 1.38 Lithocarpus lepidocarpus 2.22 0.64 1.31 1.38 Photinia beauverdiana 0.67 1.16 2.20 1.37 Callicarpa formosana 0.55 1.34 2.02 1.32 Zelkova serrata 2.19 0.54 0.71 1.22 Eriobotrya deflexa 0.91 0.89 1.74 1.18 Others 14.04 11.65 20.12 13.70 Total 100 100 100 100 15 Rdo Rde Rfi IVI Beilschmiedia erythrophloia 23.44 21.13 13.82 19.46 Litsea acuminata 9.26 11.81 11.71 10.93 Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides 8.88 9.94 4.72 7.85 Turpinia formosana 3.67 5.88 5.73 5.09 Machilus thunbergii 5.30 3.50 3.70 4.17 Neolitsea aciculata 3.38 3.59 4.15 3.70 Machilus japonica 5.64 2.14 3.18 3.65 Glycosmis citrifolia 1.03 4.23 3.15 2.80 Tricalysia dubia 1.41 2.78 3.77 2.65 Castanopsis cuspidata 3.45 2.04 1.98 2.49 Viburnum odoratissimum 1.20 2.93 2.82 2.32 Schima superba 3.97 1.00 1.81 2.26 Michelia compressa 3.09 1.36 2.32 2.26 Machilus konishii 2.89 1.32 1.90 2.04 Neolitsea parvigemma 1.36 1.76 1.96 1.69 Sloanea formosana 1.77 1.34 1.68 1.60 Acer albopurpurascens 2.50 0.58 1.02 1.37 Elaeocarpus sylvestris 1.22 1.21 1.60 1.34 Castanopsis kusanoi 0.93 1.85 1.18 1.32 Osmanthus matsumuranus 0.53 1.35 2.08 1.32 Others 15.08 18.26 25.72 19.70 Total 100 100 100 100 56
16 - Rdo Rde Rfi IVI Cyclobalanopsis longinux 16.98 7.51 6.90 10.46 Machilus thunbergii 12.65 8.33 7.13 9.37 Engelhardtia roxburghiana 11.74 7.89 6.53 8.72 Litsea acuminata 5.64 10.76 7.75 8.05 Castanopsis cuspidata 11.44 6.03 3.20 6.89 Beilschmiedia erythrophloia 1.54 5.13 5.23 3.97 Ilex ficoidea 2.17 3.86 4.49 3.50 Michelia compressa 2.31 3.05 3.96 3.11 Pasania brevicaudata 1.26 3.41 3.72 2.80 Schefflera octophylla 2.04 3.10 2.96 2.70 Tricalysia dubia 1.41 2.85 3.76 2.68 Elaeocarpus japonicus 3.26 2.27 2.47 2.67 Neolitsea parvigemma 1.41 3.27 3.08 2.59 Rhododendron leptosanthum 2.27 2.96 1.94 2.39 Ternstroemia gymnanthera 2.44 1.88 2.44 2.25 Lithocarpus lepidocarpus 2.70 1.15 1.68 1.84 Gordonia axillaris 2.40 1.23 1.61 1.75 Ardisia cornudentata 0.35 2.40 2.28 1.67 Osmanthus heterophyllus 1.26 1.84 1.73 1.61 Daphniphyllum glaucescens 1.08 1.60 1.87 1.51 Others 13.65 19.48 15.27 19.47 Total 100 100 100 100 17 - Rdo Rde Rfi IVI Helicia formosana 12.12 21.31 14.39 16.09 Litsea acuminata 11.79 13.86 9.97 11.88 Beilschmiedia erythrophloia 9.82 6.76 7.76 8.14 Castanopsis kusanoi 11.94 6.23 6.04 8.12 Pasania brevicaudata 7.81 5.63 5.85 6.44 Engelhardtia roxburghiana 8.19 4.62 3.16 5.22 Machilus konishii 4.00 3.48 4.90 4.14 Schefflera octophylla 2.80 3.72 3.95 3.43 Tricalysia dubia 1.43 3.14 4.49 3.02 Helicia cochinchinensis 2.19 3.92 2.96 2.99 Michelia compressa 2.53 2.25 3.37 2.70 Cyclobalanopsis longinux 5.01 0.97 1.75 2.58 Elaeocarpus sylvestris 3.02 1.50 2.46 2.33 Machilus thunbergii 3.69 1.18 1.40 2.08 Neolitsea parvigemma 1.15 2.42 2.69 2.08 Castanopsis cuspidata 1.40 1.27 2.08 1.58 Prunus phaeosticta 0.74 1.36 1.94 1.35 Symplocos formosana 0.59 1.58 1.76 1.32 Eurya chinensis 0.53 1.69 1.55 1.25 Lindera communis 0.79 1.30 1.28 1.11 Others 8.46 11.81 16.25 13.15 Total 100 100 100 100 57
18 Rdo Rde Rfi IVI Castanopsis formosana 22.37 23.73 13.36 19.82 Glycosmis citrifolia 2.58 10.62 10.15 7.78 Turpinia formosana 5.59 8.54 9.11 7.75 Cyclobalanopsis glauca 8.23 7.68 2.82 6.24 Beilschmiedia erythrophloia 4.78 3.67 4.48 4.31 Sapindus mukorossii 4.90 2.94 3.80 3.88 Machilus philippinense 6.18 2.02 2.56 3.59 Schefflera octophylla 4.48 2.09 3.74 3.44 Acer albopurpurascens 3.75 3.19 3.28 3.41 Pasania cornea 2.88 4.86 2.36 3.37 Machilus kusanoi 3.21 2.00 2.95 2.72 Neolitsea konishii 3.53 1.42 2.50 2.49 Celtis formosana 1.49 1.93 2.48 1.96 Phoebe formosana 2.67 1.72 1.48 1.96 Litsea hypophaea 1.30 1.69 1.55 1.51 Viburnum odoratissimum 0.64 1.37 2.45 1.48 Koelreuteria henryi 2.26 0.54 1.08 1.29 Psychotria rubra 0.22 1.27 2.39 1.29 Michelia compressa 1.89 0.65 1.14 1.23 Capparis acutifolia 0.42 1.57 1.56 1.18 Others 16.63 16.50 24.76 19.29 Total 100 100 100 100 19 - Rdo Rde Rfi IVI Schefflera octophylla 15.93 7.54 8.22 10.56 Turpinia formosana 8.07 13.81 8.75 10.21 Wendlandia uvarufolia 4.74 10.03 6.28 7.02 Sapindus mukorossii 7.71 4.19 5.25 5.72 Machilus kusanoi 7.71 3.54 2.63 4.63 Machilus thunbergii 6.94 2.62 3.48 4.34 Celtis formosana 2.66 2.89 4.05 3.20 Hydrangea chinensis 1.19 5.35 2.86 3.13 Diospyros eriantha 1.46 3.25 2.81 2.51 Glycosmis citrifolia 0.69 3.20 3.35 2.41 Elaeocarpus sylvestris 3.28 1.71 2.14 2.37 Mallotus philippensis 1.00 2.65 3.10 2.27 Champereia manillana 1.45 2.76 2.59 2.27 Cyclobalanopsis glauca 2.61 2.96 1.14 2.24 Fraxinus griffithii 3.35 1.63 1.65 2.21 Styrax suberifolia 2.08 2.52 1.64 2.08 Cinnamomum insulari-montanum 2.03 2.68 1.52 2.08 Styrax formosana 2.07 2.12 1.89 2.03 Psychotria rubra 0.41 2.45 3.20 2.02 Litsea hypophaea 1.06 2.08 2.24 1.80 Others 23.56 20.02 31.21 24.91 Total 100 100 100 100 58
20 - Rdo Rde Rfi IVI Machilus kusanoi 22.14 11.78 9.74 14.55 Glycosmis citrifolia 6.78 21.26 13.27 13.77 Ficus irisana 11.02 9.16 9.24 9.80 Turpinia formosana 4.24 5.80 5.58 5.21 Schefflera octophylla 5.28 3.96 5.40 4.88 Dendrocnide meyeniana 4.45 4.17 4.85 4.49 Celtis formosana 2.47 3.54 5.11 3.71 Lagerstroemia subcostata 4.36 2.58 2.23 3.06 Sapindus mukorossii 3.64 1.77 3.34 2.92 Mallotus philippensis 1.80 3.35 3.01 2.72 Neolitsea konishii 1.52 3.33 2.78 2.54 Koelreuteria henryi 3.86 0.70 1.33 1.96 Phoebe formosana 2.65 1.51 1.45 1.87 Ficus nervosa 1.76 1.37 1.74 1.63 Ficus variegata 2.29 1.20 1.14 1.54 Ficus virgata 2.23 1.79 0.59 1.54 Diospyros eriantha 1.22 1.93 1.30 1.49 Glochidion zeylanicum 0.60 1.20 2.54 1.44 Murraya euchrestifolia 0.68 1.46 1.65 1.26 Ficus septica 0.89 1.27 1.24 1.14 Others 16.12 16.87 22.47 18.49 Total 100 100 100 100 7 DCA 1200 1800 2500 7 59
60 70 5 65 1000 24 18 7 6 70 11 1000 40 57.85 50.03 (habitat niche) 4 S34 S26S34 S36 - (Su 1984 b) S26 S34 S36 - S26S34S35S36S48S60S68 S69 18 1950-2600 S2 S13S49 S61 12 900-1600 5 -
(DCA) (habitat) (landscape) Braun-Blanquat (Association) (character species) (CA) (TWINSPAN) (concentration of correlation) CA TWINSPAN A BCD EF TWINSPAN GHI CA BCDEF TWINSPAN BCDEF GHI TWINSPAN 61
1. 9 (1941) 1800-2000 - - 1800-1900 9 (1989) 12.4 40 42 1780-1816 - - (2002) 9 200-1600 Braun-Blanquet - - - - - - - - - - - / - 1880 (2003) 9.5 K 1 (100 100 ) - 2. 62
63 (3) A. - B. - C. - A. - - ( 1988) - / ( 1988) - ( 1994) - - ( 2002) - ( 2002) B. - - ( 1988) - ( 2002) C. - ( 2002) D. - (Miyawaki et al. 1981) - - ( 1988) - ( 1991) ( 1992) - ( 2002) E. - - ( 1994) - ( 2003) F. - - ( 2002) G. - - ( 1988) - ( 1990) - - ( 1991) - ( 2003) I. - - - ( 1988) ( 1990) - ( 1991) ( ) (habitat niche) 3. ( 2003) 9 5 A. - - B. - - C. - - D. - E. - - I. - - F. - G.
(Castanopsis sp.) 4. ( 2003) 9 2 420-850 I. - 20-450 - - - 1370-1900 D. 1020-1665 - D. - 5. A. - B. - C. - 1900-2600 Su (1984) 100 D. E. - F. - 1300-1900 Su (1984) 64
100 200 G. H. - I. - 500-1300 Su (1984 b) 200 2003 Su (1985) 7 ( ) ( 2003) ( 2003) ( ) (White, 1979Pickett et al. 1989) 509 1000 O Neill (2001) (Homo sapiens) (keystone species) 65
(evergreen broad-leaved forest formation) I. (montane temperate evergreen broad-leaved forestquercus zone) (I) (Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides allianceupper Quercus zone) A. - (Neolitsea acuminatissima - Cyclobalanopsis morii association) B. - (Vaccinium randaiense - Castanopsis cuspidate association) C. - (Pasania kawakamii - Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides association) (II) (Beilschmiedia erythrophloia alliancelower Quercus zone) D. (Beilschmiedia erythrophloia association) E. - (Engelhardtia roxburghiana - Cyclobalanopsis longinux association) F. - (Helicia formosana - Machilus konishii association) II. (submontane subtropical evergreen (III) (Machilus kusanoi alliance) G. (Castanopsis formosana association) broad-leaved forestmachilus-castanopsis zone) H. - (Machilus zuihoensis - Schefflera octophylla association) I. - (Ficus irisana - Machilus kusanoi association) 66
1931 ( ) 1912 (2) 2 8 213 ( ) 1935 114 1019 115 8-24 ( ) 1929 ( ) 1939 9 6 99-131 ( ) 1941 23(8) 8-14( ) 1984 4 1962 4(2): 33-52 1991 6(2)185-201 1988 2000 1986 1996 1997 (2) 40361-450 2002 35(2): 105-130 1968 1(2)1-78 2004 1989 () 78 21 1-47 2003 1982 6(3): 67
68 203-227 1997 2004 18 (2)115-127 1998 - pp. 108 1963 100 2000 2003 1968 1 166 1970 3 42 2000 2002 1991 1957 1989 1995 1990 1992 1967 153 1993 1982 1993
69 1969 134-136 1991 1992 1991 32: 194-212 1992 1: 147-161 1994 27(2): 3-18 1996 2002 2003 1994 1997 35:1-22 1999 21(4): 17-32 2004 1959 24 1970 ( ) 77-85 1983 1972 6 2003 1999 2000 2003
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ATM01 ATM02 WLS 1 2002/4/2 217291 2564740 1580 35 6 0.88 2 2002/4/5 217956 2563816 1550 5 12 0.83 3 2002/4/16 215372 2559769 1440 25 15 0.89 4 2002/4/18 230803 2583372 2000 15 15 0.89 5 2002/4/28 215520 2562559 900 5 9 0.93 6 2002/5/2 212297 2559673 600 40 12 0.99 7 2002/5/14 229635 2581060 2025 20 20 0.99 8 2002/5/15 228489 2582391 1780 10 16 0.99 9 2002/7/23 210454 2550724 1065 5 17 0.99 10 2002/8/13 210409 2551530 650 20 22 0.88 11 2002/8/27 212924 2560457 700 50 8 0.98 12 2002/8/28 216873 2564211 900 10 16 0.85 13 2002/8/29 212229 2564839 1530 35 6 0.99 14 2002/10/7 223286 2578019 1500 15 13 0.96 15 2002/10/9 222037 2577290 1045 30 8 0.95 16 2002/10/10 221774 2577059 850 15 13 0.75 17 2002/11/11 218645 2572437 830 45 17 0.98 18 2002/11/13 210454 2553376 420 25 21 0.89+ 19 2002/11/27 230600 2582742 1970 30 11 0.92 20 2002/11/28 229749 2581615 1970 10 12 0.97 21 2002/12/11 234809 2585152 2250 10 13 0.98 22 2002/12/13 231073 2582633 2300 15 19 0.99 23 2002/12/14 231983 2582070 2100 20 20 0.93 24 2002/12/31 233439 2585221 1860 20 9 0.92 25 2003/1/1 235658 2585340 2400 25 19 0.9 26 2003/1/2 235640 2584425 2380 40 6 0.91 27 2003/1/3 232869 2584050 1650 15 21 0.94 28 2003/1/4 231267 2583325 1890 10 12 0.92 29 2003/2/13 230450 2581861 2080 15 7 0.98 30 2003/2/14 230391 2584157 1700 15 19 0.96 31 2003/2/15 232290 2582670 1780 10 22 0.88 32 2003/2/16 231808 2582068 2050 15 20 0.9 33 2003/2/17 231462 2582870 2030 15 21 0.92 34 2003/2/28 236560 2583900 2600 20 7 0.93 76
ATM01 ATM02 WLS 35 2003/3/1 236184 2583231 2270 25 11 0.88 36 2003/3/2 235400 2583234 2230 35 18 0.89 37 2003/3/14 238821 2594479 1720 10 21 0.74 38 2003/3/15 238572 2594800 1840 15 13 0.91 39 2003/3/16 238638 2593983 1786 10 17 0.84 40 2003/3/29 238738 2591837 1900 30 7 0.81 41 2003/3/30 238305 2593483 1820 15 12 0.86 42 2003/8/29 220278 2571522 1412 10 18 0.97 43 2003/8/28 221328 2570806 1402 10 9 0.97 44 2003/11/25 223477 2569012 2080 40 11 0.98 45 2003/11/26 223273 2568712 2075 30 12 0.97 46 2003/11/27 223070 2568550 2030 30 15 0.96 47 2003/11/28 223069 2568425 2000 20 8 0.99 48 2003/11/29 223074 2568241 1940 20 15 0.96 49 2003/11/30 220935 2567403 1570 20 16 0.97 50 2003/12/8 217320 2566571 915 35 15 0.86 51 2003/12/9 220011 2578542 1370 20 9 0.92 52 2003/12/10 219406 2578049 1410 30 11 0.95 53 2003/12/16 221481 2570947 1460 10 9 0.97 54 2003/12/17 222660 2570391 1518 25 16 0.87 55 2003/12/18 221920 2570899 1560 15 12 0.97 56 2003/12/18 222305 2571058 1650 10 8 0.98 57 2003/12/19 222456 2571127 1660 40 10 0.96 58 2003/12/24 222761 2571437 1380 20 12 0.89 59 2003/12/25 221189 2571377 1445 25 8 0.99 60 2003/12/25 221291 2571380 1457 10 9 0.99 61 2003/12/26 220771 2567358 1570 10 8 0.93 62 2003/12/27 219741 2567802 1320 30 16 0.91 63 2004/2/3 219518 2566426 650 20 10 0.84 64 2004/2/5 222396 2579391 790 20 17 0.81 65 2004/2/6 219790 2577810 1288 20 13 0.91 66 2004/2/17 237319 2589817 2520 30 16 0.91 67 2004/2/18 238442 2592987 2025 35 14 0.85 68 2004/2/19 239614 2595129 2000 15 10 0.89 69 2004/2/19 239666 2595688 2010 5 15 0.85 70 2004/2/20 239701 2595419 2047 15 20 0.89 77
PTERIDOPHYTA 1. LYCOPODIACEAE 1. Lycopodium fordill Baker 2. Lycopodium serratum Thunb. 2. SELAGINELLACEAE 3. Selaginella delicatula (Desv.) Alston 4. Selaginella doederleinii Hieron. 5. Selaginella moellendorffii Hieron. 3. SCHIZAEACEAE 6. Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. 4. GLEICHENIACEAE 7. Diplopterygium chinensis (Rosenst.) DeVol 5. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE 8. Mecodium polyanthos (Sw.) Copel. 9. Vandenboschia auriculata (Blume) Copel. 6. PLAGIOGYRIACEAE 10. Plagiogyria dunnii Copel. 11. Plagiogyria euphlebia (Kunze) Mett. 12. Plagiogyria stenoptera (Hance) Diels 7. DICKSONIACEAE 13. Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm. 8. DENNSTAEDTIACEAE 14. Hypolepis punctata (Thunb.) Mett. 15. Microlepia marginata (Houtt.) C. Chr. 16. Microlepia marginata (Houtt.) C. Chr. var. bipinnata Makino 17. Microlepia obtusiloba Hayata 18. Microlepia speluncae (L.) moore 19. Microlepia strigosa (Thunb.) C. Presl 20. Microlepia trichocarpa Hayata 21. Monachosorum henryi Christ 22. Monachosorum maximowiczii (Baker) Hayata 9. DAVALLIACEAE 23. Araiostegia parvipinnata (Hayata) Copel. 24. Davallia formosana Hayata 25. Davallia mariesii T. Moore ex Baker 10. OLEANDRACEAE 78
26. Nephrolepis auriculata (L.) Trimen 11. PTERIDACEAE 27. Pteris bella Tagawa 28. Pteris biaurita L. 29. Pteris cretica L. 30. Pteris dispar Kunze 31. Pteris ensiformis Burm. 32. Pteris linearis Poir. 33. Pteris longipes D. Don 34. Pteris scabristipes Tagawa 35. Pteris semipinnata L. 36. Pteris setulosocostulata Hayata 37. Pteris tokioi Masam. 12. ADIANTACEAE 38. Coniogramme fraxinea (D. Don) Diels 39. Coniogramme intermedia Heiron. 40. Coniogramme japonica (Thunb.) Diels 13. VITTARIACEAE 41. Antrophyum obovatum Baker 42. Vittaria flexuosa Fée 14. ASPIDIACEAE 43. Ctenitis transmorrisonensis (Hayata) Tagawa 44. Ctenitopsis fuscipes (Wall.ex Bedd.) C. Chr. ex Tardieu & C. Chr. 45. Tectaria devexa (Kunze) Copel. 46. Tectaria polymorpha (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. 47. Tectaria subtriphylla (Hool.Arn.) Copel. var. ebenosa (Nakai) Nemoto 15. DRYOPTERIDACEAE 48. Acrophorus stipellatus T. Moore 49. Arachniodes aristata (G. Forst.) Tindle 50. Arachniodes pseudoaristata (Tagawa) Ohwi 51. Arachniodes rhomboides (Wall.ex Mett.) Ching 52. Cyrtomium caryotideum (Wall. ex Hook.Grev.) C. Presl 53. Cyrtomium hookerianum (C. Presl) C. Chr. 54. Dryopteris atrata (Wall. ex Kunze) Ching 55. Dryopteris formosana (H. Christ) C. Chr. 56. Dryopteris lepidopoda Hayata 79
57. Dryopteris scottii (Bedd.) Ching 58. Dryopteris varia (L.) Kuntze 59. Polystichum acutidens H. Christ 60. Polystichum biaristatum (Blume) T. Moore 61. Polystichum eximium (Mett. ex Kuhn) C. Chr. 62. Polystichum hancockii (Hance) Diels 63. Polystichum lepidocaulon (Hook.) J. Sm. 64. Polystichum parvipinnulum Tagawa 65. Polystichum prionolepis Hayata 66. Polystichum piceopaleaceum Tagawa 16. LOMARIOPSIDACEAE 67. Bolbitis contaminans (Wall.) Ching 68. Bolbitis rhizophylla (Kaulf.) Fée 17. THELYPTERIDACEAE 69. Christella acuminata (Houtt.) Nakai 70. Christella dentatus (Forssk.) Ching 71. Cyclosorus parasiticus (L.) Farw. 18. ATHYRIACEAE 72. Athyrium arisanense (Hayata) Tagawa 73. Athyrium erythropodum Hayata 74. Athyrium japonicum (Thunb.) Copel. 75. Athyrium vidalii (Franch. & Sav.) Nakai 76. Diplazium dilatatum Blume 77. Diplazium kawakamii Hayata 78. Diplazium mettenianum (Miq.) 19. ASPLENIACEAE 79. Asplenium antiquum Makino 80. Asplenium cheilosorum Kunze ex Mett 81. Asplenium cuneatiforme H. Christ 82. Asplenium ensiforme Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. 83. Asplenium excisum C. Presl 84. Asplenium griffithianum Hook. 85. Asplenium nidus L. 86. Asplenium normale D. Don 87. Asplenium neolaserpitiifolium Tardieu Ching 88. Asplenium prolongatum Hook. 89. Asplenium ritoense Hayata 90. Asplenium tenuicalule Hayata. 80
91. Asplenium wrightii Eaton ex Hook 20. POLYPODIACEAE 92. Arthromeris lehmannii (Mett.) Ching 93. Colysis hemionitidea (Wall.) C. Presl 94. Colysis pothifolia (Buch.0Ham. ex D. Don.) C. Presl 95. Colysis wrightii (Hook.) Ching 96. Lemmaphyllum diversum (Rosenst.) Tagawa 97. Lemmaphyllum microphyllum C. Presl 98. Lepisorus kawakamii (Hayata) Tagawa 99. Lepisorus monilisorus (Hayata) Tagawa 100. Lepisorus pseudoussuriensis Tagawa 101. Lepisorus thunbergianus (Kaulf.) Ching 102. Loxogramme formosana Nakai 103. Microsorium buergerianum (Miq.) Ching 104. Microsorium fortunei (T. Moore) Ching 105. Microsorium membranaceum (D. Don) Ching 106. Microsorium punctatum (L.) Copel. 107. Neocheiropteris ensata (Thunb.) Ching 108. Polypodium argutum Wall. ex Hook. 109. Polypodium formosanum Baker 110. Pseudodrynaria coronans (Wall. ex Mett.) Ching 111. Pyrrosia adnascens (Sw.) Ching 112. Pyrrosia linga (Thunb.) Farw. 113. Pyrrosia polydactylic (Hance) Ching 114. Pyrrosia sheareri (Baker) Ching 21. GRAMMITIDACEAE 115. Ctenopteris curtisii (Baker) Copel. 116. Ctenopteris tenuisecta (Blume) J. Sm. SPERMATOPHYTA GYMNOSPERMAE 22. CEPHALOTAXACEAE 117. Cephalotaxus wilsoniana Hayata 23. PODOCARPACEAE 118. Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) Sweet 24. PINACEAE 119. Picea morrisonicola Hayata 120. Tsuga chinensis (Franchet) Pritz. ex Diels var. formosana (Hayata) H. L. Li H. Keng 81
ANGIOSPERMAE A. DICOTYLEDONEAE 25. JUGLANDACEAE 121. Engelhardtia roxburghiana Wall. 26. BETULACEAE 122. Alnus formosana (Burkill ex Forbes & Hemsl.) Makino 27. FAGACEAE 123. Castanopsis cuspidata (Thunb.) Schottky var. carlesii (Hemsl.) Yamazaki 124. Castanopsis fargesii Franch. 125. Castanopsis formosana (Skan) Hayata 126. Castanopsis kawakamii Hayata 127. Castanopsis kusanoi Hayata 128. Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunb.) Oerst. 129. Cyclobalanopsis longinux (Hayata) Schottky 130. Cyclobalanopsis morii (Hayata) Schottky 131. Cyclobalanopsis stenophylloides (Hayata) Kudo & Masam. ex Kudo 132. Lithocarpus lepidocarpus (Hayata) Hayata 133. Pasania cornea (Lour.) J. C. Liao 134. Pasania hancei (Benth.) Schottky var. ternaticupula (Hayata) J. C. Liao 135. Pasania harlandii (Hance) Oerst. 136. Pasania kawakamii (Hayata) Schottky 137. Quercus tatakaensis Tomiya 28. ULMACEAE 138. Aphananthe aspera (Thunb.) Planch. 139. Celtis formosana Hayata 140. Celtis sinensis Pers. 141. Trema orientalis (L.) Blume 142. Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino 29. MORACEAE 143. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Herit. ex Vent. 144. Ficus erecta Thunb. var. beecheyana (Hook. & Arn.) King 145. Ficus formosana Maxim. 146. Ficus irisana Elmer 147. Ficus nervosa Heyne ex Roth 148. Ficus pumila L. 82
149. Ficus pumila L. var. awkeotsang (Makino) Corner 150. Ficus sarmentosa B. Ham. ex J. E. Sm var. nipponica (Franch. Sav.) Corne 151. Ficus septica Burm. f. 152. Ficus superba (Miq.) Miq. var. japonica Miq. 153. Ficus variegata Blume var. garciae (Elm.) Corner 154. Ficus virgata Reinw. ex Blume 155. Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner 156. Malaisia scandens (Lour.) Planch. 157. Morus australis Poir. 30. URTICACEAE 158. Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich. var. tenacissima (Gaudich.) Miq. 159. Boehmeria pilosiuscula (Blume) Hassk. 160. Dendrocnide meyeniana (Walp.) Chew 161. Debregeasia orientalis C. J. Chen 162. Elatostema herbaceifolium Hayata 163. Elatostema lineolatum Wight var. majus Wedd. 164. Elatostema strigillosum B. L. Shih & Y. P. Yang 165. Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis 166. Nanocnide japonica Blume 167. Oreocnide pedunculata (Shirai) Masam. 168. Pellionia radicans (Sieb. & Zucc.) Wedd. 169. Pilea funkikensis Hayata 170. Pilea melastomoides (Poir.) Wedd. 171. Pilea plataniflora C. H. Wright 172. Pilea rotundinucula Hayata 173. Procris laevigata Blume 174. Urtica thunbergiana Sieb. & Zucc 31. PROTEACEAE 175. Helicia cochinchinensis Lour. 176. Helicia formosana Hemsl. 32. OPILIACEAE 177. Champereia manillana (Blume) Merr. 33. LORANTHACEAE 178. Korthalsella japonica (Thunb.) Engler 179. Taxillus liquidambaricolus (Hayata) Hosok 180. Viscum articulatum Burm. 34. POLYGONACEAE 83
181. Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. 182. Polygonum chinense L. 183. Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. var. hypoleucum (Ohwi) T. S. Liu, S. S. Ying & M. J. Lai 35. NYCTAGINACEAE 184. Pisonia aculeata L. 36. CARYOPHYLLACEAE 185. Stellaria arisanensis (Hayata) Hayata 37. AMARANTHACEAE 186. Achyranthes aspera L. var. indica L. 187. Achyranthes bidentata Blume 38. MAGNOLIACEAE 188. Michelia compressa (Maxim.) Sargent 39. SCHISANDRACEAE 189. Schisandra arisanensis Hayata 40. LAURACEAE 190. Beilschmiedia erythrophloia Hayata 191. Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. 192. Cinnamomum insulari0montanum Hayata 193. Cinnamomum kanehirae Hayata 194. Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehira 195. Cinnamomum subavenium Miq. 196. Cryptocarya chinensis (Hance) Hemsl. 197. Lindera communis Hemsl. 198. Litsea acuminata (Blume) Kurata 199. Litsea acutivena Hayata 200. Litsea akoensis Hayata 201. Litsea hypophaea Hayata 202. Litsea morrisonensis Hayata 203. Machilus japonica Sieb. & Zucc. 204. Machilus kusanoi (Hayata) J. C. Liao 205. Machilus konishii Hayata 206. Machilus philippinense Merr. 207. Machilus thunbergii Sieb. & Zucc 208. Machilus zuihoensis Hayata 209. Machilus zuihoensis Hayata var. mushaensis F. Y. (Lu) Y. C. Liu 210. Neolitsea aciculata (Blume) Koidz.var. variabillima (Hayata) J. C. 84
211. Neolitsea acuminatissima (Hayata) Kanehira & Sasaki 212. Neolitsea konishii (Hayata) Kanehira & Sasaki 213. Neolitsea parvigemma (Hayata) Kanehira & Sasaki 214. Phoebe formosana (Hayata) Hayata 41. TROCHODENDRACEAE 215. Trochodendron aralioides Sieb. & Zucc. 42. RANUNCULACEAE 216. Clematis crassifolia Benth. 217. Clematis formosana Kuntze 218. Clematis grata Wall. 219. Clematis henryi Oliv. 220. Clematis henryi Oliv. var. morii (Hayata) T. T. A. Yang & T. C. Huang 221. Clematis meyeniana Walp. 222. Clematis tamurae T. T. A. Yang & T. C. Huang 223. Clematis tashiroi Maxim. 224. Clematis uncinata Champ. ex Benth. 43. BERBERIDACEAE 225. Berberis kawakamii Hayata 226. Mahonia japonica (Thunb.) DC 44. LARDIZABALACEAE 227. Akebia longeracemosa Matsum. 228. Stauntonia obovata Hemsl. 229. Stauntonia obovatifoliola Hayata 45. MENISPERMACEAE 230. Cyclea ochiaiana (Yamamoto) S. F. Huang & T. C. Huang 231. Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers 46. PIPERACEAE 232. Peperomia japonica Makino 233. Peperomia reflexa (L. f.) A. Dietr 234. Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi 235. Piper kawakamii Hayata 236. Piper sintenense Hatusima 47. CHLORANTHACEAE 237. Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai 48. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 238. Aristolochia cucurbitifolia Hayata 239. Aristolochia kaempferi Willd. 85
240. Aristolochia shimadai Hayata 49. ACTINIDIACEAE 241. Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. setosa H. L. Li 242. Saurauia tristyla DC. var. oldhamii (Hemsl.) Finet & Gagncp. 50. THEACEAE 243. Adinandra formosana Hayata 244. Camellia salicifolia Champ 245. Camellia sinensis (L.) Ktze. f. formosensis Kitam. 246. Cleyera japonica Thunb. 247. Cleyera japonica Thunb. var. morii (Yamamoto) Masam. 248. Eurya chinensis R. Br. 249. Eurya leptophylla Hayata 250. Eurya loquaiana Dunn 251. Eurya strigillosa Hayata 252. Gordonia axillaris (Roxb.) Dietr. 253. Schima superba Gard. & Champ. 254. Ternstroemia gymnanthera (Wight & Arn.) Sprague 51. CAPPARACEAE 255. Capparis acutifolia Sweet 256. Crateva adansonii DC. subsp. formosensis Jacobs 52. HAMAMELIDACEAE 257. Corylopsis stenopetala Hayata 258. Liquidambar formosana Hance 259. Sycopsis sinensis Oliver 53. SAXIFRAGACEAE 260. Chrysosplenium lanuginosum Hook. f. & Thoms. var. formosanum (Hayata) H. Hara 261. Deutzia pulchra Vidal 262. Hydrangea angustipetala Hayata 263. Hydrangea chinensis Maxim. 264. Itea parviflora Hemsl. 265. Pileostegia viburnoides Hook. f. & Thomson 266. Schizophragma integrifolium Oliv. var. fauriei (Hayata) Hayata 54. PITTOSPORACEAE 267. Pittosporum illicioides Makino 55. ROSACEAE 268. Eriobotrya deflexa (Hemsl.) Nakai 269. Malus doumeri (Bois.) Chev. 86
270. Photinia beauverdiana (C. K. Schneid.) Hatus. var. notabilis (Rehder & Wilson) Hatus. 271. Prinsepia scandens Hayata 272. Prunus campanulata Maxim. 273. Prunus phaeosticta (Hance) Maxim. 274. Prunus transarisanensis Hayata 275. Prunus zippeliana Miq. 276. Rubus croceacanthus Levl. 277. Rubus pectinellus Maxim. 278. Rubus pyrifolius J. E. Sm. 279. Rubus swinhoei Hance 56. LEGUMINOSAE=FABACEAE 280. Bauhinia championii (Benth.) Benth. 281. Callerya reticulate (Benth.) Schot 282. Derris laxiflora Benth. 283. Desmodium laxum DC. subsp. laterale (Schindl.) H. Ohashi 284. Dumasia villosa DC. bicolor (Hayata) H. Ohashi Tateishi 285. Euchresta formosana (Hayata) Ohwi 286. Mucuna macrocarpa Wall. 287. Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. 57. OXALIDACEAE 288. Oxalis acetocella L. subsp. griffinthii (Edgew. & Hook f.) H. Hara var. formosana S. F. Huang & T. C. Huang 58. EUPHORBIACEAE 289. Aleurites montana E. H. Wilson 290. Bischofia javanica Blume 291. Breynia officinalis Hemsley 292. Bridelia tomentosa Blume 293. Croton cascarilloides Raeusch. 294. Glochidion philippicum (Cavan.) C. B. Rob. 295. Glochidion rubrum Blume 296. Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertn.) A. Juss. 297. Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.0Arg. 298. Mallotus paniculatus (Lam.) M ll.0arg. 299. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) M ll.0arg. 300. Manihot esculenta Crantz. 301. Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw.) Reich. f. & Zoll. 302. Sapium discolor M ll.0arg. 87
59. DAPHNIPHYLLACEAE 303. Daphniphyllum glaucescens Blume subsp. oldhamii (Hemsl.) T. C. Huang var.oldhamii (Hemsl.) 60. RUTACEAE 304. Glycosmis citrifolia (Willd.) Lindl. 305. Melicope pteleifolia (Champ. ex Benth.) T. Hartley 306. Murraya euchrestifolia Hayata 307. Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack 308. Skimmia reevesiana Fortune 309. Tetradium glabrifolium (Champ. ex Benth.) T. Hartley 310. Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. 311. Zanthoxylum scandens Blume 61 SIMAROUBACEAE 312. Picrasma quassioides Benn. 62. MELIACEAE 313. Melia azedarach Linn. 63. MALPIGHIACEAE 314. Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz. 64. ANACARDIACEAE 315. Rhus succedanea L. 65. ACERACEAE 316. Acer albopurpurascens Hayata 317. Acer kawakamii Koidzumi 318. Acer morrisonense Hayata 66. SAPINDACEAE 319. Euphoria longana Lam. 320. Koelreuteria henryi Dummer 321. Sapindus mukorossii Gaertn. 67. SABIACEAE 322. Meliosma rhoifolia Maxim. 68. AQUIFOLIACEAE 323. Ilex asprella (Hook. & Arn.) Champ. 324. Ilex ficoidea Hemsl. 325. Ilex goshiensis Hayata 326. Ilex hayataiana Loes. 327. Ilex pedunculosa Miq. 328. Ilex rotunda Thunb. 69. CELASTRACEAE 88
329. Celastrus hindsii Benth. 330. Celastrus kusanoi Hayata 331. Celastrus paniculatus Willd 332. Euonymus laxiflorus Champ. ex Benth. 333. Euonymus tashiroi Maxim. 334. Euonymus spraquei Hayata 335. Microtropis fokienensis Dunn 70. STAPHYLEACEAE 336. Turpinia formosana Nakai 71. RHAMNACEAE 337. Rhamnus chingshuiensis T. Shimizu var. tashanensis Y. C. Liu & C. M. Wang 338. Rhamnus formosana Matsum. 339. Sageretia randaiensis Hayata 340. Sageretia thea (Osbeck) Johnst. 72. VITACEAE 341. Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Traut. var. hancei (Planch.) Rehder 342. Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep. 343. Tetrastigma formosanum (Hemsl.) Gagnep. 344. Tetrastigma umbellatum (Hemsl.) Nakai 345. Vitis flexuosa Thunb. 73. LEEACEAE 346. Leea guineensis G. Don 74. ELAEOCARPACEAE 347. Elaeocarpus japonicus Sieb. & Zucc. 348. Elaeocarpus sylvestris (Lour.) Poir. 349. Sloanea formosana H. L. Li 75. THYMELAEACEAE 350. Daphne arisanensis Hayata 351. Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr. 76. ELAEAGNACEAE 352. Elaeagnus thunbergii Serv. 353. Elaeagnus glabra Thunb. 77. FLACOURTIACEAE 354. Scolopia oldhamii Hance 355. Xylosma congesta (Lour.) Merr. 78. PASSIFLORACEAE 89
356. Passiflora edulis Sims 357. Passiflora suberosa L. 79. BEGONIACEAE 358. Begonia formosana (Hayata) Masam 359. Begonia laciniata Roxb. 360. Begonia taiwaniana Hayata 80. CUCURBITACEAE 361. Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. J. Roem. 362. Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi 363. Thladiantha punctata Hayata 364. Trichosanthes cucumeroides (Ser.) Maxim. ex Fr. & Sav. 365. Zehneria mucronata (Blume) Miq. 81. LYTHRACEAE 366. Lagerstroemia subcostata Koehne 82. MYRTACEAE 367. Syzygium formosanum (Hayata) Mori 83. MELASTOMATACEAE 368. Pachycentria formosana Hayata 369. Sarcopyramis nepalensis Wall. var. bodineri (H. Lév. Vaniot) H. Lév. 84. CORNCACEAE 370. Aucuba chinensis Benth. 371. Helwingia japonica (Thunb.) Dietr. subsp. formosana (Kanehira & Sasaki) Hara & S. Kurosawa 85. ARALIACEAE 372. Dendropanax dentiger (Harms ex Diels) Merr. 373. Eleutherococcus trifoliatus (L.) S. Y. Hu 374. Hedera japonica rombea (Miq.) Bean var. formosana (Nakai) H. L. Li 375. Schefflera arboricola (Hayata) Kanehira 376. Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms 377. Schefflera odorata (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe 378. Sinopanax formosana (Hayata) H L. Li 86. ERICACEAE 379. Rhododendron leptosanthum Hayata in Matsum. 380. Rhododendron oldhamii Maxim. 381. Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. 382. Vaccinium emarginatum Hayata 90
383. Vaccinium randaiense Hayata 87. MYRSINACEAE 384. Ardisia chinensis Benth. 385. Ardisia cornudentata Mez 386. Ardisia crenata Sims 387. Ardisia sieboldii Miq. 388. Ardisia virens Kurz 389. Embelia laeta (L.) Mez var. papilligera (Nakai) Walker 390. Embelia lenticellata Hayata 391. Maesa perlaria (Lour.) Merr. var. formosana (Mez) Yuen P. Yang 88. PLUMBAGINACEAE 392. Plumbago zeylanica L. 89. EBENACEAE 393. Diospyros eriantha Champ. ex Benth. 394. Diospyros morrisiana Hance 395. Diospyros oldhamii Maxim. 90. STYRACACEAE 396. Alniphyllum pterospermum Matsum. 397. Styrax formosana Matsum. 398. Styrax suberifolia Hook. & Arn. 91. SYMPLOCACEAE 399. Symplocos arisanensis Hayata 400. Symplocos caudata Wall. ex G. Don 401. Symplocos formosana Brand 402. Symplocos glauca (Thunb.) Koidz. 403. Symplocos heishanensis Hayata 404. Symplocos konishii Hayata 405. Symplocos migoi Nagam. 406. Symplocos modesta Brand 407. Symplocos morrisonicola Hayata 408. Symplocos sonoharae Koidzi 409. Symplocos theophrastifolia Sieb. & Zucc 92. OLEACEAE 410. Fraxinus griffithii C. B. Clarke 411. Jasminum nervosum Lour. 412. Jasminum urophyllum Hemsl. 413. Ligustrum morrisonense Kanehira & Sasaki 414. Ligustrum pricei Hayata 91
415. Osmanthus enervius Masam. & Mori 416. Osmanthus heterophyllus (G. Don) P. S. Green 417. Osmanthus matsumuranus Hayata 93. APOCYNACEAE 418. Anodendron benthamiana Hemsl. 419. Ecdysanthera rosea Hook. & Arn. 420. Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lemaire 94. ASCLEPIADACEAE 421. Cryptolepis sinensis (Lour.) Merr. 422. Dischidia formosana Maxim. 423. Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schultes 424. Heterostemma brownii Hayata 425. Hoya carnosa (L. f.) R. Brown 426. Marsdenia formosana Masam. 95. RUBIACEAE 427. Cinchona succirubra Pav. 428. Damnacanthus indicus Gaertn. 429. Gardenia jasminoides Ellis 430. Geophila herbacea (Jacq.) O. Ktze. 431. Lasianthus fordii Hance 432. Lasianthus microstachys Hayata 433. Lasianthus obliquinervis Merr. 434. Mussaenda pubescens W. T. Aiton. 435. Ophiorrhiza japonica Blume 436. Paederia foetida L. 437. Psychotria rubra (Lour.) Poir. 438. Rubia lanceolata Hayata 439. Tarenna gracilipes (Hayata) Ohwi 440. Tricalysia dubia (Lindl.) Ohwi 441. Wendlandia uvarufolia Hance 96. CONVOLVULACEAE 442. Erycibe henryi Prain 443. Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desr.) Hallier f. 97. BORAGINACEAE 444. Ehretia acuminata R. Brown 445. Trichodesma calycosum Collett & Hemsl. 98. VERBENACEAE 446. Callicarpa formosana Rolfe 92
447. Callicarpa randaiensis Hayata 448. Callicarpa remotiflora W. F. Lin & J. L. Wang 449. Premna odorata Blanco 450. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. 451. Vitex quinata (Lour.) F. N. Williams 99. LABIATAE =LAMIACEAE 452. Gomphostemma callicarpoides (Yamamoto) Masam. 453. Paraphlomis javanica (Blume) Prain 454. Salvia arisanensis Hayata 455. Salvia keitaoensis Hayata 456. Teucrium bidentatum Hemsl. 100. SOLANACEAE 457. Lycianthes biflora (Lour.) Bitter 101. SCROPHULARIACEAE 458. Ellisiophyllum pinnatum (Wall. ex Benth.) Makino 102. BIGNONIACEAE 459. Radermachia sinica (Hance) Hemsl. 103. ACANTHACEAE 460. Blechum pyramidatum (Lam.) Urban. 461. Codonacanthus pauciflorus (Nees) Nees 462. Justicia procumbens L. 463. Lepidagathis formosensis C. B. Clarke ex Hayata 464. Semnostachya longespicata Hayata 465. Strobilanthes formosanus S. Moore. 466. Strobilanthes flexicaulis Hayata 104. GESNERIACEAE 467. Aeschynanthus acuminatus Wall. ex A. DC. 468. Hemiboea bicornuta (Hayata) Ohwi 469. Lysionotus pauciflorus Maxim. 470. Paraboea swinhoii (Hance) B. L. Burtt 471. Rhynchoglossum obliquum Blume var. hologlossum (Hayata) W. T. Wang 472. Rhynchotechum discolor (Maxim.) B. L. Burtt 105. CAPRIFOLIACEAE 473. Lonicera acuminata Wall. 474. Lonicera apodantha Ohwi 475. Lonicera macrantha (D. Don) Spreng. 476. Viburnum aboricolum Hayata 93
477. Viburnum formosanum Hayata 478. Viburnum integrifolium Hayata 479. Viburnum luzonicum Rolfe 480. Viburnum odoratissimum Ker 481. Viburnum parvifolium Hayata 106. COMPOSITAE=ASTERACEAE 482. Ageratum houstonianum Mill. 483. Ainsliaea latifolia (D. Don) Sch. Bip. Subsp. Henryi (Diels) H. Koyama 484. Ainsliaea macroclinidioides Hayata 485. Blumea riparia (Blume) DC. var. megacephala Randeria 486. Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob. 487. Elephantopus mollis Kunth 488. Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) B. L. Rob. 489. Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. B. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE 107. LILIACEAE 490. Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. 491. Aspidistra elatior Blume var. attenuate (Hayata) S. S. Ying 492. Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC. 493. Disporum kawakamii Hayata 494. Liriope minor (Maxim.) Makino var. angustissima (Ohwi) S. S.Ying 495. Peliosanthes teta Andre. Ws var. humilis (Andrews) M. J. Lai 496. Rohdea japonica (Thunb.) Roth var. watanabei (Hayata) S. S. Ying 108. STEMONACEAE 497. Stemona tuberosa Lour. 109. DIOSCOREACEAE 498. Dioscorea bulbifera L. 599. Dioscorea collettii Hook. f. 500. Dioscorea doryphora Hance 501. Dioscorea japonica Thunb. 502. Dioscorea matsudae Hayata 110. SMILACACEAE 503. Heterosmilax japonica Kunth 504. Smilax bracteata C. Presl 505. Smilax bracteata C. Prest var. verruculosa (Merr.) T. Koyama 94
506. Smilax china L. 507. Smilax horridiramula Hayata 508. Smilax lanceifolia Roxb. 509. Smilax riparia A. DC. 510. Smilax ocreata A. DC. 111. JUNCACEAE 511. Juncus tenuis Willd. 112. COMMELINACEAE 512. Amischotolype hispida (Less. A. Rich.) D. Y. Hong 513. Pollia Miranda (H. Lév.) H. Hara 113. CYPERACEAE 514. Carex cruciata Wahl. 515. Carex makinoensis Franch. 516. Carex manca Boott subsp. takasagoana (Akiyama) T. Koyama 114. GRAMINEAE=POACEAE 517. Arundo formosana Hack. 518. Lophatherum gracile Brongn. 519. Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb. ex K. Schum. & Laut. 520. Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv. 521. Setaria palmifolia (J. König.) Stapf 522. Yushania niitakayamensis (Hayata) Keng f. 115. PALMAE=ARECACEAE 523. Arenga tremula (Blanco) Becc. 524. Calamus quiquesetinervius Burret 116. ARACEAE 525. Alocasia odora (Lodd.) Spach. 526. Amorphophallus henryi N. E. Br. 527. Amorphophallus hirtus N. E. Br 528. Arisaema formosanum (Hayata) Hayata 529. Arisaema grapsospadix Hayata 530. Arisaema ringens (Thunb.) Schott 531. Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. ex Engl. & Kraus 532. Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr. 533. Typhonium blumei Nicolson & Sivadasan. 117. ZINGIBERACEAE 534. Alpinia intermedia Gagnep 535. Alpinia pricei Hayata var. sessiliflora (Kitam.) J. J. Yang. J. C. Wang. 95
536. Alpinia schimadae Hayata var. Kawakamii (Hayata) J. J. Yang J. C. Wang. 537. Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B. L. Burtt & R. M. Smith 538. Zingiber kawagoii Hayata 118. ORCHIDACEAE 539. Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata 540. Ascocentrum pumilum (Hayata) Schltr. 541. Calanthe arcuata Rolfe 542. Calanthe arisanensis Hayata 543. Calanthe sylvatica (Thouars) Lindl. 544. Cymbidium javanicum Hook. f.. var. aspidistrifolium (Fukuy.) S. S. Ying 545. Eria amica Reichb. f. 546. Eria corneri Reichb. f. 547. Eria javanica (Sw.) Blume 548. Eria ovata Lindl. 549. Eria tomentosiflora Hayata 550. Epigeneium nakaharaei (schltr.) Summerh. 551. Gastrochilus formosanus (Hayata) Hayata 552. Gastrochilus fuscopunctatus (Hayata) Hayata 553. Liparis bootanensis Griff. 554. Liparis condylobulbon Reichb. f. 555. Liparis elliptica Wight 556. Liparis japonica (Miq.) Maxim. 557. Liparis nakaharae Hayata 558. Oberonia caulescens Lindl. ex Wall. 559. Odontochilus brevistylus Hook. f. 560. Phaius flavus (Bl.) Lindl. 561. Phaius mishmensis (Lindl. & Paxt.) Reichb. f. 562. Sunipia andersonii (King Pantl.) P. F. Hunt 563. Tainia dunnii Rolfe 96