穨台灣地帶性植被之區劃與植物區系之分區2.PDF

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1 1957, () Wang 1957, 1962

2 1957 Syracuse Zonation of Vegetation on Taiwan 1 forest Alpine tundra 1 zonation of vegetation Hardwood forest zone Conifer forest zone ( %) , tropical lower slopes 1,500 2,000 2,300 subtropical upper 31 slopes 2,900 3,000 3,300 temperate lower 11 slopes frigid upper slopes Juniper scrub zone bare rocky summit zone 2,900 3,500 3,300 3, , Wang 1957, vegetation communities of Taiwan formation type formation Clements 2 3

3 3 2. arctic tundra alpine tundra 3,931 3,797 3,775 3,500 3,950 3,884 3,833 3, , , ,500 3, , ,000 2,500

4 , ,951 4, faciation , , ,500-5,000 80% 30

5 1. 1, , ,750-2, , , ,600 1, , , ,000-4,

6 mangrove strand forest tidal vegetation 1. (1) (2) (3) 2. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) tropical savanna formation 2, % Su ,600 fire-adapted vegetation vegetation type ,200 3,400 2,800-3,700 2,800 2,000-3,000

7 2,000-3,000 2,000-3,000 1,600-2,400 1,700-2,300 1,200-2, ,

8 5 Su 1984

9 altitudinal zone Alpine Subalpine 6 vegetation zone e quivalen a lt.m t m wi t climate Alpine vegetation 3, subarctic Abies zone 3,100-3, Upper montance Tsuga-Picea zone 2,500-3, Quercus (upper) zone Montane 2,000-2,500 Quercus (lower) zone 1,500-2,000 Machilus-Castanopsis Submontane zone , coldtemperat e cooltemperat e temperat e warmtemperat e subtropic al Foothill Ficus-Machilus zone tropical Su 1984

10 7 alpine vegetation formation type timber line 3,200 2, conifer- hardwood scrub forest fomation type 3, , % 7 2,800-3,700 cushion 2,800-3,700 subclimax 3,000

11 forest fomation type 2,000-3, ,000-3,500 2,000-3,000 2,500 2,500 2,800 2,500 2,500 7 forest fomation type 700-3,200 2,000 2,000 2,000 50% 2,800 2,800 2,800

12 1,600-2, ,900-4,200 quasiclimax 1,700-2,300 7 forest fomation type 1,200-2, ecotone

13 subtropical rain forest evergreen broad-leaved forest laurisilvae 500-2,100 family dominance Lauro-Fagaceae association 500-1, ,000-2,000 2,000-3,000 4,000 secondary forest 7 forest fomation tropical rain forest type type 1978

14 8alpine subarcticvegetation cold-temperate Abies zonecool-temperatetsuga-picea zone 3,600 3,952 3,858 3,740 3,805 3,884 Tm 5 WI 12 3,100-3,600 Tm 5-8 WI ,500 3,100 Tm 8-11 WI Quercus zone Castanopsis zone 1,500-2,500 Tm WI quasiclimax Liu, T Machilus ,500 Tm17-23 WI

15 F WI216 9 icus- Machilus zone Castanopsis 500 Tm23 Ficus Su 1984 () () () 1. (1) (1) (2) (3) 2. (4) (5) (6)

16 (1) (2) (3) (4) 3. (5) () () () (6) (7) (8) (9) (1) 4. (2) (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) 10 () () () (1) (2) 1. (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) 2. (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3)

17 () () () () () () (1) (2) (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (1) (2) (3) (4) () (1) () (1) () () () () (1) (2) (1) (1) (1) 10 () () () () (1) (1) (1) (1) () (1) () () () (1) 1. (2) (1) (2) 2. (3) (4) 3. (1) (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (1) (2)

18 () () (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (1) (2) (3) (4) 1. () () evergreen broad-leaved forest

19 ,800-2, ,000 80% ,352m , / m , /

20 (1) (4) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) monsoon rainforest ,000-7,500 1,700-2,000 80% ph 5-6

21 mountain rainforest ,900-4, , , ,074m / ,954 3, ,800m /

22 N E NE NE NE NE W E NW NE NE NE NE NE monsoon rain forest savanna thorn forest deciduous monsoon forest ,000 1,500-2, / / , / tropical rainforest

23 ,000 2,369 3,090 2, , ,800-2, ,305 7,637 1 ph strangler plant zone subzone province

24 county district region subregion zone province domain district , Takhtajan1978, 1986

25 Li & Keng , 1960, T. S. Liu , 1994 Takhtajan1978, , 1960, , 1994 Takhtajan 1978, ,

26 1959, 1960, T. S. Liu 1962 climatic soil topographic biotic subtropical rain forest 2,500-3, ,500-2, sulfatara formation 1,

27 monsoon rain forest 3,000 25() ,500-2,

28 300 1,000 3,000 1,150 2, ,270 3, ,900 4, subtropical zone 500 1,800 warm-temperate zone 1,800 3,000 cool-temperate zone 3,000 subfrigid zone ,500 1,500 1,100 1,100 1,100 Lauro-Fagaceae association 1,000-1,500 summer green forest 1. 1,800-2,400 2, ,800-3,500 3,000-3, , 1960, 1962

29 Li & Keng s avanna f ormation t ype f orest f ormation t ype t undra f ormation t ype t ropical s avanna f ormation s ub-alpine c oniferous f orest f ormation l ittoral f orest f ormation t ropical r ain f orest f ormation 700 s ulfatara f ormation s ubtropical and w arm-temperate r ain f orest f ormation 500 1, ,100 Lauro- Fagaceae a ssociation w arm-temperate m ountain c oniferous f orest f ormation 2,500 2,000 c old-temperate m ountain c oniferous f orest f ormation 3,000 3,000 Juniperus squamata consociation Abies kawakamii consociation alpine tundra formation 14 t ropical l ittoral f orest f ormation

30 t ropical m onsoon-rain f orest f ormation ()Takhtajan Takhtajan1978, Takhtajan1978 Holarctis Paleotropis Eastern Asiatic region Malesian region , % Takhtajan 1978, 1986

31 macroclimate ,950 1,879 2, ,000-2,000, 1,000 3,000-4, ,500-9, ,500-8, ,000-2,

32 - 1,500-2,000 1,000 3,000-5, % 200 1, ,000 2,000 3, , ,500-8, , ,200 1,200 2,000 5,000

33 37 0

34 圖 1 中國植被帶的水平分佈資料來源中國科學院 1985

35 ,500 2,000 3,950 1,000-2, , ,500-2, ,000 3,000-5,000, 3,000 6, ,800-3,000 3,000 3,600-3, , % 1,300-2,000 2,000-3,000 3,000-3,600 3,600

36 , , 1993 r egionality % 1979

37 A 1 A1a A A2 A2a A1 A1a A A2 A2a A A A1A2 A1a A2b 1993

38 植被帶界線 ⅠA 2 a 台灣中北部山地樟櫟林紅檜雲冷杉林小區植被地區界線 ⅠA ⅠA 1 ⅡA 台灣北部丘陵山地偏濕性季雨林地帶台灣南部濱海平原丘陵偏濕性季雨林雨林地帶 ⅡA 1 台南濱海平原丘陵季雨林雨林植被地區台西平原季雨林稻蔗茶蕉植被地區 ⅡA 1 a 台南濱海平原丘陵季雨林雨林小區 ⅠA 1 a 台西平原季雨林稻蔗茶蕉植被小區 ⅡA 2 台灣南部山地常綠林針葉林植被地區 ⅠA 2 台灣中北部山地常綠林針葉林植被地區 ⅡA 2 a 台灣南部山地樟櫟林雲冷杉林植被小區圖 2 台灣植被分區圖資料來源黃威廉 1993

40 ,

41 Taraxacum T. formosananum T. officinale , ,000 Pasania kawakamii Miyawaki , ,231-3,843 80% 1-6 1, , ,100

42 Champereia manillana ,500 1,900 nunatak

43 Takhtajan 1978, ,000 taiga 1956 (1) , %

44 1985a b. ( ) ( ) ( ) pp a. (). 26 pp b.. 24 pp (). 36 pp. 4(2). 1971a. () b. (). () pp ( )

45 (). 18(3) pp Li, H. L. & H. Keng Phytogeographical affinities of southern Taiwan. Taiwania Su, H. J Studies on the climate and vegeation type of the natural forest in Taiwan(). Altitudinal vegetation zones in relation to temperature gradient. Quart. Journ. Chin. Forest. 17(4) Takhtajan, A The Floristic Regions of the World. 248 pp. + 1 map. Leningrad. (in Russian) Takhtajan, A Floristic Regions of the World. xxii+522 pp. Los Angeles. (Translated by T. J. Grovello) Wang, C. K Zonation of vegetation on Taiwan. M. Sc. Dissertation, New York State University College of Forestry. (unpublished) Wang, C. K Zonation of vegetation on Taiwan. M. Sc. Dissertation, New York State University College of Forestry. (unpublished) Wang, C. K Some environmental conditions and responses of vegetation on Taiwan. Biol. Bull. Tunghai Univ Wang, C. K Some environmental conditions and responses of vegetation on Taiwan. Biol. Bull. Tunghai Univ

頭上下舌齒三十二相大智度論卷 4 ( 大正 25,90a-91a) (22) 四十齒相 (23) 齒齊相 (24) 牙白相 (26) 味中得上味相 (27) 大舌相八十種好大般若經卷 381 ( 大正 6,968a9-969

頭上下舌齒三十二相大智度論卷 4 ( 大正 25,90a-91a) (22) 四十齒相 (23) 齒齊相 (24) 牙白相 (26) 味中得上味相 (27) 大舌相八十種好大般若經卷 381 ( 大正 6,968a9-969 十住毘婆沙論卷 9 念佛品第 20 補充講義 p.1 般舟三昧一印順導師初期大乘佛教之起源與開展第十一章,p.863-p.864: 十住毘婆沙論 (20 品 ~25 品 ) 所說的念佛三昧, 是依般舟三昧經的, 論卷 12( 大正 26,86a-b) 說 : 1. 新發意菩薩, 應

穨台灣地帶性植被之區劃與植物區系之分區2.PDF

穨台灣地帶性植被之區劃與植物區系之分區2.PDF