Wild: Gathered fruits Jujube 枣 (Yangshao & Longshan) Yangshao 仰韶 Longshan 龙山 Peach 桃 (all phases) prob. Apricot 杏 (all phases) Grapes 葡萄 (Yangshao & Longshan) Hawthorn 山楂 (Yangshao Yuanqiao only) Wild Grape YUQ P2H2 Yangshao 仰韶
YUQ P2H2 袁桥 P2H2 Yangshao 仰韶 Crataegus pinnatifida 山楂
0.2 Ratios Against Setaria 0.15 0.1 005 0.05 0 05 0.5 0.4 1 2 3 4 panicum/setaria rice/millet weed/crop 黍 / 粟稻 / 小米类杂草 / 农作物 0.3 Glycine/Setaria 大豆 / 粟 0.2 Fruits/Setaria 水果类 / 粟 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 Yangshao Ea. Late Bronze Age Longshan Reduction in wild collecting 野果采集的减少 Fruit tree cultivation? (peach, jujube) Increasing Panicum, and rice slightly so 黍 稻略有增长 Then decline in Bronze Age 青铜时代减少
Dry Land Environment 旱作环境 Digitaria sanguinalis 禾本科马唐 WUW P5(4) 吴湾 P5(4) Longshan 龙山 WUW P5(4) 吴湾 P5(4) Longshan 龙山 Digitaria sp./spp. 马唐属
Dry Land weeds Amaranthus sp. [this photo: A, tricolor 苋科苋 ] Cyperus rotundus 莎草科香附子 cf. Pennisetum alopecuroides 禾本科狼尾草 DGS 杜岗寺 P1H1 Shang 商 Chenopodium cf. album [large seeds] 蓼科蓼 Chenopodium sp. small seeded type Eleusine indica 禾本科牛荕草
New shrubby dryland weeds of Bronze Age 青铜时代新的灌木型旱地杂草 Hibiscus syriacus 锦葵科木槿 Hyoscyamus niger 茄科天仙子 Hibiscus sp. DGS 杜岗寺 P1H1 Shang 商 DGS P1H1 杜岗寺 P1H1 Shang 商
Upland Environment weeds (from Longshan) 高地环境的杂草 ( 龙山开始 ) Bromus japonicus 禾本科雀麦 Clinopodium chinense 唇形科风轮菜 WUW P5(4) 吴湾 P5(4) Longshan 龙山 WUW 吴湾 P5(4) Longshan 龙山
Ubiquity 出土概率 Dryland Weeds Yangshao E Longshan 100% E. Longshan 80% 60% 40% 0% 20% L. Longshan Bronze Age Amara aranthus cf. Bromus cf. Malva sp. cf. Oxalis Chenopodium cf. album Chenopodium (small) Digita taria sp. Euphorbia cf. heliosc scopia indet. Small leg egumes large Astera raceae Polygon naceae Solanum cf. nigrum Trifoliae med. Legs. 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Wetland weeds new wetland weeds In Longshan 龙山时期出现新的湿地杂草 Yangshao E. Longshan L. Longshan Erlitou Eleocharis Perilla fru rutescens cf. Ranu nunculus Echin hinochloa Eleusin ine indica Persicaria Salvia cf. plebeia Scirpus trian angulatus Cyperus caerulea achys sp. Alopecu curus sp. Amethystea c cf. Stac
Agrostis clavata 禾本科剪股颖 Alopecurus aequalis 禾本科看麦娘 Wet Land weeds 湿地杂草 Scirpus triangulatus 莎草科水毛花 XFD 西范店 P2H3(2) Longshan 龙山 Agrostis/Aira/Calamagrostis grass XIW 下毋 P2H1 Longshan 龙山 Alopecurus sp. YUQ 袁桥 P2H2 Yangshao 仰韶 Scirpus trinagulatus XIW 下毋 P2H1 Longshan 龙山 Scirpus sp.
Wet Land Environment Amethystea caerulea 唇形科水棘针 [Lamiaceae Lamiaceae] XIW 下毋 P2H1 Longshan 龙山 XFD 西范店 P2H3(2) L.Longshan 龙山晚 Stachys sp. 唇形科水苏
Dryland cultivation of millets through all periods 贯穿始终的旱地小米类农耕 Expansion of wetland cultivation in Longshan (Rice) 龙山时代湿地农耕 ( 稻作 ) 的扩大 Extension of dryland cultivation to uplands (probably Panicum) 旱地农耕往高地的扩大 ( 黍 )
作物加工方式与社会结构
作物加工方式与社会结构 加工步骤 天气制约 其他活动制约 劳力组织 储存方式
Thresh 脱粒 Sieve 筛选 Winnow 扬谷 Sieve 筛选 Winnow 扬谷 Hand pick 手工拣选 Dehusk 脱壳
1.Threshing 脱粒 2. raking 粗筛
Threshing 3. Winnowing 扬场 raking
Threshing 3. Winnowing raking
4. Coarse sieving Product falls throug 粗筛 ( 产品筛下来 )
Not all crops require sieving. Not traditional for many millets or rice 5. Fine sieving Grain stays in sieve 细筛, 留下谷物
Fine sieving 6. Deshusking 去壳 7. Winnowing 扬场
8. Hand-picking Removes grain-size weeds Remaining chaff, stones, etc.