耶鲁大学 - 南京信息工程大学大气环境中心 气候模式中次网格尺度陆 - 气相互作用 LAND-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS AT THE SUBGRID SCALE IN A CLIMATE MODEL 李旭辉 XUHUI LEE
地球系统模型 Components of an earth-system model Human activities Land use change (deforestation, urbanization) Agric intensification Fossil combustion Earth-system model Land Coupler Atmosphere Sea ice Ocean
模拟陆 气相互作用过程 Land-atmosphere interactions in the land model 大气圈
NCAR 陆 气相互作用模型 NCAR s Community Land Model Source: Oleson et al (2013) NCAR s Technical Note
模型网格的 混合高度 Blending height in a model grid T a K L T a Blending height Forest T s Open land Deforestation signal DT s
模型网格的 混合高度 Blending height in a model grid T a K L T a Blending height Forest T s Urban land Urban heat island DT s
NCAR 湖模块 NCAR s lake model Source: Subin et al. (2012) CLM Tech Note
Deep Questions in Shallow Water 浅水中的深问题
太湖中尺度通量网 Taihu Eddy Flux Network 1. semi-enclosed, eutrophic 2. floating plants and emergent macrophytes 3. hyper-eutrophic 4. relatively low photosynthetic activity 5. submerged macrophytes 6. transition between phytoplankton dominance and macrophyte dominance 7. submerged macrophytes and pen fish farming Source: Lee, 刘寿东 Liu, 肖薇 Xiao, et al. (2014) Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, 95: 1583-1594
通量网观测资料 Eddy flux data, June 1-10, 2013 Source: Lee, 刘寿东 Liu, 肖薇 Xiao, et al. (2014) Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, 95: 1583-1594
模型计算与实测太湖月蒸发量对比 Modeled and observed lake evaporation, Lake Taihu online offline observation Source: 王伟 Wang et al. (2015) Manuscript in preparation
模型计算与实测湖蒸发量对比 Modeled and observed lake evaporation, global dataset Source: 王伟 Wang et al. (2015) Manuscript in preparation
RCP8.5 情景下全球湖泊平均蒸发量 Global mean lake evaporation under RCP8.5 scenario Source: 王伟 Wang et al. (2015) Manuscript in preparation
全球湖泊平均蒸发量与温度的关系 Global mean lake evaporation versus temperature Source: 王伟 Wang et al. (2015) Manuscript in preparation
潜热通量与辐射能量的关系 Monthly mean latent heat flux versus available energy Source: Lee, 刘寿东 Liu, 肖薇 Xiao, et al. (2014) Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, 95: 1583-1594
Evaporation fraction varying with air temperature Source: 王伟 Wang et al. (2015) Manuscript in preparation
NCAR 陆 气相互作用模型 NCAR s Community Land Model Oleson et al (2013) NCAR s Technical Note
用次网格尺度模型计算城市热岛效应 Urban heat island intensity in climate models T a K L T a Blending height Forest T s Urban land Urban heat island DT s
城市地表能量平衡 Urban surface energy balance ( 1) K L T 4 s Q AH H LE Q S Heat storage Evaporation Convection Anthropogenic heat Albedo
城市热岛因子分解理论 Attribution of urban heat island AH s AH s n AH s n n Q f Q f f Q Q R f f Q Q R f R f T D D D D D 1 1 ) ( ) (1 ) ( ) (1 1 0 0 2 * 2 0 1 * 2 0 * 0 Radiation Convection Evaporation Storage Anthropogenic heat
城市热岛的因子分解 ( 北美洲 ) Attribution of UHI in North America daytime: b, e, d nighttime: c, g, f Source: 赵磊 Zhao, Lee, Smith, Oleson (2014) Nature 511: 216-219
治理城市热岛和气候变暖的双重效应 Mitigating UHI under RCP8.5 scenario Control EPA white roof Source: 赵磊 Zhao, et al. (2015) Manuscript in preparation
城市热岛的因子分解 ( 中国 ) Attribution of UHI in China Source: 曹畅 Cao et al. (2015) Manuscript in preparation
用次网格尺度模型计算伐林效应 Modeling the effect of deforestation on surface climate T a K L T a Blending height Forest T s Open land Deforestation signal DT s
伐林效应的因子分解 Attribution of deforestation effect 2 a 2 b a: Boreal / harvested 1 0 1 0 b: Boreal / burnt -1-1 c: temperate humid d: temperate semi-arid e: tropical DT s or DT (K) 2 1 0-1 2 1 0 e c 2 1 0-1 2 1 0 d f f: tropical -1 Observed DT -1 Radiative forcing Observed DTs Energy distr/roughness Source: Lee, Goulden, Hollinger et al. (2011) Nature 497: 384-387 Calculated DTs Energy distr/bowen ratio
全球二氧化碳通量网 FluxNet: A global network of CO 2 flux measurements Source: http://www.fluxnet.ornl.gov
气象站 Weather stations Poznan, Poland Dongshan ( 东山 ), Jiangsu, China Great Mountain Forest, Connecticut Braunschweig, Germany
年均地表温度的差异 ( 开阔地减林地 ) Deforestation effect on surface temperature (open land minus forest land) Annual mean difference DT (K) 1 y = -0.070(?.020) x + 2.6(?.9) n = 37, R 2 = 0.30, p < 0.005 a 0-1 -2 0-2 -10 20 50 25 35 45 55 65 Latitude ( o N) Source: Lee, Goulden, Hollinger et al. (2011) Nature 497: 384-387
年均地表温度的差异 ( 开阔地减林地 ) Deforestation effect on surface temperature (open land minus forest land) N/S America Asia Source: 张弥 Zhang, Lee, Yu, et al. (2014) Environ Res Letters 9: 034002
CLM 模型计算的伐林效应 Deforestation effect according to NCAR s CLM Source: Schultz, et al. (2015) manuscript in preparation
CLM4.5 次网格示意图 CLM4.5 sub-grid configuration CTRL shared soil column PFT-COL indiv soil columns V1 V2 L G V3 V4 V5 U C1 C2 V1 V2 L G V3 V4 V5 U C1 C2 H2O T H2O T
Tropical grid [6.13ᵒN, 288.75ᵒE] CTRL K K L L H λe G K K L L H λe G [Wm -2 ] 207.3 30.7 429.2 468.4 26.2 96.5 14.7 207.3 26.4 429.2 463.0 61.2 117.7-31.8 PFT-COL SW SW LW LW H λe G SW SW LW LW H λe G [Wm -2 ] 207.3 30.7 429.2 470.8 31.7 103.3-0.04 207.3 26.4 429.2 459.3 45.2 105.6-0.03
改进后 CLM 模型计算的伐林效应 Deforestation effect according to improved NCAR s CLM Source: Schultz, et al. (2015) manuscript in preparation