1 1.1 James Albus H e n r y He x m o o r U R L h t t p : / / t o m m y. j s c. n a s a. g o v / e r / e r 6 / m r l / p a p e r s / s y m p o s i u m / a l b u s. t x t 1 9 9 5 2 1 3 A I Alan Tu r i n g [ Turing 1950] e m b o d i m e n t [ L a k o ff 1987 Winograd & Flores 1986 Harnad 1990 Mataric 1997]
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6 G r e e n Q A 3 [Green 1969a] 20 Kurt Cödel Stephen Kleene Emil Post Alonzo Church A l a n Tu r i n g Stephen Cook Richard Karp [Lucas 1961, Penrose 1989, Penrose 1994] Alan Tu r i n g [ Turing 1950] Warren McCulloch Walter Pitts [McCulloch & Pitts 1943] [Minsky 1967] McCulloch Pitts Frank Rosenblatt[Rosenblatt 1962] p e r c e p t r o n s [ Wiener 1948] [Chomsky 1965] [ Widrow & Hoff 1960] 20 60 70 Allen Newell C l i ff Shaw Herbert Simon[Newell Shaw & Simon 1959 Newell & Simon 1963] General Problem Solver G P S [Slagle 1963] [Bobrow 1968] [ E v a n s 1968 ] [Nilsson 1984b] Computers and Thought [Feigenbaum & Feldman 1963] 20 70 80 D E N D R A L [ F e i g e n b a u m Buchanan & Lederberg 1971 L i n d s a y, et al. 1980] [ S h o r t l i ffe 1976 M i l l e r Pople & Myers 1982] [ M c D e r m o t t 1982 ] evaluated potential ore deposits [ C a m p b e l l et al. 1982 D u d a Gaschnig & Hart 1979] [McCorduck 1979] 1997 5 11 I B M 3. 5 2. 5 Garry Kasparov( )
1 7 Larry Roberts [Roberts 1963] [Nalwa 1993] [ L e t v i n n et al. 1959 Hubel 1988 Marr 1982] Terry Wi n o g r a d [ Winograd 1972] 2 0 70 William Wo o d s L U N A R N A S A C Y C [Guha & Lenat 1990 Lenat & Guha 1990 Lenat 1995] 20 50 Frank Rosenblatt 20 80 S o f t b o t s Softbots[Etzioni & Weld 1994] a g e n t a g e n t 1.4 a g e n t a g e n a g e n t a g e n t a g e n t a g e n a g e n t 1-2 1-2
8 Pollack & Ringuette 1990 w u m p u s Russell & Norvig 1995 pp. 153 Koza 1992 pp. 54 a g e n t a g e n t a g e n a g e n t 6 a g e n t a g e n t a g e n t a g e n t a g e n t 8 8 a g e n t a g e n t a g e n t a g e n t a g e n t a g e n t a g e n t a g e n t a g e n t a g e n t a g e n t a g e n t [Russell & Wefald 1991 p. 18] R u s s e l l We f a l d a g e n t a g e n t tabula rasa
1 9 a g e n t 1.5 [Hayes & Ford 1995] Galetea 2.2 [Powers 1995] [Anderson & Donath 1990 B e e r Chiel & Sterling 1 9 9 0 ] [Sejnowski & R o s e n b e rg 1987] [ M i n n i x M c Vey & Iñigo 1991] [McClelland & Rumelhart 1981 McClelland & Rumelhart 1982] Herbert Simon Allen Newell [Newell & Simon 1972 Newell 1991] N e w e l l [ A r t i f i c i a l Intelligence, vol 59, 1993] [ J o h n s o n - L a i r d 1 9 8 8 ] B ru t e - f o rc e [ G i n s b e rg 1996] [Dreyfus 1979 Dreyfus 1992 Dreyfus & Dreyfus 1986] [McFarland & Bösser 1993] a g e n t 3 Michael We l l m a n [ Wellman 1996] [Shoham 1996] [McFarland & Bösser 1993, p. 6]
10 [Russell & Wefald 1991, p. 1] [Russell 1997] [Garey & Johnson 1979] a g e n t [Dennett 1995, pp 373 ] a g e n t D a r w i n i a n S k i n n e r i a n P o p p e r i a n G r e g o r i a n S o f t b o t [Nilsson 1984a]Joseph We i z e n b a u m [ Weizenbaum 1976] [ Trappl 1986] D N A Artificial Intelligence Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research Computational Intelligence Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence A A A I I J C A I E C A IA A A I A C M S I G A RT A A A I PC AI Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence ( E A A I ) IEEE Expert
1 11 The Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence [ S h a p i r o 1992 ]The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence [Barr & Feigenbaum 1981 Barr & Feigenbaum 1982 Cohen & Feigenbaum 1982 B a r r, Cohen & Feigenbaum 1989] Exploring Artificial Intelligence [Shrobe 1988] Readings in X X 1.1 1.2 1.3 X Y 1.4 1.5 weak AI s t rong