20,,,,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,1987, 17 18 :,,1992 ;:, 1990 ; :,1993 :,,1994 ; :, 2001 ; :,,2002 :,, 2006 ; Carl Whitney Jacobson, B rotherhood and Society : S haanxi Gelaohui, 1867 1912, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Michigan, 1993 92 The
/ 20,,,,,,,,,, 20,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) () (),,,,,,,,,,,,, 19 90,,,, 1891,, 1900,,,,,,,,,,,20, 45,1 70 63. 3 %1936, 45, 7,,,, 1933 1 70,,1994, 68 69 93
2008 4, (205 ), 54, 1 50, 4 2, 5 3 6 8 ( 1),, 1 20 ( 1936 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 54 54 6 10 10 1 5 120 50 10 1229 3 6 10 3 2 2 10000 2 360 17 () 2 300 3 2 6000 3 5 3 1000 9 14 1 1000?? 3 3 12 4045 10 20500 4 () 8 4250 5 3450 31 10 630???? 8 4250 378 5 5 1370 5 1370 2 15??? : (1951 12 20 ),, 48 94
/ 20 ( 1936 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 6 7 8 6000 3000 1 1000 3?? 20 13000 20 9000 7/ 12 15 1000 13 1700 4/ 8 20 20000 43/ 81 40 1665 10/ 14 40 29700 25/ 35 8/ 26 2/ 29 8 7 2000?? 7 12 99/ 205 : (1) : (1993 ), (1985 ), (1993 ), (1984 ), (1990 ), (1992 ), (1994 ), (1992 ), (1989 ), (1993 ), (1990 ), (1988 ), (1992 ), (1986 ), (1986 ), (1994 ), (1991 ), (1987 ), (1989 ), (1987 ), (1985 ), (1993 ), (1998 ), (1990 ), (1991 ) (2) : 4 (1980 ), 1 (1985 ), 6 (1989 ), 1 (1986 ), 3 (1988 ), 1 (1983 ), 1 (1987 ), 1 (1987 ), 7 (1988 ), 3 (1989 ), 1 (1988 ), 5 (1987 ), 22 23 (1998 ),, 1993 (3) :( ) (1933 1934 ),,,LS1/ 3/ 3043 ; (1942 ),,,LS3/ 3/ 3603 ; (1941 ),,,LS3/ 1/ 260 ; (1943 ),,43/ 1 ; : (1951 12 20 ),, 48 ; (1950 7 12 ), 23 ;, (1950 ) : (1)?, (2),,,, 1 4 : 2 ; 1 ; 2 ; 113 20 40,,,2 1935 1948,, 4,, 1 2 95
, 3 4,, 2008 4 2 20 1935 a 1948 b 1 18 11 61. 1 % 1 8 7 87. 5 % 2 17 14 82. 3 % 2 21 17 80. 9 % 3 20 10 50 % 3 31 15 48. 3 % 3 16 10 62. 5 % 4 11 6 54. 5 % :a.,1999, 275 b.,1994, 74,,,,( ),, :,, 2 (21 ),, 24,,,,, 1933, ;1936 1937, 1938,,,,,, 4 ( 3) A,, B C,,, D, 1936 3 3, : 1936, 6 (),4 1948, 4 ( ) 3 4, 3, :,1989, 591 ( ) (1933 1934 ),,,LS1/ 3/ 3043 :, 1,1985 ; :, 4,1989 96
/ 20 A B 3 20 A 22 B 10 C 7 D 7 ( ) 11 20,,, :,, 30,,,,,,, 20,70 :54 10 6 20, ( ) ( ) ( ), (1879 1942),,,,,, 1916,,,1938,,,1942,,, 40,(1887 1953),,, 1911,, 1916,,, 1928,,,,,, 1930,,,,1993, 118 125 128 :, 4,1986, 56 59 ;( ) (1933 1934 ),,,LS1/ 3/ 3043 97
2008 4 20,,,,,, 1876,,,,,,(1874 1952), 1892,, 1905,,1911,1913,,1927,,,, 300,6000,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,51,( ), 14,14,3, 2,2, 1, 10, 16 ( 8 4 ), 12, 11, 21, 41 %,,, (1950 ),,BF24/ 64, 1933 1947 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1953,, 9,1982 ;, 9,1982 ;, 1992, 523 :, :, 1993, 212 (1950 ),,BF24/ 64,, ( ) 98
/ 20 21,,, 1931 1932,, ;,,,,,,,,, 1938 10,1940 6,, 1940,,, 1942,,,,,,,,,,, 1947,,,,,,, :,,,,,, ( ),,,, 1840,,,,,, 1915, :, (1948 ),,,40/ 1/ 17 ;, 7,1982 ;, 16,1984 (1950 ),,BF24/ 64 : (),1992, 416 99
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,40,,,,,,, 2008 4 4 20 : :, 1988, 157 ; (1948 ),, 40/ 3/ 34 ; (1947 12 ),,,16/ 0/ 193 :,20, 22 1 ( 4) 1949, 3000 :, 1991, 516 517 :, 2,1986, 143,1994, 509 :, 13, 216 227 100
/ 20,, 1947, 200,300,600,,,53,,,,,,,,, ( ) 11,,,,,,, 30 1933,,,,,1936,,, 8,, ( ),,,,,,,1949 88. 2 %, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,25 %, 80 %,,,,,;,,1943,413, :, 157 (1947 12 ),,,16/ 0/ 193 :, 77,1990, 121 (1950 7 12 ),, 23 : (1909 1949),1999, 367 1949 286972,38365 :, 1994, 94, 3,50, 789 790, 790 101
,, 1947 5,,,,,,,,,, 21,,,,,, 3,,,,,, 20 20,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1918,,1924,,,,,,, 5, 1939, 1949,,,,,,, :,,, 1948 1949,,,,,,,,,, 100,, 1948,, 2008 4, 33,1990, 150 161 :,1990, 180 :, 1990, 410 434 435 102
/ 20 5? 1914,? 1914, 1913 1924 1918, 1922 1924, 1938 1939,, 5,5000,, 1932 1949 100,,,,,,, 1943 1951 1943 1949,1000,5, 110 500 200, 1942 1946 500, 7,,,,,1948,, : :, 33,1990 ;, 434 435 ( ) 20,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1938 6,,,,,,, ( ) (1929 12 ),4 (1928 1932 ),1987, 235 103
2008 4, 1938 10 11,,,,4,,80,20, ( ),,, 4,, 1943 5,, 3000,,, 1940 6,,,,,,2,,,,,,,,,, 1941,,,, gλυ,,,,, 11 8,,,,,,6 ( ), 1985, 141 150 ;,, 1984, 164 167 :, 46,1995, 144 (1909 1949), 367 :,1991, 48 50 :(1920. 1987111),1991, 422 ; :,1995, 355, 509 ;:, 1,1985, 81 (1942 5 28 ),,,LS3/ 1/ 260, (1938 ) ( ) (1940 ), 4073 (1939 9 8 ) ; (1940 2 22 ),,,1/ 1/ l (1941 1942 ),,,LS31/ 1/ 993 gλυ (1942 ),,,LS66/ l/ 17 104
/ 20 1946 1949, 1946 10,,,,( ),, ( ),, 12 400 5,,,, 11 21 23,, 1, 1948, 232, 1,, (),,,,,,,, 20 30, : 20 30,,,,,,,30,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,, (1941 1943 ),,,LS1/ 4/ 3631, 791 1949,325336,, 92 105
,,,,,20 30,,,,,,,,, 40,,,, 20, 2008 4,,210093 (: ) : 2008 3 :,,,,2004 4 20,, 2008 7 4 106