i
2003~2005 γ 500 18 ( ) ( ) (CIP) /. 2006 ISBN 7-03-016791-0 I. II. III. - - IV. S153.6 CIP (2006) 003453 2006 8 787 1092 1/16 * 2006 8 18 1/4 4 1~1 800 411 000 48.00 ( ) ii
iii
iv
(GB 50325 2001) 5 2003 (1) ( ) (2) γ ( ) - ( ) (3) 18 ( )( ) ( ) 18 ( ) 2km 2km 50~100 ( 20 80 ) (4) ( ) i
(5) ( FD 3017 ) 1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 3 4 5 2005 11 ii
1...1 1.1...2 1.1.1 γ...3 1.1.2...5 1.1.3...7 1.1.4 256 γ...7 1.1.5 γ ( )...8 1.1.6...15 1.1.7 γ...16 1.1.8...18 1.2 -...19 1.2.1...19 1.2.2 ( )...21 1.2.3...21 1.2.4 -...22 1.3...24 1.3.1...24 1.3.2...26 1.3.3...28 1.3.4 144...29 1.3.5 19...32 1.3.6...34 1.3.7...35 2...37 2.1...37 2.1.1...37 2.1.2...40 2.1.3...40 2.2...43 2.2.1...43 2.2.2...48 2.2.3...49 2.3...51 iii
2.3.1...52 2.3.2...58 2.3.3...59 2.4...63 2.4.1...63 2.4.2...66 2.4.3...67 2.5...69 2.5.1...69 2.5.2...70 2.5.3...71 2.6...74 2.6.1...74 2.6.2...75 2.6.3...77 2.7...84 2.7.1...84 2.7.2...85 2.7.3...86 2.8...88 2.8.1...89 2.8.2...89 2.8.3...90 2.9...95 2.9.1...96 2.9.2...101 2.9.3...101 2.10...103 2.10.1...104 2.10.2...104 2.10.3...105 2.11...107 2.11.1...107 2.11.2...108 2.11.3...108 2.12...110 2.12.1...111 2.12.2...112 2.12.3...112 iv
2.13...114 2.13.1...115 2.13.2...115 2.13.3...116 2.14...120 2.14.1...120 2.14.2...121 2.14.3...122 2.15...124 2.15.1...124 2.15.2...125 2.15.3...127 2.16...129 2.16.1...129 2.16.2...134 2.16.3...135 2.17...137 2.17.1...138 2.17.2...141 2.17.3...143 2.18...147 2.18.1...147 2.18.2...149 2.18.3...149 3...152 3.1...152 3.1.1...152 3.1.2...154 3.1.3...174 3.2...175 3.2.1...175 3.2.2...175 3.3...177 3.3.1...177 3.3.2...178 3.3.3...178 3.4...178 3.4.1...178 3.4.2...179 v
3.4.3...179 3.4.4...180 3.4.5...180 4...185 4.1...185 4.1.1...185 4.1.2...191 4.1.3...199 4.2...209 4.2.1 HDC-C...209 4.2.2...212 4.2.3...218 4.2.4...219 5...221 5.1...221 5.1.1...221 5.1.2 (50 000Bq/m 3 )...226 5.1.3...226 5.1.4...239 5.2...239 5.2.1...240 5.2.2...241...243 1...243 2 ( )...244 3...246 4 (GB/T 16143 1995)...248 5 (EPA 402-k-00-008 2000 7 (6609-j))...253 vi
1 50 50 ( ) ( ) ( 222 n 222 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 100 30 65 500 km 2 144 ( ) 17 101 26 11 14 1
1.1 40 K( ) ( 238 U) ( 232 Th) 14 10 40 K α β γ α β γ 100~200m γ [NaI(Tl)] γ γ 120m ( 1-1) 20 80 ( ) 2048in 3 ( ) 3072in 3 ( ) (GPS) ( ) ( GPS 20m 60m/s γ 2 1-1 G-820 ( ) 1/4
256 (1 ) (2 4 ) ( ) GPS γ γ γ 214 Bi γ 1.764MeV 1.120MeV 0.609MeV γ 40 K 214 Bi ( ) 214 Bi γ γ γ 214 Bi γ ( 226 a) 214 Bi 226 a ( 222 n 218 Po 214 Pb) (38.25d) 214 Biγ γ 1.1.1 γ γ γ γ ( ) 3
1-2 γ 120m γ 40 K 1-3 γ 100m γ γ 100 000 10 000 0.583MeV 0.609MeV 0.911MeV 0.969MeV 1.120MeV 1.46MeV 1.765MeV 2.11MeV( ) 2.614MeV 1 000 K U Th 100 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 1-2 120m γ 75 0.92MeV U: 3.5 10 4 % Th: 2.5 10 3 % K: 3.0% 50 1.12MeV 1.46MeV h = 25m h = 50m 25 10 h = 100m 1.76MeV 2.2MeV 2.62MeV 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 /MeV 1-3 γ 4
1.1.2 γ I γ I I = I + I + I + I (1-1) I γ I γ 1.14 γ 214 Bi 214 Bi γ γ ( 1-1) 1-1 /m 0 1 10 100 1000 2000 / 100 96 90 73 49 25 γ 256 γ γ 40 K γ 40% 32% 25% 3 1-2 1-2 g /MeV /MeV /kev 1 0.20~3.00 18~254 2 0.40~3.00 34~254 1.46 1.36~1.60 116~132 1.76 1.67~1.87 141~157 1.12+1.76+2.19 (1.04~1.20)+(1.66~2.43) (88~101)+(140~204) 2.62 2.42~2.83 204~237 3.01~6.00 255 1 0.2~3.00 18~254 1.76 1.67~1.87 141~157 1.12+1.76+219 (1.04~1.21)+(1.65~2.43) (88~101)+(140~204) 3.01~6.00 255 214 Bi 5
3 N 1 = a 1QU + b 1QTh + c 1QK N 2 = aq 2 U + bq 2 Th + cq 2 K N = a Q + bq + c Q 3 3 U 3 Th 3 K (1-2) N 1 N 2 N 3 3 ( ) Q U Q Th Q K ( ) ppmeu ppmeth % a i b i c i (i = 1 2 3) U Th K c 2 = c 3 = 0 (1-2) N/a = Q + γ Q + β Q N/a 2 2= QU + γ 2QTh N/a 3 3= QU + γ 3QTh 1 1 U 1 Th 1 K γ 1 = b 1 /a 1 γ 2 = b 2 /a 2 γ 3 = b 3 /a 3 β 1 = c 1 /a 1 (1-3) γ 1 = γ 2 γ 1 γ β C = γ 1 /γ β C (1-3) (1-3) F 1 = 1/C 1 F 2 = b 3 /(a 2 b 3 a 3 b 2 ) F 3 = a 2 /(a 2 b 3 a 3 b 2 ) 1 = (a 1 b 3 b 1 a 3 )/(a 2 b 3 a 3 b 2 ) 2 = (a 2 b 1 b 2 a 1 )/(a 2 b 3 a 3 b 2 ) 3 = b 2 /b 3 4 = a 3 /a 2 QK = F1( N1 N 1 2 N 2 3) QU = F2( N2 N 3 3) QTh = F3( N3 N 4 2) (1-4) 1 2 3 4 F 1 F 2 F 3 K U Th 1ppmeU 1 10 6 1ppmeTh 1 10 6 6
1.1.3 (1) C ( ) C ( ) [NaI(Tl)] U Th (2) U Th U Th C 1-2 (3) γ ( ) γ 3 1.1.4 256 γ 1955 20 50~60 ACTM-25 γ 70~ 80 FD-115 γ FD-123 γ NaI(Tl) 80 G-800D ACS-2 γ G-820 γ γ 1) 3072in 3 ( 50 340cm 3 ) 2048in 3 ( 33 560cm 3 ) 512in 3 ( 8390cm 3 ) 256in 3 ( 4195cm 3 ) 2) 137 Cs 0.662MeV 10% 40 K 1.46MeV 7.5% 7
208 Th 2.62MeV 6% 3) 256 256 4) 6h 5 2.5 5) 1% 1.1.5 γ ( ) γ ( ) 3 1. γ 10km 150m 180m 240m 1500m 1800m 2400m 6 γ 1700m γ B (1-5) B = A + C (1-5) B (cps ) A C C (1-6) C (3~6MeV) C = C C i (1-6) C i C i B 1 1 B A C = (1-7) 2 2 B A C = (1-8) cps ( )/s 8
1 B 2 B B 1 C 2 C C (1-7) (1-8) 1 2 1 2 B B C C = (1-9) 1 1 C = C C (1-10) 2 2 C i = C C (1-11) i C 1 C 2 (3~6MeV) (1-9) (1-10) (1-11) C i 1 2 B B 1 2 Ci = C C (1-12) 1 B 2 B C 1 C 2 (1-12) C i C C i C [ (1-6)] C A [ (1-13)] A = B C (1-13) C A C A γ 2. ( 1-4) γ ( ) 6 S KU S KT S UT S UK S TK S TU 1-4 γ 9
10 1) S KU (1-14) S KU KU = (1-14) UU KU UU 2) S KT (1-15) S KT KT = (1-15) TT KT TT 3) S UT (1-16) S UT UT = (1-16) TT UT TT 4) S UK (1-17) S UK UK = (1-17) KK UK KK 5) S TK (1-18) S TK TK = (1-18) KK TK KK 6) S TU (1-19) S TU TU = (1-19) UU
TU UU 3. γ 120m γ 800m 3m 1000m 3000m γ γ ( 1-5) 1-5 60m 90m 120m 150m 180m 210m 240m 300m 8 4 1) µ (1-20) µ 120 ln ln µ = H 120 H (1-20) µ (1/m) H (m) H 8 120m 7 120 120m H H 4 2) m l γ 214 Bi ( ) 11
214 Bi γ 214 Bi 214 Bi 214 Bi γ 214 Bi 214 Bi 20 80 γ 2cm ( ) γ (1-21) n n up l = m l dw (1-21) n 12 up dw m l γ (1-22) m (1-23) l w up w up w dw m = (1-22) l = l up l dw w up w dw (1-23) w dw l up l dw 3) γ γ
γ 1%(K) 1ppm(eU) 1ppm(eTh) 120m γ 120m 4 4 (1-24) (1-25) (1-26) S S S K U T 120 Ks = (1-24) Q K 120 Us = (1-25) Q U 120 Ts = (1-26) Q T S K S U S T Q K Q U Q T 120 Ks % ppmeu ppmeth 120 120 U s T s cps 120m 4. g γ 1) H s H H s A C = (1-27) H A C 2) γ γ 13
K s U s T s = S S (1-28) Ks K KU U KT T = S S (1-29) Us U UK K UT T = S S (1-30) Ts T TK K TU U K U T S KU S KT S UK S UT S TK S TU 3) (1-21) n 0 Us Us n = (1-31) 0 U s U s n 4) γ γ γ 120 H µ ( 120) e H = (1-32) 120 120m H H (m) µ (1/m) 5. Q K K = s (1-33) S K U Q s U = (1-34) S U 14
Q T T = s (1-35) S T Q K Q U Q T % ppmeu ppmeth S K S U S T 120m K s cps/%k cps/ppmeu cps/ppmeth U s r s ( ) 1.1.6 1955 20 50-70 80-212 1) (1) 2000m 200m (2) 2500m 200~500m -212 (3) 2000~3000m 250m ( 1-6) (4) 3000m ( 1-7) 1-6 ( ) 15
1-7 ( ) 16 2) ( ) ( ) 250m 500m 1000m 3 20 50~70 250m 500m 80 1000m 1s 50~70m( ) 120m 120m GPS 30m 3 (1) 1 25 000 250m 25~30 (2) 1 50 000 500m 25~30 (3) 1 100 000 1000m 12~15 γ γ γ γ 1.1.7 γ γ 1.
( 1-8) Ι 2 ω 2 h 2 h 1 ω 1 Ι 1 1-8 γ 1-9 I ------------ H A h0 a B b I0 1-9 γ 2. 1.15 17
1-10 90 Y 91 Y 64h 58.51d γ 1.734MeV 1.208MeV γ 1-10 1.1.8 ( ) / / / ( ) 1-11 1-12 / ( / )/ 18 1-11
(K/Th) b U/U 1 (K/Th) b (U) b /10 6 (K) b /% Th/10 6 Au/(µg/g) 1000 500 0 500 10 0 0.5 0 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 5 0 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 1-12 (K) b (U) b (K/Th) b / U 1.2-1.2.1-1) ( ) 2) 3) ( Bq ) 4) - 19
5m 5) 50cm 30% 50cm 30% 70% K K K B K (cm 2 /s) h (cm) λ λ 2.1 10 6 /s λ h 1 e K B = (1-36) 50cm K B 1-3 1-3 K B K/(10 2 cm 2 /s) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 0.51 0.40 0.34 0.30 0.27 0.26 0.24 20 6) c n (Bq/m 3 ) c n N (Bq/m 3 ) B 7) ( ) = B N (1-37)