daihz@epri.ac.cn xrwang@epri.ac.cn
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 2
1. 2003 391410 MW 19052.08 kwh 35kV 879479 km 500kV 44364 km 35kV 138834 kva 500kV 16166 kva AC 500kV DC 500kV AC 1000kV DC 800kV 3
1. 2 0.303kW 1474kW.h 1209kW.h 4
1. 1.58% 0.14% 24.24% 74.03% 1 2003 5
1. 6
1. 7
2. 1 2001 2002 2003 2004 MW MW % MW 338,490 356,570 391,410 440,000 401.7 445.0 568.4 763.8 0.119 0.125 0.145 0.174 24,000 31,000 40,300 47,317 8
2. 2004 764MW 40 1061 138 <10MW 115 10MW~30MW 21 30MW~40MW 2 35kV 66kV 9
2. 2003 100MW 100MW 2004 100MW 200MW 200MW 150MW 2005 100MW 200MW 150MW 10
2. 2 2005 2010 2015 2020 (MW) 1,000 4,000 10,000 20,000 11
3. 3 12
3. 13
3. 14
3. 3 2 4 15
4. Technical issues of wind power integration Technical regulation of wind power integration Grid Codes Network Codes 16
4. A A0 A1 A2 B B1 C C1 D 4 D1 17
4. 5 18
4. 6 19
4. 7 20
4. 8 21
4. 5 22
4. Pn,Qn,Sn,Un,In Pmc 10 P60(60) P0.2(0.2) Q 10 c(ψk, Va) ψk Va 10 2 N10,N120 kf(ψk) ku (ψk) ψk Ih 1050 23
4. Pn: Qn: Sn: In: 24
4. 6 A0 A1 A2 B1 C1 D1 Pmc Pmc>Pn Pmc=Pn Pmc=Pn Pmc=Pn Pmc=Pn Pmc=Pn 60 P60 P60>Pn P60=Pn P60=Pn P60=Pn P60=Pn P60=Pn 0.2 P0.2 P0.2>Pn P0.2=Pn P0.2=Pn P0.2=Pn P0.2=Pn P0.2=Pn Q f(p) f(p) f(p) f(p) * * c(ψk, Va) 10 N10 CPS CPS CPS CPS CPS CPS 2 N120 CPS CPS CPS CPS CPS CPS kf(ψk) ku (ψk) Ih * * * * CPS= * 25
4. 26
4. 35kV 10% 10kV±7% 220V -10%~+7% 2% 4% 1.3% ±0.2Hz ±0.5Hz ±0.2Hz 27
4. PWM 28
4. 7 ( ) ( ) ( ) LGJ- 500 1000 1000 300 4 400 4 220 200-300 200 300 1 400 1 110 100 50 150(120-185) 35 20-30 6-10 120(95-150) 10 5-7 2-4 95 29
4. 8 66kV MVA 0.5 m/s 3.0 m/s 5.0 m/s 30 ºC 22.6 39.9 49.5 35 ºC 16.5 32.9 41.5 30
4., ( ) 31
4. 2 ( A/ mm ) h 3000 3000-5000 5000 3000 1.65 1.15 0.90 1.65 3.00 2.25 1.75 3.00 1.92 1.73 1.54 1.92 2.5 2.25 2.00 2.5 32
4. LGJ-240 10 LGJ-240 (h) 3000 3000-5000 5000 2 ( A / mm ) 1.6500 1.1500 0.9000 LGJ-240(A) 396.0000 276.0000 216.0000 610.0000 110kV(MW) 71.6736 49.9543 39.0947 110.4063 0.9500 110kV(MW) 64.1290 44.6960 34.9795 98.7846 0.8500 33
4. LGJ-240 Xb Pz P1+JQ1 R+JX P2+JQ2 V X 0.388*1000000 Xb = = = = 369. 62ohm I WC 2.84 JWC/2 JWC/2 2 V Pz = = 35. 78MW Xb 9 34
4. kv MW*km 1 km 1 MW 2 km 2 MW 10 9.60 6.00 1.60 20.00 0.4800 35 134.60 20.00 6.73 50.00 2.6920 110 1420.00 50.00 28.40 150.00 9.4667 220 48400.00 200.00 242.00 300.00 161.3333 330 144000.00 300.00 480.00 400.00 360.0000 500 360000.00 400.00 900.00 600.00 600.0000 35
4. (kv) (MW) (Mvar/100km) 10 0.34 0.036 LJG-120 35 3.8 0.406 LJG-150 66 12.04 1.285 LGJ-185 110 35.77 3.43 LJG-240 110 68.762 54.4500 YJV22_3*300 220 136 13.2 LJGQ-400 330 390 37.3 LJGQ-2*300 500 980 96 LJGQ-4*400 36
4. 13 (%) 35 kv +10%~-10% 38.5kV 31.5 kv 10 kv +7%~-7% 10.7 kv 9.3 kv 380V +7%~-7% 406.6V 353.4V 220V +5%~-10% 231V 198V : 1. 35 kv 10% 2.. 37
4. 14 (330kV ) 500kV 550kV 330kV 363kV 1.15 20min 38
4. 15 (220KV ) (KV) (KV) (KV) 500 220 +10%~-0% 242 220 220 330 110 +7%~-3% 117.7 106.7 220 220 66 +7%~-3% 70.62 64.02 35 +7%~-3% 37.45 33.95 10 13 10.7 9.3 39
4. 16 (220KV ) (KV) (KV) (KV) 500 220 +10%~-5% 242 209 220 330 110 +10%~-10% 121 99 220 220 66 +10%~-10% 72.6 59.4 35 +10%~-10% 38.5 31.5 10 13 10.7 9.3 40
4. 17 220 kv / 220 kv 0.95~1.0 0.~0.33 110 kv 0.9~1.0 0.~0.48 66 kv 0.9~1.0 0.~0.48 35 kv 0.9~1.0 0.~0.48 41
4. 42
4. = f f 50±0.1Hz 50±0.2Hz 49~50.3Hz 48.5~50.5Hz 0.1 s 0-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90-0.1-0.2-0.3-0.4-0.5-0.6-0.7-0.8-0.9 df in Hz 43
4. 1~30s 10~15min AGC/ 3~5% Pn 15% Pn 15min f f 44
4. 45
4. cos cos 46
4. Generators Transformer Main Transformer PCC 66kV 220kV Converter Control Supervisory Control 10 1. 2. 47
4. Capacitive Compensators Flow from Other Areas Generators Lightly Loaded Overhead Lines Cable Circuits Heavily Loaded Overhead Lines Inductive Compensation Generators Consumer Lo ad s Transformers Flow to Other Areas 11 48
4. 49
4. Reactive Power Constant PF Rating Point Active Power 12 P-Q 50
4. 5.0 Scotland Delta Frequency (Hz) 4.0 3.0 Scotland 2.0 1.0 0.0-1.0-2.0 Scotland -3.0-4.0 Scotland -5.0 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0 Time (seconds) 13 +2.0 / - 2.5Hz 60 +/- 3Hz 1 +/- 5Hz 51
4. EON Voltage (PU) 1.30 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.90 Lower value of voltage band 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.0 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0 Time (seconds) 0.0 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0 Time (seconds) 14 Voltage (PU) 1.50 1.40 Scotland 1.30 1.20 Scotland EON 1.10 1.00 0.90 France 0.80 Denmark 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 EON 0.20 0.10 Australia 0.00 Denmark EON 52
4. 1 E.ON, ESBNG 2 5 20 E.ON 10% 10% ESBNG 15 2-5% 53
5. 54