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1 July Arab World Studies No.4 ISAF

2 Nadir Shah Ahmad Shah ,985 98% 89% 9% 3,100 99% 80% 19% 50% 35% 11% Achaemenid Empire, US Central Intelligence Agency, Iran, The World Factbook, February 26, Ibid. Ibid. 41

3 Mohsen Milani, Iran and Afghanistan, The Iran Primer, United States Institute of Peace, Burhanuddin Rabbani

4 James Dobbins 2004 Kenneth M. Pollack, The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict between Iran and America, New York: Random House, 2004, p.346. Barbara Slavin, A Broken Engagement, The National Interest, November-December Kenneth M. Pollack, op.cit., pp Dobbins, J., Negotiating with Iran, Iran: Reality, Options and Consequences, Part 2, Negotiating with the Iranians: Missed Opportunities and Paths Forward, Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs of the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, US House of Representatives, Nov. 7, 2007, US Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 2009, p

5 High Peace Council Kenneth Katzman, Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy, CRS Report, US Congressional Research Service, January 17, 2014, pp Erin Fitzgerald, Iran s Shadow Diplomacy, Huffington Post, August 8, 2011, huffingtonpost.com/erin-fitzgerald/irans-shadow-diplomacy_b_ html. Pamela Constable, Afghanistan s Hazaras Gain Clout in Disputed Parliamentary Elections, The Washington Post, December 24, 2010, html. High Peace Council, Peace Message of Late HPC Chairman Burhanuddin Rabbani, United Nations Security Council and General Assembly, The Situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for International Peace and Security, Report of the Secretary-General, A/65/612 S/2010/630, 10 Dec Ibid. 44

huffingtonpost.com/erin-fitzgerald/irans-shadow-diplomacy_b_920702.html.

6 Nik Mohammad Iran Ready to Host Afghan Peace Council, Press TV, March 18, 2011, html. Ernesto Londono, Iran s Hosting of Taliban Reflects Desire for Greater Role, The Washington Post, August 29, 2011, -for-greater-role/2011/09/28/giqakmwo7k_story.html. Towde Khabare: Taliban Officials Visit Iran, TOLOnews, June 3, 2013, and Khan, T., Neighbourhood Watch: Taliban Defy Afghan Govt, Successfully Conclude Iran Visit, The Express Tribune (Karachi), June 7, Ellen Laipson, Iran-Afghanistan Ties Enter New Era, Asian Times, December 18, 2013, Report on Progress toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan, US Department of Defense, July 2013, p

com/world/asia-pacific/irans-hosting-of-taliban-reflects-desire -for-greater-role/2011/09/28/giqakmwo7k_story.html. Towde Khabare: Taliban Officials Visit Iran, TOLOnews, June 3, 2013, http://www.

7 12% ,500 30% % 34 9% 22% Ellen Laipson, op.cit. Shanthie Mariet D Souza1, Iran, US and the Afghan Conundrum, ISAS Insights, No.132, Institute of South Asian Studies, National University of Singapore, September 1, 2011, p.6. Francis Matthew, Iran s Consolidation of Position in Afghanistan, Gulf News, July 24, 2013, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ministry of Counter Narcotics, Afghanistan Opium Survey 2013, November 2013, p.5. Ellen Laipson, Engaging Iran on Afghanistan, The Henry L. Stimson Center, Washington, DC, March 2012, p.3. Ekaterina Stepanova, Iran and Afghanistan: Cross Border Security Challenges, Conflict Management, and Iran-U.S. Relations, PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 56,Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Institute of World Economy & International Relations (Moscow), May 2009, p.3. Al-Monitor, Drug Addition Takes Toll in Iran, November 21, 2013, Ibid. AFP, Drug Smugglers Kill Three Iran Guards Near Pakistan Border, Dawn, October 11, 2012, 46

Francis Matthew, Iran s Consolidation of Position in Afghanistan, Gulf News, July 24, 2013, http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/iran-s-consolidation-of-position-in-afghanistan-1.1212810.

8 UNODC % AFP, Drug Smugglers Kill Three Iran Guards Near Pakistan Border, Dawn, October 11, 2012, AFP, Iran Hangs 16 in Reprisal for Pakistan Border Killings, New Version, October 26, 2013, Ekaterina Stepanova, Iran and Afghanistan: Cross Border Security Challenges, Conflict Management, and Iran-U.S. Relations, PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 56,Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Institute of World Economy & International Relations (Moscow), May 2009, p.3. Ibid, p.2. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR Mid-Year Trends 2013,p.8. Humanitarian Bulletin Afghanistan, Issue No.7, August 2012, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 47

html. Ekaterina Stepanova, Iran and Afghanistan: Cross Border Security Challenges, Conflict Management, and Iran-U.S. Relations, PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No.

9 5 70% Afghanistan s Other Neighbours: Iran, Central Asia and China, Conference Report, p.6, the American Institute of Afghanistan Studies and the Hollings Center for International Dialogue, Istanbul, Turkey, July 24-26, Muhammad Jawad Sharifzada, Afghan Children in Iran Deprived of Education, Pajhwok Afghan News, October 27, 2011, Ekaterina Stepanova, op. cit. p.4. Afghanistan s Other Neighbours: Iran, Central Asia and China, Conference Report, p.7, the American Institute of Afghanistan Studies and the Hollings Center for International Dialogue, Istanbul, Turkey, July 24-26, Ellen Laipson, Engaging Iran on Afghanistan, The Henry L. Stimson Center, Washington, DC, March 2012, p.4. U.S.-Afghan Strategic Treaty Will Endanger Iran s Interests: Minister, Tehran Times, July 24, 2011, 48

Muhammad Jawad Sharifzada, Afghan Children in Iran Deprived of Education, Pajhwok Afghan News, October 27, 2011, http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/10/27/afghan-children-iran-deprived-education.

10 Amir M. Haji-Yousefi, Iran s Foreign Policy in Afghanistan: The Current Situation and Future Prospects, South Asian Studies, Vol.27, No.1, January-June 2012, p.65. White House, Joint Declaration of the United States-Afghanistan Strategic Partnership, May 23, 2005, Borger, J., Iran Offers to Help US Rebuild Afghanistan, The Guardian, March 31, 2009; Khazaee, M., Permanent Representative of Iran, On the Situation in Afghanistan, Statement before the UN Security Council, October 15, 2007, US Embassy Cables: Iranian Influence at Afghanistan Parliament, The Guardian, December 2, 2010, Borger, J., op. cit. 49

, Iran Offers to Help US Rebuild Afghanistan, The Guardian, March 31, 2009; Khazaee, M.

11 Abdullah Abdullah Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai SK Chatterji, Afghan Stability: New Equations, The Diplomat, April 9, 2014, Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh The Persian Gulf and Afghanistan Iran and Saudi Arabia s Rivalry Projected, Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), March 2013, p.47. Ibid, p

com/2014/04/afghan-stability-new-equations/.

12 2014 ISAF % 98% 79% Frédéric Grare, William Maley and Amitabh Mattoo, Beyond the Great Game:Towards a National Political Process in Afghanistan post-2014, The Australia India Institute Chanakya Papers, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, May 29, 2014, p.4. Report on Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan: Report to Congress, US. Department of Defense, November 2013, p.1. Gary Owen, Another Post-2014 Capability Gap: Spin and reality of the Afghan air force s readiness, Kabul: Afghanistan Analysts Network, July 11, 2013, capability-gap-spin-and-reality-of-the-afghan-air-forces-readiness. Arash, A., Afghan-Iran Strategic Agreement will Damage Relations with the West: Political Parties, TOLOnews, August 7, 2013, -to-hamper-relation-with-western-allies-political-parties. Shanthie D'Souza, India in Post 2014 Afghanistan: the Need to Revisit Patterns of Engagement, On Line Opinion, April 3, 2014, 51

Department of Defense, November 2013, p.1. Gary Owen, Another Post-2014 Capability Gap: Spin and reality of the Afghan air force s readiness, Kabul: Afghanistan Analysts Network, July 11, 2013, http://www.

13 75 80 GDP 3 5% Abbas Araqchi World Drug Report 2011, New York: UNOD C, 2011, pp ; The Global Afghan Opium Trade, Vienna: UNODC, 2011, p. 44. Patrushev: Damage from Narcotics in Russia Equals 3-5% of GDP, Novosti Mail.ru, February 25, Arash, A., Afghan Iran Strategic Agreement Will Damage Relations with the West: Political Parties, TOLOnews, August 7, 2013,

14 % % % GDP 100% % 5% 2.8% 2013 World Bank Sees Afghan Economic Growth Tumbling 10 Percent in 2013, Reuters, October 11, 2013, Afghanistan in Transition: Looking Beyond 2014, The World Bank, Washington DC, May 2012, Vol.2, p.22. Ibid. Frédéric Grare, William Maley and Amitabh Mattoo, Beyond the Great Game:Towards a National Political Process in Afghanistan post-2014, The Australia India Institute Chanakya Papers, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, May 29, 2014, p.6. Afghanistan in Transition: Looking Beyond 2014, The World Bank, Washington DC, May 2012, Vol.2, p.22. Frédéric Grare, William Maley and Amitabh Mattoo, Beyond the Great Game:Towards a National Political Process in Afghanistan post-2014, The Australia India Institute Chanakya Papers, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, May 29, 2014, p.6. 53

Frédéric Grare, William Maley and Amitabh Mattoo, Beyond the Great Game:Towards a National Political Process in Afghanistan post-2014, The Australia India Institute Chanakya Papers, Carnegie

15 2014 Iran s Policy Toward Afghanistan and Its Trend YE Sier (Ye Sier, Associate Research Fellow, Institute of Central Asian Studies, Xinjiang Academy of Social Sciences) Abstract Iran, as a regional power in the Middle East, is influential in Afghanistan, particularly in the spheres of language, religion and culture it enjoys a natural influence in Afghanistan. Since the US launched the military strike against the Taliban regime in 2001, Iran has been playing an important role in Afghan politics, economic reconstruction, national reconciliation, anti-drug efforts and other stabilizing fronts. In addition, Iran is against long term military presence of the US in Afghanistan. US-led ISAF will withdraw most of its troops from Afghanistan after 2014, and by then Iran will increase its involvement in Afghanistan, continues to seek political and social stability, participate in Afghanistan s economic construction, and prevent the coming back to rise of Taliban, but Iran will make adjustment in its policy on the basis of regional and international changes. Key Words Afghanistan Situation; Iran s Diplomacy; Taliban 54

Since the US launched the military strike against the Taliban regime in 2001, Iran has been playing an important role in Afghan politics, economic reconstruction, national reconciliation, anti-drug

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