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1 48(Feb 04)35-56 ISSN (1) Constructing a Semantic Network Model of Thesaurus: Topic Maps Approach Sinn-Cheng Lin Associate Professor Dept. of Information and Library Science Tamkang University sclin@mail.tku.edu.tw Hui Ou-Yang James C. Ouyang Graduate Student Dept. of Information and Library Science Tamkang University @s91.tku.edu.tw Abstract Assistant Professor Dept. of Information and Library Science Tamkang University cjouyang@mail.tku.edu.tw Topic map is a distributed method of knowledge representation; it can integrate the knowledge on the network and build a distributed knowledge management system. This paper begins with a survey of the standards and content of topic maps and follows by concept definitions of knowledge organization, index, glossary and thesaurus. Then, an experiment is run to construct a semantic network model by selecting 19 descriptors and their non-descriptors from the thesaurus. An experimental on-line thesaurus is completed with topic map processor successfully installed on the server. The paper ends with a discussion on the potentiality and limitation of topic maps. Keyword Topic mapsthesaurussemantic networksknowledge organizationartificial intelligenceknowledge representation 35

2 48 Knowledge GPS Knowledge Engineering Artificial Intelligence AI Knowledge Representation KR Production Rules Logic and Sets Semantic Nets Frames Scripts Object-Oriented Representation Server Ontopia 2 Concept Omnigator (4) Conceptual relations Conceptual graphs Expert System Knowledge base Inference engine 2000 International Organization for Standardization ISO International Electro-technical Commission IEC Knowledge Organization KO Indexes 2002 ISO/IEC 13250:2002 Glossaries Thesaurus Second edition SGML XML (3) Educational Documents Online ED-Online ISO/IEC 13250:2000(6) Topic Maps SGML HyTime 36

3 HyTime 1 ISO HyTime 2 ISO Topic Map 1 ISO Topic Map 2 ISO SGML ISO XTM TopicMaps.Org 2001 XML W3C 1998 XPath W3C 1999 XLink W3C 2001 (5) SGML/HyTime ISO Topic Maps () XML XML Topic MapsXTM SGMLStandard Generalized Markup Language ISO 1986 TopicMaps.Org ISO 8879(7) XTMXML Topic Maps(13) HyTime SGML Consortium (14) Application SGML Hyperlinking (8) 1992 XML XTM ISO Topic Maps ISO XTM Graphic Communication Association GCA (9) CapHConventions for the Application of HyTime (10) DC XML XTM (15) 2001 Topic Navigation Maps 10 XTM DTD ISO ISO ISO (11) ISO ISO HyTime SGML DTD HyTMHyTime Topic Maps HyTM XML (12) XML XML W3C World Wide Web IDEAlliance Newcomb Biezunski TopicMaps.Org ISO HyTM XTM (16) TAO (17) T Topics A Associations 37

4 48 O Occurrences (18) TAO topic topos location subject(20) The TAO of Topic Maps( 19) TAO () Topics XTM <topic> topic Identifier Name Base name Display name Sort <topic id="sclin"> <basename> <basenamestring> </basenamestring> </basename> </topic> XTM <topic> Topic types XTM <topic>  <topic id="teacher"> <basename> <basenamestring> </basenamestring> </basename> </topic>  <topic id="sclin"> <instanceof> <topicref xlink:href="#teacher"/> </instanceof> <basename> <basenamestring> </basenamestring> </basename> </topic> XTM <topic> 38

5 () Occurrence HyTime addressing(21)xpointer(22) Addressable XTM <occurrence> <topic id="sclin"> <instanceof> <topicref xlink:href="#teacher"/> </instanceof> <basename> <basenamestring> </basenamestring> </basename> <occurrence> <instanceof> <topicref xlink:href="#website"/> </instanceof> <resourceref xlink:href=" </occurrence> </topic> XTM <occurrence> () Association (23) Association type (24) XTM <association> TAO XTM 39

6 48 <association id="advisor-student-association"> <instanceof> <topicref xlink:href="#advrel"/> </instanceof> <member> <rolespec><topicref xlink:href="#advisor"/></rolespec> <topicref xlink:href="#sclin"/> </member> <member> <rolespec><topicref xlink:href="#student"/></rolespec> <topicref xlink:href="#ssw"/> </member> </association> XTM <association> XTM <topicmap> <topic> <topicref> <instanceof> <basename> <basenamestring> <variant> <parameters> <variantname> <scope> <occurrence> <resourcedata> <resourceref> <subjectidentity> <subjectindicatorref> <association> <member> <rolespec> <mergemap> XTM Root element Base name Base name string XTM 40

7 <> topicmap <> topic <> instanceof <> topicref <> subjectindicatorref <> subjectidentity <> topicref <> resourceref <> subjectindicatorref <> basename <> scope <> topicref <> resourceref <> subjectindicatorref <> basenamestring <> variant <> variantname <> parameters <> variant <> occurrence <> scope <> topicref <> resourceref <> subjectindicatorref <> instanceof <> topicref <> subjectindicatorref <> resourceref <> resourcedata <> association <> scope <> topicref <> resourceref <> subjectindicatorref <> member <> rolespec <> topicref <> subjectindicatorref <> topicref <> resourceref <> subjectindicatorref <> instanceof <> topicref <> subjectindicatorref <> mergemap 41

8 48 (25) (29) See See also Scientific Knowledge Organization Systems (26) Hodge (1) Term list Authority files Glossaries Dictionaries Gazetteers (2) Classifications and categories Subject headings Classification schemes, taxonomies, and categorization schemes(3) Relationship Groups Thesauri Semantic Networks Ontologies (27)Hodge <topic> <occurrence> <topic><occurrence> <association> (28) TAO Relationship or association 42

9 ANSI Z39.19 (35) () (30) () () Thesaurus A treasury 1950 ( 31) () Heading Cross reference entries (32) () Descriptors Non-descriptors Use reference See Use (33) () Scope note Used for Use Broader term Narrower term Related term Equivalence Hierarchical Associative ( 37)(38) (34) () D. Soergel Conceptual structure Terminological control (36) 43

10 48 (39) () Educational Documents Online EdD-Online(40) EdD-Online ERIC () Educational Resources Information Center ERIC Scope Broader terms Narrower terms Related terms Used for Use () EdD-Online XTM (41) Ontopia Omnigator (UF) (RT) (BT) (NT) 44

11 45 (UF) (RT) (BT) (NT) ( ) EdD-Online <

12 48 46 AI Nodes Links (42) is-a link ( ) "Transitivity" A B Specific relationship Reflexive relationships

13 47

14 48 48 ICAI RT RT BT NT

15 <topic> <topic> <instanceof> SN <occurrence> XTM XTM 49

16 48 <topic> <topic id="es"> <instanceof> <topicref xlink:href="#subjectterm"/> </instanceof> <basename> <basenamestring> </basenamestring> </basename> <occurrence> <instanceof> <topicref xlink:href="#sn"/> </instanceof> <resourcedata> Computer systems capable of matching a database of factual information with a knowledge base of judgmental rules to answer questions, make decisions, or teach a skill. </resourcedata> </occurrence> </topic> XTM <topic> <topic> <basenamestring> XTM <topic id="bt"> <basename> <basenamestring> </basenamestring> </basename> </topic> XTM XTM <association> 50

17 <association id="ha1"> <instanceof> <topicref xlink:href="#hierarchical"/> </instanceof> <member> <rolespec> <topicref xlink:href="#bt"/> </rolespec> <topicref xlink:href="#ai"/> </member> <member> <rolespec> <topicref xlink:href="#nt"/> </rolespec> <topicref xlink:href="#es"/> </member> </association> M. Bryan (43) ISO XTM HyTM Web Ontopia Omnigator XTM ISO Web (Interoperability) ISO ISO SC34 ISO 18048: Topic Maps (SQL) XML (XML Query) M. BiezunskiS. Newcomb Query Language (TMQL) (44)ISO 19756: Topic Maps Constraint Language (TMCL)(45) 51

18 48 Ed-D 52

1.0 TMCL HyTM XTM (Schema or constraint) SAM (Theme) ISO 13250 <topic> names of topic X in scope Y [base names] XTM HyTM XTM (Reference model) 2001 5 (Name) (Occurrence ISO SC34 resources ) (Standard

19 1.0 TMCL HyTM XTM (Schema or constraint) SAM (Theme) ISO <topic> names of topic X in scope Y [base names] XTM HyTM XTM (Reference model) (Name) (Occurrence ISO SC34 resources ) (Standard Application Model, SAM SAM)TMQL TMCL SAM (Metamodel) ISO SC34 ISO ) SAM SAM SAM SAM XML Information Set( 46) (merge) SAM SAM HyTM XTM TMQL TMCL SAM <topic> TMQL find all base <basename> ISO (Constructs) RDF(47)KIF( TMQL TMCL SAM ISO TMQL TMCL ISO M. Biezunski, S. Newcomb, and M. Bryan, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC34 N323 Guide to the topic map standards, 23 Jun 2002, < 53

20 48 ISO SAM XML Topic Maps syntax (XTM)HyTime Topic Maps syntax (HyTM) ISO XTM ( ) /5/29 2Giarratano and Riley, Expert Systems: Principle and Programming, PWS-KENT (1989), pp Pepper, S. (n.d.), The TAO of topic maps: Finding the way in the age of Infoglut, XML Europe 2000, June 2000, < (22 March 2003). 4Omnigator Ontopia omnivorous topic map navigator < > (18 March 2003). 5 Michel Biezunski, Introduction to the Topic Maps Paradigm, in XML Topic Maps, ed. Jack Park, (Boston: Addion-Wesley, 2003), p ISO IEC Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1 7Erik Naggum, SGML: Erik Naggum's Brief Description, 7 Feb. 1995, < (12 March 2003). 8Steven R. Newcomb, A perspective on the quest for global knowledge interchange, in XML Topic Maps, ed. Jack Park(Boston: Addion-Wesley, 2003), p GCA 1966 IDEAlliance (International Digital Enterprise Alliance) GRACoLICEJIFFIMail.datpapiNetPRISMPROSE XMLSPACE XML SGMLXML

21 < 10Steve Pepper and Lars Marius Garshol, The XML Papers: Lessons on Applying Topic Maps, Oct. 2002, < (5 Mar. 2003) Topicmaps.Org XML XTM IDEAlliance < 13TopicMap.Org, "XML Topic Maps (XTM) TopicMaps.Org Specification," 8 Aug. 2001, < (5 Jan. 2004). 14W3C, "Extensible Markup Language (XML)," < (20 Feb. 2003) M. Biezunski, S. Newcomb, and M. Bryan, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC34 N323 Guide to the topic map standards, 23 Jun. 2002, < > (17 Mar. 2003) Occurrence Michel Biezunski, Introduction to the Topic Maps Paradigm, in XML Topic Maps, ed. Jack Park (Boston: Addion-Wesley, 2003), p ISO 10744:HyTime < (22 March 2003). 22XPoint XML Pointer Language Xlink XML URL : < (22 Mar. 2003) 23Alschuler, Liora, Topic Maps, 16 June 2000, < (22 Dec. 2002) Gail Hodge, Knowledge Organization Systems: An Overview, in System of Knowledge Organization for Digital Libraries: Beyond Tradition Authority Files, April 2000, < (19 Feb. 2003) Z39.19:1993 [Guidelines for the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual Thesauri]ISO 5964:1985[Documentation - Guidelines for the establishment and development of multilingual 55

22 48 thesauri] ISO 2788:1986 [Documentation - Guidelines for the establishment and development of monolingual thesauri] 31 5( 85 3 ) 2 32 ISO 2788:1986 Guidelines for the establishment and development of monolingual thesauri, < Dec. 2002) ANSI Z (R1998) Guidelines for the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual Thesauri p.1, < Dec. 2002) EdD-Online < (26 Dec. 2002) 41 ( ) < (26 Dec. 2002) 42Eric Freese, Using Topic Maps: for the representation, management & discovery of knowledge, XML Europe 2000, June 2000, < (27 Dec. 2002) Hans Holger Rath and Lars Marius Garshol, TMQL requirements (1.0.0), < >(22 May 2003). 45Steve Pepper, Draft requirements, examples, and a low bar" proposal for Topic Map Constraint Language, < (22 Mar. 2003). 46 W3C 2001 XML URL: < 47RDF Resource Description Framework W3C 1999 URL: < > 48KIF Knowledge Interchange Format URL: < 56

主題地圖及其在索引典之應用-完稿.PDF

主題地圖及其在索引典之應用-完稿.PDF 2003 229-25392 5 29 E-mail: sclin@mail.tku.edu.tw E-mail: 691070014@s91.tku.edu.tw E-mail: cjouyang@mail.tku.edu.tw Knowledge Organization KO Indexes Glossaries Thesaurus Knowledge Presentation KR Semantic