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1 东中国海 HYCOM 模式垂向坐标对比研究 1, 陈晓斌 2, 周林 1, 陈璇 3, 郑崇伟 1 1, 吴炎成 (1., ; , ; , ) 摘要 : 基于挪威南森环境遥感中心改进的 NERSC-HYCOM 模式, 利用单向嵌套技术与欧洲中心提供的 2008 年 ERA-I 高分辨率强迫场针对东中国海及其邻近海区进行了不同垂向坐标配置的四个敏感性试验通过分析东中国海区域的温度盐度, 流速的分布和变化, 探讨了 HYCOM 模式中不同垂向坐标设置对东中国海近岸区域的影响以及黑潮流速及路径对不同坐标设置的响应, 期望对 HYCOM 模式更深入的研究提供参考结果表明 : (1) 在东中国海区上层并不适于采用等密度坐标方案, 也就是说应该采用 z 坐标或 σ 坐标用以表征此处混合层的季节性变化特征 ; (2) 针对东海大陆架区给出了 10 个位置上的模式与浮标观测资料的温盐平均误差 (ME) 均方根差(RMS) 及相关系数 (R) 指标, 发现对于不同区域, 每种试验的适用性都不同 ; (3) 使用高频资料时, 模拟的流速普遍偏高, 东海黑潮冬夏路径的异同指出了 σ-z-iso 与 z-iso 试验模拟效果较好, 但模拟的日本岛南岸的弯曲流场位置偏南 ; 而 z-only 试验模拟的日本岛以南的黑潮路径是有所改观的, z 坐标的分辨率对表层的黑潮路径影响很大 ; σ-only 试验模拟的整个黑潮路径的效果最差关键词 : 混合坐标 ; 东中国海 ; NERSC-HYCOM 模式中图分类号 : P 文献标识码 : A 文章编号 : (2015) doi: /hykx , (hybrid ocean model) HYCOM [1] NCOM [2], HYCOM, z σ HYCOM,,, Winther [3] HYCOM,, ; Chassignet [4] HYCOM, HYCOM, [5] 2012 HYCOM ,, (1~3 km) [6], HYCOM, HYCOM, [7-8] 1 模式介绍 1.1 模式简介 NERSC-HYCOM [9] HYCOM 2009,, : ; : : ( ) : (1985-),,,,, cxbhero@163.com; (1963-),,,,,, zhou_lin4458@163.com 60 / 2015 / 39 / 7

2 [10] ;, (, ), ; HYCOM, ( ), ;,, ; 1.2 模式基本设置,, ( ) ( ) 95 E~90 W, 28 S~51 N, , 370, 178 ; 118 ~150 E, 23.5 ~44 N, 0.125, 256, , 10 m ETOPO5, ECWMF ERA ERA-I ; levitus PHC ; KPP ;,, 5, 5, [11] HYCOM 10 a 2008 (0.5 ) ERA-I 1 a, HYCOM 1 a, WOA09 ARGO XBT 2 垂向坐标配置试验方案 2.1 位势密度分析 HYCOM, WOA09, 29.5 N ( ) E ( ),,, ;,,, z σ, 2.2 垂向坐标设置试验方案参数设计 [3-4, 12],, z-only (40 ) σ-only(40 ) σ-z-iso(23 ) z-iso (23 ), Argo XBT 1,, [13] : 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 23.20, 23.94, 24.64, 25.22, 25.70, 26.11, 26.44, 26.72, 26.95, 27.14, 27.30, 27.44, 27.56, 27.66, 27.74, 27.80, 27.84, 表 1 垂向坐标设置试验方案参数设计 Tab.1 Parameter design of testing programs for vertical coordinate setting δp min (m) δp max (m) f p δf min (m) δf max (m) f s N σ ( ) Marine Sciences / Vol. 39, No. 7 /

3 δp min, δp max, f p z ; δf min, δf max, f s z ; N σ σ 1: z-only 2: σ-only 3: σ-z-iso, σ 4: z-iso 3 垂向坐标配置对东中国海温盐垂直廓线和表层环流模拟的影响 3.1 温盐廓线与误差分析, 100 m 200~300 m, m, m;, 200~300 m,, 1, ARGO (A~E) XBT (F~J), A( E, N) B( E, N) C( E, N) D( E, N) E( E, N), F( E, N) G( E, N) H( E, N) I( E, N) J( E, N), 1, 3, 4 Argo,,, 200 m m, 200~600 m Argo, 2 Argo ;, 1, 3, 4 Argo, 500 m Argo, 0.3,, 2 Argo NERSC-HYCOM, 2 A~E Argo (ME) (RMS) (R), T, S :, 3 (23 ) 1(40 z-only ), 3 5 XBT ( ) 1~ 4,, 0~500 m XBT [14-15] A~E, 3, 3 2 XBT HYCOM ; 4 3 HYCOM σ ; 40 σ-only XBT, σ, ( ) [16] 3.2 东海黑潮表面流场分析 1 Fig. 1 Distribution of buoys points 2 A~E 5 Argo 4, 5, 1.5~2.0 m/s, [17-18] CORA ( 2 ) ( 8 ), 62 / 2015 / 39 / 7

4 2 5 Fig. 2 Profile of thermohaline between Argo and Model for five points Marine Sciences / Vol. 39, No. 7 /

5 表 2 模拟陆架地区深水区温度盐度精度检验 Tab. 2 Precision of simulation temperature and salinity between Argo and Model in the deep water area of the continental shelf T ME T RMS T R S ME S RMS S R A B C D E Fig XBT- MODEL Profile of temperature between XBT and Model for five points 64 / 2015 / 39 / 7

表 3 模拟陆架地区地形复杂区温度精度检验 Tab. 3 Precision of simulation temperature between XBT and Model in the complex terrain area of the continental shelf ME RMS R F G H I J 1 1.1577 2.1031 0.9182 2 0.9901 1.4706 0.

6 表 3 模拟陆架地区地形复杂区温度精度检验 Tab. 3 Precision of simulation temperature between XBT and Model in the complex terrain area of the continental shelf ME RMS R F G H I J m/s, m/s;, 5 1~ ~135 E, 30 N,, (40 N, 142 E), CORA,,,,, ; 1 CORA, 3 4, 1 2, [19], z, z 4 结论 NERSC-HYCOM, z-iso, σ-z-iso, z-only σ-only,,, 1), z σ 2) Argo XBT,, Argo XBT,, ;, Argo, , 2, 4 CORA Fig. 4 Surface flow field from CORA data Marine Sciences / Vol. 39, No. 7 /

7 图 5 试验 1~试验 4 模拟的东中国海区域表层流场 Fig. 5 Surface flow field from four tests in the East China Sea 3) 对黑潮及周边流场的模拟结果表明: 试验 1 模拟的黑潮主轴位置与 CORA 资料最为接近; 试验涡模拟相对较好, 但是模拟的黑潮主轴偏南, 流速最大值普遍偏高, 尤其日本东北部的涡旋强度较强 2 模拟的黑潮路径偏差最大, 效果最差; 试验 3 与试 4) NERSC-HYCOM 模式可以模拟东中国海水验 4 对整个黑潮路径的趋势及日本岛以南的反气旋深地形崎岖复杂海域的温盐垂直分布和表层流场 66 海洋科学 / 2015 年 / 第 39 卷 / 第 7 期

8 , z : [1]. [J]., 2008, 25(4): [2]. [D]. :, [3] Nina G, Winther G E. A Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model for shelf sea simulation[j].ocean Modelling, 2006, 1: [4] Chassignet E P, Smith L T, Halliwell G R, et al. North Atlantic simulation with the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM): Impact of the vertical coordinate choice, reference density, and the Rmobaricity[J]. Phys Oceanogr, 2003, 33: [5] Jiang Z, Xie J P. Modelling and data assimilation in Marginal Seas around China[OE/BL].[ ]. http: // pdf. [6],,. [J]., 2003, 27(1): [7],,,. [J]., 2014, 31(1): [8],,. WW3 [J]., 2014, 40(3): [9] Francois K. NERSC-HYCOM 2.2[OE/BL]. [ ]. https: //svn.nersc.no/hycom. [10],,. [J]., 2010, 27(4): [11] George R H. Evaluation of vertical coordinate and vertical mixing algorithms in the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean[J]. Ocean Modelling, 2004, 7: [12],,,. Hycom [J]., 2008, 25(3): [13],,. HYCOM [J]., 2010, 29(2): [14] Thacker W C, Esenkov O E Assimilating XBT data into HYCOM [J] Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2002, 19: [15] Thacker W C, Lee S K, Halliwell G R Assimilating 20 years of Atlantic XBT data into HYCOM: a first look[j]. Ocean Modeling, 2004, 7: [16],,. FVCOM [J]., 2012, 36(4): [17],,,. [J]., 2010, 34(6): [18]. Argos [J]., 2005, 24(1): [19] Guo X Y. A triply nested Ocean Model for simulating the Kuroshio Roles of horizontal resolution on JEBAR[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2003, 33: Marine Sciences / Vol. 39, No. 7 /

9 A comparative study of HYCOM vertical coordinate in the East China Sea CHEN Xiao-bin 1,2, ZHOU Lin 1, CHEN Xuan 3, ZHENG Chong-wei 1, WU Yan-cheng 1 (1. College of Meteorology and Oceanography, People's Liberation Army University of Science and Technology, Nanjing , China; 2. Meteorological Unit, No of People's Liberation Army, Dalian , China; 3.No of People's Liberation Army, Guangzhou , China) Received: May, 3, 2013 Key words: mixed coordinates; the East China Sea; NERSC-HYCOM model Abstract: Based on Norway Nansen environment remote sensing center improved NERSC-HYCOM model using unidirectional double nested technology and 2008 ERA-I high frequency force field, four sensitivity tests were made in the East China Sea area. The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of HYCOM patterns in different vertical coordinate settings on nearshore area of the East China Sea, and the influence of the Kuroshio flow velocity and path for the response of different coordinate settings. It is expected to provide the reference of further research on HYCOM mode through the analysis of surface temperature, salinity, and distribution and variation of flow field. The results indicate that: (1) the upper layer of the East China Sea is not suitable for density coordinate, which means it should use z coordinates or σ coordinates to characterize the seasonal variation of the mixed layer here; (2) in the continental shelf area of the East China Sea, the average error (ME), the root mean square differences (RMS) and correlation coefficient (R) indicators of temperature and salt between ARGO and tests are given for 10 buoy point and finally found that the applicability of each test is different in different regions; (3) when using high-frequency data, the simulated flow rate is generally high, differences in the path and maximum flow rate of four tests in summer and winter point that σ-z-iso and z-iso tests have better simulations, but position of the simulated Big Bend area of the Kuroshio is southerly, and for the z-only test, the path of the Kuroshio in south of the Japan Island has changed. It can concluded that the z coordinate resolution has an important impact on the surface of the Kuroshio path. Finally, for the σ-only test, there is the worst simulation of the entire Kuroshio path. ( 本文编辑 : 刘珊珊 ) 68 / 2015 / 39 / 7

~ a 3 h NCEP ~ 24 3 ~ ~ 8 9 ~ km m ~ 500 m 500 ~ 800 m 800 ~ m a 200

~ a 3 h NCEP ~ 24 3 ~ ~ 8 9 ~ km m ~ 500 m 500 ~ 800 m 800 ~ m a 200 31 1 2013 3 Journal of Arid Meteorology Vol. 31 No. 1 March 2013. J. 2013 31 1 62-69. doi 10. 11755 /j. issn. 1006-7639 2013-01 - 0062 211101 2000 ~ 2010 3 h 2. 5 2. 5 NCEP 2 5 ~ 7 02 11 05 ~ 08 2 ~ 8