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1 ž ˆ 805 x þ h h ñ 高中數理資優班學生 * 心理特質與大腦結構之研究 Ñ t ª«x þ x þ x þ ºsì º ½ x þ x þ x ¹ ç æ µ x ¹ ç æ µ œ ÈÒ í Š ž 36 ž 37 È Ð Š Š ë ð MRI SPM ë ¾ ä æ VBM Þ SPSS VBM ª ð á ý ³ á ý ª «Jung Haier 2007 ë - Š Ô ë «ÞŠ š ý á ý á ë ý«ª ª ˆ ý«ý ý ˆ Í ë ý«ý ñ l ¼ ¼! Š «á Í ž Û Ì È ˆ ë ¾ ë ë ˆ ë ³éç Î žá ë ã Ð ëð ž ë ó «ë Š ˆ ë È IQ Ý Ð Ðö 123 *1. œ ³í ã æ ª chingpolin@gmail.com 2. œ Þ µ NSC S MY3 3. œ È ¼ª Þ Š 73 ± ž È µ

2 806! É!!!! á žë ý Š È IQ š È ë ž Ð ý ˆ ²Ô ë ³ ë Í Carter, 1998 Î í ã ³ ëë Ì «ë á Ýé ë м ë Ž ë³ Ðˆ Ø ±ë ù Goldberg, 2001 Њ ò ó Ýë ª Á ý äë ì ÁÒ Í ëñµ Î á ª ë ë «Š ë Ÿá«žˆ ë È œ È Ý È õ Ÿ ž ë È Ðˆ ë È ž ë Ð èëë Ì «žë Ð ë ý ³ ï á Ð Ý ž þ ë ë Shore & Kanevsky, 1993 š ë ë Piechowski, 1989, 2002 ë Lovecky, 1992 ëµ Piechowski, 1989 ý ý Silverman, 1993a Š ë Ûë ž ò ÐЫë ë Ê ë ªÊ ò Ý asynchrony ë Gross, 2002 žë ë ¼ ñ æ Dabrowski ñ ÈŠ í ë Ð ë Š ý Њ ý Š Ý ë Dabrowski & Piechowski, 1977 ý overexcitability OE 1. ³ ý POE 2. Ø ý SOE 3. ý MOE 4. ý TOE 5. ý EOE Piechowski, 1997 Dabrowski Ð Š Ø ³ ý Ê ë ý Ø ý ë ý ë ý à ë à ý ë Piechowski, 1997 Dabrowski ñ í Ð íë È ½ ¾ªë ý Û ë ÈŠ žë ý ž Ð Bouchet & Falk, 2001; Dabrowski & Piechowski, 1977 Њ Á«È Ξ ý Î ž ž ð ª ë ž Bouchard, 2004 á žë ý 10 «È Њ ý ž Ðùë à ž ž ý ë È žë ý Äò 2005 žî 2003 Œ 2001 á Š žë È ö ž ý š žî 2003 Œ 2001 ý á ž Œ 2001 ý Š ë Î«Í Š ý Ìò ë Piechowski, Silverman, & Falk, 1985 ë Í ÍÐ Î Í ë ëý ë ý ë ý Ø Piechowski, 1997 Í ö í «ë ö ë

3 ž ˆ 807 íþ «ë ý ö ë ë í Í æ žšñ ë ¾ Ÿá ë á «ãã ãã é ç ë ³ Dabrowski Í ëšñ ë ë œ ë Piechowski, 1997 ž É ý ë ˆ «Ã Sliverman, 1993b íë ž ŠÅ«Í ë ý Ë ¾ë Ý Ð Piechowski, 2002 û Í žë Š Ü Ðž ÉŠ Û«ˆ ë È í Ê ž ë È á žëˆ È Š á íëˆ È ÐŠ «ë Õˆ ë È Diamond, Scheibel, Murphy, & Harvey, 1985; Witelson, Kigar, & Harvey, 1999 È Õ ˆ Ÿ ë ã ã ë ë µ Õ Šëã Ыëã Ÿ Diamond et al., 1985 Õëˆ Ÿ ë ý ³ã ý Anderson & Harvey, 1996 Ýí Õë «ë lateral sulcus Ð ë Witelson et al., 1999 õ ë È á Õ ÔÐ ð Î Š ž È È íëˆ Î fmri ë Î ž 3D ˆ Žë Š Ž O Boyle et al., 2005 ž ˆ žˆ ë ³ž ¾ Singh & O Boyle, 2004 ž Ä ëð O Boyle, 2005 d š «ˆ Ô È Ô íë ¾ªÔˆ ðë È ë Ð«Ý McClearn et al., 1997 ˆ Ôì ë ý Alarcón, Plomin, Fulker, Corley, & DeFries, 1998 ÍÝ á ë Eley & Plomin, 1997 Í ëˆ È ˆ ë Tramo et al., 1998 Ô Íˆ Pfefferbaum, Sullivan, Swan, & Carmelli, 2000 Ô ü Ò Thompson 2001 ሠë ÈÒ í Š Š ë Ô Ô š ÔþÎë á ë ³ ë Š ë ë ë ³í öðˆ ³ Broca Ô š Wernicke ë É Ô š ä Ÿ G ˆ Spearman «ë ã ˆ Ô ë ô

4 808! É!!!! IQ MRI ³ È ÐÎ ˆ ë Ð È Ÿõ á ž Î Frangou Chitins Williams 2004 ëò È IQ ýë ô õ Ÿ orbitofrontal cortex BA 11, BA 47 Ÿ BA 10, BA 11, BA 47 thalamus ª cingulate BA 9, BA 24, BA 32 õ precuneus BA 5, BA 7, BA 24, BA 31 Ô IQ «š ¼ «Andreasen ± ë ª È ˆ ë IQ «IQ ð Ð Ÿ ë ëá ª Reiss Abrams Singer Ross Denckla 1996 ˆ IQ ª ˆ ëõ ë Narr 2007 IQ ë ª È Ÿ ë IQ Њ ˆë Î š IQ õ BA 10/11 47 þ Ÿ BA Ÿ ë ý Wilke Sohn Byars Holland 2003 Á õª BA 24 ë ²«ë ë û š â È ³ ˆ ë È «1. õ Danker & Anderson, 2007 IFG Ischebeck, Zamarian, Egger, Schocke, & Delazer, 2007 Ššõ Zhou et al., 2007 µ Zhou et al., 2007 õ Hanakawa, Honda, Okada, Fukuyama, & Shibasaki, É Grabner et al., 2007 Danker & Anderson, 2007; Hanakawa et al., 2003 þ Ÿ Hanakawa et al., 2003 Zhou et al., 2007 Schmithorst & Brown, Ischebeck et al., þ Zhou et al., 2007 õ Zhou et al., 2007 éÿ Hanakawa et al., É Ischebeck et al., ã ã -Šã ã SOG Zhou et al., ã ã Schmithorst & Brown, Ð ¼ Ischebeck et al., 2007 Í d Ê È á ËÍ «³ œ È ž Jung Haier 2007 ë - Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory; P-FIT ž žëˆ Jung Haier ë 37 ã È ÐŠ 11 «ˆ 26 «³ë È ëˆ Ñ Ÿ ë Ÿ Ôã BA 18 BA 19 Ô BA 37 BA 22 Ÿ ë BA 7 BA 39 Ô BA 40 ë Ôß Ž Ÿ Ô BA 6 BA 9 BA 10 BA 45 BA 46 BA 47 ² š

5 ž ˆ 809 Ÿõª BA 32 ë Ð ëáñ á ë ã œ È Ÿ - ä ψ 1. ž ˆ ž 2. ˆ Í 1. ž ëÿ Ð ý á ž 2. ëÿ ý«3. ª ëÿ ý«4. ý ëÿ ý«d Ê 1. Š ž ô Ÿ Ø á Š Šë ž 2. œ È ž ý ô ž Š ò ý ôÿæ Dabrowski Dabrowski & Piechowski, 1977 Þ 1 ³ ý POE 2 Ø ý SOE 3 ý MOE 4 ý TOE 5 ý EOE œ ÈÞ ý ž ë ð ð ý ý 3. ˆ ô MRI Þ ëˆ ä œ ÈÞÎžëˆ ý 1.5 Þ Tesla ë ÐÞΞë 8 channel head coil in TPE-VGH Excite II; GEMedical Systems, Milwaukee, Wis., USA «æ œ È Ò í Š ž 36 Ò þ Š ª Š ˆŠ Š ˆ Ç 16 ± ˆ 20 ± 16.0 ± Ò â Š Ç 20 ± ˆ 17 ± 16.1 ± 0.7 Í Ž } ñ Ÿ Œ 2001 Í Dabrowski ý ð 60 ð ž ²Ò ³ Ø ð à ð«12 Ÿ ž 7 ª Ã ð ³ ð Ý.683h.913 óýœá.629h.814 ý š ý ± í É ý Ð É Ø Ð ð œ ð ý Î

6 810! É!!!! ù ëû œ é Otis-Lennon School Ability Test, Eighth Edition, OLSAT 8 ë G éœ žî Ý ª ô ë ¾ ë ² û 2007 ò Ï 70 Ýóýô.646~.873 Ýóýô.824~.912 óý.55h.65 óý.67 ý ŸÝ Š Š Š Ý Ò Ø ã œ Š ž ý Ý ª ¾ˆ œ É ý ã Í û œ È ž ª ð ž Š Š ª ª ð ë š ª ë ç MRI œ ÈÞÎžëˆ ý 1.5 Þ Tesla ë ÐÞΞë 8 channel head coil in TPE-VGH Excite II; GEMedical Systems, Milwaukee, Wis., USA Ò í þ í ëø± þ ½Ø± ž Њ é ر ç õ anterior commissure þ posterior commissure ë ر þ Ÿ FLAIR-FSPGR ½ Ò 124 ë T1 äý fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery fast spoiled gradient recalled echo Ð T1 ë TR = 8.548ms TE = 1.836ms TI = 400ms flip angle = 15o FOV = cm matrix size = äý = mm ý = 1.5 mm { œ È ½ È ž š MRI é ñ œ È Ž µž SPSS13.0 for Windows ä ð ¹ œ t ä ë Ÿ ä øç ˆ ä ÈÞΞë æ ÍŽ ëù äæ Optimized VBM ä æ Ÿ Ashburner Friston Þ Î Ashburner & Friston,

7 ž ˆ Ì Ÿ Good à ͎ ¾ª äæ Good et al., 2001 ¼ ë ä æ Matlab 6.5 MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA Ì SPM2 statistical parametric mapping; Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, London, UK; Available online at Friston, Frith, Frackowiak, & Turner, 1995 м ë äã Þ 1. õ ª T1 äý ر Ðرë ö Έ ë ᪠ëùë Îõ þ ᪠ë þ ë µž Ø±ë ªØ õ Ì Ø±þë Ð Î 2. þ Ò í ˆ éô à Š µž ÈŠëÞ «Ò í ë þ Ð ˆ é éë žë ² Ã±Ò íë T1 µž 12 Ÿýë ±Ð SPM2 Þ Îë é þ 73 ±Ò íë ±þë T1 ¹ µž 8 mm ë æ Gaussian kernel Î ¹ T1 Ž smooth ž á ÈŠÞÎžë ¹ T1 ˆ é ¹ T1 ˆ éö³ þ ä Þ ë ˆ é ÎΞ SPM2 þë tissue reference priors Žë T1 tissue segmentation à Š à ±Ò íëˆ ª gray matter Ÿ white matter CSF ˆ õ Š Š¹ŽÞ ªë¼ ýš¹žë µž SPM2 Þ Îë ª ä æ ë ä æ ŸœÊ T1 ýëˆ á ì ëíõ ë µ tissue reference priors Ashburner & Friston, 1997 ë ³ Ÿ Þ Ðë Ò íë Ÿ ¹ Ì 8 mm ë æ Ž á ÈŠÞΞë Á ã ë ì Šë T1 ÍŽë þ ì õ Ξˆ Ò Ð ë T1 Š à ëø Brain Extraction Tool; Compiled in FSL 4.0; FMRIB Image Analysis Group, Oxford, UK; Available online at Smith et al., ì Š Ô Í Ž Ð Ò Þ«ì T1 à ŠÞ žë á ÈÞΞë ì Šëˆ ë à ëã Ò íë T1 ±Ð á È ë T1 ˆ é Ì þ² Á back-projection ì ŠÌ µž Žˆ Ò ½ ž òˆ ë Ì Ãë Ò Ò í ì Šë Ÿ Ò Îë ì ë Ÿ Ð ë ì ë Ž ± ì Ž ±ë ö ΞŸ ± ë ë Ô residual sum of squared differences ³ Ì Îž Ž Ð Ý linear combination of smooth basis functions Ž ò Ýë¾é Ashburner & Friston, Í ± Ž ˆ à ŠÞÒ ± Žëô ÃΞá ë ì ë ²òˆ ±Þ Îë Ì Î Íë ÔŸ ëì ± Ž þ Í ± Ž

8 812! É!!!! þë Ò ª 2*2*2 mm 3 à ª Ÿ Ô ± Ž Š ª ± Š¾ Þ ž Žë õ Þ«Ž þë 8 mm Ýë Ž 5. ä œ È ä ANCOVA ë ù ä Š ÔŸ «Ã ±Ò íëã ±á ì Þ ë ³ Í total intracranial volume Ì ë p p < 0.001, uncorrected ˆá 50 ë Ï Ø Ð«ëˆ þ Ÿ MNI Montreal Neurological Institute À Ыt ë± Ì Îž Matthew Brett MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK Îëò Ý æ Brett, Johnsrude, & Owen, 2002 MNI ò Ýë ª ª Talairach Ì Ÿ Talairach Ô Tournoux atlas Talairach & Tournoux, 1988 ë È À Ð ë ˆ ã h Ÿ œ ÈÞÒë œ Š ž ë Ø ð 1 Š t = p <.001 Š t = p <.001 ð á ª Ï ž«â ë Š t = 7.11 p <.001 ò t = 6.87 p <.001 t = p <.001 á È 1! e h ä n = 36 n = 37 t M S.D. M S.D *** *** *** ò *** *** *** p <.001 ** p <.01

9 ž ˆ 813 û ¼ ñ Ÿ ý OE ë á t = 4.06 p <.001 Ð OE ë ö ð 2 Þ Í ž ª Š Š OE šë ÌŠ ý 2! e } ñ ä n = 36 n = 37 t M S.D. M S.D. ³ OE Ø OE OE *** OE OE *** p <.001 ** p <.01 û ¼ ñ j Ì ge ð 3 «ý.497 ~.594 p <.01 ª «š OE TOE POE š Ðâ¹ «.323 ~.638 p <.01 š ý ª ò.295 r.520 p <.05 ~ p <.01 Ðâ OE ª ¹ 3! h OE Ì N = 73 POE SOE TOE MOE EOE FIQ N-VIQ VIQ.743** POE SOE ** TOE.480**.520** * MOE **.638**.323** EOE ** ** FIQ.592**.577** ** N-VIQ VIQ **p <.01 *p < **.579** * **.510**.497** ** **.769**

10 814! É!!!! e ä ë õ ë ë ð 4 ë VBM ä ˆ Ì äï ž ˆ ýë 4! l ä ¹ t l ¼ Ÿ Ò MRI þ ä SPM VBM ˆ ±þ à 1 ýˆá ë Ÿð 5 ë ˆ ý ˆ > 50 p <.01 ~ p <.001 ë 1. Ššõ BA 44 Í BA õ BA 7 3. é BA 37 BA ã BA К õ ý á 2 ýˆá ë Ÿð 6 ë ý ë 1. Ššõ BA 4 Š BA 6 2. BA 40 ± BA Š BA ã Šã BA 19 Result (2) : Main effect : GT > AA(GM) (p<.01) 1! l ¼ Ÿ

11 ž ˆ 815 2! l ¼ Ÿ 5! l ¼ ˆ > 50 ë ë± t-value Frontal lobe, Precentral Gyrus GM, BA *** Parietal lobe, Precuneus, BA *** Cerebellum, Anterior Lobe, Culmen 3.80*** Occipital lobe, ITG, BA ** Temporal lobe, Fusiform gyrus, BA ** Temporal lobe, STG, BA *** Frontal lobe, sub-gyrul, BA *** Cerebellum 3.18** **p <.01 ***p <.001

12 816! É!!!! 6! l ¼ û ˆ > 50 ë ë± t-value Frontal lobe, precentral gyrus, BA *** Frontal lobe, MFG, BA *** Parietal lobe, IPL, BA ** Parietal lobe, IPL, BA * Occipital lobe, MOG, BA ** Temporal lobe, MTG, BA * Parietal lobe, TPJ, BA ** Parietal lobe, TPJ, BA * Parietal lobe, IPL, BA *** Frontal lobe, precentral gyrus, BA *** Parietal lobe, IPL, BA *** *p <.05 **p <.01 ***p <.001 VIQ e l ¼ j Ì œ È VIQ ë ý«ba 28 Éð 7 cluster size > 20 7! IQ l ¼ Ì Psychological Cor- Cluster MNI Talaraich traits relation size x y z x y z Anatomical location VIQ Right Superior Parietal Lobule Left Cerebellum Posterior Lobe Declive Left Limbic Lobe Uncus, BA 28 Cluster size > 20 p <.01

13 ž ˆ 817 n h e l ¼j Ì ª ë ý«ba 22 ª BA 30 š ª ë ý«¼ BA 28 BA 36 ëššõ BA 6 Éð 8 cluster size > 20 ª ë ý«¼ BA 8 BA 38 BA 10 BA 37 BA 22 š ª ë ý«ëšš þ BA 3 BA 2 ëššõ BA 4 ëššþ ª BA 31 ëšš ëššþ ã Éð 8 cluster size > 20 8! n h l ¼ Ì Cor- Cluster MNI Talaraich relation size x y z x y z Anatomical location Left Temporal Insula Left Superior Temporal Gyrus, BA Right Sub-cortical Posterior Cingulate, BA Left Sub-cortical Caudate Left Limbic Uncus, BA Left Limbic Uncus, BA Left Frontal Precentral, BA Left Sub-cortical Caudate Right Superior Frontal Gyrus Right Superior Frontal Gyrus, BA Right Superior Frontal Gyrus, BA Left Cerebellum, Posterior Lobe, Cerebellar Tonsil Left Superior Temporal Gyrus, BA Left Superior Frontal Gyrus, BA Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, BA Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus Right Sub-cortical Superior Temporal Gyrus, BA Left Parietal Postcentral Gyrus, BA Left Parietal Postcentral Gyrus, BA Left Frontal Precentral Gyrus Left Frontal Postcentral Gyrus Left Limbic Cingulate Gyrus, BA Left Frontal Paracentral Lobule Left Parietal Postcentral Gyrus Right Frontal Precentral Gyrus, BA Right Inferior Parietal Lobule Left Inferior Occipital Gyrus Cluster size > 20 p <.01

14 818! É!!!! ¼ ñ e l ¼j Ì OE ˆ ý Š OE ˆ ý¹ «ð 9 ð cluster size > 20 TOE l ¼ Ì TOE ë ý«ba 40 BA 22 BA 40 Ššþ BA 2 Š BA 8 Ššþ BA 40 Š POE SOE MOE EOE l ¼ Ì POE Ššþ BA 2 ë ý«soe ë ý«moe ë ý«ba 40 Š EOE BA 22 ë ý«9! OE l ¼ Ì Psychological ˆ MNI Talaraich traits x y z x y z Anatomical location T OE Left Inferior Parietal Lobule, BA Left Superior Temporal Gyrus, BA Left Parietal Supramarginal Gyrus, BA Right Inferior Parietal Lobule, BA Left Parietal Postcentral Gyrus, BA Right Middle Frontal Gyrus, BA Right Parietal Postcentral Gyrus, BA Left Middle Temporal Gyrus Right Inferior Parietal Lobule, BA Right Parietal Postcentral Gyrus, BA Left Cerebellum, Anterior Lobe, Culmen, P OE Left Parietal Postcentral Gyrus, BA 2 S OE Left Superior Temporal Gyrus Left Superior Temporal Gyrus M OE Right Inferior Parietal Lobule, BA Right Parietal Supramarginal Gyrus Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus Right Inferior Parietal Lobule Right Sub-cortical Insula Right Middle Temporal Gyrus E OE Left Superior Temporal Gyrus, BA Left Superior Temporal Gyrus Cluster size > 20

15 ž ˆ 819 e ¼ ñ ä Œ 2001 ë È ž Ø ý žî 2003 ë Èö Š ž ý Ï È ë Š ž ž«ë OE œ È OE ¹ ¹ ¹ Éð 2 ³ «TOE Ÿáœ È þš ˆŠë œ Ù Î ž Ø ³ OE ë åý Šá õ Šá â ë Äò 2005 OE Î ž ö žý OE ž Äò 2005 ž É Ø ³ ý É ³ OE ö 2005 ë Èö ž ë ͽ ý ý Ð Š ý ë β = É ý â О Ÿ œ È ž TOE á ž Ð OE ë e ä l ¼ Ÿ œ È ã Jung Haier 2007 ë - Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory; P-FIT BA 10 BA 7 BA 37 BA 19 Í «ÐŠ BA 19 BA 37 ë BA 7 ë Ôß Ž BA 10 ² œ È šë ã Ššõ BA 44 BA 41 ýë Њ BA 44 Ô ë ý á È «³ë Gray Chabris Braver 2003 í fluid intelligence ³ working memory Ð BA 44 «â ë Ž Frangou 2004 IQ ë ý«è ë BA 44 Ô «³ ÈÌ BA 41 BA 41 É Ñ ëë ž È Ã È l ¼ Ÿ BA 6 BA 40 BA 19 ý Í Jung Haier 2007 ë - Š BA 19 ë BA 40 ë Ôß Ž BA 6 ë ² Ð Š BA 4 ë ë š BA 4 Ÿ d - Ô «ë ± ³Ð «ÞŠ Ô BA 19 Î ³ BA 37 Î ë

16 教 育 心 理 學 報 820 合和抽象化階段中 推測數理組以 BA 7 為主 而普通組以 BA 40 為主 在問題的評估中 推測數 理組以 BA 10 為主 普通組以 BA 6 為主 其中數理組和普通組在 BA 19 的灰質密度都大於另一個群體 似有矛盾之處 但是由於每一 個 Brodmann 的大腦分區含括多個大腦皮質的區塊 同一個 Brodmann 區可分成幾個次區塊 而數 理組與普通組在這些次區塊的表現各有所長 例如 數理組在 BA 19 的某些區塊的灰質密度較普 通組大 反之 普通組卻也在 BA 19 的某些區塊的灰質密度較數理組大 由此 可反映出大腦是 相當複雜的 這或許也提醒我們在解釋大腦區塊的功能時 應該更加地小心才是 上述各區的功能重疊處頗大 茲以功能區塊標示兩組學生在灰質密度的差異 圖 3 可較粗 略的歸納 數理組在左半球的額葉 認知 情緒 與枕葉 枕-頂及枕-顳 視覺與視覺-空間 區 有多處灰質密度高於普通組 另外左小腦亦有多塊區域灰質密度高於普通組 普通組則在大腦雙 側的動作區與高級感覺皮區 右半球的視覺-頂葉區有多處灰質密度高於數理組 亦即數理組在左 半球多處區域灰質密度高於普通組 普通組在右半球多處區域灰質密度高於數理組 由於本研究 係就大腦結構部分提出報告 有關兩組學生在大腦功能的運作情形還有待本研究後續功能性造影 評量的結果進一步驗證 圖 數理組與普通組灰質密度達到顯著差異的區域 3 註 大腦功能分區資料參考 Dubin, M. (2007). Brain atlas: Brodmann Areas(functional attribution).

17 ž ˆ 821 l ¼ Ì ë ë BA 7 ±á Á ë Ôß Ž œ È ã «Ý neural efficiency hypothesis í Ø ëã «Del Percio et al., 2008 ˆ ë ² ë ÔŸ ë Hanggi Koeneke Bezzola Jancke 2010 È 10 ± ëˆýî íô 10 ±ò íëˆ í ë áò í õ Ÿ µ PET È ˆ IQ ã «Haier, Siegel, Tang, Abel, & Buchsbaum, 1992 EEG È ãá í«ã «ã Jausovec & Jausovec, 2004 Î ã ë Ž Ý Ý Í³ Ý «ÞŠ œ È í Ð ã ž «Ž ÎÐ ý ³ š œ È šë ã µ BA 28 «È Frangou et al., 2004 Ôœ Èë ã š BA 28 ë «episodic memory encoding Fujii et al., 2002 ë BA 28 á Š ã «Ýë ã «ž ý ³ n h l ¼ Ì h l ¼ Ì œ È BA 22 ª BA 30 ëššõ BA 6 ë Њë BA 22 BA 6 ² õª ë ÔÐ ë ÁÑ«BA 6 ª ã «Ý ª Íí Ð BA 6 ëîž «ý ³ Њ ¼ BA 28 BA 36 šë Њ analogical Ðõ «ë Ž Wharton et al., 2000 µ «ª ë á ¼ BA 28 BA 36 šë Њ¼ ª ë Frangou 2004 ëò È IQ ýë ô IQ ¼ «ÐŠ BA 28 ë «Fujii et al., 2002 BA 36 ö ŠÁ Ñ Semantic control ë µ Ý «Parsons & Osherson, 2001 ã «Ý Ð ý ª n h l ¼ Ì ª ý ë Њ BA 10 BA 37 BA 22 ª BA 31 ã ë Ð Š BA 39 Ô BA 40 ã BA 19 BA 19 BA 37 ë BA 10 ² BA 39 Ô BA 40 ë Ôß Ž õª ë ÔÐ

18 822! É!!!! ëáñ«ª Ô ã ª ã «Ý ÐŠ ¼ BA 8 BA 38 ë š ¼ «³ë Frangou et al., 2004 Frangou IQ ¼ «³ œ È ª ¼ Frangou 2004 Ôœ ÈŠ BA 8 Š IQ í BA 8 ë ˆá IQ í Graham et al., 2010 BA 38 ö Ξ â È 12 ëˆ BA 38 «ë µ BA 38 «ª š ëššþ BA 3 BA 2 ëššõ BA 4 ëššþ ëšš Њ BA 2 BA 3 Ÿ primary somatosensory BA 4 Ÿ primary motor cortex Šš BA 4 Ÿ Ÿ ª «Å«œ È œ BA 4 Ÿ ý ³ «þþ Ý È Ã ¼ ñ l ¼ Ì TOE l ¼ Ì ÐŠ BA 40 BA 22 BA 40 Ššþ BA 40 TOE «BA 22 á ŠÁ ëé BA 40 ë Ôß Ž«ÐŠ Ššþ BA 2 Š BA 8 Š ë Š ³ IQí BA 8ë ˆá IQí Graham et al., 2010 «œ È Š ë Andreasen 1993 WAIS-R «È Frangou et al., 2004 Ôœ Èë á BA 2 Ÿ Ð TOE ë ² ŸõØ ÀÐ â POE l ¼ Ì POE Ššþ BA 2 ë ý«ë š BA 2 Ÿ ³ OE ë ã Ýã È ë ý Piechowski, 1997 Ð BA 2 ý³«ð Ý ã «Ý SOE l ¼ Ì œ È SOE ë ý«ð BA 22 á ŠÁ ëé Øë OE ë «ë Ý Piechowski, 1997 ³ MOE l ¼ Ì MOE ë ý«ba 40 Š œ È BA 40 ±á BA 40 MOE «

19 ž ˆ 823 BA 40 ë Ôß Ž«Ð ë ž Ý ð Piechowski, 1997 ³ œ È Š MOE «š ³ œ È Ô deductive reasoning Ô associative visual areas Osherson et al., 1998 Ð MOE ë «ž ëÿ ³ Š ë «Hassabis Kumaran Maguire 2007 Ò í ë Newly imagined fictitious experiences á é newly imagined objects Ð Š «ë Š ³ «Ð MOE ë Ÿ Piechowski, 1997 ³ EOE l ¼ Ì EOE BA 22 ë ý«oe ë Piechowski, 1997 µ BA 22 š ë ««ë Farb 2010 ášý ë Î BA 22 ë ŽÁÑ Í Ñ œ È 1. ë TOE á 2. BA 40 TOE «3. ë BA 40 ý á 㳫š ë ã ³Ÿ ³ à á BA 40 ³ ± Š BA 40 Š±á Ô Ššþ ë ý «BA 40 Š±á ±ë ý á ð 10 Þ 10! BA 40 BA 40 TOE «ë BA 40 ý á BA 40 BA 40 Ššþ BA 40 BA 40 ± BA 40 ³ Œ ² ë ýˆá ý «Èí Ã ë «44, -31, 44 44, -29, 38 ð ð 11 Þ Èí BA 40 Š±á ë à ªŠ «Í ý ë «Í ë «

20 824! É!!!! 11! ( øå ) BA 40 TOE «ë BA 40 ý á BA BA š Gaser Schlaug 2003 Ø ë ý«ãë È ý«aydin et al., 2007 š «Š ˆ Š ëá Driemeyer Boyke Gaser Buchel May 2008 ë«š ³ þ Ð Å«š Ôò ˆ Å«ë ò ë Jancke, Koeneke, Hoppe, Rominger, & Hanggi, 2009 ò Ô «ë µ 뫈 ë Á Ýí ³ ˆ ë š ˆ ë Ÿ ëÿõ ñ ˆ ý ³ë È Š ˆ ž ë «þþ ¼ œ È œì é Ž ãžíë «Í MRI ž ž žì þ Î á ³ ü Î á Èë ž Îë È ˆ ˆ ë Á à Áã ë ÍŸ Ý Š ë ã fmri È Î ˆ ë È Äò 2005 žô ž ý ž È üã Ɉ É ÈÞ ˆ žî 2003 Š ž È ˆ É ÈÞ ˆ Œ 2001 ž ý È ˆ É ÈÞ ˆ 2005 žž È Éˆ ÿ É ÈÞ ˆ

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24 828! É!!!! Parsons, L. M., & Osherson, D. (2001). New evidence for distinct right and left brain systems for deductive versus probabilistic reasoning. Cerebral Cortex, 11(10), Pfefferbaum, A., Sullivan, E. V., Swan, G. E., & Carmelli, D. (2000). Brain structure in men remains highly heritable in the seventh and eighth decades of life. Neurobiology of Aging, 21(1), Piechowski, M. M. (1989). Developmental potential and the growth of the self. In J. L. Vantassel-Baska & P. Olszewski-Kubilius (Eds.), Patterns of influence on gifted learns (pp ). New York, NY: Teachers College. Piechowski, M. M. (1997). Emotional giftedness: The measure of intrapersonal intelligence. In N. Colangelo & G. A. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of gifted education (2nd ed., pp ). N.H., MA: Allyn and Bacon. Piechowski, M. M. (2002). Experiencing in a higher key: Dabrowski s theory of and for the gifted. Gifted Education Communicator, 33(1), Piechowski, M. M., Silverman, L. K., & Falk, R. F. (1985). Comparison of intellectually and artistically gifted on five dimensions of mental functioning. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 60, Reiss, A. L., Abrams, M. T., Singer, H. S., Ross, J. L., & Denckla, M. B. (1996). Brain development, gender and IQ in children: A volumetric imaging study. Brain, 119(5), Schmithorst, V. J., & Brown, R. D. (2004). Empirical validation of the triple-code model of numerical processing for complex math operations using functional MRI and group Independent Component Analysis of the mental addition and subtraction of fractions. NeuroImage, 22, Shore, B. M., & Kanevsky, L. (1993). Thinking processes: Being and becoming gifted. In K. A. Heller, F. J. Moenks, & A. H. Passow (Eds.), International handbook of research and development of giftedness and talent (pp ). New York, NY: Pergamon Press. Silverman, L. K. (1993a). A developmental model for counseling the gifted. In L. K. Silverman (Ed.), Counseling the gifted and talented (pp ). Denver, Co: Love. Silverman, L. K. (1993b). The gifted individual. In L. K. Silverman (Ed.), Counseling the gifted and talented (pp. 3-28). Denver, CO: Love. Singh, H., & O Boyle, M. W. (2004). Inter-hemispheric interaction during global-local processing in mathematically gifted adolescents, average-ability youth, and college students. Neuropsychology, 18(2), Smith, S. M., Zhang, Y., Jenkinson, M., Chen, J., Matthew, P. M., Federico, A., & De Stefano, N. (2002). Accurate, robust, and automated longitudinal and cross-sectional brain change analysis. NeuroImage, 17,

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26 830! É!!!! Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 2012, 43(4), National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. Psychological Traits and Brain Structures of Mathematically and Scientifically Senior High School Talented Students Ching-Chih Kuo Hsin-Jen Chang Yu-Pei Chang Kun-Hsien Chou Department of Special Department of Special Department of Special Institute of Education Education Education Neuroscience National Taiwan Normal National Taiwan Normal National Taiwan National Yang-Ming University University Normal University University Yeh-Hong Lin Hsueh-Chun Chen Ching-Po Lin Department of Special Education National Taiwan Normal University Department of Special Education National Taiwan Normal University Institute of Neuroscience National Yang-Ming University This study attempted to explore the psychological traits and brain structures of mathematically and scientifically talented (MST) students. The subjects participants were 36 MST students and 37 regular (RG) students from five senior high schools in Taipei city. Research instruments included Otis-Lennon School Ability Test (OLSAT), Basic Competence Test, The Me Scale, MRI scan and voxel based morphometery of SPM (Statistical Parametric Mapping). The data gathered were processed by t-test, Pearson correlation, and VBM. The main findings were as follows: (1) The MST students got significantly higher scores than RG students on math-science achievement and intelligent test. (2) MST students got higher scores than RG students only on the subscale of intellectual OE (TOE) and TOE was found significantly correlated with achievement and intelligence. (3) By adopting theory of Parieto Frontal Integration (P-FIT) of intelligence which identifies a brain network related to intelligence, the researchers surmised the difference in brain information processing between MST and RG students. (4)The MST students had greater gray matter density than RG students in many left hemispheres regions, but the RG students had greater gray matter density than MST students in many right hemispheres regions. (5) Negative correlation was found between verbal IQ and gray matter density in right superior parietal lobule. (6) The results of the correlation between math scores of Basic Competence Test and gray matter density showed positive correlations in left BA 22 and right cingulate gyrus, and a negative correlation in left BA 6. (7) The results of the correlation between science scores of Basic Competence Test and gray matter density showed positive correlations in left BA 37, left BA 10 and right BA 22, and negative correlations in left inferior occipital gyrus, right inferior parietal lobule, left cingulate gyrus. (8) There existed a negative correlation between EOE and gray matter density in left BA22

27 ž ˆ 831 and positive correlations between TOE and gray matter density in left BA 22, bilateral BA 40, between SOE and gray matter density in left superior temporal gyrus, and between MOE and gray matter density in right BA 40 and right supramarginal gyrus. KEY WORDS: brain structure, gray matter density, mathematically and scientifically talented, overexcitability, psychological traits

28 832! É!!!!