Types of Intergenerational Interaction in East Asian Families.pdf

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1 Types of Intergenerational Interaction in East Asian Families Ju-Ping Lin Department of Human Development and Family Studies National Taiwan Normal University Taipei, Taiwan Abstract: The East Asian region is experiencing rapid aging process. The traditional filial norm often confronts with the modernization impact which results in structural changes in the family and in the intergenerational interaction. Data are taken from the 2006 East Asian Social Survey. This study investigates what are types of intergenerational interactions for adult children who do not co-reside with parents in four East Asian countries, China, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan. Relying on intergenerational solidarity theory, this study uses latent class analysis (LCA) to develop a typology based on two dimensions of intergenerational solidarity: Associational solidarity (frequency of contact) and functional solidarity (instrumental and financial support exchange). This study compares the types of intergenerational interactions between China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, and describes the geographic distance between generations, resources of adult children and parental needs in the types of intergenerational interaction. Key Words: intergenerational relations, intergenerational interaction, intergenerational solidarity model, East Asian families 212

2 2006 East Asian Social Survey, EASS Intergenerational Solidarity Theory Latent Class Analysis NSC H , 213

3 solidarity intergenerational solidarity theory Bengtson and Schrader, 1982; Roberts, Richards and Bengtson,

4 typology ( ) 1950 the isolate nuclear family Brubaker, 1990 Bengtson intergenerational solidarity theory associational solidarity affectual solidarity consensual 215

5 solidarity functional solidarity normative solidarity intergenerational family structure Bengtson and Roberts, dualism Atkinson, Kivett and Campbell, 1986; Roberts and Bengtson, 1990 (affectual solidarity) (consensual solidarity) (intergenerational family structure) (associational solidarity) (functional solidarity) (normative solidarity) Bengtson & Roberts Allen, Bilieszner and Roberto,

6 typology Hogan Eggebeen Clogg 1993 Hogan 11% Hogan, Eggebeen, and Clogg, 1993 Hogan / Silverstein Bengtson 1997 tight-knit sociable intimate but distant obligatory detached Silverstein Bengtson Litwak 1960 Modified extended family 217

7 Popenoe (1988, 1993 family decline 90 ambivalence L escher and Pillemer, 1998; L escher, 2002 Van Gaalen Dykstra 2006 harmonious ambivalent obligatory affective discordant ( )

8 2007 Park Phua McNally Sun (50 ) (Yi and Lin, 2009 Park, et al.,

9 ( ) 220

10 2006 East Asian Social Survey, EASS Taiwan Social Change Survey TSCS Chinese General Social Survey CGSS Korean General Social Survey KGSS Japanese General Social Survey JGSS EASS ( ) Park et al., 2005 Latent GOLD 3.0 Vermunt and Magidson, 2003, Latent 221

11 Class Analysis, LCA ( ) 1. (1) (2) 2. (1) (2) 222

12 (3) ( ) 2 223

13 2 % ***p<.001 a 2 /F *** a *** *** *** *** L 2 =7.878 df=8 p=.4455 L 2 =8.051 df=8 p=.4285 L 2 = df=8 p=.0902 L 2 = df=8 p= N 1582 N 814 BIC Entropy L 2 /df / / / / / / / /2 P-Value

14 3 N=873 N 763 BIC Entropy L 2 /df / / / / / / / /2 P-Value

15 % 28.98% 47.91% 28.26% 27.39% 12.98% 4 (N 1582) (N 814) n %

16 4 (N=873) (N 763) n % n % n % n % n %

17 ( ) % 24.1% % 17.0% 24.1% 41.5% 45% 39.8% 46.9% 11.3% 55.2% 55.5% % % 53.3% 35.1% 18.8% 40.2% 42.2% 53.7% 32.5% 228

18 22.3% 34.8% 70.0% % % 55.1% 53.1% 46.0% 10.5% 21.5% 56.2% 38.4% 53.5% 56.0% 15.4% % % 58.1% 16.8% 39.2% 229

19 7 % (N 1582) (N 814) (N=873) (N 763) N N N N G ** * *** *** *** *** ( a ) *** ** G *** * *** G *** ** *** * G2 ( ) * * *** *** G1 b ** *** 9.425* G *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001 a b = = c > 230

20 2006 EASS ( ) 10% 47.91% 6% 231

21 ( ) % Yamada 1997 Parasite Singles Yieh, Tsai and Kuo,

22 ( ) ( 8) ( ) (%) (%) Census Bureau, U.S., 2010 Razavi 2007 Esping-Andersen 2002 welfare triangle Care Diamond ( 1) Community 233

23 1980 Gold Plan Ten-Year Strategy of Promoting Health and Welfare Services to the Aged New Gold Plan Gold Plan The Nursing-Care Insurance System Sodei,2004 (Policy Market) (Community) (Family) 1 Care Diamond 234

24 ( ) multi- sample latent class models McCutcheon and Hagenaars, Multinomial Logistic Regression, 2000,

25 ,,, 2007, , 2008,, 2008, ,2000,, 2007, , 1999,, 2006, Allen, K. R., Bilieszner, R., & Roberto, K. A., 2000, Family in the middle and later years: A review and critique of research in the 1990s, Journal of Marriage and the Family 62: Atkinson, M. P., Kivett, V. R., & Campbell, R. T., 1986, Intergenerational solidarity: An examination of a theoretical model, Journal of Gerontology 41(3):

26 Bengtson, V. L., & Schrader, S. S., 1982, Parent-child relations, in Mangen, D. J., & W. A. Peterson (Eds.), Research Instruments in Social Gerontology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, Brubaker, T. H., 1990, Families in later life: A burgeoning research area, Journal of Marriage and Family 52: Census Bureau, U.S., 2010, International data base, Retrieved April 9, 2010, from Hogan, D. P., Eggebeen, D. J., & Clogg, C. C., 1993, The structure of intergenerational exchanges in American families, American Journal of Sociology 98(6): Lin, J. P., & Yi, C. C., 2008, The structure of Intergenerational Exchanges in Taiwan and Korea: Does Lineage Matter? Paper presented at Unfolding the Nuances of East Asian Families: Sociological Approaches to the Contemporary Dialogue. Seoul National University, Korea, Litwak, E., 1960, Geographic Mobility and extended family cohesion, American Sociological Review 25(3): Lüescher, K., & Pillemer, K., 1998, Intergenerational ambivalence: A new approach to the study of parent-children relations in later life, Journal of Marriage and Family 60: Lüescher, K., 2002, Intergenerational ambivalence: Further steps in theory and research, Journal of Marriage and Family 64(3):

27 McCutcheon, A. L., & Hagenaars, J. A., 1997, Comparative social research with multi-sample latent class models, in Langeheine, R., & J. Rost (Eds.), Applications of Latent Trait and Latent Class Models in the Social Sciences. New York: Waxmann. Pgs, Ogawa, N. & Retherford D. R., 1993, Care of the Elderly in Japan: Changing Norms and Expectations, Journal of Marriage and Family 55(3): Park, K. S., Phua, V., McNally, J., & Sun, R., 2005, Diversity and structure of intergenerational relationships: Elderly parent-adult child relations in Korea, Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 20(4): Popenoe, D., 1988, Disturbing the Nest: Family Change and Decline in Modern Societies. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. Popenoe, D., 1993, American family decline, : A review and appraisal, Journal of Marriage and the Family 55(5): Razavi, S, 2007, The Political and Social Economy of Care in a Development Context: Conceptual Issues, Research Questions and Policy Options. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. Roberts, R. E. L., & Bengtson, V. L., 1990, Is intergenerational solidarity a unidimensional construct? A second test of a formal model, Journal of Gerontology 45(1): S Roberts, R. E. L., Richards, L. N., & Bengtson, V. L., 1991, Intergenerational solidarity in families: Untangling the ties that bind, Marriage and Family Review 16:

28 Silverstein, M., & Bengtson, V. L., 1997, Intergenerational family solidarity and the structure of adult child-parent relationships in American families, American Journal of Sociology 103(2): Sodei, T., 2004, Families in north-east Asia, Geriatrics and Gerontology International 4: S98-S100. Van Gaalen, R. I., & Dykstra, P. A., 2006, Solidarity and conflict between Adult children and parents: A latent class analysis, Journal of Marriage and Family 68(4): Vermunt, J.K., & Magidson, J. 2003, Latent GOLD 3.0 User s Guide. Belmont, MA, Statistical Innovations, Inc. Yi, C. C., & Lin, J. P., 2009, Types of relations between adult children and elderly parents in Taiwan: Mechanisms accounting for various relational types, Journal of Comparative Family Studies 40(2), Yieh, K., Tsai, Y. F., & Kuo, C. Y., 2004, An exploratory study of Parasites in Taiwan, Journal of Family and Economic Issues 25(4):

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38 1 2014 1 Vol. 38No. 1 January 2014 51 Population Research 2010 2010 2010 65 100028 Changing Lineal Families with Three Generations An Analysis of the 2010 Census Data Wang Yuesheng Abstract In contemporary