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弹英计
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1 (Statistics). (Descriptive Statistics). (Inferential Statistics) (Inductive Statistics)

2 ( ) t ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) t-

3 ( ) ( ) ( )? ( ) ( )? ( ) )?( t ) ( )? ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )? ( ) ( ) ( )? ( )?( t ) )? ( ) 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

4 t z t t z Rank Sum ANOVA K-S ANOVA Sign Wilcoxon McNemar Cocohran Q ANOVA ANOVA ANCOVA MANCOVA 4

5 VCD CD A B C D..... ()

7 ( 4 ) ( ) ()

8 a a a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 a b b b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 b c_ c_ c_3 c_4 c_ = = ( ) c c3 c4 c

9 d6 6 d7 7 d8 8 e9 =a+a+a3+a4 e3 =a5+a6+a7 e3 =a8+a9+a f3 =b+b+b3+b4 f33 =b5+b6+b7 f34 =b8+b9+b 9

11 ( ) ( )) ( ). (central tendency)- (mean) ( median) ( mode) (quartiles). (dispersion)- ( standard deviation) ( variance) (range) (interquartile range). ( )

12 65 55.% 55.% %.% 3.% () 33.33% 33.33% % 8.% 6.%.% 3.% % 7.33% % 4.% % 5.67% % 7.67% % 88.33% %.% 3.% Excel Word

13 3

14 . ( ) 4

15 3. OLAP : : 5

16 4. c_ c_ c_3 c_4 c_5 $c Group $C (Value tabulated = ) Pct of Pct of Dichotomy label Name Count Responses Cases C_ C_ C_ C_ C_ Total responses missing cases; 94 valid cases 6

17 7

18 (Reliability Analysis) Cronbach α(cronbach, 95) α = n Var( xi ) n i= n n Var( xi ) i=. Cuieford (965).7 < α.35 α.7 α.35. Nunnally (967) α ( ). (a~c5) ****** Method (space saver) will be used for this analysis ****** R E L I A B I L I T Y A N A L Y S I S - S C A L E (A L P H A) Reliability Coefficients N of Cases = 99. N of Items = 9 Alpha =.86 8

19 . (a~b) ****** Method (space saver) will be used for this analysis ****** R E L I A B I L I T Y A N A L Y S I S - S C A L E (A L P H A) Reliability Coefficients N of Cases = 3. N of Items = Alpha = (a~a) ****** Method (space saver) will be used for this analysis ****** R E L I A B I L I T Y A N A L Y S I S - S C A L E (A L P H A) Reliability Coefficients N of Cases = 3. N of Items = Alpha = (b~b) ****** Method (space saver) will be used for this analysis ****** R E L I A B I L I T Y A N A L Y S I S - S C A L E (A L P H A) Reliability Coefficients N of Cases = 3. N of Items = Alpha = (c~c5) ****** Method (space saver) will be used for this analysis ****** R E L I A B I L I T Y A N A L Y S I S - S C A L E (A L P H A) Reliability Coefficients N of Cases = 99. N of Items = 9 Alpha =.35 9

20 6. c_~c_5) 7. (a~b,c,c3,c4) ****** Method (space saver) will be used for this analysis ****** R E L I A B I L I T Y A N A L Y S I S - S C A L E (A L P H A) Reliability Coefficients N of Cases = 99. N of Items = 7 Alpha =.3

21 (Chi-Square Test) H H : ependent) : indepdent) p α, H p < α, H p α χ χ = r c i= j= ( O ij Eˆ ij ) Eˆ ij f ( χ ) χ k m χ α χ

23 3

24 T (One Sample T test) T f ( x) / / _ * µ = µ * x L x U x t = X µ S X ( ) H H : µ = µ : µ µ α, H < α, H T 4

25 6 H H : µ = 6 : µ 6 65 H H : µ 65 : µ < 65 5

26 3.6 H H : µ : µ p p.6 >.6 6

27 T (Independent Sample T test) X X µ : µ : σ : σ : n µ µ : n X, X, L, X n X, X, L, X n X : X : S : S : X X :µ µ t = ( X X ) ( µ µ S X X ) : : ( ) ( ) H H : µ = µ : µ µ H H : µ µ : µ µ = α, H < α, H T 7

28 : H H : µ : µ µ µ = H H : µ : µ µ µ < 8

29 3 H H : p : p p p > 9

30 T (Pair- Sample T test) M N n X X X M X N X M X n X M X N X X X M X n D= X X M M N D D N D= X X M n D M D n t = D µ D S D n H H : µ : µ D D = p α, H p < α, H T 3

31 3

32 (One-Way ANOVA) ( ) H µ = µ = µ 3 = µ H µ µ µ µ 3 F f ( F ) F v,v F α F MSTR F = MSE 3

33 : : ( ) ( ) H : µ = µ =... = µ k H : µ,µ,...,µ k p α, H p < α, H ( Post Hoc Scheffe Duncan) 33

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40 4 (Correlation) - r xy ) Y X XY XY S S S y x xy Y Y X X Y Y X X r = = = ) ( ) ( ) )( ( xy Y X XY Y X Y X Y Y X X XY Y X E Y X E σ σ σ σ σ µ µ σ µ σ µ ρ = = = ) )( ( Y X ρ= Y X ρ= -.8 Y X ρ=.8 Y X ρ= Y X ρ= - Y X ρ=

41 - = - - << = << =.7 <.3 <.7 < <.3 H H : ρ = : ρ p α, p < α, H H (pearson ) 4

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44 44 3

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46 (Linear regression) Y$ = $ α + $ βx 4 Y X : : H H : βi = : β i ( ) ( ) p α, p < α, H H 46

47 f ( Y X i ) Y EYX ( ) = α + βx i i EY ( ) EY ( ) EY ( 3 ) X X X 3 X Yi = α + βx i + εi i =, L, n ˆ ( X X )( Y Y ) Σxy β = = ˆ α = Y ˆ βx ( X X ) Σx R R SSR SSE = = = SST SST β ˆ β β ~ t SY / X x α n ( Yˆ Y ) ( Y Y ) Σe = Σ( Y Y ) S Y/ X $ α α X n x ~ t n 47

48 Y Y i = + E( Y ) = α + βx + γz E (Y i ) Y i ε i =Y i - E (Y i ) Z ( X i, Z i ) X Y i = α + β X + β X + L+ β X + ε i i k ki i ˆ β ˆ γ z xy xz x z ( xz) = x zy zx x z ( xz = ) zy xy $ α = Y $ βx $ γz R n ( Y $ i Y ) i= = n ( Y i Y ) i= = SSR SST R = n i= ˆ ( Yi Yi ) / n k = n ( Y Y ) n i= i n i= n i= e y i i n n k 48

49 Y=.458 ( ) 5(X = 5 ) ` Y=.458 (5) = 6.9 R =

50 Y= = ( ) (X = ) Y= = () = 4.7 R =.94 5

51 3 (bb b) Y= 7.366( ) (b3) (b5) (b) 6 b33b54 b5 873 Y=7.366(6) (3) (4) (5) = 873. R =.45 5

52 (Factor Analysis). ( ). Comrey (973) 3 3. Gorsuch 4..3 KMO : b~b 5

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