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1 Plumb An ergonomic research on the design of hammer using the hammer Plumb as an example Yu-sheng Hou Ming-Chuen Chuang

2 Plumb An ergonomic research on the design of hammer using the hammer Plumb as an example Student : Yu-sheng Hou Advisor : Ming-Chuen Chuang A Thesis Submitted to Institute of Applied Arts National Chiao Tung University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the degree of Master of Arts In Design June 2004 Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China

3 Plumb DIY DIY DIY 21 10~18 ( 4 ) -15~15 ( 5 ) EMG ( EMG ) ( ) ( EMG ) (1) (2) ( ) (3)

4 An Ergonomic Research on Hammer Design - Using the Plumb Hammer as an Example ABSTRACT Hammers, the commonly used tools at construction sites, now are gradually implemented in the fixing and decorating works at home. Concerning the difference of muscular strength and performance skill between the professional workers at construction site and general people who seldom use hammer, there may be an urgent need to design a home-use hammer for the DIY market besides the matured professional tool market. This study has controlled the center of gravity and the handle-angle of a hammer to see how these two variables affect the non-professional users in the task of knocking nails. Twenty-one testing hammers were constructed according to the three different position of center of gravity and seven controlled angles of handle, from -15 to 15 degrees with a 5 degree interval. Non-professional subjects were recruited to complete a nail knocking task in the experiment. We measured the EMG signals as the main indicator to determine the degree of contraction of related subjects muscles when they were conducting the nail knocking task. Two criteria concluded from analyzing the EMG signals, criteria of comfort and tendency to induce professional posture, as well as the criteria of efficiency, the measured elapsed time to complete a task were adopted to judge the performance of varied hammer designs tested in this experiment. The result of the experiment was summarized as follows: (1) Comparing to the professional workers, general people showed a smaller swing of fore-arm movement, as a result, were less efficient and caused more ulnar deviation and radial deviation in hammer operation. (2) The hammer with center of gravity located at 18 cm from its head and handle angle of -5 degrees showed the best effect on comfort and tendency to induce professional posture criteria. As efficiency was concerned, the best hammer was the one with the center of gravity located at 14 cm from its head and handle angle of 5 degree. (3) By regression analyze, a convenient graph was concluded to tell hammer designer how to design a hammer with proper combination of the two important features of hammer: location of the center of gravity and handle-angle for different users. Key words: hand-tools, ergonomics, hammer design, location of the center of gravity, handle-angle

5 EMG EMG 2004/6

6 ... A... VI... XI I

7 EMG II

8 (Knowlton RG 1983) III

9 IV

10 V

11 2-1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) VI

12 2-16 ( ) ( ) Schoenmarklin Plumb E E2 EL E3 E SONY DSC-P E1 E3 EL E2 E VII

13 A B C VIII

14 IX

15 % / 20% % / 20% % 40% % / 40% % 40% % / 40% % / 20% % / 20% X

16 penny Z Z XI

17 % 20% % / 40% % 60% % / 80% XII

18 DIY carpal tunnel syndrome 1986 (NOISH 1986) 61% 55% % ( 1995) DIY DIY ( 1999) 1

19 DIY DIY 1-1 DIY DIY DIY DIY ( DIY 60%) DIY 2

20 1-2 DIY DIY DIY DIY DIY DIY DIY DIY 1-3 Plumb Plumb (oz) 3

21 20 20 DIY ( ) Plumb 20 Plumb 4

22 1-4 DIY 5

23 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (Stanley hand tools company, US) (1) (claw nail hammer) 16~28 ( 2-1) DIY ( 2-1 ) 6

24 (2) (farming hammer) 22 ( 2-2) ( 2-2 ) (3) ( ) (blacksmith hammer) 2~5 铆 ( 2-3) 7

25 (4) (ball pain hammer) ( 2-4) 10~30 (5) (drilling hammer) ( 2-5) 2~4 (6) (sledge hammer) 6~16 21 ( 2-6) ( 80~100 ) 8

26 (7) (soft face hammer) ( 2-7 ) 10 5 ( 2-7 ) (8) (magnetic tack hammer) ( 2-8) 5 9

27 (9) ( ) (bricklayer s hammer) 24 ( 2-9) Plumb

28 face( ) neck( ) bell poll( ) claw( ) V handle/grid( / ) ( ) 11

29 (humerus) (radius) (ulna) 2-11 radial deviation ulnar deviation

30 2-2-2 skeletal muscles tendon contraction (1) prime mover (2) antagonist (3) synergist (1) static isometric strength (2) (dynamic) isotonic strength ( 2-13) ( 2-14) 13

31 2-15 carpal tunnel ~20 35~37 85~90 75~80 ( 2-17) (carpal tunnel syndrome) (Armstrong 1983) 14

32 (extensor carpi radialis) (extensor carpi ulnaris) 2-16( ) (flexor carpi radialis) (flexor carpi ulnaris) 2-16( ) 15

33 2-2-3 curvilinear (reciprocating motion) (oscillatory motion) down swing up swing

34 (motor end plat) (depolarization) (repolarization) (EMG, electromyography) surface indwelling (1) (2) (3) 17

35 (4) 1973 Khali EMG surface electrodes ( ) EMG 2-17 (Horstman,1988) (Hagber and Jonson,1975) 18

36 2-3-3 EMG EMG EMG EMG EMG EMG (1) (2) 3 ( ) (3) (4) EMG (5) EMG 19

37 2-3-4 EMG EMG Winter 1979 EMG (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) NEMG normalize EMG (Lavender 1992, Mirka 1991) ( ) (2) APDF Amplitude Probability Distribution Function Hagberg 1981, Johnson 1982 APDF 20

38 2-3-5 noraxon MIOSYSTEM (channel) ( 1986) (1) (2) tendinities (carpal tunnel syndrome) ( ) 21

39 the National Safety Council % Aghazadeh Mital 1987 Kroemery ( 2001) 22

40 % 70% 30% = / *100 23

41 2-5-2 Armstrong Radwin Chaffin(1987) 40Hz 27% % 2-5-3, ,

42 ( 2001) 14.3~ ~

43 Plagenhoef(1982) ( 0.2 ) EMG

44 DIY

45 DIY EMG ( 2001) (2001) ( ) ( ) 16 ( 8 8 ) (1) (2) (3)

46 25 15 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 2002) ( 1996) ( 1997) ( 2002) 29

47 2-8-2 (EASP) (Charlotte Franson-Hall &. Asa Kilbom 1993) ( 1996) (1996) EMG ( )

48 2-9-1 (Knowlton RG 1983) Knowlton RG(1983) (box nail) 42% Konz (1986) Stanley (Bennett ) 19 ( John Bennett 1977 Bennett 19 ± 5 bennett Bennett ) penny 31

49 (penny penny ( ) d 2-3 penny 1.5 penny 4 penny) Bennett Stanley Stanley ( Konz ) penny penny 10 32

50 Konz 5~ Schoenmarklin(1989) ( 2-20) 8 57 EMG 33

51 2-10 (2001) 6 (2 ) ( ) Schoenmarklin 34

52 Konz -Plumb Knowlton Konz Schoenmarklin EMG EMG 35

II II

II II I I II II III 1. 2. 3. III 4. IV 5. 6. 8. 9. 10. 12. IV V V VI VI VII VII VIII VIII IX IX X X XI XI XII XII 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 33 35 4 5 5 6 6 7 ( ) 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17