SO 2 A Study on Relationship Between SO 2 Emission Change of Stationary Source and Draft Limitation Within Air Quality Area Under Total Load Control S

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1 National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology NKFUST SO 2

2 SO 2 A Study on Relationship Between SO 2 Emission Change of Stationary Source and Draft Limitation Within Air Quality Area Under Total Load Control Strategy Sheng-Hsiung Tsai Jim Juimin Lin A Thesis Submitted to Department of Information Management National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology In Partial fulfilment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master June 2002 Yenchao, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China

3 SO 2 (PSI>100 ) (SO 2 ) SO 2 SO 2 SO 2 SO 2 (SO 2 88 ) ( SO / ( 0.5%) ( ) SO / ISCST SO 2 8.7ppb 9.5% 3.1ppb 8.4% 0.5ppb 4.5% i

4 11 SO 2 5ppb 2% 1.3ppb 1.3% 0.1ppb 0.3% ( 0.5%) ( ) SO 2 82 / ISCST3 500 SO 2 4.1ppb 4.5% 1.5ppb 4% 0.2ppb 1.8% 11 SO 2 2.4ppb 0.9% 0.6ppb 0.6% 0ppb 0% SO ISCST SO SO 2 ( ) ISCST ISCST3 ii

5 A study on Relationship Between SO 2 Emission Change of Stationary Source and Draft Limitation Within Air Quality Area Under Total Load Control Strategy StudentSheng-Hsiung Tsai AdvisorsDr.Jim Juimin Lin Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology ABSTRACT Of the 7 Air Quality Areas in Taiwan, Kao-Pin always is the top one of the areas that has bad PSI records. Therefore, EPA has planned first to implement Total Load Control (TLC) strategy there on test. After its success, then EPA will implement this strategy all over Taiwan to achieve the targets of National Environmental Protection Program. Under TLC strategy, Kao-Pin is belonging to the attainment areas for SO 2 and has to be simulated with Air Quality Models to prove resulted SO 2 concentration not exceed the limits if increased emission rate over assigned amount. And this study try to find what situation will be on a sample plant after EPA s draft rules/regulations effective. This study find that it will increase 1.64ton/yr SO 2 emission while establishing one new boiler burning natural gas (stack height is set on 88 meters), and do not need to simulate with models. iii

6 If boiler burning fuel oil (0.5% sulfur content), it will increase 174.1ton/yr SO 2 emission. After running ISCST3 models using and 2000 meterologic data, we find that Max. 1hr averages of SO 2 concentration is 8.7ppb (9.5% of the limits), Max. 24hr averages is 3.1ppb (8.4% of the limits) and Max. annual averages is 0.5ppb (4.5% of the limits). If boiler burning half fuel oil (0.5% sulfur content) with half natural gas, it will increase 82ton/yr SO 2 emission. After running ISCST3 models using and 2000 meterologic data, we find that Max. 1hr averages of SO 2 concentration is 4.1ppb (4.5% of the limits), Max. 24hr averages is 1.5ppb (4% of the limits) and Max. annual averages is 0.2ppb (1.8% of the limits). EPA is suggested to deal with the meteorologic data centrally and announce periodically the meteorologic file for public use to run ISCST3 model for QA/QC concerns to prevent possible errors while calculating. And the terrain of recepters in ISCST3 model for this study is set to flat and further study is recommended for terrain issues.. iv

7 ! v

8 ...i...iii...v...vi...ix...xi PSI vi

9 ISCST ISCST SO SO SO SO SO SO SO ISCST vii

10 SO SO SO SO SO SO SO SO SO 2 ISCST SO 2 ISCST viii

11 ( ) PSI PSI ISCST RAM ISCST3 SO SO SO SO SO SO Pasquill ISCST ISCST ix

12 SO SO SO SO SO SO SO x

13 PSI> PSI> / SO Holzworth ISCST SO SO SO SO SO SO SO SO xi

14 SO SO SO SO SO SO SO SO SO SO SO SO SO SO SO SO SO SO SO xii

15 1.1 PSI>100 PM 10 PM 10 PM

16 1.2 ISCST3(Industrial Source Complex Model 3 Short Term) : () ()ISCST3 () () ()ISCST

17 SO 2 IS C S T3 SO 2 SO

18 PSI (PSI) (TSP) g/m 3 (m) 125 (PM 10 ) 65 g/m (SO 2) 0.1 ppm 0.03 (NO 2 ) ppm - 4 -

19 (PSI) PM SO 2 (NO 2 ) (CO) (O 3 ) PSI 100 PSI 100 PSI PSI PSI

20 (58) () () (O (PM 10 ) 3 ) 1. (1) () (2) (3) 2. () (SO 2 ) (NO 2 ) (CO) - 6 -

22 (PSI>100 ) PSI>

23 (PSI>100) PSI> (PSI>100 )

24 PSI>100 PSI>100 (%) (%) PM 10 SO 2 NO 2 CO O : ( : ) (PSI>100) PM 10 PM 10 (NO - 3 ) (SO 2-4 (VOC,Volatile Organic Compounds)) (NOx)

25 (PSI>100 ) 3% 2% 1.5% (PM 10 ) PSI> <3 <2 <1.5 CO(ppm) <0.689 <0.689 O 3 (ppm) <0.047 <0.047 NO 2 (ppm) <0.02 <0.02 SO 2 (ppm) <0.006 <0.006 PM 10 (g/m3) <55.15 <55.15 Pb(g/m3) (1)PSI(Pollutants Standards Index) 100 (2)O 3 (3)CONO 2 PM 10 (4)Pb

26 - 12 -

27 - 13 -

29 (PSD,Prevention of Significant Deterioration of air quality)

30 (BACT,Best Available Control Technology) (BACT) (1) (BACT) (2) (Offset)

31 a. b. c. d. e

32 2. (1) (2) (3) ( : )

33 2.5 ( ) ( )( ) () () () ( ) () ( )

34 ( )( ) ( ) / (PM 10 ) 1 0.5(Cs-Cb) 1 g/m (Cs-Cb) 3 (SO 2 ) 1 0.5(Cs-Cb) 3 ppb 3 1.7(Cs-Cb) (Cs-Cb) 25 (NO 2 ) 1 0.5(Cs-Cb) 4 ppb 2 2.5(Cs-Cb) 10 ()Cs ()Cb

35 (2000) Guideline on Air Quality Models 1. (Dispersion Model) 2. (Numerical Model) 3. (Statistical Model) 4. (Physical Model)

36 ( : 2000) (Dispersion Model) (Numerical Model) (Statistical Model) (Physical Model) (Eulerian equation Langrangian equation) (Similarity theory) (Dispersion Model)

37 BLP CALINE3 ( ) CALINE4 24 CDM2.0 ( ) RAM ISC2 ISC3 MPTER CRSTER UAM OCD EDMS 50 CTDMPLUS ( : ) ( )

38 ( )( ) ( ) () () () () () 5000 ()

39 () ( () ()

40 1 2 ( ) 3. SO 2 NO X TSPPM 10 THC ( ) 8., 9. ( ), 10., 11. PM10 ( )

41 ( ) - ( ) - ( )( ) ( ) () () () ()

42 () () () () ISCST3 1.ISCST3 (Industrial Source Complex Model 3 ISC3 ) H.E.Cramer Company

43 ISC3 (Short Term) (Long Term) ISC3 2.ISCST3 ( ) ISCST3 (Flume) (Gaussian distribution) (Partial differential) C ( x, y, z ) = QKVD 2πσ y σ zus exp 1 2 y σ y

44 C(x,y,z) (x,y,z) (g/m 3 ppb) Q (g/sec) Us (m/sec) y z (m) K (C(x,y,z) g/m 3 Q g/sec K=10 6 D (Decay term) V (Vertical term) C(x,y,z) ppbq g/sec K= ) ISCST3 1. (Wind Power Law) Us = Uref hs Zref P Us (m/sec) Uref (m/sec) hs (m) Zref (m) P ( ) ISCST3 P

45 ISCST3 A B C D E F Us 1m/sec Pasquill-Gifford σ y = X tan b σ z = ax TH = ( TH ) [ c d ln( X )] X (m) yx (m) zx (m) abcd ( ) 2.2 BriggsMcElroy Pooler

46 Pasqill X (m) y(m) z(m) A 0.32X( X) X( X) 0.5 (Thermal buoyant force) (Momentum) Vs h Briggs (Stack-tip downwash) ' vs hs = hs + 2ds for vs < 1. 5Us Us ' hs = hs for vs > 1. 5Us B 0.32X( X) X( X) 0.5 C 0.22X( X) X D 0.16X( X) X( X) -0.5 E 0.11X( X) X( X) -0.5 F 0.11X( X) X( X) -0.5 hs (m) hs (m) ds (m) vs (m/sec)

47 Briggs = s s s b T T d gv F 4 FbBriggs (m 4 /s 3 ) T (K) Ts (K) ' < + = b b F for Us F hs He ' + = b b F for Us F hs He He (m) 4. (Deposition effect) ( ) ( ) = = exp 2 1 exp 2 1 exp i z H z He Zr z He Zr V σ σ σ } exp 2 1 exp 2 1 exp z H z H z H σ σ σ

48 H 1 =Zr-(2iZi-He) H 2 =Zr+(2iZi-He) H 3 =Zr-(2iZi+He) H 2 =Zr+(2iZi+He) He Zr Zi 5. ISCST3 X.>0 D = exp ψ Us <0 D = 1 s -1 (=0 ) (m) T 1/2 T = s ISCST3 ISCST3 (Guideline on Quality Models) (Preferred models)

49 (1996) (SO 2 ) ISCST3 ISCLT 1.ISC ISC 4.ISC (1991) (SO 2 RAM ISCST

50 RAM ISCST3 SO K-S K-S RAM ISCST RAM ISCST3 (1999) ISCST3 (

51 ) ( ) 2-3 ISCST3-37 -

52 3.1 SO 2 SO 2 SO

53 SO SO 2 SO SO 2 SO 2 SO 2 ODU_ISC3 ISCST3 SO SO 2 SO 2 60 ( ) SO

54 ( ) SO SO 2 ( ) SO 2 SO 2 ( ) SO SO 2 SO SO ppm 0.1 ppm 0.03 ppm

55 SO 2 (SO 2 ) (ppb) ( : ) SO 2 SO

56 SO 2 87 (ppb) 9 88 (ppb) 8 89 (ppb) 6 Cb(ppb) 8 Cs(ppb) 30 (ppb) (Cs-Cb) 2. =1.7(Cs-Cb) 3. =4.2(Cs-Cb) SO

57 ( 3 )

58 3.3.2 SO 2 (SO 2 )

59 SO 2 1. P001 P002 P003 P (m) 6. (UTM ) X Y 7. (m) 8. 24hr/day 24hr/day 24hr/day 24hr/day % 12. % 13. (m/sec) 14. (Nm 3 /min)( ) 15.SO 2 (ppm) 16.SO 2 (g/sec) 1. 1atm0 2. 6% 10% 3.SO 2 (kg/hr)= (ppm) (Nm 3 /min) 60min/hr 4.NO 2 (kg/hr)= (ppm) (Nm 3 /min) 60min/hr

60 3.3.3 SO 2 SO SO 2 SO 2 P006 P006 P006 + (m) UTM X Y (m) hr/day 365day 24hr/day 365day 24hr/day 365day () (m/sec) (Nm 3 /min) SO 2 (ppm) SO 2 (g/sec) (ton/year) Nm 3 (273K) ( )

61 ISCST3 ISCST3 ISCST Pasquill Holzworth ISCST

62 Pasquill TURNER Flux Richardson Number Gradient Richardson Number Monin-Obukhov Length Pasquill Pasquill ABCDEF A-B B B-C C-D D Pasquill (m/sec),< >6 A A-B B C C B C C D D 0.5 F E D D D <0.5 F F E D D

63 (ly/min) < > < cos Z π = sinφ sin δ + cosφ cosδ cos ( h ) π δ = 23.5 sin 180 [ 30( m 1) + d 81] Z h m d π

64 3.4.3 Holzworth Benkley & Schulman Holzworth Holzworth

65 P0 θ = T P R C P T (K) P 0 ( 1000 ) P ( ) R (287.1JKg -1 K -1 ) Cp (1004JKg - 1K -1 ) 3.5 ISCST3-51 -

66 ISCST / ISCST ISC3 (User s Guide For The Industrial Source Complex (ISC3) Dispersion Models) (Volume 1-User Instructions) - ( ) ISCST3 ISCST

67 ISCST3 1 /24 / g/sec ppb K (47 feet) (= s -1 ) SO 2 SO 2 SO ISCST3 SO 2 SO 2 SO 2 1. SO 2 SO 2 SO

68 ISCST3 () (188740, ) UTM(X,Y) 2.(188725, ) 3.(188437, ) (188750, ) (188750, ) 4.(188730, ) SO 2 (g/sec) (m) (K) (m/sec) (m) UTM

69 X Y ( : ) ISCST Old Dominion ODU_ISC3 ISCST

70 ISCST SO 2 SO 2 24 SO 2 Sufer 6.04 Kriging SO

71 ( ) (SO 2 ) SO 2 SO 2 SO 2 ISCST3 SO 2 SO SO 2 SO g/sec( /) ISCST SO 2 SO 2 ISCST Surfer

72 :ppb ppb SO2 (87 )

73 :ppb ppb SO2 (87 )

74 :ppb ppb SO2 (87 )

75 :ppb ppb SO2 (88 )

76 :ppb ppb SO2 (88 )

77 :ppb ppb SO2 (88 )

78 :ppb ppb SO2 (89 )

79 :ppb ppb SO2 (89 )

80 :ppb ppb SO2 (89 )

81 4.1.2 ISCST3 SO 2 SO SO 2 SO 2 SO 2 (ppb) (a) (b)

82 SO 2 SO 2 SO ppb 7.7% 6.6ppb 6.6% 0.5ppb 1.5% ISCST3 SO SO SO 2 SO 2 UTM (a)/(b) ppb(a) X Y (m) ppb(b) (%) SO 2 34ppb 13.6% SO ppb 15.7% SO 2 2.5ppb 8.3%

83 4.2 SO 2 (SO 2 ) ( 0.5%) 5.52g/sec(174.1 /) ISCST SO 2 ISCST ( ) ( ) Surfer ~ ~ ~9-69 -

84 :ppb ppb SO2 (87 )

85 :ppb ppb SO2 (87 )

86 :ppb ppb SO2 (87 )

87 :ppb ppb SO2 (88 )

88 :ppb ppb SO2 (88 )

89 :ppb ppb SO2 (88 )

90 :ppb ppb SO2 (89 )

91 :ppb ppb SO2 (89 )

92 :ppb ppb SO2 (89 )

93 4.2.2 ISCST3 SO 2 SO 2 SO SO 2 SO 2 SO 2 (ppb) (a) (b)

94 SO 2 SO 2 SO 2 5ppb 2% 1.3ppb 1.3% 0.1ppb 0.3% ISCST SO SO 2 UTM (a)/(b) ppb(a) X Y (m) ppb(b) (%) SO 2 SO 2 8.7ppb 3.5% SO 2 3.1ppb 3.1% SO 2 0.5ppb 1.7%

95 4.2.3 SO 2 ISCST3 SO 2 SO SO 2 (a)/(b) SO 2 ppb(a) ppb(b) (%) SO 2 ( ) 8.7ppb 9.5% 3.1ppb 8.4% 0.5ppb 4.5% 4.3 SO 2 ( 0.5%) 2.6g/sec(82 /) ISCST3-81 -

96 4.3.1 SO 2 ISCST ( ) ( ) Surfer ~ ~ ~9-82 -

97 :ppb ppb SO2 (87 )

98 :ppb ppb SO2 (87 )

99 :ppb ppb SO2 (87 )

100 :ppb ppb SO2 (88 )

101 :ppb ppb SO2 (88 )

102 :ppb ppb SO2 (88 )

103 :ppb ppb SO2 (89 )

104 :ppb ppb SO2 (89 )

105 :ppb ppb SO2 (89 )

106 4.3.2 ISCST3 SO 2 SO 2 SO SO 2 SO 2 SO 2 (ppb) (a) (b)

107 SO 2 SO 2 SO 2 2.4ppb 0.9% 0.6ppb 0.6% 0ppb 0% ISCST SO SO 2 UTM (a)/(b) ppb(a) X Y (m) ppb(b) (%) SO 2 SO 2 4.1ppb 1.7% SO 2 1.5ppb 1.5% SO 2 0.2ppb 0.8%

108 4.3.3 SO 2 ISCST3 SO 2 SO SO 2 (a)/(b) SO 2 ppb(a) ppb(b) (%) SO 2 ( ) 4.1ppb 4.5% 1.5ppb 4% 0.2ppb 1.8% 4.4 SO 2 SO

109 4.4-1 SO 2 SO 2 (a)/(b)(%) (c)/(d)(%) SO 2 (1)/(2) ppb(a) ppb(b) (1) ppb(c) ppb(d) (2) SO 2 ( /) SO SO ( )

110 5.1 1 SO ISCST3 SO 2 SO ppb 7.7% 6.6ppb 6.6% 0.5ppb 1.5% SO SO 2 34ppb 13.6% SO ppb 15.7% SO 2 2.5ppb 8.3% 2 SO / 60 / SO 2 3 ( 0.5%) SO / ISCST3-96 -

111 SO 2 SO 2 5ppb 2% 1.3ppb 1.3% 0.1ppb 0.3% SO SO 2 SO 2 8.7ppb 3.5% SO 2 3.1ppb 3.1% SO 2 0.5ppb 1.7% SO 2 8.7ppb 9.5% 3.1ppb 8.4% 0.5ppb 4.5% 4 ( 0.5%) SO 2 82 / ISCST3 SO 2 SO 2 2.4ppb 0.9% 0.6ppb 0.6% 0ppb 0% SO SO 2 SO 2 4.1ppb 1.7% SO 2 1.5ppb 1.5%

112 SO 2 0.2ppb 0.8% SO 2 4.1ppb 4.5% 1.5ppb 4% 0.2ppb 1.8% 5 SO 2 SO SO ( ) ISCST3 2 SO ISCST3-98 -

113 US EPA, 1995, User s guide for the industrial source complex (ISC3) dispersion models Volume-user instructions. US EPA, 1995, User s guide for the industrial source complex (ISC3) dispersion models Volume -description of model algorithms. US EPA, CEE/CDU Civil/Environmental Model Library (CEML), Support center for regulatory air models of US EPA, C.David Cooper, F.C.Alley, 1996, Air pollution control-a design approach second edition,, Christian Seigneur, 2001, Current status of air quality models for particulate matter, Journal of the air & waste management association, Vol.51, p ODU_ISC3-industrial source complex dispersion air quality model windows interface, ISCST ISC p p p

114 p ISC p ( ) p p p

115 2TM (76)p p

116 SO

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123 SO 2 ISCST

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137 NKFUST National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology

Public Projects A Thesis Submitted to Department of Construction Engineering National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology In Partial

Public Projects A Thesis Submitted to Department of Construction Engineering National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master