2009 3, (1999),, (2002) (2002) (2004) ( 2007a, 2007b), :(2001) ( 2003) (2006), Pe rl mutter & Postal (1984) ( U niversal Alignme nt Hy2 p ot hesis),,

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1 () Foreign L a nguage Teaching a nd Research ( bimont hly) May 2009 V ol. 41 N o. 3 3 : :,,,,,,,,,, : [] H030 ; H042 [] A [ ] (2009) (ergative verbs),,,,: (1a) George shattered t he mirror. (S + V + O) (1b) The mirror shattered. (S + V) (2a) (S + V + O) (2b) (S + V) : (3) S + V + O (4) S + V (3), O,, (4) S,, V, shatter 1968,L yons (1968 : ) A nderson (1968),,Pe rl mutte r (1978) ; Dixon (1979,1994) ; L evin & Rapp a2 p ort Hovav ( 1995 ) Ma nni ng ( 1996 ) L e m2 me ns (1998) Kuno (2004) (1987) 3 (06B YY005),,! 193

2 2009 3, (1999),, (2002) (2002) (2004) ( 2007a, 2007b), :(2001) ( 2003) (2006), Pe rl mutter & Postal (1984) ( U niversal Alignme nt Hy2 p ot hesis),, ( causative alter2 nation) 1, , 20 70, (Fill more 1970 ; Ca rte r 1976 ),, Perl mutter & Postal (1984 :97) :, [ ], (i nitial) ; (t he mea ni ng of t he clause) : L evi n & Rapp ap ort Hovav (2005 : 131) (2007 :63) :,,, 194,,,,,,, 3.,(1a ) (1b) (2a ) (2b) (2007a :51,55),,, ( 5a ) ( 5b) (6a) (6b) : (5a) The comp any has shra nk its staff size. (5b) The comp any has made its staff size shrink. (6a) (6b) ,, be nd cook f old f reeze, V + A, 1, ; 2,1,,,, 2e n 2if y 2ize,,, broa de n beautif y regula rize,, : (7a) [ [ x A C T ] CA US E [ B ECOM E [ y < ROO T/

(2007 :63) :,,, 194,,,,,,, 3.,(1a ) (1b) (2a ) (2b) (2007a :51,55),,, ( 5a ) ( 5b) (6a) (6b) : (5a) The comp any has shra nk its staff size.

3 S TEM > ] ] ] (7b) [ y B ECOM E [ y < ROO T/ S TEM > ] ],,, , ;,,,,,,, conjoi n reverse sep a rate ( hidde n),,, , A + 2e n A + 2if y A + ize,2e n 2if y 2ize, A + V, V + A,, 3. 2 : 3,, ( result2 state), (1a) (2a) s hatte r : (8 ) shatter : [ [ x S HA TTER ] CA US E [ B ECOM E [ y < S HA TTER ED > ] ] ] (9) : [ [ x ] CAUS E [ B ECOM E [ y < > ] ] ],s hatter, : x y x y y (10) : ( 10 ) [ [ x A C T ] CA US E [ B ECOM E [ y < R E2 SUL T2S TA TE > ] ] ] (1b) ( 2b) s hatte r,: (12) [ y B ECOM E [ y < > ] ] (13) : (13) [ y B ECOM E [ y < R ESUL T2S TA TE > ] ] : ,,, ( 14 ) crumple : (14) crumple : make crooked, bend t oget her, con2 t ort, now esp. by crushing : crumple : cause t o become crumpled : crumpled,,,,,: (15) : : : :, ,,,,: (11) [ y B ECOM E [ y < S HA TTER ED > ] ] (16) The hot water melted t he ice. 195

: ( 10 ) [ [ x A C T ] CA US E [ B ECOM E [ y < R E2 SUL T2S TA TE > ] ] ] (1b) ( 2b) s hatte r,: (12) [ y B ECOM E [ y < > ] ] (13) : (13) [ y B ECOM E [ y < R ESUL T2S TA TE > ] ] : 3. 2. 1,,, ( 14 ) crumple : (14) crumple : make crooked, bend t oget her, con2 t ort, now esp.

4 (17) The ice melted. (18) (19),(16) (18),melt t he ice, (17) (19), (20) (21) : (20) 3 The hot water melted. (21) 3,, :,, 4. 1, clea r ( ) /, (locative alte r2 nation), V + N + f rom + L ocative V + L ocative + of + N,: (22) The boy emp tied t he contents f rom his p ock2 ets. / The boy e mp tied his p ockets of t heir contents.,,,, +,,:, , +, A + V, deep e n wester n2 ize i nte nsif y,,,, V + A,A + V,,, 4, 2e n 2if y 2ize,,, 4.,, 196 (23), ( ) (2004),,,,,,,,,,, L evi n (1993),,, be nd, f reeze, be nd, cri nkle f old ;

rom his p ock2 ets. / The boy e mp tied his p ockets of t heir contents.,,,, +,,:, 3. 1.

5 ,bow crouch,,,,,, 4. 2,, N P1 + V + N P2, N P1,N P2,,,, N P2 + V,,: (24) Mary cracked t he plate. (: N P1 + V + N P2 ) (25) The plate cracked. ( :N P2 + V) (26) (: N P1 + V + N P2 ) (27) ( :N P2 + V), (2006), (telicit y), V + 2ed have + V + 2e d,,,: (28) J ohn smashed t he egg. / The egg smashed. (29) Alex has cooled t he soup. / The soup has cooled. (30) / (31) /,, Pe rlmutter & Postal (1984),,,,:, Gri mshaw (2005) (se ma ntic conte nt) (se ma ntic st ruct ure),, L evin Rapp ap ort Hova r ( 2007 :425, 12213), ;,,,,,,,,brea k st ri ke,,,, (f orcef ul contact ),,: (32) 3 He broke her on t he arm. / He struck her on t he arm. (33) The glass broke. / 3 The glass struck. brea k, st ri ke,brea k,,brea k 5 brea k, 21, 197

(29) Alex has cooled t he soup. / The soup has cooled. (30) / (31) /,, 5. 2-5.

6 , 7 : ; ; ; ; 7, : ; ; ;,,brea k 7 6 : (34) S + Vt + O e. g. He broke t he window. (35) S + Vt + O + P e. g. He broke t he horse t o t he rein. (36) S + Vt + Adv + O e. g. The soldiers broke dow n t he enemyπs re2 (37) S + Vi sistence. e. g. The bottle broke. (38) S + Vi + A dv e. g. A fire broke out during t he night. (39) S + Vi + A e. g. The dog has broken loose. (40) S + Vi + P e. g. The p risoner broke under cross2exa mina2 tion., ( 34)2( 36) brea k, (37)2(40),brea k,,, brea k, (2003 :81),,,: 198 (41) : (42) : (43) :, (41) brea k, (1986 : ) 7, , 2 2,,(44) : (44) () (),2,,, 2,: (45),,,,,, 2,2,,,,,,,,,,,,,: (46) / 3 (47) () / 3

(39) S + Vi + A e. g. The dog has broken loose. (40) S + Vi + P e. g. The p risoner broke under cross2exa mina2 tion.

7 ,,,,,: (48) /,,,,,,?,?,,,,,,,, 5. 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Gri ms haw (2005),?,,,,,,,,,,, 199

8 2009 3,,,,,,,,,,,, 6.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, exist happen va nish last remain stay,, vanish,,,remain, :V + V ( ) A + A ( ) A/ V + ( ) V + A ( ) V + V A + A, 1 2, ; A/ V +, ; V + A, A,,, V + A,,,, 3. ( 2008 : 262),,, brea k open tear,, drop float roll,,2,,:,, ;,,,,,,, set... f ree wash... clea n run sb. out of breat h, 4. V + A,, +,, 5.,2004 5, Oxford Advanced Learnerπs Dictionary of Current English ( Oxf ord U niversity Press, 1974 : ) break, 7 7.,,,, 2 1. (2007b :428), 200 A nderson, J Ergative and nominative in Eng2

( 2008 : 262),,, brea k open tear,, drop float roll,,2,,:,, ;,,,,,,, set... f ree wash... clea n run sb. out of breat h, 4. V + A,, +,, 5.

9 lish [J ]. J ournal of Linguistics 4 : Carter, R Some linking regularities in Eng2 lish. Ms. Paris : U niversity of Vince nnes. Dixon, R Ergativity [ J ]. L a nguage 55 : Dixon, R Ergativity [ M ]. Ca mbridge : CU P. Fillmore, C The gra mmar of hitting a nd breaking [ A ]. In R. J acobs & P. Rosenbaum ( eds. ). Rea dings in English Tra nsf ormational Gra mmar [ C ]. Washingt on, D C : Georget ow n U niversity Press Grimshaw, J Semantic st ructure and semantic conte nt in lexical rep rese ntation [ A ]. In J. Grimshaw ( eds. ). Words a nd Struct ure [ C ]. Sta nf ord, Calif or nia : CSL I Publications Kuno, S Functional Constraints in Gra mmar : On t he Unergative2unaccusative Distinction [ M ]. A msterdam : J ohn Benjamins. L e mme ns, M Lexical Perspectives on Tra nsi2 tivity a nd Ergativity : Ca usative Constructions in English [ M ]. A msterdam : J ohn Benjamins. L evin, B English Verb Classes a nd Alterna2 tions : A Preliminary I nvestigation [ M ]. Chica2 go : The U niversity of Chicago Press. L evin, B. & M. Rapp ap ort Hovav Unaccusa2 tivity : At t he Syntax2Lexical Sema ntics I nterf ace [ M ]. Cambridge : MA. : The MI T Press. L evin, B. & M. Rapp ap ort Hovav Argument Realization [ M ]. Cambridge : CU P. L yons, J Introduction to Theoretical Linguis2 tics [ M ]. Cambridge : CU P. Ma nning, C Ergativity : Argument Str uct ure a nd Gra mmatical Relations [ M ]. Stanf ord : CSL I Publications. Perlmutter, D Imp ersonal p assives and unac2 cusative hyp ot hesis [J ]. Berkeley Linguistic Socie2 ty 4 : Perlmutter, D. & P. Postal The 12adva nce ment exclusive ness law [ A ]. In D. Perlmutter & C. Rose n ( eds. ). St udies in Relational Gra mmar 2 [ C ]. Chicago : The U niversity of Chicago Press , 2004, [J ], (3) : ,1986, [ M ] :, 2006, [J ], (3) : ,1987, [J ], (1) :125,2003, [ Z ] :,2003, [J ], (4) : ,2007,- [ M ] :,2008, [ M ] :,2002, N P1 + V + N P2 N P2 + V V [ D ], 2004, [J ], (4) : ,2001, V - R [J ], (3) : ,1999, [J ], (1) :30243,2007a,[ A ] (), () [ C ] : 46268,2007b, [J ], (4) : ,2002,[J ], (2) :63267, 2006, [J ], (32) : : ;, :

Rea dings in English Tra nsf ormational Gra mmar [ C ]. Washingt on, D C : Georget ow n U niversity Press. 1202133. Grimshaw, J. 2005.

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() 66310, ,3917 %,39982,60103 %, ( 13717, ), % ; ( 12611, ),50148 %, (25631, ),96139 % ; 2391,31 1 1 V ol. 1, N o. 1 2006 1 Chine se Journal of Moral Education J an. 2006 3 (, 450003) [ ],,,,,,, [] ; ; [] G41 [] A [ ] 1673-3010 (2006) 01-0044 - 13 8,,2005 4 15 5 15,,, : () 2005, :,,,,, ;,,,, (),,