ACSP-presentation XIA1103

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Chun Zhang, Chen Shen 2016 ACSP BEIJING JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY

1 Rail Transportation Lead to Urban Form Changes: Case Study of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region 夏海山, 张纯, 沈忱 Haishan Xia, Chun Zhang, Chen Shen 2016 ACSP BEIJING JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY - SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN UC-BJTU FUTURE CITY CO-LAB

Integration between Urban Space and Rail Transportation

2 Outline 1 National Level: HSR in China 2 Regional Level: JJJ Region on the Rail 3 City Level: Synergy Development Integration between Urban Space and Rail Transportation SCHOOL 北京交通大学建筑与艺术学院 OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN.BJTU Problems

3 Rail Transportation and City Development China:Nation on the Rail 60 Urbanization and Railway Construction Railway is a critica l transportation infrastructure that impact regional and eco nomic development. Railway is firmly associated with urbanization and the development metropolitan areas. 中国城市化水平 (%) Figure. Urbanization in China after 1949 年份 The Development History between Rail Construction and Urbanization First Five Year Plan, begin construction era Cultural revolution period: stopped and stagnated After economic Reform and Open-Up: Adjustment and Development 客运量 ( 亿人 * 公里 ) 年份 Figure Percentage of Railway Ridership Change 航空水运公路铁路 21 st century: Golden time for High-speed Railway Before 2000:Miles issues After 2000:Speed issues

4 Rail Development High Speed Rail in China Figure. Railway development in China SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN.BJTU 1. Present Situation

5 1 HSR in China High Speed Rail in China China high-speed railway has achieved several No.1 in the world. 1 The longest operating length--20,000 km 2 The highest operating speed km/h 3 The world s highest level Beijing-Shanghai HSR 4 The world s first newly built in alpine region Harbin-Dalian HSR 5 The longest operating length Beijing - Guangzhou HSR 2298km 6 The world s first one-time completed high speed railway with the longest operating length Lanzhou-Xinjiang HSR 1776 SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN.BJTU 1. Present Situation

6 HSR in China Operating length in China: 20000km High speed railway operating length in China over 20,000km (Sep 2016) 1. Present Situation

China in 21 st Century: Golden Age for High Speed Railway and Metropolitan Regions HSR and Mega-region On national level, HSR promotes mega-region development - Population Density Improve Mobility:

7 China in 21 st Century: Golden Age for High Speed Railway and Metropolitan Regions HSR and Mega-region On national level, HSR promotes mega-region development - Population Density Improve Mobility: connection intra mega-regions 500,000 people per day on Jing-Hu line Lan-Xin line on the silk road as 2rd Euro Asia Land Bridge - Improve Accessibility: connection inter mega-regions Current Character: Fragmentation High-density region oriented Figure High Speed Railway in China and Metropolitan Areas 1. Present Situation

8 HSR Planning in 2020 What will happen next? HSR and Mega-region On national level, HSR promotes mega-region development Per Capita GDP Perspective Connectivity of the rich cities and regions Cities along Jing-Hu line accounts for 32.8% of the total national gross income, connecting the richest regions in China. Regional gap might be larger due to un-balanced spatial distribution of HSR Developed areas become better, while undeveloped areas enjoy little benefit

9 Brief summary On national level, HSR promote the regional un-equilibrium: 1)Double effect on national and regional development. It changes from equilibrium to uneven. The agglomeration for big cities and mega-regions are more obvious due to time-spatial compression effect. 2) Change of city-region relationship benefits from pass-by to nodes. Conventionally, the allocation of railway stations benefits city development. However, in high-speed railway era, the benefits requires good connection of high-speed railway stations and urban space. 1. Present Situation

10 2 JJJ Region on the Rail Synergy Development Location of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Mega-Regions Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Populat ion In 2009 (10 Thousa nd) Land Area( km2) Shandong Peninsula West-Straits Central and Southern 5 Liaoning Province Central Panyang Lake Wanjiang Zhong Yuan Wuhan Chang Zhutan Beibu Gulf Chengdu and Chongqing 32 Guanzhong Taiyuan Taiwan Builtup Area (km2) GDP (100 millio n Yuan) Central City Shangh ai Guan gzho u Beijin g Secondary Central City Nanjing, Hangzhou Shenzhe n Shijiazhu ang Other Cities Total No. of cities Suzhou,Changzhou,Yangzhou,Wuxi, Zhenjiang,Taizhou,Nantong,Jiaxing, Huzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Zhoushan 15 Zhuhai, Zhongshan, Foshan, Dongguan, Huizhou, Jiangmen, Qingyuan, Zhaoxing 10 Tangshan, Baoding, Langfang, Qinhuangdao, Chengde, Zhangjiakou, Cangzhou Jinan Qingdao Yantai, Weihai, Weifang, Zibo, Dongying, Rizhao Fuzhou Xiamen Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, Putian, Ningde Shenyan Dalian Anshan, Benxi, Fushun, Liaoyang, g Yingkou, Panjin, Jinzhou, Huludao, Tieling, Dandong Nancha ng Jiujiang Fuzhou, Yingtan, Shangrao, Jingdezhen Hefei Wuhu Ma anshan,tongling,anqing,chaoh u,yicheng, Chizhou,Chuzhou Zhengzh ou Luoyang, Kaifeng Xinxiang, Jiaozuo, Xuchang, Pingdingshan, Luohe, Jiyuan Wuhan Wuhan Huangshi,Ezhou,Xiaogan,Huanggan g,xianning, Xiantao, Qianjiang, Tianmen Changs Zhuzhou, Yueyang,Changde, Yiyang, Loudi, ha Xiangtan Hengyang Nanning Beihai, Fangchenggang, Qinzhou Chongqi ng,chen gdu Zigong,Luzhou, Deyang, Mianyang, Suining, Neijiang, Leshan, Nanchong, Meishan, Yibin, Guangan, Yaan, Ziyang Xian Xianyang,Baoji,Weinan,Tongchuan, Yangling Taiyuan Jinzhong, Yangquan, Xinzhou, Lvliang Tai Bei Taibei,Jilong,Gaoxiong,Taizhong,Tai nan 9 2. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

2 JJJ Region on the Rail Synergy Development Regional Transportation Planning of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei: Three center: Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang Travel Mode: Rail transportation

11 2 JJJ Region on the Rail Synergy Development Regional Transportation Planning of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei: Three center: Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang Travel Mode: Rail transportation and urban metro, forming 1 hour commuting zones Rail transportation plays an important role on regional development SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN.BJTU 2. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

Beijing Tianjin Hebei region -- the development of high speed railway on the remodeling of regional space 2 JJJ Region on the Rail - Two issues with the

12 Beijing Tianjin Hebei region -- the development of high speed railway on the remodeling of regional space 2 JJJ Region on the Rail - Two issues with the development of HSR - Connectivity between HSR and Urban Metro network - Synergy and integration of HSR and surrounding region area 2. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

countylevel cities to 13 regionallevel cities.

13 Beijing Tianjin Hebei region -- the development of high speed railway on the remodeling of regional space 2 JJJ Region on the Rail Accessibility of county level cities Using GIS network analysis, calculate average commute time from countylevel cities to 13 regionallevel cities. Characteristics of accessibility accessibility is high when county level cities are along the major rail lines There will be benefits as soon as railway goes through. 图京津冀地区的普通铁路支持的可达性计算 ( 作者自绘 )

covers Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, and most 9 cities The difference of Accessibility in regional Space County level unit with

14 Beijing Tianjin Hebei region -- the development of high speed railway on the remodeling of regional space 2 JJJ Region on the HSR Synergy Development One-hour commuting circle under high-speed rail system scenario One-hour commute circle expands 5 times, which covers Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, and most 9 cities The difference of Accessibility in regional Space County level unit with stations will have better accessibility node effect bring benefits, which should be the major consideration on allocation of stations. 图京津冀地区的高速铁路支持的可达性计算

Beijing Tianjin Hebei region -- the development of high speed railway on the remodeling of regional space 2 JJJ Region on the Rail Connectivity between networks: - Service Area within 30 min and 60

15 Beijing Tianjin Hebei region -- the development of high speed railway on the remodeling of regional space 2 JJJ Region on the Rail Connectivity between networks: - Service Area within 30 min and 60 min, from Beijing South Station, Beijing North Station and Changping Station - Travel times are longer intra-city and inter-city - Transfer efficiency among different travel mode becomes critical issued to improve connectivity 2. 京津冀的案例 Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

16 Integration between Urban Space and Rail Transportation 3 Synergy Development The impact of high-speed railway stations on city space is not only at individual points, but a connection joint to network to the whole region. In Beijing- Tianjin-Hebei Region, the connection of high-speed railway network and city space supports the idea of regional integration.. JJJ Synergy Development

however, Population is moving out of the remote cities Better transportation draws more population concentration, especially

17 Integration between Urban Space and Rail Transportation 3 Synergy Development Comparison of population change before / after high-speed railway construction Although the accessibility of fringe of metropolitan increases, connectivity is strengthened, however, Population is moving out of the remote cities Better transportation draws more population concentration, especially in Beijing and Tianjin areas Figure Comparison of population change after high-speed railway is completed. JJJ Synergy Development

18 Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region -- HSR and commuting across cities 京津高铁 Along Jing-Jin Line - Population Mobility 90 pair HSR trains carry 50,000 commuters - Spatial Mismatch across cities Daily Commuting across the administrative boundary. JJJ Synergy Development 图京津冀地区的普通铁路支持的可达性计算 ( 作者自绘 )

Case Study: Intra-city level of Beijing 3 Synergy Development Synergy Development 1)City rail transit and city inner population space change Simultaneously,

(Typical regions: Tongzh ou Guanzhuang, Changping Huilongguan, Tiantongyuan, Daxing) Trend of Concentration: Population density increased at rail transit system nodes,

19 Case Study: Intra-city level of Beijing 3 Synergy Development Synergy Development 1)City rail transit and city inner population space change Simultaneously, Suburbanization and concentration happens Trend of Scattering: suburbanization happened because rail transit s ystem connected center and suburb areas. (Typical regions: Tongzh ou Guanzhuang, Changping Huilongguan, Tiantongyuan, Daxing) Trend of Concentration: Population density increased at rail transit system nodes, especially at the areas where rail transit system is with high density Simultaneously, Scattering and clustering happens Figure. Evolution of Beijing job population distribution 2000(up) and 2010 (bottom).

population distribution: Polarization plays a dominant role than Homogenization Homogenization and Polarization Homogenization: since using rail transit system saves time, population distribute

20 population distribution: Polarization plays a dominant role than Homogenization Homogenization and Polarization Homogenization: since using rail transit system saves time, population distribute along subway lines, which embodies the homogenization of city rail transit system (Line 4 and Line Tongzhou) Polarization: some nodes have evident advantages, bigger differences in population distribution

2)Job Density Change Urban transit system construction and city job space change Scattering and concentration A very strong trend of concentration.

21 2)Job Density Change Urban transit system construction and city job space change Scattering and concentration A very strong trend of concentration. Compared with population distribution, the construction of city transit system enhanced the accessibility and concentrated the economic elements. CBD is at the nodes of rail transit system A weak trend of scattering. While rail transit system provides better transportation, very few job space appears in suburb areas. Two expectations are Shangdi and Dashanzi areas. The effect of concentration is bigger than that of scattering. Figure. Evolution of Beijing job spatial distribution 2000(up) and 2010 (bottom).

22 Job density: Polarization plays a dominant role. Homogenization and Polarization -Compared with population change, polarization is more dominant in job distribution -Regional differences are more evident. City job space is not Homogenized.. JJJ Synergy Development

City rail transit Passenger traffic shows the volume on the commute oriented city Figure.

23 Job housing relationship and passenger volume of urban metro 3 Synergy Development From perspective of Job/ Housing Ratio, High-speed railway stations have good connectivity with city rail transit system, which brings more regional economic impact. City rail transit Passenger traffic shows the volume on the commute oriented city Figure. Beijing Subway system passenger traffic and their work and living locations (2014) SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN / URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN INSTETUTE. BEIJING JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY. JJJ Synergy Development

24 Beijing Tianjin Hebei region -- the development of high speed railway on the remodeling of regional space 4 Conclusion 1) On metropolitan scale, HSR provides more than transportation infrastructure. Accessibility brings double effects, inducing population and economic elements polarization. Connectivity between and within rail network both matter. 2) On urban scale, urban metro increase urban mobility, while restructuring job/housing spatial distribution. Function adjustment and coordination becomes important. SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN / URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN INSTETUTE. BEIJING JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY 4. Conclusion

Suggestions (1)Strengthen the connection between High Speed Rail and Urban Metro system Suggestion: to further development of Suburban Railway (2)Land

25 Suggestions (1)Strengthen the connection between High Speed Rail and Urban Metro system Suggestion: to further development of Suburban Railway (2)Land use should be integrated with surrounding urban metro station (3)Synergy of rail transportation with urban functions 图北京高铁市郊铁路城市轨道交通网络关系示意图 4. Conclusion

26 Thanks SCHOOL 北京交通大学低碳城市与绿色建筑研究所 OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN.BJTU

論文集29-1_前6P.indd

論文集29-1_前6P.indd 土木史研究論文集 Vol.29 2010 年 * ** Abstract Fukuchiyama Line, which locates in suburban of Osaka Megalopolis, has performed a part of Japanese trunk railway network. Because it was chosen as a national railway