2016,36(1) 1~11 China Environmental Science PM 2.5 1,2, 1,2, 1,2*, 2, 2, 2, 2 (1.,, ,, ) PM 2.5, ~28 PM 2.5 V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu

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1 216,36(1) 1~11 China Environmental Science PM 2. 1,2, 1,2, 1,2*, 2, 2, 2, 2 (1.,, ,, 2144) PM 2., ~28 PM 2. V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn As Cd Sn Sb Pb.:,,. Cu Zn Cd Sn Sb Pb, Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb>Sb>Sn..,PM 2. 1,. PM 2. X13 A (216) Sources and risk assessment of heavy metals in ambient PM 2. during Youth Asian Game period in Nanjing. ZHANG Xiao-ru 1,2, KONG Shao-fei 1,2, YIN Yan 1,2*, LI Li 2, YUAN Liang 2, LI Qi 2, CHEN Kui 2 (1.Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 2144, China 2.Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 2144, China). China Environmental Science, 216,36(1) 1~11 Abstract In order to evaluate the sources and health risks of heavy metals in PM 2. around the Youth Asian Game (YAG) period, thirteen heavy elements including V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sn, Sb and Pb in PM 2. were analyzed for a site near the Nanjing Olympic Sport Center during 3~28 August, 213. Results indicated that the concentrations of heavy metals are different among the pre-, during- and after- YAG period, influenced by both the pollution control regulations and meteorological parameters. Their concentrations are higher for the pre-yag period than those for during-yag period. Enrichment factor index indicated that Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, Sb and Pb are highly enriched elements, with their pollution level decreasing as Cd> Cu> Zn> Sb> Sn> Pb. Cluster analysis implied that industrial emission, coal combustion, road dust and vehicle emissions were the major sources of these heavy elements. During the YAG period, the non-carcinogenic risks raised by heavy elements in PM 2. through inhalation pathway are less than 1. The risk indexes of five carcinogenic heavy metals are also lower than the thresholds of cancer risk correspondingly. Key words PM 2. heavy metal enrichment factor cluster analysis health risk assessment Youth Asian Game,,,, [1]. [2 3],Pb, ( (13KJB171); 214 ; (214) *,, yinyan@nuist.edu.cn

2 36 );As ;Hg ; Cd Ni ;V.,Fe Co Zn Mn Se. Zn [4] ; Se []. PM 2.,,, [6 7]., PM 2., [7 1]., (GB39 212) [11] Pb Cd Hg As Cr 6+. PM 2.,., [12 13].( ) 213 8 16~24,, 213 8 213 ( [213]139 ), 1,41,,..,. 213 8 3~28 PM 2.

2 2 36 );As ;Hg ; Cd Ni ;V.,Fe Co Zn Mn Se. Zn [4] ; Se []. PM 2.,,, [6 7]., PM 2., [7 1]., (GB39 212) [11] Pb Cd Hg As Cr 6+. PM 2.,., [12 13].( ) ~24,, ( [213]139 ), 1,41,,.., ~28 PM 2. V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn As Cd Sn Sb Pb(As Sb,, ),,, PM ( 1) ( E,32 3 N), 6m, 1.km,,,. 34 N N 33 N 32 N 1.km 31 N 3 N 116 E 117 E 118 E 119 E 12 E 121 E 122 E 1 Fig.1 Location of the observation site

3 1 PM ~28, 8 16~24. TH 1C, 9mm PM 2., 8:, 24h. 1.2 ICP MS, 8.h. 2 3% 24h,. Agilent 7a (ICP MS) V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn As Cd Sn Sb Pb Al. 1mL, ml (ph=.6), HF(pH=.3),,, 22 2.h,,,, ml (ph =.4), 1mL,,. 1 ICP MS.. : EF = Ci/ Cn / Ci/ Cn (1) ( ) ( ) :C i i ;C n ; ;., Al Fe Ti. Al, Al (473.2±182.9) ng/m 3. [14]. Sutherland [1] ()( 2),. EF 1,, EF 1,. 2 Table 2 Standards for contamination level of enrichment factor 1 ICP MS EF <1 [1,2) [2,) [,2) [2,4) Table 1 Operating parameters of ICP MS (kw) 1.3 ( ) [16] (mm) 6.9, (L/min) 1.1 Ni. (r/s).1 (s). ( ) 18,, ( ) 2 (μm) 1,, 1.3 (,,, ).,. SPSS 2,, 1.4 Average linkage [1] 1.4.3,, PM 2. [17].,PM 2.

4 4 36 V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn As Cd Sb Pb (Sn, Sn ),,. Mn Fe Cu Zn Sb Pb V ( ),Cr Co Ni As Cd ( ) [18]. ADD, LADD, mg/(kg d). [19 2] : InhR EF ED ADD = C (2) BW AT C EF LADD = AT (3) InhR child EDchild InhR adult ED adult + BWchild BWadult : ( 3) (US EPA) [21]. 3 Table 3 Parameters for health risk assessment through inhalation pathway C mg/m 3 9%UCL 9%UCL EF d/a 9 9 ED a ED( 36 ED( AT ) ) d 36 7( 36 7( ) ) BW kg 1.9 InhR m 3 /d :9%UCL 9%., (LADD),, ILCR, [2 21] : ILCR = LADD SF (4) :ILCR,. ILCR 1 6 ~1 4 ( ), [22] ;SF,[mg/(kg d)] 1,.,(ADD), HQ(),. [2 21] : ADD HQ = () RfD :RfD,mg/(kg d), kg.hq. HQ 1, ;HQ>1, [23 24]. 12, (RfD) (SF) [2]. [18], Fe Sb , 26.2~3.7, 32.1 ;,, 88.9%, 27.9%.,,,, 4m/s,.,,, 34.1,,,. 3, (P<.).,,,. 8 19~ 22,,.,, [26 27].

5 1 PM 2. 1m/s ( ) (%) 18 (hpa) (km) Fig.2 Time series of meteorological parameters during sampling period PM 2. (ng/m 3 ) PM 2. (ng/m 3 ) Cr Fe 13 Cu Cd Sb y= x y= x y=3.46-.x 1 2. (R 4 =.32,P<.1) 6 (R 2 =.31,P<.1) y= x (R 2 =.29,P<.1) 4 9 (R =.33,P<.1) y= x (R 2 =.21,P=.167) Mn Ni As Co Pb 6 14 y= x 4 y= x y=7.6-.1x.4 y=.1-.1x y= x (R 2 =.32,P<.1) (R 2 =.1,P=.44) (R 2 =.32,P<.1) (R 2 =.32,P<.1) 12 (R 2 =.2,P=.198)

6 6 36 PM2 6 Sn y=7.7-.1x y=4.1-.x 3 (R 2 =.27,P<.1) (R 2 =.39,P<.1) 2 (R 2 =.2,P= (%) (%) (%) 3 PM 2. Fig.3 Correlation between metals in PM 2. and relative humidity at a site near the Nanjing Olympic Sport Center 2.2 PM ~1,8 16~24,8 2~28. PM 2. ( 4), PM μg/m 3, (24h <7μg/m 3 ), [28]. PM μg/m 3, 2.3μg/m 3, 17.8μg/m 3. PM 2., Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb>Mn>Cr>Ni>Sn>As> V>Sb>Cd>Co., Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>Pb> Ni>Cr>V>As>Sn>Sb>Cd>Co., Pb Cd Sb Sn Fe As Zn Cu Mn Co Cr V Ni ng/m 3, 94.1% 92.6% 87.1% 87.% 84.9% 84.4% 78.% 77.6% 76.7% 73.9% 6.3% 3.1% 41.%., Sn Sb.7.8ng/m 3,.6~ 37.ng/m 3, Fe (62.7%),As (13.%). 4 PM 2. Table 4 Concentrations of PM 2. and associated heavy metals at a site near the Nanjing Olympic Sport Center ( ~ ) ( ~ ) ( ~ ) PM Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn As Cd Sn Sb Pb V :PM 2. μg/m 3,ng/m 3.

7 1 PM 2. 7 PM 2. (ng/m 3 ) Table Comparisons of heavy metal¹concentrations(ng/m 3 ) in PM 2. during mega events in China Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn As Cd Sn Sb Pb V [34] [34] ( ) :. Tian [29 3] As Sb ;Pant [31] Zn Cr Pb Cu ;Taiwo [32] Fe Mn Zn Pb Cd ;Kong [33] Zn Ni Pb Cu. 1~1, Cr Mn V Co Fe,. Fe, 1.,. [37], Cu Zn Pb,Fe Co V.., PM 2. 19~ %,Cr Mn %~ 92.8%, Pb 8 3,Ni. 2 4 ( As Ni Cr Mn V Co Fe 8~24 )(21 1~ ) PM 2..,, Fe Zn, Cd Cu Zn Pb Sb Sn As Ni Cr Mn V Co Fe PM 2. Co. PM 2. 4 PM 2.,, Fig.4 Enrichment factors of metals in PM 2. at a site near the Nanjing Olympic Sport Center. 2.3 PM 2. ( 4,, Pb Cd Sb Sn As Fe Zn Cu Mn Co 4). 1, Cd Cu Zn Pb Sb Sn As Ni,. Cd Cu Zn Pb Sb Sn, 4,,.As Ni 2,. [3] [36]. Cr V Ni 91% 89% 81% 81% 77% 76% 68% 68% 68% 64% 42% 31% 1%. Sb,,,.

8 36 2.4 PM 2.., 13 4. 1 Cd Pb Sn; 2 Fe As Mn Sb, Fe As ; 3 Co Cu; 4 Cr V Ni Zn, Cr V. Cd Pb [32,38],As Sb [29 3],Mn [39],Co [4],Cu [41],V [42],Ni [38],Zn [31,43]., 4 ( ). : : : : PM 2. Fig.

8 PM 2.., Cd Pb Sn; 2 Fe As Mn Sb, Fe As ; 3 Co Cu; 4 Cr V Ni Zn, Cr V. Cd Pb [32,38],As Sb [29 3],Mn [39],Co [4],Cu [41],V [42],Ni [38],Zn [31,43]., 4 ( ). : : : : PM 2. Fig. Cluster analysis for metals in PM 2. at a site near the Nanjing Olympic Sport Center [36] [3] PM 2.. [36] ; [3] PM 2.., Cu. [36] Cu, [3] Cu, Cu.,. 3,Cu, ( ) Cu. 2. PM 2. EPA PM 2. (Cr Co Ni As Cd) (Cr Mn Fe 12 ). 6. 6,, PM 2. Cr Mn Fe 12, ADD[ ~ mg/(kg d)] LADD[ ~ mg/(kg d)], Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>Pb>Ni> Cr>V>As>Sb>Cd>Co,., HQ ~ , US EPA 1, Mn>Cr>Co>As>Pb>Sb>Cu>Zn>V>Cd> Fe>Ni., 12,. Mn,., Cr>As>Ni>Cd> Co, 1 9 ~1 7, 1 6 ~1 4.,,.,., [44]. Cr PM 2.,,

9 1 PM 2. 9,., PM 2.,,,,. 6 PM 2. Table 6 Health risks of heavy metals in PM 2. through inhalation during the YAG period at a site near the Nanjing Olympic Sport Center RfD SF ADD LADD HQ ILCR Cr Mn Fe * Co Ni Cu Zn As Cd Sb * Pb V :* , PM 2. Fe Zn Cu Pb Mn Cr Ni Sn As V Sb Cd Co ng/m 3., 13.17~ ng/m : Cu Zn Cd Sn Sb Pb,, Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb> Sb>Sn. 3.3 : PM 2. Cr Mn Fe 13 4, 1 Cd Pb Sn, 2 Fe As Mn Sb, 3 Co Cu, 4 Cr V Ni Zn,. 3.4,PM 2. 1,. Cr>As>Ni>Cd>Co,,. Mn Cr,. [1] Mohanraj R, Azeez P A, Priscilla T. Heavy metals in airborne particulate matter of urban Coimbatore [J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 24,47(2): [2] Patel M M, Hoepner L, Garfinkel R, et al. Ambient metals,

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2013,33(11) 1929~1936 China Environmental Science 1980~2009 1, 1*, 1, 2 (1.,, , ) ~ ~2009 (API), 30.,, 3 ( ) API., 30,,

2013,33(11) 1929~1936 China Environmental Science 1980~2009 1, 1*, 1, 2 (1.,, , ) ~ ~2009 (API), 30.,, 3 ( ) API., 30,, 213,33(11)1929~1936 China Environmental Science 198~9 1, 1*, 1, 2 (1.,, 2442., 58) 38 198~9 1~9 (), 3.,, 3 ()., 3,, 71%.,.,,,,. X513 A 6923(213)1119298 Haze variations over 198-9and connecting factors