m C d ,, 11 (1994 /1995 ),, m, [ 7 ],,, 2007 / ,,, km 2, 1, 10 m 2 m 10 m (VA I

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1 21 3 Vol. 21, No CH INESE JOURNAL OF POLAR RESEARCH Sep tember 2009 (, ) 2007 / ,, ( I) ( z /L ) ( u 3 ) (C d ) ( z 0 ) ( ) (H),, Louis ;, ; z m, C d = ,, C d,, C d 0,,,, : 1990 /1991 6, 3 [ 1 2 ],,, [ 3 4 ], ,, m (C d ) [ 5 ] Dalrymp le [ 6 ] [ ] , [ ] (2006BAC06B05) IPY [ ],, 1983,

2 m C d ,, 11 (1994 /1995 ),, m, [ 7 ],,, 2007 / ,,, km 2, 1, 10 m 2 m 10 m (VA ISALA, PB100) (VA ISALA, HMP45D ) (XF321) 1, 4 m ( Gill,W indmaster) 1. 5m ( KIPPZONEN, CNR1), cm ( PB100 ), CAMBELL, CR1000, Hz/ s, 30m in 1,, x i - x > 4,, x i ( : ), x 30m in,, , 1 z /L : u 3 a / u 3 = a ( z /L ), a = u, v, w (1) 2 2 = [ u v + v w ] 1 /4, ; L 2, L < 0, L > 0, L L z /L, ( z /L < 0),, w, u 3 z /L, ( 2) 1, 2 1 /3 Panofsky [ 8 ] : w / u 3 = (1-2. 7z /L ) 1 /3 (2) w / u 3 = (1-3z /L ) 1 /3 (3),, Andereas [ 9 ], Praveena. Krish2

3 3 : 223 nan [ 10 ], z /L,,, ;,,, 2 L, (2) ( z /L 0), : w ( 0) = 1. 06, Panofsky 1. 25,,,, 2, 1 ( w / u 3 ) 2z /L Fig. 1. Normalized standard variance of vertical velocity as a function of - z /L for unstable condition ,,,, u, v, w, W ilczak [ 11 ] ( ),, 2 2 ( a),, U, : Y = X , , v 0,, 0,, ( b),, u 3, , : Y = X , ,,

4 : Y = X , [ 2 ( c, d) ],,,,, 113%, 102%,,,,, 0, 0, 0 2 (U ) ( u 3 ) ( ) (H). 2TR, 2PF Fig. 2. The correlation of resultant wind velocity(u ), friction velocity ( u 3 ), momentum flux ( ) and sensible heat flux(h) by the trip le rotation correction method and p lanar fit method. Subscrip ted2tr show the re2 sult of trip le rotation correction, subscrip ted2pf show the result of p lanar fit method Swinbank [ 12 ],

5 3 : 225,,, : ( I) ( u 3 ) ( H ) (L E ) ( ) (C d ) 2 (L ), : I a = a /U, ( a = u, v, w ) (4) u 3 = [ u v 2 + v w 2 ] 1 /4 (5) H = C p w (6) = - u w (7) C d = u 3 U 2 (8) L = - u 3 3 k g (9) T w T, k Karman ( 0. 4), g, C p ( J kg - 1 K - 1 ), U, L v, L v = ( T) 10 6 J kg , 2,,,,, Businger2Dyer [ 13, 14 ], Holtslag Bel2 jaars [ 15 ],, L, [ 16 ], Louis [ 17 ] R i B, Louis [ 18 ] 1982,, ( ECMW F MM5 ), : : u 2 3 = a 2 u 2 F m ( z z 0, R i B ) (10) u 3 3 = a2 R u F h ( z, R i B ) (11) z 0 u 3 q 3 = a2 R u qf h ( z z 0, R i B ) (12) a 2 = k 2 / ( ln z z 0 ) 2 (13) R i B = gz u 2 (14) R ( Prandtl ), F, :

6 F m = 1-2bR i B 1 + 2bc m a 2 R i B (1 + z z 0 ) (15) : F h = 1 -, b = 5, c m = 7. 5, c h = 5, d = 5 F m = F h = 3bR i B 1 + 3bc h a 2 R i B (1 + z z 0 ) (16) bR i B / 1 + dr i B (17) bR i B / 1 + dr i B (18) I = M /U, M, U 3, u v w, I u 0. 15; I v 0. 1, I u ; I w 0. 05, I u I v 0. 4 ( I w 0. 1 ), ( I < 0. 5) ( 4) 12 19, 14216,,,,, 5 3, 3 ( I u I v I w ) Fig. 3. The p robability distribution of turbulence intensity in three velocity component 4 ( I u I v I w ) Fig. 4. The diurnal variation of tur2 bulence intensity in three ve2 locity component

7 3 : 227,, < 2 m / s,,,, I w 0 4 m / s, 0,,, Fig ( I u I v I w ) (U ) The relationship of turbulence intensity and wind velocity z /L,, , 70% z / L , 19% z /L 0. 1, z /L , ( 70% ), ( 19% ),, 8: 00 16: 00 z /L < 0,,,,, ;,,,,,, 15: 00, 8,,, : u 3 = U,,,

8 ( z /L ) Fig. 6. The p robability distribution of stability 7 ( z /L ) Fig. 7. The diurnal variation of stability Fig ( u 3 ) (U ) The relationship of friction velocity and wind velocity 2. 3, 9, ,,,, 10, ,,, Louis W /m 2, W /m 2,,, 2 1, 1, 2, 2, ( 1 2

9 3 : d ), 9: 00 17: 00, W /m 2, 10: 00 14: 00, W /m 2, 9 ( )., Louis Fig. 9. Time series of momentum flux. L ight black solid line show the result of eddy correlation method, line at2 tach cross symbol show the result of aerodynam ic gradient method 10 (H)., Fig. 10. Time series of sensible heat flux. L ight black solid line show the result of eddy correlation method, line attach cross symbol show the result of aerodynam ic gradient method 11 (H)., Louis Fig. 11. D iurnal variation of sensible heat flux. Solid line show the result of eddy correlation method, dotted line show the result of aerodynam ic gradient method

10 230 21,,, ; W /m W /m 2,,,, Louis, 2. 4 (C d ),, Dalrymp le [ 6 ] 10 C d , Inoue [ 4 ] m C d ( ) ( ), [ 19 ] C d C d ,,, U = ( 1 / k) u3 ln ( z / z 0 ), z 0 = m, [ 9 ] , < 2 m / s C d, > 2 m / s C d,, 10-3 C d U : C d = U , > 4 m / s, C d x,,,,, 13, ( a) ( b) ( z /L < 0) : C d = e ( - z /L ), C d, C d ( z /L > 0) : C d = e ( z/l ), C d, C d,, C d ; 12 (C d ) (U ) Fig. 12. D rag coefficient as a function of wind speed near neutral conditions

11 3 : (C d ) ( z /L ). a, b Fig. 13. D rag coefficient as a function of z /L for unstable ( a) and stable ( b) conditions 3 (1) Louis,, Louis,, (2),,, 4 m / s, 0,,, (3) ( 70% ), (19% ),,,, C d,, C d,, (4),, ; m, ,, (5), 1 2,,

12 232 21,, IPY, 24,! 1,, (B ), 1992, 20 ( 11) : ,,.., 1996, 8 (4) : Baldocchi D D, H incks B B, Meyers T P, et al. Measuring biosphere2atmosphere exchanges of biologically related gases with m icrometeorological methods. Ecology, 1988, 69 (5) : Aubinet M, Grelle A, et al. Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchanges of european forests: the EUROFLUX methodology. Adv Ecol Res, 2000, 30: Inouse J. Surface drag over the snow surface of the Antarctic p lateau. J Geaphys Res, 1989, 94: Dalrymp le P. Lettau H andwollaston S. South pole m icrometeorology p rogram; Data analysis in studies in Antarctic mete2 orology/ /Rubin M. Antarctica Res Ser, 1966: ,,.. (D ), 1997, 5 ( 27) : Panofsky H A, et al. The characteristics of turbulent velocity and temperature p rofiles. Boundary2Layer Meteorology, 1977, 11: Andreas El, H ill R J, et al. Statistics of surface2layer turbulence over terrain with metre2scale heterogeneity. Boundary2 Layer meteorology, 1998, 86 (3) : Krishnan P, Kunhikrishnan P K, et al. Some characteristics of atmospheric surface layer over a trop ical inland region dur2 ing southwest monsoon period. A tmos Res, 2002, 62: W ilczak J M, Steven P, et al. Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithm s. Boundary2Layer meteorology, 2001, 99 (1) : Swinbank W C, et al. The measurement of vertical transfer of heat and water vapor by eddies in the lower atmosphere. J A tmos Sci, 1951, 8 (3) : Businger J A, et al. Flux2p rofile relationship s in the atmospheric surface layer. J A tmos Sci, 1971, 28 (2) : Dyer A J. A review of flux2p rofile relationship. Boundary2LayerMeteorology, 1974, 7 (3) : Beljaars A C M, Holtslag A A M. Flus parameterization over land surface for stmospheric models. J App lmeteo, 1991, 30 (3) : Garratt J R. The atmospheric boundary layer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992: Louis J F. A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere. Boundary2Layer meteorology, 1979, 17 ( 2) : Louis J F, Tiedtle M and Geleyn J F. A short history of the PBL Parameterization at ECMW F. Proceedings of the 1981 ECMW F Workshop on O lanetary Boundary Layer Parameterization, 1982: :

13 3 : 233 TURBULEN T PARAM ETER S O F THE N EAR SUR FAC E LAYER OVER THE IC E SHEET N EARB Y ZHON GSHAN S TAT ION, EAS T AN TARC T ICA L in Zhong, B ian L ingen, M a Yongfeng and Lu Changgui (Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing , China) Abstract Based on the eddy covariance measurements and the gradient observations in the near sur2 face layer during the summ er of 2008, The characteristics of surface turbulent param eters of the ice sheet nearby Zhongshan station over the Antarctica are p resented. After perform ing the quality control with the trip le rotation method and p lanar fit technique, turbulent intensity ( I), stability parameter ( z /L ), surface friction velocity ( u 3 ), drag coefficient ( C d ), surface roughness ( z 0 ), momentum flux ( ) and sensible heat flux (H) are calculated by using eddy correlation m ethod and compared w ith the results of aerodynam ic m ethod. The results show that the Louis schem e can simulate the turbulent fluxes near surface layer p referably over the Ant2 arctic ice sheet; the energy snow surface obtained from atmosphere is more than the energy sur2 face released to atmosphere in the form of sensible heat flux; surface roughness z 0 is m and drag coefficient C d is in the near2neutral conditions; C d increases ( de2 creases) w ith the decreasing ( increasing) of the stability in the non2neutral stratifications. Key words Antarctica, Zhongshan Station, turbulent parameters, turbulent fluxes, eddy cor2 relation method, aerodynam ics m ethod.