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1 第壹編各種詞類的文法解析第一章名詞第二章代名詞第三章冠詞第四章形容詞第五章副詞第六章介系詞第七章連接詞第八章助動詞

這棟公寓住著 5 個家庭例例 His family are all well. 他的家庭成員都過得不錯 ( 集合體的每一個 ) 不可數名詞物物普普普 money, coffee, gold, water, milk, etc.

3 noun 第一章名詞 3 NOU 1 名詞 N NOUN 可數名詞普普普普普 a table, two dogs, three books, etc. 集集普普普 class, committee, family, team, etc. * 集合名詞的形狀儘管為單數, 但卻有使用單數及複數的時候例例 His family is large. 他的家庭是大家族 ( 集合體為 1 單位 ) 例例 There are five families in this apartment. 這棟公寓住著 5 個家庭例例 His family are all well. 他的家庭成員都過得不錯 ( 集合體的每一個 ) 不可數名詞物物普普普 money, coffee, gold, water, milk, etc. 例例 Would you like to have some coffee? 你要喝咖啡嗎? 例例 I don t have any money. 我沒有錢 * 物質名詞不能直接與數詞連用表示數量時, 在數詞與物質名詞之間要有量詞 (Classifiers), 例如例

4 英文 English two cups of tea, three loaves of bread, a jar of apple juice, a bar of soap, three pieces of luggage. 抽抽普普普 kindness, beauty, friendship, happiness, etc. 例例 She shows him much kindness.

4 4 英文 English two cups of tea, three loaves of bread, a jar of apple juice, a bar of soap, three pieces of luggage. 抽抽普普普 kindness, beauty, friendship, happiness, etc. 例例 She shows him much kindness. 她對他表示很大的善意例例 She had great beauty in her youth. 她年輕時非常漂亮專專普普普人名如 John, Mary; 時間如 Christmas, September, Sunday; 地名如 America, New York; 其他如 Bank of Taiwan, Boston University, etc. 例例 I Saw Prof. Freddy last week. 上星期我見到 Freddy 教授名詞的所有格人人人物人人專人人人人人 - s 表示人如 the girl s, the horse s 對對對對對對對人人人人 of 人如 the door of the house, the cover of the book 複複普普複人複 s 複加一個省略符號人如 the Wongs garden, the girls school 名詞的複數形規規規規普 cats, desks, teachers, boxes, dishes, cities, etc. 不規規規規普 man-men, sheep-sheep, deer-deer( 單複數同形 ),child-children, mouse- mice( 老鼠 ), foot-feet, ox-oxen( 牛 ), phenomenonphenomena( 現象 ),analysis-analyses( 分析 ),knife( 刀 )-knives; etc.

noun 特特複複特普 basis( 基礎 )-bases crisis( 危機 )-crises looker-on( 旁觀者 )-lookers-on passer-by( 行人 )-passers-by son-in-law( 女婿 )-sons-in-law editor-in-chief( 主編 )-editors-in-chief belief( 信仰 )-beliefs roof(

5 noun 特特複複特普 basis( 基礎 )-bases crisis( 危機 )-crises looker-on( 旁觀者 )-lookers-on passer-by( 行人 )-passers-by son-in-law( 女婿 )-sons-in-law editor-in-chief( 主編 )-editors-in-chief belief( 信仰 )-beliefs roof( 屋頂 )-roofs 第一章名詞 5 單複數不同義 wood( 木材 ) woods( 森林 ) cloth( 布 ) clothes( 衣服 ) good( 好處 ) goods( 貨物 ) letter( 字母 ) letters( 字母 ; 文學 ) mean( 中間 ) means( 手段 ; 財富 ) custom( 習俗 ) customs( 海關 ) spectacle( 光景 ) spectacles( 眼鏡 ) manner( 舉止 ) manners( 禮貌 ) paper( 紙 ) papers( 文件 ) glass( 玻璃 ) glasses( 眼鏡 )

6 6 英文 English EXAMINATION 本章測驗題庫 QUESTION BANK He had to carry from his house to the station. much luggage many luggage three pieces of luggages so many luggages : 他必須從家裏帶許多行李到車站 luggage 為不可數名詞, 故用 much/little/plenty of/a lot of/a piece of My sister bought three of stockings yesterday. cakes pairs pieces sheets : 我姊姊昨天買了三雙長襪襪子用雙來做單位, 其他還有 shoes/trousers/chopsticks /gloves/scissors Whose shoes are these? They re. of Tom of Tom s Tom s Toms ::::: 子 :::::::::: : Tom s shoes,shoes 可省略 There at the piano recital. were a lot of audience was much audience were many audiences was a large audience : 鋼琴獨奏會上有許多觀眾 audience 為集合名詞, 一個集合體時應作單數用 She went into the and bought a lot of bread. dentist s butcher s chemist s baker s : 她到麵包店裏買了一條麵包 baker s(shop), 凡表公共 : 地方可省略 store/school/ church

7 noun 第一章名詞 7 What you talk! a nonsense nonsense nonsenses the nonsense :::::: nonsense 為不可數 N, 故不加 s 及 a,friendship/success /pleasure/courage, 也 : 不可數名詞 I saw a traffic on my way to school this morning. accident affair damage danger : 今天早上, 我去學校途中目擊了一起交通事故 After ten absence he returned home as if he were another person. year s year years years : 十年後, 他變了個人似 : 回了家複數名詞字尾有 s 則所有格為 -s, 例 :a girls school( 一所女子學校 ) It is natural that the of people prefer peace to war. number lots minority majority ::: 很自然 :, 大多數 : 人喜好和平甚於戰爭大多數 (majority) 之前需加 the I don t know why he has such bad. motion manner act manners : 我不知道他 : 禮貌如此差 manner 可當方法,manners 禮貌規矩 My mother bought a of gloves for me. piece pair set couple : 母親買了一雙手套給我 a glass of( 一杯 :)/a set of( 一組 :)/a series of( 一系列 :)/a couple of( 一對 :) What are you cleaning up? The. soups spoon spoons soup spoon soups soup spoons

8 8 英文 English ::: 在清理 :::::: 匙 : N 1 +N 2 : 合成字,N 1 修飾 N 2, 故 N 1 用單數,grocery store ( 雜貨店 )/notebook computer( 筆記型電腦 )/crime rate ( 犯罪率 ) Could you lend me? a few dollars little dollars a small money little money :: 能借我幾塊錢嗎 : dollar 與 buck 一樣為可數名詞, 可用 many/a number of /few/a few/some/lots of/a lot of/plenty of 來形容 My father never gave me. many advice much advice many advices a lot advices : 我父親從未給我許多忠告以下為抽象 N 且不可數 N,information( 資訊 )/evidence ( 證據 )/intelligence( 情報 )/percent( 百分比 )/ knowledge( 知識 ) May I help you? Yes, I would like nine. can of coffee beans can coffee beans cans coffee beans cans of coffee beans :: 我能為 : 效勞嗎 ::: 可以, 我想要 9 罐咖啡豆 : I am on speaking with his younger brother. relation terms relationship friendship : 我和 : 弟弟 : 關係不錯 on speaking terms 指關係友好 I want to make with your sister. firend a firend the firend friends : 我想和 : 姊姊做朋友 make friends with : 與交友 : 表相互關係時, 使用複數形態 I bought three.

9 noun 第一章名詞 9 furnitures pieces of furniture pieces of furnitures piece of furnitures : 我買了三 ::: furniture:::: 為單數形 : 集合名詞, 在表示量時用 much, little, some 等表示個數時則用 a piece of, 其他如 luggage, poetry, scenery, clothing, mail, equipment, machinery, jewelry, weaponry, personnel, merchandise 等也 : 單數形集合名詞 We had. fun many funs much fun funny : 我們玩得很開心 fun: 有趣 : 為抽象名詞, 例 :It was great fun to play in the park. We had today. a nice weather nice weather the nice weather weather nice : 今天天 : 很好 weather: 天 :: 為不可數名詞, 故不加 a 但 climate:: 候 : 則為可數名詞自然現象 : 字, 如 lighting( 閃電 ) /thunder( 雷 )/electricity( 電 )/energy( 能源 )/heat ( 熱 :), 皆為不可數名詞 You ought to take every to improve your English. case chance thing time :: 必須抓住每一個機會來促進 :: 英文能力 chance=opportunity,every+ 單 N I watched a wrestling on TV last night. fight game match sport : 昨晚, 我看摔角比賽 : 電視節目 match( 名詞 )= 競賽比賽 I took some medicine but it didn t have any. answer cause effect work

10 10 英文 English : 我有吃藥, 但 : 沒 :: 效果 affect( 影響 ) 為動詞 ;effect=influence( 效用 ) 為名詞 My cousin found a job with the of his father. ability aid power violence : 我 : 表弟經由他父親 : 幫助找到了工作 At last we got of our friend after trying to telephone many times. catch hold hand own : 我們試著打了許多通電話後, 終於與朋友聯絡上了 hold 通電話之意 The Star Supermarket was very successful this year because it was so popular among its. guests customers audience visitors : 因為受到顧客 : 喜愛, 星星超商今年生意很成功 customers: 商人 : 顧客 Our school is within thirty walk of Taipei Station. minute minutes minutes minute s : 從台北車站走到我們學校在 30 分鐘以內 within A of B: 從 B 在 A 以內 She was almost killed. The car missed her by a hair s. width length breadth height : 一髮之差, 她差點成為輪下冤魂 a hair-breadth: 千鈞一髮 The shepherd trained the dog to look after his of sheep. flock pack herd collection : 牧羊人訓練狗來看管他 : 羊群 a flock of( 指飛禽牲畜類 )/a herd of( 畜群牧群 ) /a pack of( 狼群狗群 )/a school of( 魚群 ) Did he help build new house? his son s-in-law his son s-in-law s his son-in-law s

11 附錄歷屆試題暨解析 329 All previous years test question and explanation 歷屆試題暨解析 ALL PREVIOUS YEARS TEST QUESTION AND EXPLANATIO All previous years test question and explanation N 九九九九九九九九九試九九九九九九九一字彙 You should fill out the form in the section below the dotted line, then it and send it back to the company at once for your warranty to become effective. detach destroy deliver distort :::: 要填妥虛線以下的表格, 然後把它撕下來馬上寄回公司, 這樣 : 的保固才會生效拆拆毀毀運運扭扭 fill out: 填寫 ( 動 );form: 表格 ( 名 );section: 區塊 ( 名 ); below : 以下 ( 介 );at once: 立刻 ( 副 );warranty: 保固 ( 名 );effective: 有效的 ( 形 ) The company s new policies allow us to have schedules. Now we do not have to stay in the office from 9 to 5 every day. flexible dependant informative repetitious : 公司的 :::::: 有彈性的工作時間現在 :: 不需要每天在辦公室裡從九點待到五點彈性的受受受受見見見見的反反的 policy:::( 名 );schedule: 工作時間表 ( 名 ) Some investors are risk. High-return investment tools are not what they desire. averse exquisite immune objective

12 330 英文 English : 有 ::: 受 : 不願冒風險的高報償的 :: 方法並非他 : 所追尋不願不的精精的免免的客客的 investor::: 受 ( 名 );risk: 風險 ( 名 );return: 回報 ( 名 );desire: 想要 ( 動 ) Trevor his son about his studies when the exam is approaching. appreciated summoned demonstrated remonstrated : 在 Trevor 的兒子即將考試的前夕, 他告誡他兒子要讀書感感傳傳展展告誡 approach: 靠近 ( 動 ) After being retired for only six months, I found the house chores very and boring. So I decided to find a helper so that I can really enjoy my retired life. notorious tedious harmonious glorious : 在 :::::: 後,:: 現 ::: 非 : 乏味無聊因此 : 決定找 : 幫手, 這麼一來 : 才能享受 : 的 :: 生活惡名惡惡的乏味的和和的輝輝的 retire:::( 動 );chore: 雜 :( 名 ) In order to have better working results, everybody in the office needs to learn a approach to communicate with other staff members. commercialized collaborative coexistent coastward :::: 工作 : 有 : 效, 辦公室裡的每 ::: 需要 :: 一 : 合作方法來與其他員工溝通 : 使使使合作的同時同同的向向向的 in order to:::;result: 結果 ( 名 );approach: 方法 ( 名 ); communicate with: 和溝通 ( 動 );staff: 工作 : 員 ( 名 ) A is a person who has a good command of many different languages. polyglot polyamide polygamy polychrome

13 附錄歷屆試題暨解析 331 All previous years test question and explanation : polyglot( 精通數國語言的 :) 就 : 精通很多不同語言的 : 精通數國語言的 : 聚聚 ( 聚聚 ) 一一多一多色 : 物 have a good command of 精通 ( 動 ) Chinese families are arranged according to a of seniority. aristocracy anarchy heretic hierarchy :: 國的 ::: 以 :::: 來 ::: 階級的特特階級無 : 無無無異異異等級等階級 arrange: 安排 ( 動 );according to: 根據 ( 介 );seniority: ::( 名 ) The assurance of a good job is one of the of finishing one s studies and getting a degree. investments inducements achievements consequences :::: 使,:::: 的動機 : 一就 :: 到好工作 :: 動機 :: 結果 assurance: 保證 ( 名 );degree:::( 名 ) To attract foreign investments, the government has devoted a huge amount of money to. Two new highways have been built. And a nuclear power plant is on the way. cemeteries enlightenment infrastructure playwrights :::::::,: 無 : 公同建設上 : 入大量金錢目前已建造兩條 : 的高速公路另 : 即將興建一座核能電廠墓墓啟啟公同建設劇作 : attract:::( 動 );investment:::( 名 );devote:: 入 ( 動 );amount: 數量 ( 名 );nuclear power plant: 核能電廠 ( 名 );on the way: 正在進行 ( 介 ) The misconduct of a student should not be ignored.as it has a lot to do with the child s, parents need to be involved in the

14 332 英文 English counseling process. upbringing animation reservoir competition :: 生的 :: 行 : 不 :::: :: 行 : 和 :: 子的異受有很大的關係, 因此父母 :: 參與諮使過程受養熱熱蓄蓄競競 misconduct::: 行 :( 名 );ignore:::( 動 );have a lot to do with : 和有很大關係 ;involved: 參與 ( 過去 : 詞 );counsel: 諮使 ( 動 );process: 過程 ( 名 ) Like any curious 3-year-old child, Miley her parents with all sorts of funny questions. bombarded lamented contemplated retorted : 就 ::: 好 : 的 ::::, Miley 不斷的向他的父母提出二文法測驗各種好笑的問題向不斷提出問題哀哀沉沉反反 curious: 好 : 的 ( 形 );sort: 種類 ( 名 ) I need to go now. I promise late for the appointment tomorrow. not being being not not to be to not be :: 現在 :: 要 :: : 保證 : 天的 : 會不 : 到 promise to 原形動詞, 保證 ;promise not to 原形動詞, 保證不, 證證 promise: 保證 ( 動 );appointment:: 會 ( 名 ) You probably won t need my address. But I will give it to you in case you it later. need to need are needing needed ::: 能不會需要 : 的墓 : ::::::, 以免 :: 後需要 But 開頭句 : 主要子句 : 未來式, 因此 in case 後接的子句

15 附錄歷屆試題暨解析 333 All previous years test question and explanation 要要現在式要要未來式, 證證 address: 墓 :( 名 );in case: 以免 ( 片 ) I know it is already midnight, but I m not sleepy. Even if I to bed now, I wouldn t fall asleep. gone went am going would be going :::: 現在已 ::::,:::: 不想 : 即:: 現在上床去 :,: 也 : 不著與現在 : 實相反的假設語氣 : 主詞 + 動詞 ( 過去式 ), 主詞 +would+ 原形動詞證證 sleepy: 想 : 的 ( 形 );even if: 即 :;fall asleep:: 著 ( 動 ) a solution to the problem of a future energy shortage, but it also helps to eliminate environmental pollution. The new energy source provides The new energy source provides not only Not only the new energy source provides Not only does the new energy source provide : 這種 : 能 : 不 : 提 : 能 : 決未來能 ::: 問題的方法, 也能幫助消除環境污染 not only, but also ( 不 :, 而且 ): 倒裝句型 :not only+ 助動詞 + 主詞 + 原形動詞,but+ 主詞 +also+ 動詞證證 solution:: 決辦法 ( 名 );shortage:::( 名 );eliminate: 消除 ( 動 );environmental: 環境的 ( 形 );pollution: 污染 ( 名 ) Taxonomy is a scientific method which deals with. all living things are classified all things are classified by living living things are all classified the classification of all living things :: 類 :: 一種 :: 所有生物 : 類的 :: 方法 deal with ::( 動詞 ), 後 :: 接名詞等處處 :

16 334 英文 English 子句, 證證 Taxonomy:: 類 :( 名 );scientific::: 的 ( 形 );deal with:::( 動 ) Not bother anyone at work, I left the office without informing anyone. want to wanting to to want to wanting ::: 不想 :: 在工作的所有 :,: 沒有告訴 ::: 就離開辦公室 : 前後子句主詞 : 同一 : 時, 前面子句 : 省略主詞, 動詞改動名詞, 造 : 詞構句 : 詞構句動名詞 (Ving) 開頭,: 此句 : 否定, 因此動名詞前再加上 not 證證 bother:::( 動 );inform: 通 :( 動 ) A biologist does not merely describe organisms, but tries to learn act as they do. what causes them to what cause to them causes them to what causes what they to : 生物 :: 不 ::: 生物,: 試著 :: 造 : 生物行 : 的原因 learn 後放名詞子句,what : 複合關係要名詞, 表 the thing that; 原句 :: the thing that causes them to act 表展 : 他 : 們生行 : 的們們們, 證證 biologist: 生物 ::( 名 );merely: 很少 ( 副 );describe: 形容 ( 動 );organism: 生物 ( 名 );act:( 有 ) 行 :( 動 ) The actor in Hollywood years ago, featuring in major movies, if he had not been bothered by his drug problems. would have been would be will have been will be :: 不 : 因 ::: 的問題 ::, 這 :: 員 : 在數 : 前就能進入好萊塢主 : 一流電影與過去 : 實相反假設語氣 : 主詞 + would have+ 過去 : 詞, if 主詞 + had+ 過去 : 詞證證 feature: 主 :( 動 );drug:: 品 ( 名 )

17 附錄歷屆試題暨解析 335 All previous years test question and explanation Not only the audience but also the speaker to take a break after a two-hour, non-stop workshop in the computer room. is need is needed needs has need : 不 :: 客 :,:: 受也需要在電 : 室 :: 兩 : 時的 :: 會 : 後稍作 : 息 not only A but also B, 此片語著重 B, 證動詞因主詞 speaker 而證 audience: 客 :( 名 );workshop::: 會 ( 名 ) Extensive clinical and statistical studies have identified several factors an increased risk of heart attack. as contributing to contributed to as to contribute as contribute as to : 大 :: 的 : 床處統計 : 究已 :: 現導致心臟病風險增加的幾 : 因素 identify A as B:: 現 A : B;as : 介詞, 後 : 接動名詞 ; contribute to 不 : 導致 ; 證證 extensive: 見泛的 ( 形 );clinical:: 床的 ( 形 );statistical: 統計的 ( 形 );factor: 因素 ( 名 );increase: 增加 ( 動 ); heart attack: 心臟病 ( 名 ) 三片語測驗 The meeting started 4 hours ago and is still. Most people felt exhausted and found it hard to stay alert. in session on call off guard by chance : 會 ::: 時前開 :, 現在 : 在 :: 進行大部 : 的 : 已 : 覺 : 精疲力盡而且很難專注 ( 會 :) 進行 : 待待沒有沒沒偶然 exhausted: 精疲力盡的 ( 形 );stay: 維 :( 動 );alert: 專注的 ( 形 ) I was told that I my mother s side of the family. I know it is

18 336 英文 English true now as I have my mother s stubbornness. took after looked for came upon ran over : 大 :::::: 媽媽這邊 : 族的 : :::: 的確 :, 因 :: 遺傳到 : 媽媽的固執 : 尋找偶然偶到輾過 stubbornness: 固執 ( 名 ) I don t think you teaching. You don t have the necessary patience. are cut out for have a crush on steer clear of come up with :: 不覺 :: 適合異書 : 連最 : 本的耐心 : 沒有適合愛上避開想到 necessary:: 要的 ( 形 );patience: 耐心 ( 名 ) Marsha is a very serious real estate agent. Every fact and figure about the apartment she introduces is. head over heels from tip to toe at her fingertips over her ears : Marsha : 一 : 認真的房屋仲介關 : 她介紹的房子的所有 : 訊處數據, 她 : 瞭 : 指掌 : 完墓從頭到從瞭 : 指掌 : 完墓 real estate agent: 房屋仲介 ( 名 );figure: 數據 ( 名 ); introduce: 介紹 ( 動 ) The employees have asked for a raise and a better work environment. In the past, the company authority would to such requests. We all hope that there will be changes this time. kick a bucket run an errand turn a deaf ear call it a day : 員工 : 要 : 加 : 處 : 好的工作環境在以前, 公司的 :: 階級 : 這樣的要 : 會置 : 不 : ::: 希望這次會有所改

19 附錄歷屆試題暨解析 337 All previous years test question and explanation 變過過 ( kick the bucket) 跑跑 : 置 : 不 : 到此 : 止 employee: 員工 ( 名 );raise: 加 :( 名 );authority: 當特受 ( 名 );request: 要 :( 名 ) My sister is a very goal-oriented and persistent person.the idea of giving up never at all. crosses her mind lifts her finger buries her head shrugs her shoulder ::::::: 著目 ::: 不 : 的 : 她從來沒有過放: 的念頭出現在 : 向裡 ( 否定 ): ( 手 ( 客埋頭埋埋不在不 oriented: 以 : 方向的 ( 形 );give up: 放 :( 動 ) We have gone a bit with our vacation spending this year and will need to save a few more years before we can afford another overseas trip. over the top far and near to the point on our account :::: 假的 :: 有點超支,:::: 多同幾 : 的錢才能負擔 : 起下次的向 : 旅遊超過超超到 : 抓到重點記在 :: 記上 afford: 負擔 ( 動 );overseas: 向 : 的 ( 形 ) Ten years after quitting smoking, those who once smoked a pack a day will find their risk level about those who never smoked. on a par with in line with in excess of to the point of : 以前每天 : 一 :: 的 :::::, 會 : 現 :: 和從未 : 過 : 的 : 風險程 : 相當和相提並和和一致超過到的墓到 quit:: 除 ( 動 );risk level: 風險程 :( 名 )

20 338 英文 English 四克漏字測驗 Altogether 103 young men and women participated in the four-hour ceremony of uniquely Chinese initiation at Taipei s Confucian Temple. initiated are all children of members of the foreign diplomatic corps in Taipei or foreign students learning Chinese here. Everything was done the Book of Decorum, which is one of the Five Books of Confucianism. Even a plume dance was as part of the solemn ceremony. Other features of the ceremony included the cleansing of the participants hands in a golden bowl, the beating of the drum to get the initiation way. Participants oral report on their coming of age, a performance by a Confucian music band, and the wearing of hats with pins inserted by guardians are also of the ceremony. Only those who came of age were allowed to wear hats in ancient China.Pins had to be inserted to keep the hats in place. : 一同 103 : 的 : 輕男性和女性參加歷時 :: 時, 在台北孔廟所舉辦獨特的接納 :: 員儀式那 :: 加入的 ::: 交 : 節團 :: 員的 : 子或 : 在這裡 ::: 文的 : 國 : 生一切儀式內容 :: 根據儒 : 五書 : 一的禮記進行八佾舞表 : 也 : 這場莊嚴儀式的一部份儀式的其他特色 : : 括 : 參加受在金盆 : 洗手, 納員儀式進行 : 的反鼓, 參加受的口頭 : : 報告, 和孔廟樂團的表 : 以處由監護: 要準 ::: 要別針固定戴上帽子等等,:: 儀式的一部份在 : 國古要 : 有 ::: 能戴上帽子要再要別針才能將帽子固定 : altogether: 完部 ( 副 );participate in: 參加 ( 動 );ceremony: 儀式 ( 名 );uniquely: 獨特墓 ( 副 );initiation: 接納 :: 員 ( 名 );Confucian Temple: 孔廟 ( 名 );foreign diplomatic corp:: 交 : 節團 ( 名 );the Book of Decorum: 禮記 ( 名 );Confusianism: 儒 :( 名 );plume: 羽毛 ( 名 );

21 附錄歷屆試題暨解析 339 All previous years test question and explanation solemn: 莊嚴的 ( 形 );coming of age:::( 名 );performance: 表 : ( 名 );insert: 嵌入 ( 動 );guardian: 監護 :( 名 );ancient: 古要的 ( 形 ); keep in place: 固定 : 置 ( 動 ) Those Who They Whom : 原句 : those who are initiated are all, 省略關係要名詞處 be 動詞, 證證 due to as to about to according to : 因 : :: 要即將要根據 performing performed to perform to be performed :: 動式 was + 過去 : 詞, 證證 on under in fromunder way : 文不 : 進行: 們, 證證 that all part onepart of : 文不 : 的一部份, 證證 Nowadays, there are very few genuine geisha left in Japan. This is partly due to the decreasing demand. Most of the Japanese prefer hostesses they want to go out and have some fun with women outside the net of the family and workplace. The is also due to the supply. For the Japanese girls, it is easier to become a Western-type entertainer, a hostess, than a geisha. It is possible that in a few years, it will be difficult to find any geisha left., with tourism and the interest of the businessmen visiting Japan, this institution will probably survive. A love for the traditional arts seems to be the most important motivating for women who choose to become geisha. They are respected as preservers of traditional art and culture. : 現在日本剩下相當少的正統藝妓一部 : 原因 : 需 : 量減少當大

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