土壤 (Soils), 2014, 46(6): 1045 1051 1 水分及干燥过程对土壤重金属有效性的影响 1, 2 2 2* 1 2, 3 (1 550025 2 ( ) 210008 3 264003) (DGT) Zn Cd Cu Ni (DOC) DGT Zn Cd Cu Ni Cu Ni DGT DGT X53 DOI:10.13758/j.cnki.tr.2014.06.012 20 70 [1] [2] (DGT) [3 5] Di Toro [6] Selck [7] DGT Cu Zn Pb Cd [8 9] (ph) (Eh) ph Eh Pb Pb [10] [11] Zn Cd Zn Cd 65% Cd Cd [12] [13 14] (41325003 41271326 41461097) * (lhwu@issas.ac.cn) (1989 ) E-mail: 353291647@qq.com
1046 46 1 1.1 Zn Cd 0 ~ 15 cm 2 mm ph 6.7 62.1 g/kg N P K 2.86 4.36 29.4 g/kg Cd Zn 0.57 606 mg/kg 1.2 20.00 g ( 37 mm 60 mm) (WHC) 60%(100% WHC 37.0%) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 cm)24 h (20 ml) (20 ) 50% WHC 50% WHC 24 h 50% WHC 7 125% 100% 50% WHC F1-125% F1-100% F1-50% F2-125% F2-100% F2-50% ( 2 ) 100% WHC (20 ) 30% WHC 100% WHC 30% WHC 5 80% 50% 30% WHC M1-80% M1-50% M1-30% M2-80% M2-50% M2-30% ( 3) 1 2 F1 F2 M1 M2 C 3 87 1.3 DGT DGT 100% WHC 1 2 100% WHC 100% WHC 100% WHC 3 60% WHC 100% WHC DGT DGT DGT 24 h 24 h DGT DGT 1.5 ml 1 ml 1 mol/l HNO 3 24 h DGT C DGT = MΔg/DAT C DGT DGT (μg/l) M DGT (ng) ICP-MS( Agilent Technologies 7700x) A DGT (cm 2 ) Δg (0.093 cm) T DGT (s) D (cm 2 /s) 1.4 DGT 100 ml 3 000 r/min 30 min 0.45 μm ( 100 μl 2 μl 1 mol/l HNO 3 ) ICP-MS( Agilent Technologies 7700x) Zn Cd Cu Ni (μg/l) 1.5 DOC DGT 100 ml 3 000 r/min 30 min 0.45 μm (Genesys 10s, Thermo Scientific, USA) 340 254 nm (two-component model of UV absorbance) DOC [15] 1.6 SPSS13.0 (LSD) (P<0.05) 2 2.1 1 ~50% WHC 100% WHC DOC
6 1047 DOC ( 1) 2 100% WHC ~ 30% WHC DOC 3 ( C)DOC Fig. 1 ( (P 0.05) 图 1 水分处理及干燥过程对 DOC 的影响 Effects of soil water treatments and soil drying processes on DOC concentration 2.2 ( 1) Zn Cd 100% WHC ( 2) Cu Ni 100% WHC ~ 30% WHC ( 2)Zn Cd Cu Ni Zn Cd 3 (F1 F2 F3 F4)Zn Cu Ni (C) ( 1 2) DGT Zn Cd Cu Ni ( 3) 3 (F1, F2, M1, M2)Cd Zn Cu Ni (C) DGT Zn Cd Cu Ni DGT 1 Cu Ni Zn Cd DGT ( (P<0.05) ) 图 2 水分处理及干燥过程对土壤溶液重金属的影响 Fig. 2 Effects of soil water treatments and soil drying processes on metal concentration in soil solution
1048 46 Fig. 3 图 3 水分及干燥过程对 DGT 表征重金属浓度的影响 Effects of soil water treatments and soil drying processes on metal concentration evaluated by DGT 表 1 DOC 与不同表征土壤重金属有效性方法之间的相关性 Table 1 Correlations between DOC, metal concentration in soil solution and evaluated by DGT DOC DGT Ni Cu Zn Cd Ni Cu Zn Cd DOC 1 Ni 0.79** 1 Cu 0.53* 0.70** 1 Zn 0.29 0.29 0.01 1 Cd 0.44 0.12 0.08 0.33 1 DGT Ni 0.77** 0.80** 0.50* 0.46 0.06 1 Cu 0.55* 0.76** 0.83** 0.26 0.06 0.81** 1 Zn 0.63** 0.55* 0.18 0.48 0.07 0.90** 0.62** 1 Cd 0.79** 0.59* 0.35 0.34 0.42 0.80** 0.56* 0.84** 1 ** P 0.01 * P 0.05 4 Ni Cu DOC DGT Cu Cd Ni Zn DOC 2.3 R DGT (C DGT ) (C soln ) (R = C DGT /C soln ) R R 0 ~ 1 1 [16] 2 Zn Cd Ni Cu Cu Ni Cu Zn Cd 3 3.1 DOC 100% WHC
6 1049 Table 2 表 2 水分处理及干燥过程中固相金属对溶液金属供给能力变化 (R 值 ) Effects of soil water treatments and soil drying processes on metal supply ability from soil solid to liquid phase Ni Cu Zn Cd F1-125% 0.45 ± 0.01 a 0.29 ± 0.00 a 0.94 ± 0.09 a 0.86 ± 0.11 a F1-100% 0.42 ± 0.01 ab 0.26 ± 0.01 ab 0.70 ± 0.16 a 0.62 ± 0.03 a F1-50% 0.36 ± 0.00 b 0.22 ± 0.00 d 0.66 ± 0.06 a 0.60 ± 0.03 a F2-125% 0.36 ± 0.05 b 0.24 ± 0.02 bc 0.69 ± 0.26 a 0.55 ± 0.09 a F2-100% 0.39 ± 0.01 ab 0.24 ± 0.01 bc 0.44 ± 0.06 a 0.42 ± 0.15 a F2-50% 0.36 ± 0.02 b 0.23 ± 0.01 bc 0.65 ± 0.16 a 0.53 ± 0.02 a M1-100% 0.44 ± 0.00 a 0.27 ± 0.01 a 0.86 ± 0.16 a 0.79 ± 0.06 a M1-50% 0.43 ± 0.02 a 0.25 ± 0.01 ab 0.74 ± 0.10 ab 0.72 ± 0.05 ab M1-30% 0.39 ± 0.04 a 0.23 ± 0.01 b 0.66 ± 0.18 b 0.64 ± 0.07 bc M2-100% 0.43 ± 0.01 a 0.26 ± 0.01 a 0.85 ± 0.06 ab 0.61 ± 0.05 bc M2-50% 0.42 ± 0.01 a 0.25 ± 0.00 ab 0.64 ± 0.17 b 0.61 ± 0.04 bc M2-30% 0.40 ± 0.01 a 0.24 ± 0.01 ab 0.70 ± 0.06 ab 0.55 ± 0.02 c C 0.36 ± 0.01 bc 0.26 ± 0.01 a 0.78 ± 0.09 a 0.70 ± 0.06 a F1 0.38 ± 0.02 bc 0.23 ± 0.00 ab 0.69 ± 0.12 a 0.58 ± 0.04 ab F2 0.34 ± 0.02 c 0.21 ± 0.00 b 0.59 ± 0.12 a 0.42 ± 0.12 b M1 0.46 ± 0.01 a 0.24 ± 0.00 ab 0.80 ± 0.09 a 0.60 ± 0.06 ab M2 0.41 ± 0.03 ab 0.23 ± 0.01 ab 0.77 ± 0.00 a 0.57 ± 0.04 ab (P<0.05) DOC 100% WHC Eh DOC 100% WHC ~ 30% WHC DOC [17] DOC [18] (C) DOC [19] 3.2 ph Eh - ph [20 21] DOC DOC [22] [23] DOC Cd Zn Ni Boyle Fuller [24] Dunnivant [25] DOC Zn Cd Cu [26 31] ~ 50% WHC Zn Cd 100% DOC Eh S 2 Zn 2+ Cd 2+ ZnS CdS ph Zn Cd [32] DOC Cu Ni DGT Zn Cd Cu Ni ( 1) DOC
1050 46 ~ 50% WHC 100% WHC ~ 30% WHC Cu Ni DGT Zn Cd Cu Ni (C)DOC DGT 3.3 DGT DGT DGT 1 Ni Cu Ni Cu Zn Cd DGT ( 1) DGT Ni Cu Ni Cu Zn Cd ( 1) Zn Cd Ni Cu Zn Cd Cu Ni ( 2) DGT 4 DOC DGT Cu Cd Zn Ni Cu Ni Zn Cd DGT [1]. [J]., 2008, 31(7): 69 73 [2]. [M]. :, 2002: 79 134 [3],,. [J]., 2003, 25(4): 215 217 [4],,,. [J]., 2012, 75(12): 1 109 1 112 [5] Zhang H, Zhao FJ, Sun B, Davison W, McGrath SP. A new method to measure effective soil solution concentration predicts copper availability to plants[j]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2001, 35(12): 2 602 2 607 [6] Di Taro DM, Mahony JD, Hansen DJ, Scott KJ, Carlson AR, Ankley GT. Acid volatile sulfide predicts the acute toxicity of cadmium and nickel in sediments[j]. Environmental Science and Technology, 1992, 26: 96 101 [7] Selck H, Palmqvist A, Forbes VE. Uptake, depuration, and toxicity of dissolved and sediment-bound fluoranthene in the polychaete, Capitella sp[j]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2003, 22(10): 2 354 2 363 [8] Nolan AL, Zhang H, McLaughlin MJ. Prediction of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper availability to wheat in contaminated soils using chemical speciation, diffusive gradients in thin film, extraction and isotopic dilution techniques[j]. Journal of Environment Quality, 2005, 34(2): 496 507 [9] Mundus S, Lombi E, Tandy S. Assessment of the Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) Technique to Assess the Plant Availability of Mn in Soils[C]. Australia: 19th World Congress of Soil Science, 2010 [10],,,. [J]., 2011, 30(12): 2 080 2 084 [11],,,. [J]., 2006, 25(4): 939 944 [12],. [J]., 1995, 15(2): 142 146 [13],,,,. 3 [J]., 2006, 25(4): 979 982 [14],,. [J]., 2006, 38(6): 782 789 [15] Cater HT, Tipping E, Koprivnjak JF, Miller MP, Cookson B, Hamilton-Taylor J. Freshwater DOM quantity and quality from a two-component model of UV absorbance[j]. Water Research, 2012, 46: 4 532 4 542 [16],,, Davison W. (DGT) [J]., 2011, 30(2): 205 213 [17],. [J]., 2004, 17(4): 535 540 [18] Lundquist EJ, Jackson LE, Scow KM. Wet-dry cycles affect dissolved organic carbon in two California agricultural soil[j]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1999, 31: 1 031 1 038
6 1051 [19],,. [J]., 2007, 38(5): 853 855 [20] Appel C, Ma L. Concentration, ph, and surface charge effects on cadmium and lead sorption in three tropical soils[j]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2002, 31: 581 589 [21] Naidu R, Kookana RS, Sumner ME, Harter RD, Tiller KG. Cadmium sorption and transport in variable charge soils: A review[j]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1997, 26: 602 617 [22],. [J]., 1996, 12(5): 165 169 [23],,. [J]., 2003, 20(l): 8 11 [24] Boyle M, Fuller HW. Effect of municipal solid waste leachate composition on zinc immigration through soil[j]. Journal of Environment Quality, 1987, 16: 357 360 [25] Dunnivant FM, Jardine PM. Transport of naturally occurring dissolved organic carbon in laboratory columns containing aquifer material[j]. Environmental Science and Technology, 1992, 56: 437 441 [26],,. [J]., 2007, 15(3): 25 28 [27]. [D]. :, 2005 [28],,,,,. Fe Mn Cu Zn [J]., 2010, 41(2): 447 451 [29],,. [J]., 2009, 41(5): 726 732 [30],,. [J]., 2004, 35(4): 474 478 [31],,,,,. [J]., 2009, 46(3): 412 417 [32],,,,,,. [J]., 1993, 1(6): 29 40 Influence of Moisture and Drying Process on Soil Heavy Metal Availability DENG Lin 1, 2, LI Zhu 2, WU Long-hua 2*, LIU Hong-yan 1, LUO Yong-ming 2, 3 (1 College of Resources and Environment Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; 2 Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; 3 Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China) Abstract: Soil moisture changes can significantly affect soil properties and lead to the change of soil heavy metal availability. In this study, the effects of moisture and drying process on soil heavy metal availability were studied by investigating Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni concentrations represented by DGT and in soil solution. The results showed that soil drying process could decrease DOC concentration of soil solution and change soil heavy metal availability. Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni availability evaluated by DGT and concentrations of Cu, Ni in soil solution decreased with the soil water contend decreasing during soil drying processes; compared with the soil with long dry duration, the dry soil subjected with dry-wet cycle decreased or significantly decreased in heavy metal availability. Compared with the method evaluating metal availability by determining metal in the soil solution, DGT can reflect on the effects of soil moisture on metal buffer supply ability from the solid metal, and give much better evaluation to soil metal. In agricultural production, appropriate water management can be used to reduce the availability of heavy metal, thus alleviate the toxicity of heavy metal. Key words: Soil moisture, Dry process, Heavy metal availability, Soil solution, DGT