Expert Group Meeting on Improving Access to Water, Sanitation and Energy Services in Asia and the Pacific, by addressing the Water Food Energy nexus, 20-22 March 2013, Bangkok, Thailand The Yellow River Basin: Water and Land for Food and Fuel? Guanghui Xie and Baogui Zhang National Energy R&D Center for Non-food Biomass China Agricultural University
Energy resources Energy supply and environment protection are two crucial issues for the sustainable development of global prosperity. Over 80% of the energy consumed today in the world is derived from fossil fuels. (Chun-Mei Pan, 2008)
Petrochemical Energy Depletion Coal: 150 Years Natural Gas: 60 Years Petrol: 40 Years CO 2 Emission
十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜年一 Liquid fuel needs and C 2 O emission reduction 剑 China is stepping on accelerator after the USA 精细致 RVs MCs 胜 Buses Trucks 十 Cars 年 一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致 Oil demand (million metric tons/year) 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Increase in automobiles (million/year) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 (ANL, 2006) CO 2 emission from energy comsuption (billion metric tons/year) 2000 2010 2020 2030 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Oil dependency (%) (IEA, 2004; AlixPartners, 2010) ( 朱棣文, 2010) USA China 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 year The rest of the world 十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致
十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜年 Plant Biomass 一剑精细 Energy Crops Plant Residual 致胜十 Sugar & Starch Oil Lignocellulose 年一剑 Fermentation Esterification 精 Distillation 细 Anaerobic 致 Biorefinery Compaction Hydrolysis Fermentation 胜十 Ethanol Feed Combustion Bio-diesel Liquification Gasfication 年一 Chemicals Methane Solid Fuels Ethanol 剑精 Electricity, Heat Bio oil; Methanol Synth. Gas; H 2 细致 十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致
十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜年 Our goal of 一剑 10 Mt fuel ethanol from nonfood feedstock in 2020 精细致胜 the goal 十 9% nonfood nonfood 年 18% wheat 一剑精细致 73% corn 1700 kt 胜 < 2000 kt 十 nonfood 年一剑 2008 2007 2009 精细 (1 t = 1000,000 Mg) 致 十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致
The Water-Food-Energy Nexus Bioenergy Water Land Food Dedicated energy crops Crop residues Crops
The Yellow River - the cradle of Chinese civilization Total basin area: 0.75 km 2, grassland: 47.9%, croplands: 26.6%, forest: 13.0% Barren lands: some 2 million ha Nourishes 140 million people with drinking water and irrigation (74,000 km²) Flows through: 9 provinces Length: 5,464 km;
十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜年 一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致 The Yellow River Land and food production Yellow river basin: -Arable land: 16 Mha 13% -Irrigated land: 5.2 Mha -Grain: 87 Mt 13% ( 赵银亮等,2011) Upper and middle reaches The source section: Qing-Tibet plateau, Loess Plat Loess eau pastures, swamps, and knolls The valley section: Steep cliffs Alluvial plains: Yinchuan and Hetao basin, desert and grasslands Yellow river basin: - Waste land: 1.7 Mha ( 姚松岭等,1992) Lower reach Huang-Huai-Hai basin: Cropland and saline-alkali land (http://www.yellowriver.gov.cn) 十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致
十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜年 一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致 Water resource and use in the basin The fact in 2011 Mean precipitation: 489.1 mm Equivalent to 389 billion m 3 Flow back to sea : 17.9 billion m 3 Surface water consumption (billion m 3 ) Total 33.4 Cropland Irrigation 24.4 (72.9%) Underground water consumption (billion m 3 ) Total 8.7 Cropland Irrigation 4.6 (52.4%) (Yellow river water resource bulletin, 2011) Prediction of shortage for irrigation 2020: 7.5 billion m 3 (15 %) 2030: 10.4 billion m 3 (19 % ) ( 肖素君等, 2011) 十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致
Water use potential Water saving engineering and technologies: Increase irrigation water index from 0.49 to 0.60-0.80 ( 赵银亮等,2011)
Environmental issues also are related to water
The Water-Food-Energy Nexus Bioenergy Water Land improvement? Land Food Dedicated energy crops Crop residues Crops
十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜年 Criteria to identify geographical area 一剑 for dedicated biomass crop production 精细 - Land 致 - not suitable to produce food crops (grain) 胜 - with a slope less than 25 degree 十年 - Water 一 - annual precipitation?? 剑 - surface water?? 精细 - underground water?? 致 - potential annual evaporation rate?? 胜 - water saving technology. 十 - Plant 年一 - woody at an area rich in water 剑 - herbaceous at an area short of water 精 - perennials at an ecologically fragile area. 细致 - resistance to drought, salinity/salt, or coldness 十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致胜十年一剑精细致
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