内分泌系统 Endocrine System ZHONG JINJIE 0017152@zju.edu.cn
exocrine endocrine Glandular epi. Endocrine organ No ducts follicle, cord, net like arranged cells Exocrine organ ducts acini
Ways of Secretion
下丘脑和垂体 -- 最高司令官
Pituitary gland: half for endocrine, another half is the extending of hypothalamus
甾体类激素分泌细胞 滑面内质网 脂滴 大量线粒体 溶酶体 高尔基复合体 肽类激素分泌细胞 粗面内质网 核糖体 高尔基复合体 分泌颗粒 线粒体
甲状腺 Thyroid Gland Follicular cell follicles C: parafollicular cell
Follicles(simple cuboid/culumnar epi.) + fenestrated capillary Follicular cell + basal lamina Follicular cell: T3, T4 Parafollicular cell: calcitonin Follicular cell
胶质 滤泡上皮细胞 滤泡旁细胞
滤泡旁细胞 (parafollicular cell)
肾上腺 Adrenal gland Cord or net like arranged endocrine cells Blue one: capillary net Zona: encircling beltlike structure
Capsule, cortex, medulla Cortex: ZG + ZF + ZR+ capillary Medulla: chromaffin cells + ganglion cell + central vein + capillary
Zona glomerulosa Zona reticularis Cortex of adrenal gland
Medulla: chromaffin cells + ganglion cell + central vein + capillary Chromaffin cell: epinephrine cell, norepinephrine cell Central vein
The cells of the adrenal medulla can be considered modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons that have become secretory cells.
Hormones and functions of adrenal gland
Function of adrenal gland
Medical applications Iodine deficiency goiter Cushing syndrome
Pituitary gland: half for endocrine, another half is the extending of hypothalamus
hypothalamus blood hormone RHs and IHs Hypothalamoputitary portal system 垂体 Pituitary gland Glandular part Nervous part putuitary
Development of pituitary gland
The pars distalis :75% of the mass of the hypophysis. Three cell types : + sinusoid chromophobes (Gr. chroma, color, + phobos, fear) two types of chromophils (Gr. chroma + philein, to love) called basophils and acidophils.
促甲状腺激素细胞 促性腺激素细胞 促肾上腺皮质激素细胞 血窦 生长激素细胞
下丘脑与神经垂体为一体 The neurosecretions are transported along the axons and accumulate at their endings in the pars nervosa. Here they form structures known as Herring bodies.
与脑垂体有关的疾病 激素类型分泌过多分泌不足 GH 巨人症 ( 儿童 ) 肢端肥大症 ( 成人 ) 侏儒症 ( 儿童 ) 嗜睡症 过早老化 ACTH 库欣氏病阿迪森氏病 TSH 甲状腺肿大 甲亢甲减 呆小病 催产素无月经泌乳过多 FSH 青春期延迟 不育 LH 月经紊乱无月经 雄激素不足
生殖系统 (Reproductive System)
生殖系统 : 间介中胚层生殖腺 : 生殖腺嵴原始生殖细胞 : 卵黄囊输精管道 : 中肾管 AMH androgen
睾丸从腹腔 下降到阴囊 35 ±
生殖细胞的分化 精原细胞 / 初级精母细胞 / 次级精母细胞 / 精子细胞 / 精子
卵子发生 精子发生
男性生殖系统的内分泌调控
精子发生 有丝分裂 减数分裂 精原细胞 / 初级精母细胞 / 次级精母细胞 / 精子细胞 / 精子
睾丸 (testis)
200000000 个精子 / 天 250-1000 个 / 睾丸 150 微米直径 30-70 厘米长 250 米长 / 睾丸 精子发生 spermatogenesis 精子形成 spermiogenesis
Germinal or seminiferous epi. Sertoli cell Basement menbrane Myoid cells seminiferous tubules Blood- testis barrier
seminiferous tubules HE staining
支持细胞 Stertoli cell 1. Support, protection, and nutritional regulation of the developing spermatozoa. 2. Phagocytosis 3.Formation of Blood- testis barrier 4.Secretion of ABP(androgen binding protein). 5.Production of AMH(antimullerian hormone). 6.Production of inhibin B.
Blood- testis barrier Tight junctions between the Sertoli cells form a barrier to the transport of large molecules along the space between Sertoli cells. Thus, the more advanced stages of spermatogenesis are protected from blood-borne products protecting male germ cells against blood-borne noxious agents.
生精小管中的各级生精细胞
精子形成 spermiogenesis Spermiogenesis is a complex process that includes formation of the acrosome (Gr. akron, extremity, + soma, body), condensation and elongation of the nucleus, development of the flagellum, and loss of much of the cytoplasm. Three phases: Golgi phase, acrosomal phase, maturation phase.
精子 spermatoza 形似蝌蚪
受精 fertilization
睾丸间质细胞 (Leydig cell,interstitial cell)
直精小管与睾丸网 Tubuli recti Rete testis Tubuli recti empty into the rete testis, contained within the mediastinum, a thickening of the tunica albuginea. The rete testis is a highly anastomotic network of channels lined with cuboidal epithelium.
附睾 epididymis Ductuli efferent Ductus epididymidis Functional muturation of sperm
The ductus epididymidis is a single highly coiled tube. It is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium composed of rounded basal cells and columnar cells Ductuli efferent
64 days± 14 days±
前列腺 prostate
The tubuloalveolar glands of the prostate are formed by a cuboidal or a columnar pseudostratified epithelium. Prostatic concretions: Small spherical bodies of glycoproteins, and often calcified,