Myology Ling Shucai
全身肌肉 600 多块占体重的 40% 每块肌都可视为一个器官
肌 (muscle) 的种类 1. 骨骼肌 skeletal muscle 2. 平滑肌 smooth muscle 3. 心肌 cardiac muscle
肌的构造与形态
Mophology of skeletal muscle
肌的命名原则 肌肉可根据共形状 大小 位置 起止点 纤维方向和作用等命名 形态 斜方肌 菱形肌 三角肌 梨状肌等 ; 位置 肩胛下肌 冈上肌 冈下肌 肱肌等 ; 作用 旋后肌 咬肌 ; 起止点 胸锁乳突肌 肩胛舌骨肌等 ; 综合命名 : 作用和形态 旋前圆肌 内收长肌 指浅屈肌等 肌纤维方向和部位 腹外斜肌 肋间外肌等 ; 位置和大小 胸大肌 胸小肌 臀大肌 ;
肌的配布规律和运动 1. 肌的起点和止点 2. 肌可以跨过一个或几个关节 3. 肌群的拮抗性 4. 肌群的协同性 5. 肌的运动受神经支配
肌的辅助装置 1. 筋膜 fascia: 浅筋膜和深筋膜 2. 腱鞘 3. 滑液囊
Supplementary structures 1. Fascia Superficial fascia Deep fascia Intermuscular septa 肌间隔 Reti naculum 支持带 Osseofascial compartment 骨筋膜鞘 2. Tendinous sheath 腱鞘 3. Synovial bursa 滑液囊 4. Sesamoid bones 籽骨
Teninous sheath 腱鞘 Common flexor sheath
肌的分部 1. 头颈肌头肌颈肌 2. 躯干肌胸肌膈肌腹肌 3. 四肢肌上肢肌下肢肌
Muscles of head 头肌 Craniofacial muscles 颅面肌 Epicranius 颅顶肌 Orbicularis oculi Muscles around mouth Masticatory muscles 咀嚼肌 Masseter 咬肌 Temporalis 颞肌 Medial pteryoid 翼内肌 Lateral pterygoid 翼外肌
Craniofacial muscles 颅面肌 Epicranius 颅顶肌 Orbicularis oculi 眼轮匝肌 Muscles around mouth 口周围肌
Masticatory muscles 咀嚼肌 1. Masseter 咬肌 2. Temporalis 颞肌 3. Medial pteryoid 翼内肌 4. Lateral pterygoid 翼外肌 2 1 4 3
Muscles of neck 颈肌 Superficial cervical muscles 颈浅层肌 Suprahyoid muscles 舌骨上肌群 Infrabyoid muscles 舌骨下肌群 Deep cervical muscles 颈深肌群
Superficial cervical muscles 颈浅层肌 1.Platysma 颈阔肌 2.Sternocleidomastoid 胸锁乳突肌 2 1
Suprahyoid muscles 舌骨上肌群 1. Digastric 二腹肌 2. Mylohyoid 下颌舌骨肌 3. Stylohyoid 茎突舌骨肌 4. Geniohyoid 颏舌骨肌 3 1 2
Infrabyoid muscles 舌骨下肌群 1. Sternohyoid 胸骨舌骨肌 2. Sternothyroid 胸骨甲状肌 3. Thyrohyoid 甲状舌骨肌 4. Omohyoid 肩胛舌骨肌 4 3 1 2
Deep cervical muscles 颈深肌群 Anterior group Longus colli 颈长肌 Lateral group 1.Scalenus anterior 前斜角肌 2.Scalenus medius 中斜角肌 3.Scalenus posterior 后斜角肌 2 1 Scalene fissure 斜角肌间隙
Deep cervical muscles 颈深肌群 Anterior group Longus colli 颈长肌 Lateral group 1.Scalenus anterior 前斜角肌 2.Scalenus medius 中斜角肌 3.Scalenus posterior 后斜角肌 2 1 Scalene fissure 斜角肌间隙
Scalene fissure 斜角肌间隙
Muscles of trunk 躯干肌 Muscles of back 背肌 Muscles of thorax 胸肌 Diaphragm 膈 Muscles of abdomen 腹肌
Muscles of back 背肌 1. Trapezius 斜方肌 2. Latissimus dorsi 背阔肌 3. Levator scapulae 肩胛提肌 4. Rhomboideus 菱形肌 5. Erector spinae 竖脊肌 6. Splenius 夹肌 2 1 6 3 4 5 5 Thoracolumbar fascia 胸腰筋膜
Muscles of thorax 胸肌 Thoracico-upper-limb muscles 胸上肢肌 1. pectralis major 胸大肌 2. pectoralis minor 胸小肌 3. serratus anterior 前锯肌 Thoracico-intrinsic muscles 胸固有肌 : 1. Intercostales externi 肋间外肌 2. Intercostales interni 肋间内肌 3. Intercostales intimi 肋间最内肌 1 2 3 4
Diaphragm 膈 Location Dome-shape, central tendon Three parts: Sternal part 胸骨部 Costal part 肋部 Lumbar part 腰部 Three hiatus: Aortic hiatus 主动脉裂孔 Wsophageal hiatus 食管裂孔 Vena caval foramen 腔静脉孔 Two triangle Lumbocostal triangle 腰肋三角 Sternocostal triangle 胸肋三角 Actions
Muscles of abdomen 腹肌 Anteriolateral group Obliquus externus abdominis 腹外斜肌 Obliquus internus abdominis 腹内斜肌 Transversus abdominis 腹横肌 Rectus abdominis 腹直肌 Posterior group Psoas major 腰大肌 Quadratus lumborum 腰方肌 Sheath of rectus abdominis 腹直肌鞘 Linea alba 白线 Inguinal canal 腹股沟管 Inguinal triangle 腹股沟三角
Anteriolateral group Abliguus externus abdominis 腹外斜肌
Anteriolateral group Obliguus internus abdominis 腹内斜肌
Anteriolateral group Transversus abdominis 腹横肌
Anteriolateral group Rectus abdominis 腹直肌
Posterior group Quadratus lumborum 腰方肌 Psoas major 腰大肌
Sheath of rectus abdominis 腹直肌鞘 Linea alba 白线
Inguinal canal 腹股沟管 简述腹股沟管的位置 形态 ( 四壁两口 ) 及通过内容
Muscles of upper limb 上肢肌 Muscles of scapula 肩带肌 Muscles of arm 臂肌 Muscles of forearm 前臂肌 Muscles of hand 手肌
Muscles of scapula 肩带肌 1. Deltoid 三角肌 2. Supraspinatus 冈上肌 3. Infraspinatus 冈下肌 4. Teres minor 小圆肌 5. Teres major 大圆肌 6. Sudscapularis 肩胛下肌 1 2 3 4 6 5
Muscles of arm 臂肌 Anterior group Biceps brachii 肱二头肌 Brachialis 肱肌 Coracobrachialis 喙肱肌 1 3 1 2 1
Muscles of arm 臂肌 Posterior group Triceps brachii 肱三头肌 1
Muscles of forearm 前臂肌 They consist of anterior and posterior groups. The anterior groups can be divided into four layers: The superficial layer: 1. Brachioradialis 肱桡肌 2. Pronator teres 旋前圆肌 3. Flexor carpi radialis 桡侧腕屈肌 4. Palmaris longus 掌长肌 5. Flexor carpi ulnaris 尺侧腕屈肌 The second layer Flexor digitorum superficialis 指浅屈肌 The third layer Flexor pollicis superficialis 拇长屈肌 Flexor digitorum profundus 指深屈肌 The fourth layer Pronator quadratus 旋前方肌 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Muscles of forearm 前臂肌 The posterior groups can be divided into two layers: Superficial layer: 1. Extensor carpi radialis longus 桡侧腕长伸肌 2. Extensor carpi radialis brevis 桡侧腕短伸肌 3. Extensor digitorum 指伸肌 4. Extensor digiti minimi 小指伸肌 5. Extensor carpi ulnaris 尺侧腕伸肌 Deep layer: 1. Supinator 旋后肌 2. Abductor pollicis longus 拇长展肌 3. Extensor pollicis brevis 拇短伸肌 4. Extensor pollicis longus 拇长伸肌 5. Extensor indicis 示指伸肌 5 4 3 1 2 10 6 7 9 8
Muscles of hand 手肌 Lateral Group 外侧群 ( 大鱼际 ) 1. Abductor pollicis brevis 拇短展肌 2. Flexor pollicis brevis 拇短屈肌 3. Opponens pollicis 拇对掌肌 4. Abductor pollicis 拇收肌 Medial Group 内侧群 ( 小鱼际 ) 1. Abductor digiti minimi 小指展肌 2. Flexor digiti minimi brevis 小指短屈肌 3. Opponens digiti minimi 小指对掌肌 Intermediate Group 中间群 1. Lumbricales 蚓状肌 2. Palmar interossei 骨间掌侧肌 3. Dorsal interossei 骨间背侧肌 1 8 2 6 5
Muscles of hand 手肌 Lateral Group 外侧群 ( 大鱼际 ) 1. Abductor pollicis brevis 拇短展肌 2. Flexor pollicis brevis 拇短屈肌 3. Opponens pollicis 拇对掌肌 4. Abductor pollicis 拇收肌 Medial Group 内侧群 ( 小鱼际 ) 1. Abductor digiti minimi 小指展肌 2. Flexor digiti minimi brevis 小指短屈肌 3. Opponens digiti minimi 小指对掌肌 Intermediate Group 中间群 1. Lumbricales 蚓状肌 2. Palmar interossei 骨间掌侧肌 3. Dorsal interossei 骨间背侧肌 3 7 9
Muscles of lower limb 下肢肌 Muscles of hip 髋肌 Muscles of thigh 大腿肌 Muscles of leg 小腿肌 Muscles of foot 足肌
Muscles of hip (pelvic girdle) 髋肌 Anterior group 1. Iliopsoas 髂腰肌 2. tensor fasciae latae 阔筋膜张肌 1. 2.
Muscles of hip (pelvic girdle) 髋肌 Anterior group 1. Iliopsoas 髂腰肌 2. tensor fasciae latae 阔筋膜张肌 Posterior group 1. gluteus maximus 臀大肌 3 6 7 8 5 4 2. gluteus medius 臀中肌 3. gluteus minimus 臀小肌 4. Piriformis 梨状肌 5. obturator internus 闭孔内肌 6. quadratus femoris 股方肌 7. obturator reternus 闭孔外肌
Muscles of thigh 大腿肌 Anterior group 1. Sartorius 股四头肌 2. Guadriceps femoris 缝匠肌 Medial group 1. Pectineus 耻骨肌 2. Adductor 长收肌 3. Gracilis 股薄肌 4. Adductor brevis 短收肌 5. Adductor magnus 大收肌 1 2 3 4 5 1 3 6 7
Muscles of thigh 大腿肌 Anterior group 1. Sartorius 股四头肌 2. Guadriceps femoris 缝匠肌 Medial group 1. Pectineus 耻骨肌 2. Adductor 长收肌 3. Gracilis 股薄肌 4. Adductor brevis 短收肌 5. Adductor magnus 大收肌 Posterior group 1. Biceps femoris 股二头肌 2. Semitendinosus 半腱肌 3. Semimembranosus 半膜肌 10 9 8
Muscles of leg 小腿肌 Anterior group 1. Tibialis anterior 胫骨前肌 2. Extensor digitorum 趾长伸肌 3. Extensor hallucis longus 踇长伸肌 Lateral group 1. Peroneus longus 腓骨长肌 2. Peroneus brevis 腓骨短肌 2 1 4 3 5
Muscles of leg 小腿肌 Anterior group 1. Tibialis anterior 胫骨前肌 2. Extensor digitorum 趾长伸肌 3. Extensor hallucis longus 踇长伸肌 Lateral group 8 1. Peroneus longus 腓骨长肌 2. Peroneus brevis 腓骨短肌 Posterior group 6 6 7 Superficial layer: Triceps 小腿三头肌 Gastrocnemius 腓肠肌 Soleus 比目鱼肌 9 10 Deep layer 1. Popliteus 腘肌 11 2. Flexor digitorum longus 趾长屈肌 3. Flexor hallucis longus 踇长屈肌 4. Tibialis posterior 胫骨后肌
Muscles of foot 足肌
思考题 1. 了解骨骼肌的构造 形态 命名原则和配布规律 2. 肌的辅助结构有哪些? 3. 分别试述上 下肢肌群的配布及其功能 4. 试述头颈部肌的分群 5. 试述主要的呼吸肌有哪些?