Biotechnology 1. (K. Ereky, 1917 2. (, 1988
(2000, : 10 2000 2005 2010 147.1 103.6 39.9 41.5 28.0 24.5 14.9 55.1 16.0 34.1 52.2 55.4 (2000 1999 1999 ( 1 Amgen Inc. 3340 6400 2 Genetech Inc. 1421 3883 3 Serono SA (1546 (4600 4 Biogen Inc. 794 1351 5 Genzyme Corp. 772 3800 6 Chiron Corp. 762 3110 7 Immunex Corp. 8 Medimmune Inc. 383 664 9 CSL Ltd. 10 Nabi 233 1746
(2000, 1 Amgen Inc., 2 Genetech Inc. 3 Serono SA 4 Biogen Inc. B B 5 Genzyme Corp. 6 Chiron Corp., 7 Immunex Corp. 8 Medimmune Inc. 9 CSL Ltd.,, 10 Nabi / DNA 59% 51% 40% 19% 33% 24% 17% 12% 33% 5% 4% 3% 100% 100% 100%
(1989 DNA ((1989 (1991 DNA ((1992 (1995 (1995 (1995 (Xa-21 (1995 (1996 2250DNA (1998 (2000 Biotechnological applications for crop improvement Biotechnological applications for (Sharma et al., 2002 Wide crossing Molecular markers Conventional breeding Genetic transformation Wide species F 1 BCF 1 BCF n Elite line Line with trait of interest X X X F 1 X Recurrent F 1 parent F 6-8 BC 1 BC 3-5 F 5 Improved lines Varieties with specific traits Elite line Tissue culture Transformation with novel genes Characterization T 1 T 3-5 Stable transgenic plants Field evaluation 7-10 years 3-6 years 7-10 years 5-6 years
GM (2003,10 1997-2002 173 GM Monsanto Aventis 80% ( Monsanto ( /, 2003, 8 GM Bayer glufosinate 1993 1, 2001 11 2000 7 : National Agri. Res. Center Monsanto Glyphosate (Dec 2002 Japan Tobacco National Ins. of Agrobio. Sci (, May, 2003 GM (2003,10 GM Aventis glufosinategm 4 GM, 2001 3 5 GM CSIRO Univ. of Southern Cross Charles Stuart Univ Philippine Rice Research Institute 3 GM Xa-21 9 1999 2000 Bt Bt,Xa-21 Dwarf Virus
GM (2003-2012 2012 2003-2005 2006-2008 2009-2012 Herbicide resistance Glyphosate *** Gluphosinate *** Disease resistance Bacterial Leaf Blight *** Rice Blast(chitinase * ** ** Rice Blast (PR5 * ** ** Virus resistance RHBV (hoja blanca virus * ** ** RTSV (tungro spherical virus * ** ** RYMV (yellow Mottle virus * ** RRSV (ragged stunt virus * ** Insect resistance Brown Plant Hopper ** *** Yellow Stem Borer (Bt *** Nutrition Vitamin A (psy, crt1, lyc * *** Iron bioavailability (ferritin, * *** phytase,metallothionin Iron bioavailability (IRT1, NAS ** ** High quality protein (Asp1 ** ** Abiotic Stress Submergence ** ** Salt and drought tolerance ** ** Yield NMS/Novel hybrids ** *** Carbohydrate quality/content * *** Panicle development/numbers ** *** A (2001 3.7 9.0 ( 3 NT
160 (MAS --- ISU, UI, Monsanto (2003 GM GM (NT/ha (NT/ha NGM Average 20732 66395 NGM Rice CL-XL8 20972 75977 (mutants CL-161 13952 60816 GM Rice Liberty Link (LL / 6.7% 61149 Round-up Ready (RR 1735 (26% ( 5 83000 / = 16.6 / x 5000 90 103,191 / ; 96271 / GMO 2003
USDA (Rice Molecular Breeding & Genetics Program -- (#2, #11, #12 98%-100% -- Amylose (Waxy -- ( (#8 -- (Sheath blight & blast -- ( /Amylose / -- ( / / -- ( /GMO IRRI -- -- ( -- A Starch Amylopectin Amylose (70 ~ 100 % (0 ~ 30 % high low Waxy (GBSS
Waxy (GBSS G/T 14 Exon + 13 Intron Transcription mrna 2.3 Kb Wx a G T 3.3 Kb Wx b Intron 1 J. I. G. 144-G, (CT11, (AATT6, 20 th -T, 230 th -X, 229 th -A, 363 th -G, 390 th -T 144-T, (CT17, (AATT5, 20 th -G, 230 th -T, 229 th -G, 363 th -T, 390 th -C
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X1 0.25** 0.18* 0.30** 0.28** 0.25** 0.30** 0.29** X2 0.41** 0.76** 0.73** 0.73** 0.76** 0.84** X3 0.44** 0.34** 0.39** 0.39** 0.54** X4 0.91** 0.90** 0.96** 0.95** X5 0.91** 0.94** 0.94** X6 0.93** 0.94** X7 0.96**
( 3.98 4.01 1 R703 4.11 4.20 R775 4.05 4.13 RM213 4.06 4.20 2 R703+R775 4.24 4.28 R703+RM213 4.26 4.28 R775+RM213 4.16 4.28 3 R703+R775+RM213 4.57 4.57 LSD 0.28 0.31 34 lines/1000 lines = 3.4 % #1, 4, 4, 5, 6, 8,11, 11, 11, 11 #4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 12 #11 #4 #12, 12 #7 #4 #11 6 #3, 5 #3 #4 #11 #6 #6 #3, 7 # 6 #1, 7, 10 #11 #1 #11(4 #2 #8 #7 #8 #6 #8 #1 6 11 15 26 #1, 12 -------------
(Terminator seed 2004
( 1999 2000 2005 ( ( 123.3 140.0 400.0 3% 13.5% 25.0% 100 120 200 ( 52.2 70.0 220.0 ( 100.2 110.0 140.0
1. 20.6% 2. / 15.9% 3. 14.3% 4. 9.5% 5. 7.9% 6. 6.3% 7. 9.5% 8. 4.8% 9. 6.3% 10. 4.8% T-DNA (1990 (1996 ( /
Rice Genome Project Monsanto 2000 2001 Syngenta 2002 IRGSP 2002 5 ( ( (??? *** : (??? :,
( ( (6. ( (4, 18 : 51 ( ( ( -- -- --, --
( Gowda et al., 2003 Reverse Genetics: Mutagenesis & Gene tagging Germplasm Collection & Evaluation Forward Genetics: Gene mapping & Isolation Genomics: Sequencing & Gene annotation Transcriptomics: mrna profiling Proteomics: Protein profiling Metabolomics: Metabolic components Bioinformatics: Database Evolutionary Studies: Rice, other plants, animal & microbes Breeding: MAS, transgenic, etc. / ( -Pokkali, -Nona Bokra (Apomixis
( ( / 50~55% 15~30% 20~30% 70% 5% 25% 50% 15% 35% 90% 5% 5% 15~20% 65~75% 10~15% 15% 15% 70% 15% 15% 70% 60% 20% 20%
?? 5 10???? ( / / (????? ($ Per Tonne ( ( 15% 5% 1996/97 450 415 338 303 n/a 1997/98 415 396 302 275 269 1998/99 369 470 284 261 257 1999/00 284 454 231 185 202 2000/01 272 313 184 167 165 2001/02 232 273 184 159 184 20000NT/35 = 571 U$