,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,, 2

,,,,,,,,, :,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,, 2

,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3

,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4

:, ; ;, ; ;, ;,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,,,,,,,, 4.,, :, ; ; ; ;,, 5

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6

,,,,,,,, ( ), ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7

,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ; ; ;,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8

,,,, 2. ( 14 13 ),,, 24 0. 01 mm,,, 1977 8,,,, ( 21 )1987,,, ( 22 ),,, 21 () 22 (),,,,,,,,, 1977 ( 23 ), 1978 ( 24 ),,,,,,,,,, 9

23 ( ) 24 ( ),,,,,,,, 1957 ( 25 ), 14, 12,,,, 24,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 26 ),,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 25 ( ) 26 ( ) 10

,, 30,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8,,,,,,,,,, ( 27 ),,,,,,,,,,, 28,, 27 () 28 ( ),,,,,,,, 3,,,,,, 11

,, 14 19,,,,,, 1986, ( 29 ) ;,, 29 ( ),,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30,,,,,, ( 210 ),,,,,,, 12

,,,, ( 211 ), 4,, 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 210 () 211 (),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 212,, 20 500 ( 213 214 ),,,,,,, 13

212 ( ) 213 (),,,,,,,,,,, 214 (),,,,,,,,,, ( 215 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 550,, 80%, 400,,,,,,,,, ( 216 ),,,, 14

,,,,, 215 ( ) 216 ( ),,,, ( 217 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 218 217 () 218 (),,,,,,,,,,, 15

,,, 1.,,,,,,, 18,,, 1921 700, 1926 62, 1931, 700 400,,, ( 1896 ), 1931,,,,,, 1944 97 100,, 3 000, 1 000,,,,, 1947 152, 4 000, 60, 14. 67,,,,, 1947,,, 3, 1948,,, 1949 3,,, 2. 20 80,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 16

,, 20 50,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 50,, 20 60,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 60,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 60, 17

,,, K K ;,, ;, ;,, ;, 20 60 ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 70,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 80,,,,, 1985,,,,, 1985, 40, 1986, K,,,,,, 3. 1986,,,,, 18

,,,, 20 90,, :,,, 200,, :,,, 20 90 21,,,,, 13,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1415,, 19

,,,,,,, :,,,,,, 15 16,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 40,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20

18 19,,, 20,,,,, 20 90,,,,,,,,,,,,,, K ;,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,, K,,, 200,,,,,,,,,, 21

,,,,,,,,,, 20 90,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 23,, 5 ( ),,,,,,, 22

,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 23

,,, ;, 1. (1 ) 1 g 320 m,, 1 g 3 420 m0. 14 mm 1 g 0. 2310-8 mm,,,,, 0. 05%, (2 ) 0 2. 065 10-2 mm 2 / m,,, 0 3. 11510 4 (3 ) W/ ( m K) [ 0. 744 cal/ (cm s K) ], 20, 19. 32 g/ cm 3 ; 1 063 17. 3 g/ cm 3 (4 ) 1 0001 300,,, 6 ; 2, 2. (1 ),,, 24

,, (2 ), ( AuCl3 ) ( AuCl) AuCl3 AuCl3 2H 2 O 140150 AuCl3,, AuCl3, AuCl3 ( AuCN) [ Au( CN) 2 ] ( Au2 S) ( Au2 S2 ) ( Au2 S3 ) (Au2 O) ( Au2 O3 ), (3 ),, (4 ) 22 Au 1 97 197, 79 118, 79,,,, Au 1 98 Au 19 9 3., (1 ), 100%, 10%, 1%, 0. 1%,,,,,, 70% ; 80% ; 90% ;, (2 ) K, 24, 24 K 1/ 24, 1 K ; 14/ 24, 14 K ; 18/ 24, 18 K, 1 g K 0. 041 667 g,, 1 13,,, 7 6 13, 13 1, 1 20, 16 1, 1, 1 0. 68 g, 1 326. 40 g, 24 1 261. 12 g 1 1, 1 1 20 %, 208. 9 g 25

,, ( t) ( kg ) ( g ),,, 1 31. 25 g,, ( oz), ( Pla tinum, Pt ),,,, 80%, 20% : 1.,, 5% 150,,,, 2.,,,,, 3., 4. 3,, 2, 1 g 1 600 m, 0. 002 5 mm, 4.,, 20 21. 45 g/ cm 3,,, 5.,, 9. 83 mm 2 / m,, 2 0003 000 6. 1 755,,,,, ;,,,, ( ),,, 26

,,,, 10. 5 g/ cm 3, 2. 5, 1. 59 mm 2 / m, : 1. ( ),,, 2.,,, 3., 1 g 1 800 m 4., 5.,,,,, (,, 99. 9 % 99. 999 % )(,, 95% 98 % ) (,,,, 25% 95% ) 3, 92. 5 %,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 27

,,,,, ;,,,,, ;, 1.,,,,,,,,,, ( 18 K 18 K ),,,,,,, 2.,,,,,, ;, ;,, 3.,,,, 18 K 28

18 K ; 24 K ; Pt900,,,,,,, 1. (1 ) ( ), ( ),, (2 ) 0. 5 g,,,,, ;,,,,, 0. 5 g (3 ), ( ) 1), GB 118872002 18 K,, Pt900 2),, 18 K Pt900 Pt900, (), 18 K ( ) G18K (), Pt900 Pt900, ( ), Pt900, Pt900, 18 K, 18 K G18KP t900 2. (1 ) :, ( ) ; 29

,, ;,, ( ),,,,,,, ;, ;, (2 ) 3, :,,,, (3 ) QB/ T 16901993, 30 : 1) : 1 000 g, 0. 01 g; 1 000 g 5 000 g, 0. 025 g; 5 000 g 20 000 g, 0. 10 g 2) : + 0. 4 g- 0. 5 g; + 0. 04 g- 0. 05 g; 200 g, : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) (4 ) : 1) ; 2) ; 3),

(5 ),,, (6 ) : 1) 1986 6 24 2 ),,,, GB/ T 161591996,, 3),,, 3. (), ( ) (1 ),,, (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,, 1),,,,,, 2),, 3), 1992, 4. :,,, 31

,,,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),, 3 4 5 ;,,, ; (4 ), : 1), ; 2) 3 (5 ) : 1) ; 2), 3) ; 4) ( ), 1.,, ( ),,, 2. GB 118872002,, GOLD, SILVER, 32 P LA TIN UM,

G, S, P, Au, Ag, Pt 3. GB 118872002, : : 990,, GOLD990 G990 : 999,, GOLD999 G999 925 : 925 925, 925, SIL- VER925 S925 : 990,, SILVER990 S990 950 : 950 950, 950, P LAT- IN UM950 Pt950 : 990,, PLATI- N UM990 P t990 ( ) 4. K K, Karat Gold, K, K K, K, 750, 585, 375 ; K, 22 K, 18 K, 14 K GB 118872002, K,, 22 K, 18 K G916, G750 ( ),, ( ),,,,,,, 33

,,,,, 1., 31 : (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),, ; ; ( ),,, 2.,, 32 31 32,,, ;,,,, ( 2 0003 000), ( ),,, 34

,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( 33 ),,,,, 33,,,,,,,,,, 35

,,,,, K,,, : ( 2 800),,,,,,, 1., 34, 35 34 35 1 2 2. 36 3. (1 ), 36 36

(2 ) 37,,, 17% : ( 96% ) 0. 5 kg, 2. 5 kg,,,,,,,,, : ( ), ; ( K ),, 37 a) b) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7,, ( 38 ), (220 V),, 2 min,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ( 4 h ),,, 4. (1 ), 150 ml ( 8 h),,, 150 ml ;,, (2 ) 40 h, 38 1 2 3 4 37

15,,, (3 ), O, 3, (4 ),, 10 #,, 1.,,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 38

,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4 h,,,,,,, 250 V,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 3 mm,, 39

,, 1., ( 3 mm),,,, ( )( ) ( )() 3 000, 20,,, ;,, 2.,,,, 3 000,,,, 3.,, 32. 24 (, ct), 1526,,, 19 1990,, 407,,,,,,,, 1., Diamond, Adamant,,, 1477, 15581603 16041689, ( Tavernier ) 6,, 1909,,, 40

58, (1 ) ( C),,, 2, 4, : ( a, b ) ( a, b ) a 0. 1% 0. 3 %,, 98 % b a,,,, b,,,, 2 %,, ( 3 106 ct) ( 995. 2 ct),,, 2. 417, 0. 044, 10,, 3. 52 g/ cm 3, b ; b ; X,, 1. 4710 4 W/ ( m K) [ 0. 35 cal/ ( cm s K) ],, ; 415 nm ; (2 ) 4C 4C ( Carat weight) ( Color ) ( Clarity ) ( Cut) 4, 4 C, 4C 1) ( Carat weight),, 1978 130. 08 ct, 115, 353. 9 ct, 1 2002. 72, 10. 4, : = 2 K ( ) (31) ( ct ), 1 ( ct ) = 0. 2 g, 1 = 0. 01 ct,,,, ( 58 ), 41

,,, 31,, : = 2 0. 006 1 ( ) (32),,, 60%, : = 60% (33) 31, 5. 32 mm, 5. 39 mm, 3. 08 mm, : 42 = [ (5. 32 + 5. 39)/ 2 ] 2 3. 080. 006 1 = 0. 538 77 (ct) : : = [ ( + )/ 2 ] 2 0. 006 2 (34) 11 0. 008 1. 51 0. 009 21 0. 010 2. 51 0. 010 6 = (35) 32, 7. 22 mm, 3. 9 mm, 2. 5 mm, :, = 7. 223. 9 = 1. 851, 2, 21 = 7. 223. 92. 50. 010 = 0. 703 9 (ct) : : 1. 51 0. 005 65 21 0. 005 80 2. 51 0. 005 85 31 0. 005 95 : 1. 251 0. 006 15 1. 501 0. 006 00 1. 661 0. 005 90 21 0. 005 75 = 0. 005 9 = = (36) (37) (38)

31 ( mm ) ( ct ) ( g ) (ct ) ( ) 1. 3 0. 01 0. 002 100 1. 7 0. 02 0. 004 50 2. 0 0. 03 0. 006 33 2. 2 0. 04 0. 008 25 2. 4 0. 05 0. 010 20 2. 6 0. 06 0. 012 16 2. 7 0. 07 0. 014 14 2. 8 0. 08 0. 016 12 2. 9 0. 09 0. 018 11 3. 0 0. 10 0. 020 10 3. 1 0. 11 0. 022 9 3. 2 0. 12 0. 024 8 3. 3 0. 14 0. 028 7 3. 5 0. 16 0. 032 6 3. 6 0. 17 0. 034 3. 7 0. 18 0. 036 3. 8 0. 20 0. 040 5 4. 0 0. 23 0. 046 4. 1 0. 25 0. 050 4 5. 15 0. 50 0. 10 2 5. 9 0. 75 0. 15 6. 5 1. 00 0. 20 1. 00 7 1. 25 0. 25 7. 4 1. 75 0. 35 7. 8 1. 95 0. 39 8. 2 2. 00 0. 40 8. 5 2. 25 0. 45 8. 8 2. 50 0. 50 9. 05 2. 75 0. 55 9. 35 3. 00 0. 60 9. 85 3. 50 0. 70 10. 3 4. 00 0. 80 11. 1 5. 00 1. 00 11. 75 6. 00 1. 20 2) ( Color ) ( ),, 32,, 43

32 ( GI A) ( IDC) ( CIBJ O) D 100 E 99 F 98 G 97 H 96 I 95 J 94 0. 2 ct K 93 L 92 M 91 N O 90 89 P 88 Q 87 R 86, SX 85 44

32,,, DH, IL, MX,, 85, 95, 9295, 92 ( GIA), Diamond D, X DH,, ( ), GIA D, 100 ;, GIA F, 98 ;,, GIA G, 97 IL, 6 500 K,,, GIA H, I, 96 95 ;,,, GIA J, 94 ;,,, GIA K, L, 93 92 MX,,, GIA M, N, O, P, 9188 ;,, GIA R, 86, ( 6 500 K), GIA, :,,,,,,,,,,, 3) ( Clarity) 10,, 6 : ( Flawless )F L, F L, ;,, ;, ( Internally Flawless )I F, ( Very Very Slight Included )VVS1, V VS2,, V VS1 V VS2 V VS2, ( Very Slight Included ) VS1, VS2,, VS1 VS2 VS2 ( Slightly Included)SI1, SI2, 45

( Inperfect)I1, I2, I3,, 33 33 FL IF Loupe clea n FL IF FL IF 10 10 V VS 1 V VS 1 V VS 2 V VS 2 V VS V VS V VS 1 V VS 2 V VS 10 12 V S 1 VS 1 V S 2 VS 2 VS V S VSI 1 VSI 2 10 SI 1 SI 2 SI SI SI SI 1 SI 2 10, 1 P I S + P K 1 PK 1 P K 1 2 P 2ndP K PK 2 P K 2 3 P 3ndP K PK 3 P K 3 ( ) spott ed Hea vily R ejection 4) ( Cut),,,,,,,,, 39 46

58, 0. 25 ct 39c 39 a ) b) c),,,,, : = / (39),,,,, ( 100% ),,,,,,,,, :, 30 cm,,,, ;,,, 8,,, 58,, 10,,, 34,,,,,,,, 47

34 < 53 % 53 % 55 % 56 % 66 % 67 % 70 % < 9 % 9 % 10 % 11 % 15 % 16 % 17 % > 17 % ( ) < 27 2730 3137 3840 > 40 < 39 % 39 % 40 % 41 % 45 % 46 % 47 % > 47 % ( ) < 38 3839 4042 4344 > 44 < 2 % 2 % 4 % > 4 %,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,,,,,, 2. Ruby, Ruber, ; Sapphire, Sapphins,,,,,,,, 48

,, (1 ) ( Al2 O3 ),,,,,,, 1), ( ),,, 1. 7621. 770, 0. 0080. 010, 0. 018, 9, 3. 954. 1 g/ cm 3,, 2), 3) 693 nm3, 470 nm 1 450 nm3, 450 nm 1,, (2 ) 1),,,,,,, ;, 3 60120,,,,,,,, 30%, :, ; ;, ;,,, 3604 ;,,,,,,,, ;,, 49

,,, ;, ;, ;,,,,,,,, 2),,,, :, ; ; : a.,,,, b.,,,, c.,,,,, ( 0. 04 ), (0. 044 ), d., ( 0. 039 ) ( 0. 040. 06 ), e.,,,,,, : 3. 35 g/ cm 3, 6. 507. 00, a.,,,,,,,,, b.,, 50

c.,,,,,, 3. Jadeit e, Picdo de jade,, 16,,,, (1 ) 1), N aal ( Si2 O6 ), SiO2 59. 44%, Al2 O3 25. 22%, NaO 15. 34%, 2),,,,,,,,,, 6 : ( ) ; ;,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 51

,,,,, 3),,,,,, : ( ),,,,,,,,, (2 ),, 100 g, 15,, 1),,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 2),,,,,,,,, 3, A B C A, 52

, B,, 510,, C,,,, B C, 3),,,,, :, 4. Agate,,, (1 ) 1) SiO2,, 2),,,, 1. 541. 55, 7, 2. 612. 65 g/ cm 3 3),,,,, (2 ) 5 : 1),,,,,,,,,, 2),, 3) 4),, 5),, 5. 53

, Pearl, Pernula,, (1 ) 1),,,, 2) CaCO3 91. 6%, H 2 O 4%, 4%, 0. 4% 3), 4), 2. 612. 69 g/ cm 3, 2. 78 g/ cm 3 (2 ) 1),,,,,,, 2),,, 4 m 3),,, :,,,,,, 0. 52 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 54

4),,,,,, :,,,,, 5%,, :, 1. 5 g/ cm 3,,,,, 15,,,,,,,, ;, 6., 4,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ) 1976, Phianite,,,,,,,,, 55

ZrO2,,,,, ( 0. 060, ),, 2. 15, 5. 66 g/ cm 3, 8. 5,,,, ;,, (2 ) Al2 O3,,, Al2 O3 1% 2 % Cr2 O3, 2% FeO 1 % T io2, NiO, V2 O5,, 3 : 1),, 2), 3) Al2 O3,,,,, C,, C, (3 ),,,,, 4. 19 g/ cm 3, 5 56

Design, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,, 41,,,,,,,,, 41 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 57

42 3.,,,,, ;,,,,, 43 42 43 4., ( ),,,, : (1 ) 180, 44 (2 ), 6 : 1), 45 44 45 2), 46 3), 47 58 46 47

4), 48 5), 49 6), 410 5.,,,,,,,, 411 48 49 410 411 6.,,,,, ; ; ;,,,,,,, 412 7.,,,,,,,,,,, 413 8.,,,,,,,,,, 414 9., 59

412 413 414,,,,,,,,, 10.,, ( 10. 618 ) 415, 415,,,,,,,,, : 1.,,,,,, 2.,,,,, ;,, 60 3.,,

,,,,,,,,, 416 4.,,,,,,, 417 416 417 5.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 61

,, 3,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 1.,,,,,,, ;, ;, ;,,, 3,, ;,,, ;,, ;, ;,, 418 2.,,,, ; ; 62

; ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 419 418 419 3.,, : (1 ),, 420 (2 ),, 421 (3 ),, 422 420 421 422 (4 ),, 423 (5 ),, 424,, 423 424 63

,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 8, 1.,,,,,,,,,, 425 2.,,,,,,,,,,,, 426 64 425 426

3.,, : (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ),,,,, 427 4.,,,,,,, 428 427 428,,,,, 1.,,,, 2. (1 ),,,, 429 (2 ),, 430 (3 ) 65

429 430 431, 431,,,,, ;,, 1. (1 ),, 432 (2 ),,, 4 33 432 433 (3 ), 434 (4 ) (5 ),,,, 435 66

434 435 2., (1 ),, 436 (2 ) 436, 437 (3 ) 437,, 438 (4 ),,, 439 (5 ),,,, 440,,,,,,, 1., 441 2., 442 3., 443 67

438 439 440 441 4.,,, 444 442 443 444,,,,,,, 1.,,, 445 2.,,,,,,, 446 3.,,,, 447 4.,,,,,,, 68

445 446 447,, 1., : ;,, 2.,,,, 3, 3.,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 448,, : ; 1., 69

, : ; ; (1 ), 1),,,,, 449 448 449,,,,, 450,,, 451 450 451 2) :,,,,,, 70 (2 )

,, ;,, : 1),,,,,,, 2),,,,, ;,, 3),,,,,,, 452 2.,,,,,,, ;, ;,, : (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 453 (2 ),, 1),, ( ) 71

452 453,,,,, 454 454 2),,,,,,,,, 4 55 455 3),, 1/ 4, 1/ 3 1/ 2,,,, 456 456 72

4),,,, 457 457 (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 458 458,,,, 1.,,,, 2.,,, 3.,, 73

,,,,,, ( ),,,, :, 1.,, 2.,,, S,,,, 3.,,,,,,,, 4.,,, 20 min,, 5.,,,,,,,,, ( ), 6.,,,,, 74

,,,, 7. ( ),,,,,, 75

,,,, K,,,, 1.,,,, 51,,, 52 51 52 76

,,, 53,, 53,,, 54,,, 55, 54 55 : (1 ) 1. 5 mm,,, 56 (2 ),, 57 (3 ) ( 58 ),,, 56 57 58 (4 ),,,,,, 59 (5 ),,,, 510 2., 77

59 510, 511, 4,, 512,,,,, 513, 514 511 512 513 3.,,,, 515, 516 514 515 516,,,,,, 78

: (1 ),, 2. 5 mm, 1. 5 mm ; 5 2. 5 mm, 5 mm 15 mm ( ), 517 (2 ),,, 1 mm, 518 517 518 (3 ),,,, 519 (4 ) 1. 4 mm,, 0. 71 mm,, 520 519 520 (5 ),,,, 521 (6 ),, 522 521 522 4.,,, 79

523,,,, 524 523 524 : (1 ) 0. 3 0. 4 mm (2 ),,, (3 ),, (4 ),, (5 ),,, (6 ),, 5., 525 6.,, 526 525 526,,,,,,, 80, 527

,,,,,, 527,,,, ;,,,,, 528 7.,, 529 528 529 8.,, :,,,, 5 30 9., : ( 531 ),,,,, 532 81

530 10., 533 531, 532 ( ) 533,,,,,,,, : 1.,,,,,, ;, 1. 5 mm ;, 0. 5 mm 82

2., 10 g, 0. 5 mm; 34 g, 0. 35 mm; 10 g, 1. 5 mm;, ;, 3. (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ),, 4.,,,,, ;, 5.,,,,,,,,,, 1. (),,,,,, 2.,,, ( 51 ),, 83

51 ( ) ( mm ) ( ) ( min) 70 5015 160 35 70 5020 160 45 70 5025 160 60 70 5030 160 70 70 5035 180 70 70 5040 180 75 3.,,,,, 4., 37 40 () 100,, 23 min,,, 60 min 5. :,, : 20, 15, 10,,, 6.,,,,,,,,,,, 534,,,, 84,,

534,, ;, 85

,,, : 1.,, 2. ( ),,, 3.,,,,, 4.,,,, 5.,,,,,, 6.,,,,, 7.,, 8.,,,,,,, : 1.,, 86

2., ( ),, 3.,,,,, 4., 5., :,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 6.,, 7.,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1. (, ) 87

( ) ( ) ( ) 2.,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 1.,,,, 2.,,,,,,, 3, : ; ;,,, ;,,,,,, 88

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Ariline Fisch,, ( 535 ),, :,,,,,,, ( 536 ),,,,,,, 535 536,,,,,,,, 89

, Sisma, S2 E, K,, POSALU X,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ; ; ;,,,,,, K,, K,, 20,, 20 90,,,,,, 21,,, : 1., 2. 3., 4.,, 5%, 70% 5., 90

( GB 118872002) 1. (, ) 2.,,, GB/ T 92881998 GB/ T 118861989 GB/ T 165521996 GB/ T 165531996 GB/ T 165541996 QB/ T 16561992, QB/ T 16891993 3. : ( Fineness ), 4., (1 ) 61 (2 ), 750 (3 ) 61 (4 ) 5. (1 ) 91

61 375 585 750 916 990 ( 999 ) 9 K 14 K 18 K 22 K ( ) ( ) 850 900 950 990 800 925 990 ( ) : : (0. 01 ct ), 18 K0. 45 cta18k0. 45ct ( D) (2 ) 61, 1) ( K ) G, : 750, G18K 2) P t, : 990, P t990 3) S, : 925, S925 4), 5), 6., GB/ T 9288, GB/ T 11886 QB/ T 1656 7. (1 ), : 18 K (2 ) QB/ T 1689 ( 3) GB/ T 16552, GB/ T 16553 GB/ T 16554 92 ( GB/ T 118881989) 1. 2. ( mm)

3. (1 ) ( ) : 160 mm0. 5 mm : 41 mm : 76 mm (2 ) 4. ISO 8653, 43 mm RINGSIZE ISO 865343 ( GB/ T 165521996, GB/ T 165531996 ) 1. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) 2.,,, GB/ T 165531996 3. (1 ) ( Gems ) 1) ( ) ( ), 2) ( ), ( ) ( ) (2 ) ( N atural gems ),,,,, (3 ) ( N atural gemstones ) 1),, ( ) 2),, 3) 93

,,,, () (4 ) ( N atural jades ) 1),,,, 2) ( ),, 3), (5 ) ( N atural organic s ubstances) 1),, 2),,, 3), (6 ) ( Artificial products), (7 ) ( Synthetic stones ) 1) 2), 3), ( Linde) ( Chatham ), (8 ) ( Artificial stones) 1) 2), 94 3)

, (9 ) ( Composite stones) 1),, 2),,,,, (10) ( Recon structed stones) 1) 2), (11) ( Imitation stones ) 1) 2),,, ( ), 3) ( ), : (, ) ; ; (12) ( Optical phenomena) 1) ( Cha toyancy ) :,, 2) :,, 3) ( Other optical phenomena), 95

,,, (13) ( Enhancement ) 1), ( ), ( Enhancing) ( Trea ting ) 2),,, ( ), ( ), (),,,,, 3) a. b. a., ( ) b., : c.,,,,,, :, : 96 ( QB/ T 16891993 ) 1. (1 ) (2 ) 2. (1 ) 1) 2) 3) (2 ) 1)

2) 3) 4) ( ) 5) 6) 7) 3. (1 ) 1) 999 2) 990 3) K K, 24 K 100%, 1 K 1/ 24100% (2 ) 1) 990 2) 925 925 (3 ) 990 4. (1 ) 1) ( ) 2) 97

98 3), 4), 5) 6) (2 ), 1) ( ) 2) 3), 4) (3 ) 1) 2), (4 ) 1) 2) 3) (5 ) ( ), 1) 2) 3) 4) 5), (QB/ T 16901993) 1. (1 ) (2 ), 2. 3. (1 ) 1) 1 000 g, 0. 01 g 2) 1 000 g 5 000 g, 0. 025 g 3) 5 000 g 20 000 g, 0. 10 g (2 ) 1) + 0. 4-0. 5 g

2) + 0. 0 4-0. 0 5 g 3) 200 g, 4. (1 ) 1) 2), 3) (2 ) 1) 1 000 g, 0. 002 g5, 0. 01 g 2) 5 000 g, 0. 01 g5, 0. 025 g 3) 20 000 g, 0. 04 g5, 0. 10 g 4) 50 000 g, 0. 25 g6, + 0. 4-0. 5 g 5) 1 000 g, 0. 01 g7, + 0. 04-0. 05 g 6),, 5. (1 ) ( g) (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) (5 ) (6 ), (7 ),, 1. Total Quality Control, TQC,,,,,, 99

,,,,,,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ),,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,, WTO,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 100 (1 ),,

,,, (2 ),, (3 ),,, PDCA,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 18 K, 75% ;,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 101

2.,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ;,,,,, 1.,,,,, 2. PDCA PDCA, P ( ) D ( )C ( )A ( ),, 3., ( ),,,,, 102

,,, ;, 3,,,,,, 1. 71, 1 5, 3 9, 9 6, 10,, 8, 4, 7 5,, 2. 71 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 25 mm, 5 mm 3 : 0 1 2, 0. 01 mm,, 0. 01 mm, (1 ) 103

,, : 1) ( 72 ) : 1, 72 1 2 3 4 5 6 A 6 4 ( ), 2,,, 3 73,,,, B ( ), 74 75,, 74 73 1 2 3 75 2) ( 76 ),,, : 5, 4, 104 1 2,,

, 3, (2 ) 25, 5 mm,, 0. 5 mm50 0. 5 mm,, 0. 5 mm; ( 1/ 50 ), 0. 01 mm,, 0. 01 mm 0. 5 mm : 1),,, 2) 3), ( ),, 4),, 77 10. 125 mm 76 1 2 3 4 5 77 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 3. (1),,,, (2),,,,,,,,,,, 02 000 mm( ) 105

, 1. 3, 78 78a, 1 29 5, 4 38 5 7 4 6,,, 78b 78c 10 11, 12 13 78 a) b) c) 1 2 3 4 11 5 6 2. 7 8 9 10 12 13, : (1) (2),, (3), 0. 05 mm, 12 mm 13 mm, 6 12 mm, 60. 05 = 0. 3 ( mm), 12 + 0. 3 = 12. 3 ( mm) 106 3. : (1) (2) (3), (4) (5),

(6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) 12,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. TG332A, 8 (1 ) 79,, 3,,,,, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),,,, 79 107

(4 ), ( ),,,,,,, (5 ) ( ), 0. 011 mg,, (6 ) ( ),,, (7 ) ( ) 100 mg,, 099 mg (8 ),, ( ),, 2. (1 ) 1), 20 2, 55% 75% ;, 2), 3),,, 4), (2 ),, ;,,, :, (3 ) 1),,,,,, ( ) 2), (),, ( ), 108

3),, ( ) ( ), ( ) 4),,, (4 ) 1) 2), ( 1) (2 ), 3), 4), 0, 5 ) : 10 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 50 mg; 1 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 5 mg 710 :, 50 mg ( ), 90,, 50 mg, 0,, 20 mg, 10 mg, 10 mg; 6), 710 ( mg),,,,,, 3. (1 ) 1) 20 2, 55% 75% 2),, 3) ;, 4), 5) 6), 7),, ;, (2 ),,,,,,, : 1), 109

2),, 3),, () 4),,,,,,,, 5),,, :,, ; ; 4. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),,,, (4 ), (5 ), (6 ) 1 mg, 1100 mg, ; 100 mg, (7 ) 711 (8 ),,, (9 ),, ( ),,,,, 711,,,, 1.,,, : 110 (1 ) ( 712 )

1) 2) () 3) () 4) ( ) 5), ( ) 6) (2 ) 1) 2) ( ) 3) () 4), (3 ) ( 713 ) 712 713 1), 2) 3),, ) (4 ) 45% 60% ( (5 ) 1) ( ) 2),,, (6 ) 1) 2) ( ), 3) 111

2. (1 ) ( 714 ),, (2 ) ( 715 ) 714 715 1), 2),, (3 ) ( 716 ) 1), 2) ( Standby mode), ( ) :, Standby mode ( ) (4 ) ( 717 ) 716 717 1) 2), 30% 40%, 3), 112 4),

, (5 ) ( 718 ) 1), 2), ( 30 min ), ( ) 3), (6 ) ( 719 ) 718 719 1),, 2) (7 ),,, (8 ) 1) 2) 3.,,, (1 ) 1) 2),,, ( ) :,, ( ) (2 ) 1) 2) : ( ), 113

3), (3 ) 1),,, 2) ( ), ( ) ( 40%, ),,, ;, 3) : ( 45% 60% ) ( ), (4 ) 1), 2),, 3), ( ), ( ), ( ) (5 ) 1) 2) ( ), 1. 2 kg/ m 3 ( ) 1. 2 kg/ m 3 114 :, ( ), ( )

(6 ) 1) 10 m ( 4 ), 2),, ( ) :,,,,, 20 40, 1961, :,,,,,, 1955,,,,,,,,, : : 5 : = / 1.,, 2.,, 3.,, 4.,, 5.,,,, 1., 2. 3. 115

4., 5. 6., 7., 8., 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 13 1 5,, ; 6 12, ; 13,,,,,, ABC,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 : 116 1.? 2.? 3.? 4.? 5.? 6.?? 7.? 7,,

,,,,,,,, :, ; ;, :,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1.,,,, : 2. (1 ),,, : 1),,, 2),, 3),, (2 ), 117

(3 ) 1), 2), : 3), 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) (4 ),, 1), :, ;,,,, : 2),, : 3),, :,, 118