, 1607 100, 20 80,,,,, : (1720-1776 ) ; (1830-1860 ) ; (1882-1924 ) ; (1980 ),,,, : (1609-1775 ) ; (1776-1881 ) ; (1882-1916 ) ; (1917-1964 ) ; (1965 ),,,,,,, : (1720 1812 ) ; (1820 1860 ) ; (1880 1924 ) ; (1980 ) : ( ) 18 19, : (1943-1990) ( ) 1996, 4 : : (W illiam S. Bernard, Imm igration: H isto ry of U. S. Po licy ), (H arvard E ncy clop ed ia of A m erican E thnic G roup s), 1980, 486-496
19, 1720,,,, 1720, 1740 1760, 6 1745, 45, 000,,,,,,, 1751 :,,, :,,,,,,, 1798,,, 1793 1815 1812 1814, ( ) 1820 1880, 1000,,,, 1820 1840 2612, 16 1841 1880 25617, 28912, 1810 715 1860 300, 10% 2,,,,,,, :, 1993, 61, :, 58 L. : : (D avid L. Bender & L eone B runo, R acism in A m eri2 ca: Opp osing V iew p oints), 1991, 287 : : (M ilton Go rdon, A ssim ilation in A m erican L if e: T he R ole of R ace, R elig ion & N ational O rig ions), 1964, 89 : : (John Isbister, T he Imm ig ration D ebate: R em ak ing A m erica), 1996, 43 R. : : (D ale R. Steiner, Of T hee W e S ing: Imm ig rants and A m erican H istory ), 1987, 101
20 2001 1, 1836, F. B., 1844, 1845 7 4,, 1845 1855 10, 100, 1855,,,,, ( ) 1860,, 1860,,, 1870, 117, 11%, 61% ;, 21% ;, 58% ;, 25% 1880,, 1880,, 1882,,,,,, 1921 1924,,,,, 1943 1882, 1952, 20 60,, 1965, L. : :, 59 60 L. : :, 57 : (T sai, Sh ih2shan H enry, T he Ch inese E xp erience in A m erica), 1986, 10 11
21 :, 1924 1980 ;,, ;, 20 60,,, 1880, 1924 ( ) 20 80,, 1980, 12 (Key W est),,,,,,,,, -, 1880 :, 1992, 69% 1990, 55% 1993, 60%, 62% 1994,, 1986 1990 1996,, 20 80 90,,,, M. : : (D avid M. Reim ers, S till the Gold en D oor: T he T h ird W orld Com es to A m erica), 1985, 169 170 : :, 56 : : (D avid H ere, Imm ig ration in A m erica s F u tu re: S ocial S cience F ind ing s and P olicy D ebate), 1996, 202 : :? (Tom M o rganthau, Am erica: Still a M elting Po t? ), (N ew sw eek) 1993 : :, 6
22 2001 1,, : ; ;, 1880 1924 1980,,, 20, ( ),,,,,,,,, S. 1912 4, F.,,,,, 1906,, Z. 1908, : 1916,,,, 1907, 1915 :, 1987, 165 115 L. : :, 126 122 : :, 267 : :, 226 268 L. : :, 44
23,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1839,, 30% 1890, 16, 1917,,,,,,, T. :,,,,, :, :,, 20 90, 1998 1998 L. : :, 289 L. : :, 113 L. : :, 94 95 96 L. : :, 97
24 2001 1,,,, 84%, (80% ), 1882, 1891, 1903,, 1907 1908 1917 1921 1924,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, - 19 -,,, :, 1998 4 :
25,,,, 19,,, - -,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1880-1880,, -, -, -,,,, -,, 19, (R eligion Experience) 19 30,,, 6,, 6,,,, - 19 18,,, - :, 1990, 356 : (F rederick. Jack son. T urner, F rontier in A m erican H istory ), 1962, 23 N. : (Edw ard. N. Savich, A m erican H istorians and E u rop ean Imm ig ra2 tion), 1965, 136 : 19 20, 1994 4
26 2001 1,, 19,,,,,,, 19,, -,, 19 20 (Chau tauqua) 1890 1920,,,,, -,, -,, 19,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 80,, 90,,,,,,, 19 20,,,,
27,,,,,,,, 1783,,,,, 19,,,,,, :,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 19 20,,, 19, 1886, 1889, 1891, 1892, 1898,, -, 20,, -, : (M uldw yn Jones, A m erican Imm ig ration), 1960, 79 :, 1997 3
28 2001 1, 19,, 1859,, 1893, ; 1897,, ; 1905, ; 1906,,,, : ( ),,,,,,,,,,, [, 210008 ] ( : ) :, 1989, 168 :, 175