é SI

12g C = 6 12

= 1 H2( g) + O2( g) H2O( l) + 286kJ ( 1) 2 1 1 H 2( g) + O2( g) H2O( l) H = 286kJ mol ( 2) 2 1 N 2 ( g) + O2( g) NO 2 ( g) 34kJ 2 1 1 N 2 ( g) + O2( g) NO 2 ( g) H = + 34kJ mol 2 1 N ( g) + 2O ( g) 2NO ( g) H = + 68kJ mol 2 2 2

2 2 6 12 6 2 ( ) 6CO + 6H O C H O + 6O H = + 289kJ mol 1

12 C = 12 12 6-26 C (1.9927 10 kg) 1/ 12 6

A X A Z Z Z ( A Z X) ( A Z) Z 1 2 3 3 H H H 1 1 234 235 238 235 U U U3 U 92 92 92 92 16 8 O 17 O 8 18 O 8 1

m = + 1 1 s m s = 2 2

1 I A 1 1s 1 H 2 S II A 2 2s,2p 3 Li S 4 Be S 3 3s,3p 11 Na 12 Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 S S III B IV B V B VI B VII B 4 4s,3d,4 p 5 5s,4d,5 p 6 6s,4f,5d,6p 7 7s,5f,6d 19 K S 37 Rb s 55 Cs s 87 Fr s 20 Ca S 21 Sc S d 38 Sr 39 Y s s d 56 Ba s s df 88 Ra s s df 22 Ti S d 23 V s d 40 Zr 41 Nb s d s d 72 Hf [f ]s d s d 104 Rf 105 Ha s d 24 Cr s d 42 Mo s d 74 W s d 106 s d Unh s d ns 26 Fe s d (n-1)d ns 25 Mn s d 43 Tc s d 75 Re s d 107 Uns 26 Fe s d 44 Ru s d 76 Os s d 108 Uno 18 VIII A 13 14 15 16 17 10 H 2 III A IV A V A VI A VII A S 5B 6C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 8 s p p p p p p 9 10 11 12 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 8 VIII B I B II B s p p p p p p 27 Co s d 45 Rh s d 77 Ir s d 109 Une 28 Ni\ 29 Cu s d s d 46 Pd 47 Ag s d s d 78 Pt s d 79 Au s d 30 Zn s d 48 Cd s d 80 Hg s d ds (n-1)d ns 31 Ca 32 Ga s d p p 49 In 50 Sn s d p p 81 Tl 82n Pb f s d p p p 33 As p 51 Sb p 83 Bi p 34 Se p 52 Te p 84 Po p ns np 35 Br p 53 I p 85 At p 36 Kr 18 p 54 Xe 18 p 86 Rn 32 p F (n-2)f (n-1)d ns 57~71 s df 57 La d 58 Cc f d 59 Pr f 60 Nd f 61 Pm f 62 Sm f 87~103 s df 89 Ac d 90 Th d 91 Pa d f 92 U d f 93 Np f d 94 Pu f

63 Eu f 64 Gd d f 65 Tb f 66 Dy f 67 Ho f 68 Er f 69 Tm f 70 Yb f 71 Lu d f 95 Am f 96 Cm d f 97 Bk f 98 Cf f 99 Es f 100 Fm f 101 Md (f ) 102 No (f ) 103 Lr (d f )

H 13.598 Li 5.392 Be 9.322 Na 5.139 Mg 7.646 K 4.341 Ca 6.113 Sc 6.54 Ti 6.82 V 6.74 Cr 6.766 Mn 7.435 Fe 7.870 Co 7.635 Rb 4.177 Sr 5.695 Y 6.38 Zr 6.84 Nb 6.88 Mo 7.099 Tc 7.28 Ru 7.37 Rh 7.46 Cs 3.894 Ba 5.212 La 5.577 Hf 7.0 Ta 7.89 W 7.98 Re 7.88 Os 8.7 Ir 9.1 Fr Ra 5.279 Ac 6.9 He 24.587 B 8.298 C 11.260 N 14.534 O 13.618 F 17.422 Ne 21.564 Al 5.986 Si 8.151 P 10.486 S 10.360 Cl 12.967 Ar 15.759 Ni 7.635 Cu 7.726 Zn 9.394 Ga 5.999 Ge 7.899 As 9.81 Se 9.752 Br 11.814 Kr 13.999 Pd 8.34 Ag 7.576 Cd 8.993 In 5.786 Sn 7.344 Sb 8.641 Te 9.009 I 10.451 Xe 12.130 Pt 9.0 Au 9.225 Hg 10.437 Tl 6.108 Pb 7.416 Bi 7.289 Po 8.42 At Rn 10.748

Li 1.0 Be 1.5 Na 0.9 Mg 1.2 K 0.8 Ca 1.0 Sc 1.3 Ti 1.5 V 1.6 Cr 1.6 Mn 1.5 Fe 1.8 Rb 0.8 Sr 1.0 Y 1.2 Zr 1.4 Nb 1.6 Mo 1.8 Tc 1.9 Ru 2.2 Cs 0.7 Ba 0.9 La-Lu 1.0-1.2 Hf 1.3 Ta 1.5 W 1.7 Re 1.9 Os 2.2 Fr 0.7 Ra 0.9 Ac 1.1 H 2 1

B 2.0 C 2.5 N 3.0 O 3.5 F 4.0 Al 1.5 Si 1.8 P 2.1 S 2.5 Cl 3.0 Co 1.9 Ni 1.9 Cu 1.9 Zn 1.6 Ga 1.6 Ge 1.8 As 2.0 Se 2.4 Br 2.8 Rh 2.2 Pd 2.2 Ag 1.9 Cd 1.7 In 1.7 Sn 1.8 Sb 1.9 Re 2.1 I 2.5 Ir 2.2 Pt 2.2 Au 2.4 Hg 1.9 Tl 1.8 Pb 1.9 Bi 1.9 Po 2.0 At 2.2

2 3 19 117 235 H H F Sn U 1 1 9 50 92 128 2 52 Te 195 78 Pt

* 20. 92-1 = 0.7150 41.88MJ kg 1kg 29. 26 4188. 1.431kg = 1.431 29. 26

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

. 1992 2

CaC + H O HC CH + CaO 2 2 2C H + 5O 4 CO + 2H O 2 2 2 2 2 ( 3000 )

..

mco + nh O C ( H O) + O 2 2 m 2 n 2

1 C + 2 O = CO 2

..

1 kj g

H SO 2 4 CH = CH + H O CH CH OH 2 2 2 3 2

CH2 = CH2 + HCl CH3 CH 2Cl 1 CH3CH2CH = CH 2 + O2 CH 2 = CH CH = CH2 + H2O 2

C H C H + C H 16 34 8 18 8 16

. 1993 3

I 2 1 CH3CHO CH4 + CO Ea ' = 136kJ mol

1 C2H 4 + O 2 CH3CHO 2 C H + 3O 2 CO + 2H O 2 4 2 2 2

235 RaCl 50 1g 235 U 2 92 1 2 8 10 kj 1g 1H 4 238 4 + 2 He 238 U 2 234 90 234 Th 238 92 234 90 4 2 90 U Th + a( He) 0 0 1 e 234 Th 234 Pa 90 234 90 Th Pa β( e) 234 0 91 + 1 1 234 91 92

30 30 P 15 0 < /PGN0069.TXT / PGN > +1 e 30 30 Si 15 14 27 13 Al + He P + n 30 15 4 2 30 14 30 15 P Si e 0 + + 1 1 0 30 P 1 4 12 15 18 H He C N O 1 182 208 208 237 4 Hf Pt Hg Th 72 78 2 235 U 92 80 6 7 90 8 +1 7 B 92

235 239 U Pu U 235 92 94

t1/2 30 U-235 10kg

2 2 H 1 4 He 2 2 1 H + H He 2 1 1 4 2. 1988 3

2 6 4 H + Li 2 He 1 3 2 131 125 31 60 1500 I I P Co 53 53 14 C 15 6 29 1 1

2+ Cu + 2e Cu 2+ Zn Zn + 2e + 1 θ 2H ( 10. mol L ) + 2e = H 2( 100kPa) E H + 0 H 2 = / θ E = +0.34V 2+ Cu /Cu θ 0.34V + = 0.76V E Zn /Zn

+ Zn + 4NH Cl ( NH ) ZnCl + 2NH + 2e 4 4 2 4 4 MnO + H O + e MnO( OH) + OH 2 2

2 PbO + SO + + 4H + 2e PbSO + 2H O 2 4 2 Pb + SO PbSO + 2e 4 4 4 2 PbO + Pb + 2H SO 2 PbSO + 2H O 2 2 4 4 2 2 + PbO PbSO + 2H O PbO + SO + 4H + 2e 2 4 2 2 4 Pb PbSO + 2e Pb + SO 2 4 4 2PbSO + 2H O PbO + Pb + 2H SO 4 2 2 2 4 99

2 Zn + 4OH 2 Zn( OH) + 4e Ag O + 2H O + 4e 2 Ag + 4OH 2 2 2 2Zn + Ag O + 2H O 2 Zn( OH) + 2Ag 2 2 2 2 2

2NaCl 2Na + Cl 2 2 2 6 1 Na 1s 2s 2p 3s 11 17 Cl 1s 2s 2p 3p 2 2 6 5 2 2 6 2 Mg 1 s 2s 2p 3s 12 17 8 Cl 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p O 1s 2s 2p 2 2 6 2 5 2 2 4. 1993 7

1 1 NaCl( s) Na( g) + Cl2 ( g) U = 789kJ mol 2 r0 pm 1 kj mol

+ δ δ + - H I

C = C = O

1 kj mol CH + 2O = CO + 2H O 4 2 2 2

CH CH +2O =CO +2H O C H 2C H +13O =8CO +10H O C H 2C H +25O =16CO +18H O C H 1 H2 + O2 = H2O 2 56 50 48 C+O =CO 33 123 1 H2O = H 2 + O2 2 1 H O H = H H + O = O 2 2mol H O 1 mol H H 0. 5 mol O = O 436kJ 2 465kJ = 930kJ 0. 5 498kJ = 249kJ

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) : : :, ( ),,,

hv ) 2 2 6 12 ( ) 6 2 6CO ( g) + 6H O C H O + 6O ( g)

hv NO 2 g NO g O g

2 2 3 2SO + O 2SO SO + H O H SO 3 2 2 4 SO + H O H SO 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 4 2H SO + O 2H SO

O hv 2 2 O + O O O 2 3

3 2 2 2 2NH + 3O 2HNO + 2H O 2 2 3 2HNO + O 2HNO. 1978 2

3HNO H + + NO + 2NO + H O 2 3 2

n E = Ci / C i= 1 is

. 1993 4 52

2 Cd + Ca( OH) Cd( OH) + Ca + 2+ 2 2 2 Hg + Ca( OH) Hg( OH) + Ca + 2+ 2 2

K { c m / c} { c / c} sp = n+ 1 m A B n

2 2 3 3 6Fe + + Cr O + 14H + 6Fe + + 2Cr + + 7H O 2 7 2

. 1996 4 10

C H + Cl + Ca( OH) C H O + CaCl + H O 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 44 111 18

n n = 2 π a NaCl a. 1995 10 6 25

n n 1 2 3 4 6 4 4 6 4 m i 8 32

.. 1987 1

2 3 2 2Al O 4Al + 3O

1 H 2 + O 2 H 2O( 1) + 286kJ 2 1 H2O( 1) H2 + O2 2

3Si + 2N 1300 2 Si 3 N 4

ü

6CO2 + 6H 2O + ( ) C6H 12O6 + 6O 2

. BGO. 1988 2

+ O2 CO2 + H 2O +

O HO HOOH OH 2 2 O 2 2 2 2 + O H HO O H O OH 2 2 2 2 2 2 O + H O O + OH + OH R RO 2 R + O2 RO 2 O 2 O O 2 2 Cys Cy

O SOD SOD 2 SOD SOD + O2 + O2 + 2H H2O2 + O2 SOD SOD O SOD O O 2 O 2 2 2

.. 1994 5 26

. 1992 8

. 1988 3 1

. 1994 3 6

A IU D B1 B2 B * B 6 B12 C 5 IU mg mg mg mg mg mg

g 1 mg kg 1 mg kg g

g 1 mg kg mg kg 1 g Molly M.Bloomfield...

é é é

454.8kJ mol 0.74 A -1 0 é

. 1996 2 18 Peter.Coveney... I.R.Prigogine...

M.Eigen..... I.R.Prigogine...

Peter.Coveney...

é

...

é

.. 1990 5 1. 1993 2

. 1994 6

..