8703508
: I
Abstract Wire-tying of pipeline on construction sites is a commonly performed task for pipeline workers. When tying pipelines, workers use pliers to grip and twist wires. When twisting, repetitive wrist deviations are found. The unnatural postures under such conditions expose workers to ergonomic risk of musculoskeletal injuries of the hand. The aim of this research was to improve the design of a hand tool that was used to twist the wire. Design and development of a wire-tying tool would reduce the unnatural posture when task of wire-tying was performed. Three wire-tying hand tools were developed and designed. These tools together with pliers were evaluated in wire-tying in the laboratory. The results of the experiment showed that the newly designed hand tools were effective in reducing unnatural hand/wrist postures during wire-tying. The load of the forearm muscle were also lower when using these tools as compared with pliers. Keywords: musculoskeletal injuries, wrist motion, hand tool design II
(IOSH88-H327) III
...I Abstract...II... III... IV... VI... VII... 1 1-1... 2 1-2... 5 1-3... 6 1-4... 7... 8 2-1... 8 2-1-1... 9 2-1-2...11 2-2...12 2-2-1... 13 2-2-2... 15 2-3...16 2-3-1 EMG... 17 2-3-2... 18 2-4...19 2-4-1... 19 2-4-2... 21...23 3-1...23 IV
3-1-1... 23 3-1-2... 24 3-1-3... 25 3-1-4... 28 3-1-5... 28 3-2...28 3-2-1... 29 3-2-2... 29 3-2-3... 30 3-2-4... 32 3-2-5... 34 3-2-6... 35 3-3...40...42 4-1...42 4-2...44 4-3...46 4-4...47 4-4-1... 48 4-4-2... 48 4-5...50 4-6...54...55 5-1...55 5-2...56...58...58...59...62 V
2-1...16 3-1...29 3-2...37 3-3...37 3-4...37 4-1 EMG...42 4-2 EMG...43 4-3 EMG LSD...44 4-4 EMG...44 4-5 EMG..45 4-6 EMG LSD...46 4-7 t...47 4-8.48 4-9...48 4-10...49 4-11 LSD.49 4-12...50 4-13...50 4-14...50 4-15...54 VI
1-1... 6 2-1.10 2-2...11 2-3 EMG...18 3-1...24 3-2...24 3-3...25 3-4...26 3-5...27 3-6...30 3-7...32 3-8...32 3-9...33 3-10 Bio Graph...34 3-11...35 3-12...38 3-13...39 3-14...39 3-15...39 3-16...40 4-1 EMG...43 4-2 EMG...44 4-3...52 4-4...52 VII
4-5...52 4-6...53 4-7...53 4-8...53 4-9...54 VIII
[21] 1985 1.08% 1989 2.23% 1988 1989 0.44% Kwon[29] 419 301 [4] 1
1-1 1986 [21] [16] 61% 55% [2] 38.59% [21] 1/3 66% Liberty Mutual [29] 1986 1990 0.2% 1.5% [17] 1004 59 (5.9%) 149 (14.8%) 2
[15] [3] 51.38% 52%[15] 65% [23] 80%[25] [36] OWAS [7] 43.3% 37.3% 30% 531 [8] 3
[11] Loslever and Panaivosoa [31] (Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, CTS) 17 CTS CTS 35%(8%66%) CTS CTS [7] (AC2 ) 38.3% AC2( ) 4
1-2 [34][35] (1) (2) (3) (4) 5
1-3 EMG 1-1 6
1-4 (1) (2) (3) ( 18~25 ) 7
2-1 [10] (1) (Forearm Muscles) (2) (Hand Muscles) (Intrinsic Muscles) 8
2-1-1 (Transverse Carpal Ligament) (Carpal Tunnel) [12] [14] ( ) (flexion) (extension) (Radial Deviation) (Ulnar Deviation)( 2-1 ) 75~80 85~90 35~37 15~20 [33] ( 2-2 ) 9
( ) ( ) ( ) [6] 2-1 [6] [12] (1) (2) (3) (4) 10
2-2 [6] 2-1-2 [13] (1) (Pronator Teres) (Supinator) 11
(2) (3) (MP, metacarpophal-angeal joint) (MP) (PIP, proximal interhalangeal joint) (DIP, distal interphalangeal joint) [12] 2-2 - [18] 12
[1] 2-2-1 Tichauer[40] 5 10 15-20 [4] (1) 13
(2) (3) (4) 14
2-2-2 [4] 40% (Ganglionic cysts) (Tendinitis) ( ) ( ) ) 2-1 [11] 2-1 (65.3%) 15
2-1 [1] (CTS) 1. 2. 3. - 1. 2000 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. (Epicondylitis) (Ganglionic 1. cysts) 2. 3. 2-3 1973 Khalil[26] (EMG) Chatterjee[22] 15%~20% 16
20% [28] Long et al.[30] Armstrong Chaffin[19] EMG EMG 2-3-1 EMG ( 2-2) [9] (1) (2) (3) 17
2-3 EMG [20] 2-3-2 (needle electrodes) (surface electrodes) [9] (channel) EMG Biograph [39] 18
2-4 [1] (75%) 68% 2-4-1 [4] (1) (2) 19
(3) CTD (4) (5) 2.3 kg 0.9 1.75 kg CTD (6) (7) 20
10% [27] (8) 3 cm 4.5 cm 0.5 cm 1.2 cm (9) 10 cm 99% 10 cm[24] 10 cm 12.5 cm (10) ( ) 5 cm 6.7 cm (11) 5.1 cm 2 3 2-4-2 21
[4] (1) (2) (3) 20-40 [5] 22
3-1 ( ) 3-1-1 23
( 3-1) 3-1-2 ( 3-2) 3-1 3-2 24
3-1-3 ( 3-3~3-5) 3-3 25
3-4 26
3-5 27
30mm 25mm 3-1-4 3-1-5 ( ) 3-2 EMG (1618 20 ) 16 ( 1.6 mm)18 ( 1.2 mm )20 ( 0.9 mm) ( ) 28
3-2-1 3-1 (N=10) Mean Std. () 22.00 1.15 (cm) 174.10 4.07 (Kg) 71.00 9.65 (cm) 26.53 2.37 (cm) 28.20 3.08 (Kgf) 45.95 6.67 EMG(mv) 178.76 60.83 EMG(mv) 208.10 50.36 EMG(mv) 147.77 55.67 (cm) 25.45 2.37 (cm) 27.50 3.14 (Kgf) 38.75 4.98 EMG(mv) 162.09 38.89 3-2-2 (1) (2) (3) (4) 29
(1) 16 (2) 18 (3) 20 16 18 20 3-2-3 3-6 (1) 30
(2) - (radial/ulnar deviation) - (extension/flexion) (3) ( ) 31
3 3-2-4 (1) (2) 3-7 3-8 32
(3) TAKEI-5101 5.0~100 kg (4) EMG Bio Graph 3-9 33
3-10 Bio Graph 3-2-5 (60 cm 115 cm) ( 6 cm 90 cm) 30 cm ( 10 cm) 34
6 cm 90 cm 115 cm 80 cm 30 cm 10cm 50 cm 180 cm 60 cm 74 cm 3-11 3-2-6 (maximum voluntary contraction, MVC) 10 EMG 3-13~3-16 35
(1) (2) 20-30 (3) (4) EMG (5) EMG (6) ( 3-2 ) 5 ( 3-3) (7) (8) (9) 36
3-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 3-3 1 2 3 4 5 6 3-4 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 37
EMG EMG 3-12 38
3-13 3-14 3-15 39
3-16 3-3 SPSS (=0.05) LSD (1) EMG EMG MVC(%) MVC(%) = (EMG Rest)/( EMGmax Rest) MVC EMG Rest EMGmax 40
MVC Excel LSD (2) (3) K-W 41
EMG 4-1 1618 20 4-1 4-1 4-1 EMG ( MVC%) 16 18 20 39.96 25.75 21.35 33.63 14.38 13.93 36.82 38.07 19.77 28.09 19.34 11.04 ( 4-2 ) EMG EMG 42
4-1 EMG 4-2 EMG ( MVC%) V.S. Between Within Groups Total Between Within Groups V.S. Total Between Within Groups V.S. Total V.S. Between Within Groups Total SS Df MS F Sig. 2 3782.46 4.079 0.019* 117 927.22 119 7564.93 108485.20 116050.13 1921.49 22914.53 24836.03 8337.603 231175.27 239512.88 5819.74 28439.45 34259.19 2 117 119 2 116 118 2 117 119 960.75 195.85 4168.80 1992.89 2909.87 243.07 4.906 0.009* 2.092 0.128 11.971 0.000* LSD ( 4-3 ) 16 18 20 16 EMG 18 20 43
4-3 EMG LSD Mean Group Mean Group Mean Group 1639.96 A 22.63 A 28.09 A A 1825.75 B 14.38 B 19.34 B B 2021.35 C 13.93 C 11.04 C C 4-2 EMG 4-4 4-4 EMG ( MVC%) 16.06 25.68 30.97 43.36 16.53 12.30 12.78 26.32 16.50 37.35 36.99 35.31 24.43 17.32 19.44 16.77 4-2 EMG 44
( 4-5 ) EMG EMG EMG 4-5 EMG Between Within Groups V.S Total Between Within Groups V.S. Total Between Within Groups V.S. Total Between Within Groups V.S. Total SS Df MS F Sig. 3 3885.92 4.318 0.006* 116 899.93 119 11657.74 104392.38 116050.13 3806.13 21029.90 24836.03 9098.81 230414.07 239512.88 1094.39 33164.80 34259.19 3 116 119 3 115 118 3 116 119 1268.71 181.29 3032.94 2003.60 364.80 285.90 6.998 0.000* 1.514 0.215 1.276 0.286 LSD ( 4-6 ) EMG EMG 45
[22][28] 20% 4-6 EMG 20% EMG 20% EMG 4-6 EMG LSD Mean Group Mean Group 43.36 A 26.32 A A 16.06 B 16.53 B B 25.68 B 12.30 B B 30.97 B 12.75 B B 4-3 46
4-4 15 T 4-7 4-84-9 4-7 t Sig. Mean Std. t df V.S. (2-tailed) 0.00417 0.41 0.221 479 0.825 47
4-8 Mean (Std.) Mean (Std.) Mean (Std.) Mean (Std.) 16 3.10(2.81) 1.15(2.27) 2.05(3.05) 1.70(2.80) 18 3.53(3.66) 1.58(2.98) 1.72(2.74) 1.10(2.15) 20 3.83(4.02) 1.75(3.22) 3.13(3.73) 1.25(2.59) 4-9 Mean (Std.) Mean (Std.) Mean (Std.) Mean (Std.) 2.17(2.69) 0.07(0.25) 0.97(2.61) 0.27(0.74) 2.30(3.19) 0.13(0.43) 1.17(2.20) 0.27(0.78) 2.50(3.34) 0.07(0.37) 0.93(2.38) 0.13(0.43) 6.97(2.31) 5.70(2.88) 6.13(2.27) 4.73(2.98) 4-4-1 4-4-2 ( 4-10 ) LSD ( 4-11 ) 48
4-10 Between Within Groups VS. Total Between Within Groups VS. Total Between Within Groups VS. Total Between Within Groups VS. Total SS Df MS F Sig. 487.03 3 162.34 19.16 0.000* 982.93 116 8.47 1469.97 119 708.49 251.50 959.99 588.73 650.47 1239.20 458.23 297.07 755.30 3 116 119 3 116 119 3 116 119 236.76 2.17 196.24 5.61 152.74 2.56 108.93 0.000* 35.00 0.000* 59.64 0.000* 4-11 LSD Mean Group Mean Group Mean Group Mean Group 6.97 A 5.70 A 6.13 A 4.73 A A 2.17 B 0.07 B 0.97 B 0.27 B B 2.30 B 0.13 B 1.17 B 0.27 B B 2.50 B 0.07 B 0.93 B 0.13 B B 49
4-5 1 5 4-12 4-13 4-13 =0.05 4-14 4-12 Mean (Std.) Mean (Std.) Mean (Std.) Mean (Std.) Mean (Std.) Mean (Std.) 3.47(0.86) 4.00(0.59) 3.77(0.77) 3.33(0.84) 4.70(0.65) 3.20(0.85) 4.00(0.69) 3.90(0.84) 3.93(0.78) 3.43(0.77) 4.67(0.55) 3.57(0.94) 4.13(0.68) 4.37(0.49) 4.07(0.69) 3.57(0.77) 4.70(0.47) 3.63(0.85) 2.60(1.07) 2.70(1.18) 2.90(1.09) 3.40(0.97) 3.50(1.31) 2.80(1.06) 4-13 (K-W ) Chi-Square 37.62 39.51 24.47 0.958 27.72 11.58 Df 3 3 3 3 3 3 Asymp. Sig. 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.811 0.000* 0.009 4-14 Group Group Group Group Group Group B B A A A A A B A A A A A A A A A AB C C C A B B 50
4-14 ( 4-3) ( 4-4) ( 4-5) ( 4-7) ( 4-8) 51
4-3 4-4 4-5 52
4-6 4-7 4-8 53
4-6 ( 4-9) (20~22 ) 4-9 4-15 54
5-1 (1) 16 20 EMG (2) EMG 55
(3) (4) (1) (2) ( ) 5-2 56
57
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] 58
[12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] Armstrong, T. J., An investigation of the relationship between displacement of the finger and wrist joints and extrinsic finger tendons, J. Biomechanics, Vol.11, p 119-128, 1978. [20] Bohlemann, B, Karsten K, Knut, K, Helmut, S, Ergonomic assessment of handle design by means of electromyography and subjective rating, Applied Ergonomics, Vol.25, No.(6), p346-354, 1944. [21] Brogmus, G. E. and Richard, M., Cumulative trauma disorders of upper extremities: the magnitude of the problem in U. S. industry. Proceedings of the Annual International Industrial Ergonomics and Safety Conference, Lake Tahoe, p95-102, 1991. 59
[22] Chatterjee, D. S., Repetition Strain Injury-A Recent Review, Journal Soc. of Occupational Med., Vol.27, p 100-105, 1987. [23] Damlund, M, Goth, S, Hasle, P, Munk, K, Low back strain in Danish semi-skilled construction workers, Applied Ergonomics, Vol.17, No.(10), p31-39, 1986. [24] Garrett, J., The adult human hand: Some anthropometric and biomechanical considerations. Human Factors,Vol.13, p117-131, 1971. [25] Haublein, HG, Berufsbelastung und Bewegungsapparat. VEB Verlag Volk und Gesundheit, Berlin, 1979. [26] Khalil, T. M., An electromyographic methodology for the evaluation of industrial design, Human Factors, Vol.15, No.(3), 1973. [27] Konz, S., Design of hand tools. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 18 th Annual Meeting. Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, Califomia, USA, 291-300, 1974. [28] Kroemer. K. H. E., Human Strength: Terminology, Measurement, and Interpretation of Data, Human Factors, Vol.12, p297-313, 1970. [29] Kwon, Y. G., Korean attitude towards CTDs. Proceeding of The 3 rd Pan pacific Conference on Occupational Ergonomics, p297-302, 1994. [30] Long Charles, Intrinsic-exertion sic muscle control of the hand in power grip and precision handling, The Journal of bone and Joint Surgery, Vol.52, No.(5), p855-867, 1970. [31] Loslever, P., and Ranaivosoa A., Biomechanical and epidemiological of carpal tunnel syndrome at workplaces with high risk factors. Ergonomics, Vol.36, No.(5), p537-554, 1993. 60
[32] Masahiro Iida, Short-latency EMG potentials elicited by head taps in sternocleidomastoid muscles: a study on normal human subjects and patients with central or vestibular lesions, Auris Nasus Larynx, Vol.25, p355-359, 1998. [33] Nordin Margareta, Frankle Victor H., basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System, 1980. [34] Putz-Anderson, V, Cumulative Trauma Disorders: a manual for musculoskeletal diseases of upper limbs, Taylor & Francis, London, 1988. [35] Sanders, MS, McCormick, EJ, Human Factors in Engineering and Design, McGraw-Hill, International Edition, 1997. [36] Schneider, S, Susi, P, Ergonomics and construction: a review of potential hazard in new construction, Am Ind Hyg J, Vol.55, No.(7), p635-649, 1994. [37] T. Armstrong, C.Bir, J. Foulke, B. Martin, L. finsen, G. Sjogaard, Muscle responses to simulated torque reactions of hand-held power tools, Ergonomics, Vol.42. No.(1) p146-159, 1999. [38] Th. Erni, G. Colombo, Locomotor training in paraplegic: a new approach to assess changes in leg muscle EMG patterns, Electroencephalography and clinical Neurophysiology, Vol.109, p135-139, 1998. [39] Thought Technology Ltd., ProComp+/Biograph Version 1.01, 1997. [40] Tichauer, E. R., The Biomechanical Basis of Ergonomics, New York Wiley, 1978. 61
: : : 16 18 20 : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. :( ) 62