(C I P) /. :,2004 ( ) ISBN 7-5331 - 3598-9.... TU754-62 CIP (2003) 093370 : : 16 :250002 : ( 0531 ) 2065109 : w w w. lkj. com. c n : s dkj@ jn- public. sd. cninfo. ne t : : 16 :250002 : ( 0531 ) 2020432 : : 155 :253006 : ( 0534 ) 2671208 :787 m m 1092m m 1/ 32 :10. 5 :213 :2004 1 1 1 :1-4000 ISBN 7 5331 3598 9 TU 145 : 16. 00
,,, : 1. ( GB50300 2001 ) 2. ( GB50203 2002 ) 1
3. ( GB50003 2001 ) 4. ( GB50011 2001 ) 5. ( JGJ98 2000) 6. ( JG5/ T14-95) 2003 6 2
1 1 5 7 11 14 14 14 17 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 24 24 1
26 26 28 30 34 40 40 40 42 45 47 49 49 55 58 60 60 63 66 68 71 73 73 79 79 2
83 83 85 85 85 85 86 87 87 87 88 88 89 89 89 93 95 98 98 99 99 100 104 104 104 106 3
108 109 117 137 139 144 144 148 152 ( ) 155 160 161 168 170 173 179 181 181 182 183 185 187 187 189 189 193 4
197 199 200 200 202 202 204 207 208 209 210 211 211 212 214 214 214 214 215 217 221 221 222 226 5
227 227 228 229 230 233 233 233 234 235 235 235 238 239 239 242 245 248 248 248 250 250 250 251 253 255 6
255 255 255 256 256 257 258 258 258 263 263 263 263 266 266 267 268 268 269 269 271 273 273 273 274 274 7
274 274 278 281 284 286 288 288 289 289 290 291 292 294 294 294 296 296 296 296 297 299 300 300 305 312 8
313 313 314 314 314 9
( ) ( GB50300-2001 ), 1., 1-1, ( ),,,, 1
1-1 : ( ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 : ( ),, 2
,,,,, 2. : (1 ),, ( ) (2 ),, (3 ),, ( ), ;,, ;,, ;, 3
3. : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ), (6 ),,, (7 ), (8 ) (9 ) (10), 4
, : ; ; ; ; ; ; 1. ( ) ( ) 2. : (1 ) (2 ), ( ), 3. : (1 ) (2 ),, 5
4. ( ) 1-2 1-2 1,,, 2,,,, 5.,,,, ;, ; ;, ; 6
1. : (1 ) (2 ),,,,,,, :,,,,, 7
,, 2. : (1 ) (2 ),,,,,, 3. ( ) : (1 ) ( ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ),,,,, 8
,,,,, 4. ( ) : (1 ) ( ) ( ) (2 ) (3 ) ( ) (4 ) (5 ),, :,, ( ),,,,, 9
,,, 5., : (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ),,,,, 6. ( ), ( ), 10
, 1. ( ) ( ),,, ( ),,, 2. ( ) ; ( ), ( ), 11
,,, 3.,,,,,, 4., ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),, (,,, ),,,,,,,,, 5., 12
,,,,,,,,,, 6.,, ( ), 7.,,,,, 13
,,, ( ), ( ), 2-1,, 2-1,,, 2-2 ( a),,,,,,, 2-2 ( b),, 14
2-2 1. ( ) ; 2.,,,,, 2-3 ( a ), 2-3 ( b) 2-3,, :,,, ( ), ( ),, 2-4 (a) 15
,,, 2-4 ( b ),,,, 2-4( c) 2-4 ( a) ; ( b ) ( ) ; (c) ; 1. ; 2.,,,,,, 2 5,,, 2-5 1. 16
,,,, 2-6,,,, 2-6 1.,,, 2-7 1-1 ; 2-2, 2-7( a),,, 17
,,,,,, 2-7 ( b), 2-8,,, 2-7 (c),,, 2-8,,,,,, 2-9 ( a) ( b ), ( ),,,,, 2-10( a),,, 2-10 ( b),,, 18
2-9 ( a) ; ( b ) 2-10 2-11 (a) ; ( b), 2-11, 19
,,,,,,,, 2-12 ( a),,, 2-12 ( b), 2-12 (a) ; ( b),,,,, ;,,,,,, 2-13 20
2-13 ( a) ; ( b ) 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5., :,,,, 20%, MU10 M10 1. 89MPa, M2. 5, 4% 10%,,, 21
, 2-3,,,, MU30 M5, 4,,,,,,,,,,,, 60 100 mm,, M10,,,,,,,,,,, 22
,, 50 100mm, 4-5,,,,,,,, 10mm,,,, 80% 6 % 8%,,, 8%,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 23
,,,, 3%,,,,, 2-14 ( a),,,, 2-14 ( b ),,,,,,,, 24
2-14 (a) ; ( b ) 1. ;2.,,,, 2-15 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. 2-15 (a) ( b ) 25
2-15 (c) ( d) (e),,,,,, (, ),,,,,,, 2-16 ( a),,,,, 2-16( b),, 45,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 26
2-16 ( a) ; ( b ) 1. ( ) 2-17 2-17, ( ), ( ), 2-18, ( ) ( ), ( ), ( ), 27
2-18 ( ),,,,,, 2-19 2-19 28
1., 6m, : (1 ) MU10 (2 ) MU7. 5 (3 ) MU30 (4 ) M5 50, 2. 240mm 370mm 350mm, 400mm, 3. 6 m, ;, (1 ) 4. 8m (2 ) 4. 2m (3 ) 3. 9m 4.,, : (1 ) 240mm 6m, 180mm 4. 8mm (2 ) 4. 8m 5., 100mm; 80mm; 29
, 40mm, 80mm, C20 6., ; (1 ) 9m (2 ) 7. 2m 7. 8., 1.,, 2-1 2-1 ( m ) 50 40 60 50 75 60 30
100 : ; 0. 8,, 5 m, 1. 3,,, 2., : (1 ) (2 ) ( ), 6m,, 30mm (3 ) (4 ), ;, 2 3, l/ 4 ( l ) (5 ), 31
, (6 ) 3 ( 2 4, 200mm ) 2 6, 1m ( 2-20 ) 2-20 1. 2 4 2 6 ; 2. (7 ), 2 3 2 6, 600mm (8 ) M5 (9 ), 4m, (10) 3., : (1 ) 32
(2 ) 3 2 6, 600mm (3 ), 600mm 4. 400 500mm, 120mm 1 6,, 600mm 5., 2 6, 600mm 5m, 2 3 3 6, 500mm 6., : (1 ) 1 12,, Cb 20 (2 ), 900mm 400mm 2 4 (3 ),, 4 10 6 @ 200, Cb 20 7., 33
, 8., 9.,,, ;, 6 7, 70%,, 3m,, 1. (1 ), 2-2 34
2-2 6 7 8 9 mm 240 24 8 21 7 18 6 12 4 240 21 7 21 7 18 6 12 6 190 21 7 18 6 15 5 190 21 7 21 7 18 6-240 22 7 22 7 19 6 240 16 5 16 5 13 4 :,, ; 1/ 2 ; 0. 6 m,, 1 m; (2 ), 2-2 3m, ;, 4. 20m 40% (3 ),, 2-2 (4 ), 35
3. 6m; -, 4. 5m 2., 2-3 2-3 6 7 8 9 2. 5 2. 5 2. 0 1. 5 : ;, 3., 2-4 : 2-4 ( m) 6 7 8 9 18 18 15 11 15 15 11 7 11 11 7 4 21 18 15 25 21 18 :, ;, 4., 2-5 : 36
2-5 ( m) 6 7 8 9 1. 0 1. 0 1. 2 1. 5 1. 0 1. 0 1. 2 1. 5 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 5 2. 0 ( ) 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 0 : ; ;, 1. 5 m 5. (1 ) (2 ),, ; (3 ), ;, 50 100mm 6m, (4 ) (5 ) ;, ; (6 ) 6. 37
(1 ) (2 ),, 6 7,, ; (3 ),, 6 7 2. 5, 8 2. 0, 1. 0 (4 ),,,6 7 2. 0, 8 1. 5, 1. 0 (5 ) 7. (1 ), ; (2 ) 7 18m 8 15 m, (3 ) 8.,, GB 50011-2001 ;, 38
, 6 7 8 ;, 6 7 8 39
( GB/ T 5101-1998 ), 15%, ( ) 1. 240mm 115mm 53mm,, 2. 3-1 3-2 40
3-1 ( mm) 240 2. 0 8 2. 5 8 3. 0 8 115 1. 5 6 2. 0 6 2. 5 7 53 1. 5 4 1. 6 5 2. 0 6 3-2 ( mm) 2 3 5 2 3 5 2 3 5 15 20 30 a. 70 70 110 b. 100 100 150 :, : a. 10 mm 10mm b. 1 mm, 30mm c. 2mm, 10mm 10 mm 41
3. MU30 MU25 MU20 MU15 MU10 3-3 3-3 ( MPa) 0. 21 > 0. 21 f f k f min MU30 30. 0 22. 0 25. 0 MU25 25. 0 18. 0 22. 0 MU20 20. 0 14. 0 16. 0 MU15 15. 0 10. 0 12. 0 MU10 10. 0 6. 5 7. 5 4., ( GB13544 92 ),, 25 %,,, ( ) 1. P ( KP1 ) : 240 mm 115mm 90mm P ( KP2 ) : 240 mm 115mm 180mm 42
K( KM1) : 190mm 190mm 190mm 240mm 115mm 90mm, K, P, M, P ( KP1 ), ; P ( KP2 ), K ( KM1 ),, ; 2. 3-4 3-5 3-4 ( mm) 290 240 2. 0 6 2. 5 7 3. 0 8 190 180 175 140 115 1. 5 5 2. 0 6 2. 5 7 90 1. 5 4 1. 7 5 2. 0 6 3-5 ( mm) ( ) 43
( ) 15 20 30 a. 15 mm 60 80 100 b. 15mm 60 100 120 c. 80 100 120 3 4 5 :, : a. 20 mm 30mm b. 1 mm, 70mm c. 2mm, 20mm 30 mm 3. MU30 MU25 MU20 MU15 MU10 3-6 3-6 ( MPa) 0. 21 > 0. 21 f f k f min MU30 30. 0 22. 0 25. 0 MU25 25. 0 18. 0 22. 0 MU20 20. 0 14. 0 16. 0 MU15 15. 0 10. 0 12. 0 MU10 10. 0 6. 5 7. 5 44
( GB11945 89 ),,, ( ) ( A ) ( B) ( C ) 1. 240mm 115mm 53mm MU25 MU20 MU15 MU10 2. 3-7 3-7 ( mm ) 2 2 2 2 2 ( ) 1 1 2 ( mm ) 10 15 20 ( mm ) 5 10 10 ( mm ) 1 2 3 ( ) 1 1 2 ( mm) ( mm ) 20 50 70 30 70 100 45
3. MU25 MU20 MU15 MU10 3-8 4. 3-9 5. MU10 ; MU15 200 3-8 ( MPa) M U25 25. 0 20. 0 5. 0 4. 0 M U20 20. 0 16. 0 4. 0 3. 2 M U15 15. 0 12. 0 3. 3 2. 6 M U10 10. 0 8. 0 2. 5 2. 0 : MU15 3-9, M Pa, % M U25 20. 0 2. 0 M U20 16. 0 2. 0 M U15 12. 0 2. 0 M U10 8. 0 2. 0 : MU15 46
JC239 91( 96 ),,, ( ) ( A ) ( B ) ( C) 1. 240mm 115 mm 53 mm, MU30 MU25 MU20 MU15 MU10 2. 3-10 3-10 ( mm) ( A ) ( B) ( C) 2 2 1 3 3 2 4 4 3 1 2 3 10 10 20 47
( ) ( A ) ( B) ( C) a. ( ) b. 30 50 50 70 70 100 : 10 mm 20 mm 3. MU30 MU25 MU20 MU15 MU10 3-11 MU15 3-11 ( MPa) 10 10 M U30 30. 0 24. 0 6. 2 5. 0 M U25 25. 0 20. 0 5. 0 4. 0 M U20 20. 0 16. 0 4. 0 3. 2 M U15 15. 0 12. 0 3. 3 2. 6 M U10 10. 0 8. 0 2. 5 2. 0 4. 3-12 48
3-12, M Pa, % M U30 24. 0 2. 0 M U25 20. 0 2. 0 M U20 16. 0 2. 0 M U15 12. 0 2. 0 M U10 8. 0 2. 0 5., MU15, 200, ( GB8239 1997) 1., 25% 50 %, 390mm 190mm 190mm ( ) 49
MU7. 5, MU5. 0,,, ;,,,, 2. 3-1 3-1 (1 ) :, ;,, 50
: 190 mm 190mm 390mm : 90mm 90mm 190mm; 90mm 90mm 290 mm, 240mm, 290mm 140mm, ; 90mm 10mm, 200mm 200mm 400 mm ;,, 190 mm, 3-13 3-14 3-13 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( % ) ( kg ) K 4 390 190 190 400 190 200 49. 92 42. 60 16. 92 19. 44 K 5 590 190 190 600 190 200 55. 20 51. 20 22. 90 24. 96 K 3 290 190 190 300 190 200 42. 83 14. 38 K 2 190 190 190 200 190 200 43. 25 39. 00 9. 34 10. 08 K 1 90 190 190 100 190 200 30. 00 7. 80 5. 52 U P 190 190 190 200 190 200 6. 24 : 30mm 51
3-14 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( % ) ( kg ) K 6 390 115 190 400 115 200 46. 58 45. 50 10. 92 11. 18 K 7 190 115 190 200 115 200 42. 91 40. 50 5. 69 6. 03 K 8 90 115 190 100 115 200 25. 00 4. 72 K 9 390 90 190 400 90 200 40. 11 38. 80 9. 59 9. 89 K 10 190 90 190 200 90 200 37. 10 34. 40 4. 90 5. 28 K 11 90 90 190 100 90 200 3. 69 (2 ) : 120mm 120mm 145mm 100mm, 3-15 2 30mm, 25mm, 32mm 3-15 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm/ 100mm ) 100 20 20 14 150 25 25 20 200 30 25 20 250 35 30 22 300 38 30 22 52
: 3 10 32mm (3 ) : : a. : 390mm, b. : 190mm, c. : 290mm, d. : 90mm, e. : 190mm f. : 90mm : : ; ; ; 100mm 100mm ; : : :, (4 ) : 53
(5 ) : 3-16 3-17 3-16 ( mm) ( A) ( B) ( C) 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 + 3-4 3-17 ( A) (B) ( C) ( mm ) 2 2 3 ( ) 0 2 2 0 20 30 ( mm ) ( mm ) 0 20 30 (6 ) MU3. 5 MU5. 0 MU7. 5 MU10. 0 MU15. 0 MU20. 0 3-18 54
3-18 ( M Pa) M U3. 5 3. 5 2. 8 M U5. 0 5. 0 4. 0 M U7. 5 7. 5 6. 0 M U10. 0 10. 0 8. 0 M U15. 0 15. 0 12. 0 M U20. 0 20. 0 16. 0 ( GB15229 ) 1.,,,,, 290mm 290mm 190mm; 290mm 190mm 190mm MU3. 5 MU10,,, 55
390mm 190mm 190mm MU3. 0 MU5. 0 900kg/ m 3,, 600mm ( 125 300 ) mm 250mm MU2. 5, ( ),, 390 mm 190mm 190mm, 390mm 90mm 190mm MU3. 5 MU5. 0,,,, ( ) ( ) 390 mm 190mm 190mm, MU2. 5 MU3. 0 390mm 190mm 190mm, MU3. 5 MU10,,,, 2. 3. 3-19 3-20 56
3-19 ( mm) 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 + 3-4 : 20mm 3-20 ( ) 0 2 2 ( mm ) 0 20 30 ( mm ) 0 20 30 4. 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 3-21, 100kg/ m 3 3-21 ( kg/ m 3 ) 5. 500 500 600 510 600 700 610 700 800 710 800 900 810 900 1000 910 1000 1200 1010 1200 1400 1210 1400 57
1. 5 2. 5 3. 5 5. 0 7. 5 10. 0 3-22, 3-22 ( MPa) 1. 5 2. 5 1. 5 2. 5 1. 2 2. 0 800 3. 5 5. 0 3. 5 5. 0 2. 8 4. 0 1200 7. 5 10. 0 7. 5 10. 0 6. 0 8. 0 1400, 10%, ( ),,, 1. 390mm 190mm 190mm, 2. 58
3. 3-23 3-24 3-23 ( mm) 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 + 3-4 : 25mm, 20mm 3-24 ( ) 0 2 2 ( mm ) 0 20 30 ( mm ) 0 20 30 ( mm ) 2 3 4 4. MU2. 5 MU3. 5 MU5. 0 MU7. 5 MU10. 0 MU15. 0 3-25 3-25 ( MPa) M U2. 5 2. 5 2. 0 M U3. 5 3. 5 2. 8 M U5. 0 5. 0 4. 0 M U7. 5 7. 5 6. 0 M U10. 0 10. 0 8. 0 M U15. 0 15. 0 12. 0 59
( GB13545 92 ),, 35%,,,,,, ( A ) ( B) ( C) 1.,, 240mm 290mm; 190mm 180mm 140 mm; 115mm 90mm; 10mm, 7mm, 3-2 2. 3-26 3-27 3-26 ( mm) > 200 4 5 7 200 100 3 4 5 < 100 3 4 4 60
3. 3-2 1. ; 2. ;3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. L ; b ; d MU5 MU3 MU2 3-28 4. 800 900 1100, 3-29 3-27 ( mm) 3 4 5 15 30 40 a. 100 140 b. 120 160 61
( ) a. b. 60 60 80 80 60 80 :, : 20 mm 30 mm ; 1mm, 70 mm ; 2 mm, 20mm 30 mm 3-28 ( MPa) 5. 0 5. 0 3. 7 3. 4 2. 3 3. 0 3. 0 2. 2 2. 2 1. 4 2. 0 2. 0 1. 4 1. 6 0. 9 3-29 ( kg/ m 3 ) 800 800 900 801 900 1100 901 1100 62
( GB11968 1997 ),,,, 1. 3-30 3-30 L B H L 1 B 1 H 1 100 125 150 200 200 600 250 250 L - 10 B H - 10 300 120 300 180 240 2. : ( A) ( B ) ( C) 3. 63
3-31 3-31 ( A) (B) ( C) L 1 3 4 5 / mm B 1 2 3 H 1 2 3 + 3-4 + 3-4, ( ) 0 1 2 ( mm ) 0 70 70 ( mm ) 0 30 30 ( mm ) 0 3 5, ( ) 0 1 2 0 1/ 3 1/ 2 0 1/ 3 1/ 3 ( mm ) 10 20 30 4. B03 B04 64
B05 B06 B07 B08 3-32 3-32 ( kg/ m 3 ) B03 B04 B05 B06 B07 B08 ( A ) ( B) ( C) 300 400 500 600 700 800 330 430 530 630 730 830 350 450 550 650 750 850 5. A1. 0 A2. 0 A2. 5 A3. 5 A5. 0 A7. 5 A10. 0 3-33 3-34 3-33 ( M Pa) A1. 0 1. 0 0. 8 A2. 0 2. 0 1. 6 A2. 5 2. 5 2. 0 A3. 5 3. 5 2. 8 A5. 0 5. 0 4. 0 A7. 5 7. 5 6. 0 A10. 0 10. 0 8. 0 65
3-34 B03 B04 B05 B06 B07 B08 ( A ) (B) (C ) A1. 0 A2. 0 A3. 5 A5. 0 A7. 5 A10. 0 A3. 5 A5. 0 A7. 5 A10. 0 A2. 5 A3. 5 A5. 0 A7. 5 ( JC238 91),,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,, 1. 880mm 380mm 240mm 880mm 430mm 240mm,, 3-3 2. ( B) ( C) 66
3-3 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. 3. 3-35 3-35 ( mm ), ( B) (C ) 1/ 3 5, 30, 50, 67
( ) ( B) (C ) 10 15 6 8 30 50 6 8 4 6 + 4, - 6 + 5, - 10 + 4, - 6 + 5, - 10 3 6 4. 10 13 3-36 3-36 10 13 3 3 ( M Pa ) 10. 0 8. 0 13. 0 10. 5 ( kg/ m 3 ) 10 %,,,, 68
,, ; ;,,,,,,, 1., 3-4 666mm 500mm (60 80 90 100 110 120) mm, 1m 2, 3-4 800 1100 kg/ m 3, 500 700kg/ m 3 2., ( 3-4), 3-37, 3-38 69
3-37 ( mm ) 666 3 500 2 60 80 90 100 110 120 1. 5 3-38 1, 30 mm 30mm 1, 30 mm, 1 mm 5 10mm, 2 ; > 10mm, 3. 3-39 3-39 kn/ m 3 (kg/ m 3 ) 6. 5 ( 650 ) M Pa 4. 0 M Pa 9. 0 M Pa 2. 0 kcal/ mh 0. 1245 0. 5 db 45. 71 GB6566 86, kg 40 15kg, 1 m 200 : 80 mm 70
4.,,,,,,,,,, 200mm 200mm, 4, 800mm,, 70mm MU100 MU80 MU60 MU50 MU40 MU30 MU20 100MPa,, 1800kg/ m 3,, 71
,,,,,,,,,,, 3-40 3-40 2500 2800kg/ m 3, 80 250MPa, 0. 1 % 0. 7 %, 2900 3300kg/ m 3,, 200 350 MPa,,,,, 2900 3300kg/ m 3, 250 500 MPa,,, 2400 2650kg/ m 3,, 10 200MPa,,, 2400 2700kg/ m 3, 40 120M Pa,,, 250 400M Pa,,,,, 120 250M Pa,,,,,,,,, 2600 2700kg/ m 3,,,,, 100 310 MPa,,,,,, 72
,, 2500 3100kg/ m 3,,, 500 1700kg/ m 3,,,, 1. (1 ) :,,, 0% 5%,,, P ; 5%, P (2 ) :, :,,,,, 73
300m 2 / kg, 80 m 10 %, :,, 45min; 390min( 6h30min ), 12h, 10h :,, :,,,,, : ; ;,,, :,, :,, 74
,, 1 3. 0, ( 0. 5),, 40 mm 40mm 160 mm ( 1d 20 1 90 % ; 1d, 20 1 ), 3d 7d 28d,, 3d ( R ) 42. 5 42. 5R 52. 5 52. 5 R 62. 5 62. 5 R 3-41 3-41 ( GB175 1999) ( MPa ) ( MPa ) 3d 28d 3d 28d 42. 5 17. 0 42. 5 3. 5 6. 5 42. 5R 22. 0 42. 5 4. 0 6. 5 52. 5 23. 0 52. 5 4. 0 7. 0 52. 5R 27. 0 52. 5 5. 0 7. 0 62. 5 28. 0 62. 5 5. 0 8. 0 62. 5R 32. 0 62. 5 5. 5 8. 0 (3 ) :,, : ; ; ; ; ; ; 75
; ; 2. (1 ) : 6% 15%, P O, 3-42 3-42 ( GB175 1999) / MPa / MPa 3d 28d 3d 28d 32. 5 11. 0 32. 5 2. 5 5. 5 32. 5R 16. 0 32. 5 3. 5 5. 5 42. 5 16. 0 42. 5 3. 5 6. 5 42. 5R 21. 0 42. 5 4. 0 6. 5 52. 5 21. 0 52. 5 4. 0 7. 0 52. 5R 26. 0 52. 5 5. 0 7. 0 (2 ) :, ( 20% 70% ) ( 20 % 50 % ) ( 20% 40 % ), P S P P P F, 76
, 3-43 3-43 ( GB1344 1999) / MPa / MPa 3d 28d 3d 28d 32. 5 10. 0 32. 5 2. 5 5. 5 32. 5R 15. 0 32. 5 3. 5 5. 5 42. 5 15. 0 42. 5 3. 5 6. 5 42. 5R 19. 0 42. 5 4. 0 6. 5 52. 5 21. 0 52. 5 4. 0 7. 0 52. 5R 23. 0 52. 5 4. 5 7. 0, :,,,,, ( 80 ),,,,,,,,, 77
, 3-44 3-44 (, % ) P P 0 0 5 +++ + ++ - + + - +++ +++ P O 10 15 ++ ++ +++ + + + +++ +++ +++ P S 20 70 - +++ + +++ + + - - - P P 20 40 - ++ - ++ +++ - +++ - - P E 20 50 - ++ - ++ - +++ - - - : +, - 3. 50 kg, 98%,,, 3 3 ( 78
1 ),,, 10,,, ; 0. 5 mm ( f = 3. 1 3. 7 ), 0. 35 0. 5mm ( f = 2. 3 3. 0), 0. 25 0. 35mm ( f = 1. 6 2. 2 ), 0. 25mm 1450 1600kg/ m 3,, M5, 5% ; M5 10%,,,, ;, ;,, 1. 79
( ), ( 5% ) ( 5 % ) 3-45,, 3-45 ( JC/ T 479-92 ), ( % ) ( 5mm ), ( % ) 90 85 80 85 80 75 5 10 15 5 10 15, ( % ) 5 7 9 6 8 10, ( L/ kg ) 2. 8 2. 3 2. 0 2. 8 2. 3 2. 0 2., ( 5% ) ( 5 % ) 3-46 3-46 ( JC/ T 480-92 ) 80
( % ) 85 80 75 80 75 70 ( % ) 7 9 11 8 10 12 0. 90mm ( % ) 0. 2 0. 5 1. 5 0. 2 0. 5 1. 5 0. 125 mm ( % ) 7. 0 12. 018. 0 7. 0 12. 018. 0, 40kg 50 kg, 1kg,, 3., ( 4% ) ( 4 % 24% ) ( 24 % 30% ) ; 3-47 81
3-47 ( JC/ T481-92 ) 70 65 60 65 60 55 65 60 55 ( % ) 0. 4 0. 4 0. 4 0. 4 0. 4 2 2 2 2 2 0. 4 0. 4 2 2 0. 4 0. 4 2 2 0. 9 mm ( % ) 0. 125 mm ( % ) 0 0 0. 5 0 0 0. 5 0 0 0. 5 3 10 15 3 10 15 3 10 15, 20kg 40 kg 0. 5kg 1kg, 4., 3mm 3mm, 7d; 2d,,, 5., 3mm 3mm, 82
, 6.,,, ( GB1596 91) 40% 50% 7. 3mm 3mm 70, 20min, 8.,,,, 0. 5/ 10 000 1. 0/ 10 000 ( 100 % ), 50%,, ( JGJ63 ), 83
,,, 84
,, : 1. 2.,, 3.,, : 1.,, 85
2.,,,, 3.,,,,,,,, ( ),, 1., ( ),,, 2.,,, M5, 5% ; M5, 10%,, 3. 86
4.,, 5., 6., JGJ63 M20 M15 M10 M7. 5 M5 M2. 5 M,, N/ mm 2 ( MPa) 70. 7mm 70. 7mm 70. 7mm, 20 3, ( 90% ; 60% 80 % ), 28d, ( JGJ70-90 ) 4-1 87
4-1 28d ( MPa ) M15 15 11. 25 M10 10 7. 5 M7. 5 7. 5 5. 63 M5. 0 5. 0 3. 75 M2. 5 2. 5 1. 88 ( ), : 1. 250 m 3,, 2., 3. 4., 5. : f 2, m f2 (4-1) f 2, min 0. 75 f 2 (4-2) f2, m, M Pa; 88
f2, MPa ; f2, m in, MPa,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ),, ;,, ( 4-2),,,, 89
4-2 / kg M2. 5 1 0. 99 8. 7 166 164 1450 M5. 0 1 0. 71 7. 51 193 137 1450 M7. 5 1 0. 58 6. 9 209 121 1450 M10. 0 1 0. 34 5. 89 246 84 1450 M15. 0 1 0. 17 4. 83 300 50 1450 M5. 0 1 1. 5 10. 02 145 217 1450 M7. 5 1 1. 1 7. 29 199 219 1450 M10. 0 1 0. 8 5. 62 258 206 1450 M2. 5 1 7. 25 200 1450 M5. 0 1 6. 84 212 1450 M7. 5 1 6. 33 229 1450 M10. 0 1 5. 35 271 1450 M15. 0 1 4. 39 330 1450 : 32. 5 1. (1 ) fm, 0 ( MPa) (2 ) ( 4-5 ) Qc ( kg) (3 ) QC QD ( kg) (4 ) QS ( kg) (5 ) QW ( kg ) (6 ) (7 ) 90
2. fm, 0 ( M Pa) : f m, 0 = f2 + 0. 645 (4-3) fm, 0, 0. 1M Pa; f 2, 0. 1M Pa;, 0. 1M Pa; 3. (1 ), : = n f 2 m, i i = 1 - n 2 f m n - 1 (4-4) f m, i i ( M Pa) ; f m n n, ( MPa) ;, n 25 (2 ), 4-3 4-3 ( MPa) M2. 5 M5 M7. 5 M10 M15 M20 0. 50 1. 00 1. 50 2. 00 3. 00 4. 00 0. 62 1. 25 1. 88 2. 50 3. 75 5. 00 0. 75 1. 50 2. 25 3. 00 4. 50 6. 00 4. QC ( kg) : 91
(1 ), : QC QC = 1000( f m, 0 - ) fce (4-5) ( kg ), 1 kg; f m, 0 ( M Pa), 0. 1M Pa; f ce ( M Pa), 0. 1M Pa;, = 3. 03, = - 15. 09 (2 ), f ce : fc e = c f ce, K (4-6) f ce, K ; c, c 1. 0 5. QD ( kg) : QD = QA - QC (4-7) QD ( kg ), 1kg; 120 5mm; QC ( kg), 1kg; QA ( kg ), 1kg; 300 350 kg 6. QS ( kg ) : QS ( kg) ; 92 QS = 1 c (4-8) c ( 0. 5% )
( kg/ m 3 ) 7. QW ( kg), 240 310 kg, : (1 ), (2 ), (3 ) 70mm, (4 ), 4-4 4-4 ( kg) M2. 5 M5 200 230 M7. 5 M10 220 280 M15 280 340 M20 340 400 1 m 3 270 330 : 32. 5, 32. 5 ; ;, ; 70 mm, ;, 4-1 32. 5 M5, 1280 kg/ m 3, 1350kg/ m 3, 1450kg/ m 3, 93
: ( 1) f m, 0 f 2 = 5. 0MPa, 3-3 = 1. 25 f m, 0 = f2 + 0. 645 = 5. 0 + 0. 645 1. 25 = 5. 806MPa (2 ) Qc = 3. 03, = - 15. 09, fc e QC = = 1000 ( fm, 0 - ) fc e 1000 (5. 806 + 15. 09) 3. 03 32. 5 = 212. 2kg 213kg (3 ) QD QA = 350kg QD = QA - QC = 350-213 = 137kg = 32. 5MPa, 120 5mm (4 ) QS QS = 1 s = 1450kg (5 ) QW 50mm, QW 1. 13 240 kg (6 ) = 213 137 1450 240 = 1 0. 64 6. 81 4-2 M5, 94
: 4-4, QC 1450kg, QW 300 kg = 230 1450 = 1 6. 3 1. 230kg, QS, 2% ; 5 % 200kg/ m 3,,, ; 300 350kg/ m 3 2. (1 ), 200L 325L (2 ) :, 120 s 180s 180 300 s 3.,,,,,,, 95
(1 ) ( ),, 3N, 30 4-1 4-1 ( ) 70 100mm,, 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8.,, 4-5 4-5 ( mm ) 1 70 90 2 60 90 3 60 80 4 50 70 96
5 30 50 (2 ),,,,, ;,, 30 mm (3 ),, 120 5mm,, 4-6 4-6 / mm 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 1. 00 0. 99 0. 97 0. 95 0. 93 0. 92 0. 90 0. 88 0. 87 0. 86 : (4 ), 4.,, ; 10% ;,, 97
5. (1 ) JGJ70 (2 ) (3 ), : 1., 1,,, 2.,,, 3.,,, 4.,, 70 5% 10%, 98
2 1.,,, 2. 3h, 4 h 30, 2h 3h, 4-7, 4-8 4-9, 4-7 32. 5 42. 5 ( % ) ( ( d) 20 28d 100 % ) 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1 4 6 8 11 15 19 23 25 3 18 25 30 36 43 48 54 60 7 38 46 54 62 69 73 78 82 10 46 55 64 71 78 84 88 92 14 50 61 71 78 85 90 94 98 99
21 55 67 76 85 93 96 102 104 28 59 71 81 92 100 104 - - 4-8 32. 5 ( % ) ( ( d) 20 28d 100 % ) 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1 3 4 5 6 8 11 15 18 3 8 10 13 19 30 40 47 52 7 19 25 33 45 59 64 69 74 10 26 34 44 57 69 75 81 88 14 32 43 54 66 79 87 93 98 21 39 48 60 74 90 96 100 102 28 44 53 65 83 100 104 - - 4-9 42. 5 ( % ) ( ( d) 20 28d 100 % ) 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1 3 4 6 8 11 15 19 22 3 12 18 24 31 39 45 50 56 7 28 37 45 54 61 68 73 77 10 39 47 54 63 72 77 82 86 14 46 55 62 72 82 87 91 95 21 51 61 70 82 92 96 100 104 100
28 55 66 75 89 100 104 - - 1., ( ),,, 2. : (1 ) M5, 5% 10 % (2 ) M5, (3 ), 3., 4. 5., JGJ63 6., 7., 8. 101
,, 9., 10.,, : (1 ) 2min (2 ) 3min (3 ), 3 5min 11., 3h 4h ; 30, 2h 3h :, 12. : ; 0. 75 :, 3,, 28d : 250m 3, : ( ), 102
13.,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), 103
( 5-1 ) 1. :, 2. : 3. :,, ;, 4. :, 1m,,, 13mm,,,, 13mm, 104
5-1 5. :,,,,,,,,,,,, 6. :, 7. ( ) :,,,,,,, 105
,,, 8. :, 50mm 50mm, 9. ( ) :,, 10. : ( ), 0. 2m 3 0. 325m 3, 18 26 m 3 H J - 200 HJ1-200B H J - 325, 5-1 5-1 H J-200 H J 1-200 AH J 1-200B H J-325 ( L ) 200 200 200 325 ( r/ min ) 30 32 28 30 34 30 383 ( min ) 2 2 ( m 3 / h ) 3 6 16 m 3 / 106
( ) H J-200 H J 1-200 AH J 1-200B H J-325 J O 2-42-4 JO 2-41-6 J O 2-32-4 JO 2-32-4 JO 2-32-4 2. 8 3 3 3 3 ( kw ) 1450 950 1430 1430 1430 ( r/ min ) ( mm ) 2200 2000 1620 2700 610 1120 1100 850 1700 415 1430 1100 1050 1350 760 ( kg) 590 680 560 760 180 : 1., 2.,,, 3.,, 4. 1 min,,, 5., ( ), 6. 7.,, 107
,, 240 115, 240 53,115 53,, ;,, ;, ;,,,, 5-2 5-2 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ;5.,,,, 3 4 ( ), 1 2 108
5-3 ( ), 1 4 ( ),,, 5-3,,, 5-4, : 1.,,,, 5-5 5-4 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. 5-6 109
,, 240 370 5-5 5-6 2.,,, 5-7,,, 110
5-7 3.,,,, 370 mm,,,,,, 5-8 5-8 4.,,,, 370mm 111
,, 5-9 5-9 5.,,,, 5-10 5-10 6.,,, 1/ 4,,, 5-11 112
5-11 7.,,, 5-12 8. 5-12 240mm 240 mm 370mm 370mm 490mm 490mm 370mm 490mm 490mm 620mm, 5-13 9. 180mm, 180mm,,,, 5-14 113
5-13 5-14 180mm 10. 300 mm 300mm, 180mm,,, 114
,, 5-15 11. 5-15 300mm,, 5-16 115
240mm 370mm 490mm, 5-16 5-17 5-17 12.,, 5-18 (240 ) 116
5-18 5-19,,, 5-19 (370 ) : 1. ( ),,,, ;,,,, 5-20 :,,, 117
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2. ( 5-20 ), 1m,,,,,,, 2-21,,,,,,, 1m,,, 118
,,,,,,,,,, 3. ( ),, 5-21,, : (1 ) :,,, 50 60mm,,,,, 5-22, 5-22, 119
,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) :,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 5-23,,, 5-23,,, 120
,, 2 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4. ( ),,,, : (1 ) :,,,,,,,,, (2 ) :,,, 5-24,, 10 20mm, 80 90mm, 20mm,, (3 ) :, 30 40 mm,,,,,, ( 5-24 ), 121
5-24 ( a) ; ( b ) ( c) ; ( d) ( e) ; ( f ), ;,,,,,,,,,, 122
5.,,,,, (1 ) :, 1. 5m,,,,, 0. 8m, 1. 5m,,, 0. 8m 0. 5m, 5-25 (2 ) : :,,,,,,, :,,, 123
5-25,,,,,,,, ;,, ( 5-26 ),, 5-26,,,,,,,,,, 124
,, :,,,,,,, ;,,,, (3 ) :, ( ),, :,,,,,,,,, 1 m,,,, 0. 5m,,,,,, 125
,,,,, 1. 5m, 1. 5m ( 5-27 ) 5-27 (4 ) :,,, ( ),,,, ( ),, : ( ), ( ) 126
,,,,,,,,,, 0. 8 1. 0m,, 1 m, ( 5-28 ), 370mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (5 ) : :,, 90 ( ),,, :,,, 127
5-28, 5-29 : :,,,,,,, ( 5-30 ) : 160mm 40 50 mm 30mm,, 260mm 20mm 60 80mm, 128
5-29 5-30,,,,, :,, ( ) ( 5-31),, 129
, (, ),, 15mm,,,,,,, :,, ( 5-32 ), 5-31 5-32 : 370 mm,, ( 5-130
33 ),,,, 5-33 :,,,, ( 5-34 ) 5-34 :, 20mm, 10 mm ( 5-35 ), ( 5-36 ), 131
5-35, 5-36,,,,,,,,, :,, :,, 132
,,,, ( 5-37 ) 5-37 ( 5-38 ),,,,,, 5-38,, 133
,,,,,,,, (6 ) :,,,, ( 5-39 ) 20mm, 10mm, 90% 5-39 ( ) 2/ 3,,,,,,, 134
,,,,,, ( 5-40 5-41 5-42 ), ( 5-40 5-41 4-43),,, 135
5-42 5-43,,,, ( 5-44) : ( ) ( ) 136
, 5-44,,, : 137
1.,,,, ( ),, 2.,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 3.,,,, 1mm,,,, 4., ( ) ( ),, ( ),, 5., ;,,, 6.,, 138
, :,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,, 10mm,, 10 20mm,,,, ( ),,,,, :,,,,,, ;, 2. (1 ) :,,, 0. 000, 139
, 10,, 10 15mm, ; 25 30mm,, ( 5 45 ) ;, 5-45 1. ; 2., (2 ) :,,, :,,, ;,, ( ) ;,, (3 ) :,, ;, 140
,,, 5-46,,, ( ) ( ),, 5-46 1. ; 2. ; 3. 3.,,,,, : (1 ),, (2 ),,,, ; 141
,,, (3 ),,,,, 4.,,, ( ),, 2/ 3, 5-47,,,,,,,, 120mm 1 6mm, 500mm, 500 mm, 6 7, 1000mm, 90, 5-48,,,,,,,, 120mm,, 142
5-47, 2, 750mm 5., 1m, 1m, 1. 2m, 5 6.,,,,,,, 143
5-48,,,,,,,, 10% 15%, 10 20 mm 1. 144
2.,, 5-2 5-2 L B( m ) ( mm ) L B( m ) ( mm ) L ( B) 30 5 60 < L ( B) 90 15 30 < L ( B) 60 10 L ( B) > 90 20 3. : (1 ),,, (2 ), 4., 500mm, 1m 9, 5. : (1 )120 mm (2 ) 60 1/ 2 (3 ) 1m (4 ) 200mm ( 300mm ) 450mm( 600mm ) (5 ) 500mm 145
(6 ) 6.,, 7.,, 300mm, 8.,, 5-3, 9.,, 1 2. 5 10., 5-4 5-3 ( m) ( ) ( mm ) > 1600 ( kg/ m 3 ) 1300 1600 ( kg/ m 3 ) ( k N/ m 2 ) ( kn/ m 2 ) 0. 3 ( 0. 4( 0. 5( 0. 3( 0. 4( 7 ) 8 ) 9 ) 7 ) 8 ) 0. 5( 9 ) 190 1. 4 1. 1 0. 7 240 2. 8 2. 1 1. 4 2. 2 1. 7 1. 1 370 5. 2 3. 9 2. 6 4. 2 3. 2 2. 1 490 8. 6 6. 5 4. 3 7. 0 5. 2 3. 5 620 14. 0 10. 5 7. 0 11. 4 8. 6 5. 7 : ( H ) 10m 10 m < H 15 m, 15 m < H 20m, 0. 9 0. 8 ; H > 20 m,, 2 146
, 5-4 A B C, ;, ;,,,, ;, ; ;,,, ;, 70 % 20 % ; ;, ; 11. 12.,, 13. 14., ; 80%, 1. 147
(1 ) (2 ), (3 ), 1 2d, 10% 15% ; 8% 12% (4 ), 370mm (5 ), 750mm; 30, 500mm, (6 ),, (7 ) (8 ), 5-6 (9 ),, 2/ 3( 5-47 ) ; 5-47,,,, 120mm 1 6mm ; 148
500mm;, 500mm; 90 ( 5-48) 6 7, 1000mm, (10),,, (9 ), 2 (11),,,, 2. (1 ), (2 ) 80% ;,,, (3 ) 10mm, 8mm, 12mm (4 ) 1, 240mm, ( ), (5 ) 1m, 149
(6 ), 500mm 9,,,, (7 ), 5mm; 15 mm 20mm, 1% (8 ), 50%, 4-7 4-9 (9 ),, (10), :,,,,,, GB50208 3. 150
(1 ) (2 ),, 2m (3 ) (4 ),,, (3 ) (5 ) 80%,, (6 ), (7 ) 4. ( ) (1 ) ( ) ( ),, (2 ) ( ), 8% 12 %, 2d, (3 ), ;, (4 ) ( ) (1 ) ( 3) (5 ) ( ) 151
1. 5m (6 ) ( ) 1.,,,, 2.,, 5-49 5-49,,, 60mm;, 60mm, 5-50 152
5-50 (a ) ; ( b ) 3., 1/ 4 4.,, 4 5,,,, 5.,,,, 5 51 6.,,, 1m, 0. 5m, 5 52 7.,,, 1. 2m,,,,, 153
5-51 1. ; 2. 5-52 1. ; 2. 8.,,,,,,, 1 2. 5, 20mm, 154,, ( ) 1. (1 ),,,
,,,,, (2 ),, 12m 0. 00 0. 00 (3 ),,,,, (4 ), 5,, 2. (1 ),, (2 ),,, 10mm,, (3 ),,,, 155
(4 ), 3 4d, 5MPa,,,,,, 2cm,,, (5 ),,,, (6 ),, (7 ),, 5 3,,, (8 ),,, 4m, (9 ),,, (10), 30cm,, 1 1/ 4, 1 2 1/ 2 156
(11), 50cm; 3. (1 ),, 3mm,, ;,, 1 2cm,,,,,, 2m, (2 ) :,,,,,, 15,,, 6cm, 6cm,, 5-53,, 10 12cm, 6cm,, 2cm,, 10 mm, ( ),, 5-54,, 157
,,, 1. 6m,,,, 5-53 5-54 (3 ),,,,,,,, (4 ), ;, 10 20 mm (5 ),,, 10 15mm 158
,, 4. ( ) (1 ), ; 5,,,,,, (2 ), 2h,,, ; (3 ),, : 240mm; 370mm ( ) 120mm, 250mm,,,, 4,,,,, 159
; ;,, 1.,,,,,, 2.,,, 3.,,,,,, 4. 2. 4m,,,,,,,, 5.,,, 10 mm 160
6., 12cm, ( 5-48 ),, 1 2mm, 7.,, 8.,,, 5-3 1.,,, 2 m, 10 20mm, 1%, 1m, 10mm, 1 3, 30mm, 25cm, 90,,,, ( 5 ),, M5, M2. 5 1. 6m, 40cm, M5, 5-55, ( 4-7 4-9 ) 50%,, 5-56 2. (a) ; ( b) ; ( c) 161
5-55 1. 8m, 1 1,, 5-56 MU10, M5 20 30mm,, 10mm, 30 40 mm, 50 60mm,,,,, 1%,1. 5m, 20mm, 5mm, 5-57 1. ; 2. 1 % 162
5-57 1. 2 m,, ( 4-7 4-9 ) 50 %,,,,,, 10 mm, 15mm, 5mm,,, 3.,, 5mm, 25mm;, 8 10mm,, 5-58,,,, 4., :,,,,,,,, : 163
5-58 (1 ), :, 1/ 200, 1/ 200 (2 ), 4 6 7, M5; 50%, (3 ), :,, 50 70mm, 5 8mm, ( 5-59 ),,, ( 5-59) 164
5-59 (4),,,,,,, 5-60 (5 ), 10 20mm,,, 60m,, (6 ),,,,,, (7 ),,, ;,,,, 165
5-60,, 70%, (8 ),,,, (9 ),, (10),,,,, 5 20cm,,,, (11), 166
,,, (12), 1.,,,,,,, 5-61, 5-61 1. ; 2. 2.,,,,,,,,, 5-62, 20cm 1 ( 6cm),, 167
5-62 1. ; 2. ; 3. ;4.,,,, 1 2, 6cm,,, 3., 5-63, 60mm,,,,,,,,, ;,, 168
,, 5-63,, 8 10mm, 5-63 ( a) ; ( b ) ; (c),,,,,, 5-64 1 2,,,,,, ( 5-65 ),,,,,,, 169
5-64 (a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) ; ( d ), 10mm, 7mm, 13mm,,,,,,,, 1. 2m,,, ( ) : 170
5-65 1. ; 2. ; 3. 1. ; 2. 3. 3 4. 5. 2 4, M2. 5 6. 7. 24cm 8. 2 9. 10., 11. 171
,,, 5-5 5-6,,,, MU10 ; 500,, 1. 5% 3 %,,, 5-66 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 172
,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,, 2/ 3,, 2,, 30%, 8 12mm, 5mm, 15 mm,, 1/ 4, 1/ 2 95%, ( 5-66), 0. 00,,, 5 (1. 2m ),,,,, 173
5-66 ( a) ; ( b ) 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4.,,, 1m, 0. 5m,,,, 174
, 1. 8 2. 4m,,,, 1/ 2 1. 2 m 4, 60mm 60mm, 90,,, ( ),,,, ;,, ( ), 3. 1/ 2, ; 1,, 1/ 4, 400, M2. 5 8mm,, 4mm,,,,,,,,, 5-67,,, 175
2 2. 5m, 5-68 5-67 5-68 1. ; 2. ; 1. ; 2. ; 3. 3. ;4., 10, 1,, ;,,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,, 176
,,,,, 5-69 2,, M5,, ( ) 1,, 1/ 4, 5-70 2 3mm, 4mm, 5-69 5-70 1. ; 2. ; 3.,,,,,,,,, 2cm 5. 177
,,, 1,,,,,,,,,,, 15%,, ( ),, 1.,, 1 1. 5m,,, :,,,, 5-71,,,, 178
5-71 1. ; 2.,, 1 1. 5m,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, 1,,,,,,,,,, 5, 150mm, 179
,, 1 3 3. 3m,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 2.,, 3.,, 4., 1 2 d 5., 750mm; 30, 500mm 6. 240mm,, 180
7., 5mm; 15mm 20mm, 1% 8., 50%, 9. 10. ( ) 28 d 11. 12.,,,, 1. :, 15 5 10, 1 12 : 2. 80% : 5 : 3, 3.,, 2/ 3 : 20%, 5 181
: 4. 6 7,,,,, 120mm 1 6 ( 120mm 2 6 ), 500mm; 500mm, 6 7, 1000mm; 90 ( 5-48 ) ; 20%, 5 : :,, 100mm, 5. 5-5 5-5 ( mm ) 1 10 2 5 2 m 10 m 10, > 10 m 20 : ;, 4, 20m ; 10%, 3, 2, 5 182
1.,,, : 20m, 3 5m, 3 ; 10%, 3 : :, ; 300mm 3, 2., 10mm, 8mm, 12mm :, 20m 1 : 10 3. 5-6 5-6 ( mm ) 1 15 5 2 5 8 2m 10 %, 3, 2 3 ( ) 5 10 %, 5 183
4 20 10 %,, 5 ( ) ( mm ) 5 7 10 10 m 10 %, 3, 2 6 20 10 %,, 3, 2, 5 7, 5-7 184
( ) 1. M U 2. M 3. 3 4. 4 5. 80 % 6. 10mm 7. 5 mm ( ) ( ) ( ) 185
1. 1 2. 2 3. 15 mm ( ) 4. 5 mm 8 mm 5. 5mm 6. 20 mm 7. 7 mm 10 mm 8. 20 mm : ( ) : ( ) ( ) : :, ( ) ( ) 186
,,,,,,, 1.,, : (1 ), M5 (2 ), MU5 M5 2.,, 3., C15 187
(1 ) (2 ) (3 ), 600mm (4 ) 1. 2m,, 3, 4. 4. 2 m,, 4. 8 m, 190mm, 5., 600mm 2 6, 600mm( 6-1) 6-1 6. 80mm;, 7., 188
,, 8., 9., 10.,,, 1. (1 ),,, (2 ),,,,,, 1. 6m,,, 2. (1 ),, 5-2, 189
(2 ),,, 6-2 (3 ), 15m 6-2 3. (1 ), 28d,,,,, 2d 190
, 120mm 120mm,,,, (2 ) 32. 5 42. 5,,, ;,,, M5 5 %,, 1min,, 4min,,, 4h, (30 ), 2 3 h,,, 50mm;, 70mm, 250m 3, ( 6 ), 191
70. 7mm 70. 7mm 70. 7mm, 28d, 4.,,,,,,,,, 2 3, 5.,,,, 6. : (1 ), (2 ),,, 32, 16, 4,,,, (3 ) 10,, 192
19 3 1 1 1, 1m 2 1. 4, (1 ) C15 ;, (2 ), ;,,, (3 ) (4 ),,,, ( ) 2. (1 ), : 28d, 15m,, 193
,, ;, ;, 2/ 3( ) ;,,, 200mm, ( 600mm), ( 6-3) 6-3 ( a) ; ( b ), 90mm, 120mm;, ( 6-4) 194
6-4 (2 ) :, ; 90% ; 80 % ; ; 70%, 8 12 mm, 800mm;,,, 195
,, (3 ), (4 ),,, (5 ),, (6 ),, (7 ) ;, 190mm 190mm 190mm,, C15 :, 60 1/ 2 800mm 500mm 200mm 400mm (8 ),,,, 196
(9 ) 4m (10) (11) ;, (12), (13), 600mm, ; (14), 1. 8m ; 2. 4m, : (1 ) : (2 ) :,, (3 ) ( ) : (4 ) : 1. 2m, (5 ) :, (6 ) : 800mm, 197
, : :, 6-5 ( a) ;, 6-5 ( b) ;,, 6-5 ( c), :,, 6-5 ( c) - :,,,,,, (7 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 198
6-5 ( a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) ; ( d ) 380 940mm ( ) ( ) 199
1., 2.,,, 3m;,, 20cm 3.,,, 4.,,, 1.,,, 2., : (1 ) (2 ),, 15cm (3 ), (4 ), 200
3. 250 m 3, ( ),, 5 7cm,, 3 5m, 2 3m 4.,,,,, 5., 6.,,,, 3cm, C20 7., 8.,, 9.,, 10., ( ), ( ) 3 5 mm,, 201
11., 80cm, 12.,, 10cm, ;,, 1., :,,,, 2., :, 6-1, 6-1 6-1, 202
,, 8, 2. 4m 6-1 6 7 8, ;, 3 ; 15 m ;, 4, ;,, ( ),, 5 ; ( ) ;,, 8 9 4 ;, 4 5 ; ( ) 1, 7 ; ;, 5 ; 2 m 4 5 ; 1 :, 203
1. C20, 2. 120 mm 120mm 3. 1 12mm 4. 500mm 500mm 5.,, 1 12; 7, 8 9, 1 14 6. 4mm 600mm, 204 6-6
,, 1000mm, 6-6 7.,,, 6 8,, 6-7,,,, 8,, C20 6-7 8. ;, 40 d( d ) 6 8,, 205
: 1.,, 6-2 6-2 6. 7 8 ;, 7 m; ; 2. 6-3,, ; (1 ),, 5 7 ;, 4, 5, 2 ; 1 2 8,, 1 16 (2 ),6 7 8, 2. 0m 1. 6m 1. 2m (3 ),, 40mm, 2 8,, C15 (4 ), 206
6-3 ( m) ( m ) 6 7 8 0. 19 21 18 15 0. 19 18 15 12 :, 6 7 8 6 7 8,, 3 m,, 1,, 1. 190mm 190mm, 4 12, 250mm, ;7 8 9, 4 14, 200mm; 2.,,6 7 8 ; 600mm, 1m 3.,, 207
4., 500mm, 500mm :, : 1.,, 2. ( ),, ( U ),,,,, 3.,, 40 d 4., 400 500mm,, ;, ; 50mm 5.,, 6., 7. ( f2 1. 0MPa) 208
8., GB50204 : (1 ),,,, (2 ), : ; ;,, (3 ),, 6-4 6-4 / % 2 3 2 2 2, ; 80%, 209
1. ( ) 2. 28d 3.,, 4., 5., C20 6.,, ;,, 7. 8., 90 mm,, 9. 10.,,, 90mm 11., : (1 ), (2 ) 1M Pa, (3 ), 210
12., 1. :, 1 2 12 : 2., 90% ; 80 %, ; : 3 :, 3, 3., 2/ 3 : 20%, 5 : 4. 5-5 1. 10mm, 12mm, 8mm : 3 : 5 2m 211
2. 5-6 1 5, 6-5, 6-5 212
1. M U 2. M 3. 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 90 % 8. 80 % 9. 10mm 10. 5 mm ( ) ( ) ( ) 213
1. 8 12 mm 2. 15mm 3. 5 mm 8 mm 4. 5mm 5. 20 mm 6. 7 mm 10 mm : ( ) : ( ) ( ) : :, ( ) ( ) 214
,,,,,,, 50 70 mm,,,,, 12 8 1.,,, 215
, 2., 3., 4.,, 5.,, 6. 1. 2m 1. (1 ),, (2 ) 1m, 1m,, (3 ),,, (4 ),, (5 ),, 10cm,, 2. (1 ),,,, 216
(2 ),,,, 20 30 mm,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,, (5 ),, 4 5cm, 2 3cm,,,,,,,,, 2m, 217
(6 ), 1. 5, 20cm;, (7 ),,, ;, (8 ),,,,,, 1. 2m,,, (9 ),,,,,,, 5 7d,, 1., 15cm, 7-1, 2.,, 218
7-1 (a) ( b) ; ( c) ; ( d) ; (e) ; ( f) ; ( g) ; ( h ),,,,, 3.,, ( ),, 2cm, 4.,,,, 7-2 0. 7m 2, 2m, 40cm ; 40cm, 15cm, 219
7-2 5. 1. 2m,, 1. 2m, 1 1. 5m, 7-3 ( a) ; ( b ) 220
, 6.,, ( ) 4 6 12cm ( ), 7-3 4 6 12cm, 7-4 7-4 (a) ; ( b) 7.,,,,,,,, 1 3, 8.,, 4 6 2 3, 221
7-5 7-5 1. (1 ) :, 1/ 2 7-6 (a) (2 ) : 1 3, 1/ 3 2m,, 1/ 2, 222
7-6 ( b) 7-6 ( a) ; ( b ) 2. : (1 ) :, 1/ 2, (2 ) :, 1/ 2, (3 ) : 1 3,, 1/ 2, 2m 7-7 1., 223
7-7 (a) ; ( b) ; ( c), 7-1 2. 200mm, 4 7-2 7-1 2 mm 10 mm 10 mm 15 mm 20 mm 20 mm 25 mm : 20 30 mm ;, 224
7-2 ( mm) 3 5 5 7 10 15 :, 3., : 5mm; 10 mm; 20mm 4.,, : 3 5mm; 6 8mm 5., 1/ 3 6.,,, ;,, 2m 7., 100mm ( ), 8.,, 2 3 ( 7-8) 225
7-8 9.,, 200 450mm, 1. 2m, 250mm,,, 1/ 3, 2/ 3 10.,, ( ),,, 60,,,,,, M10, 226
5mm, 70% 11.,,,,, 10 1., 2. : (1 ) 200mm (2 ) 3 4, (3 ) 40mm, 80mm ( 7-9 ) 3., 200mm 4.,,,, 9 5., 227
7-9 300mm, ; 80%, 1.,, 2., 3. ; 20 mm; 5mm 4.,,, 5., ; 228
6., ( ), 7. : (1 ) 3 4, (2 ) 40mm, 80mm 8.,, 200mm 9., : (1 ), 2m (2 ) 300mm 200mm 10., 300mm 1. : 12 :, 2. 80% 229
: 1 : 3. 7-3 7-3 ( mm) 1 20 15 20 15 15 10 10, 2 20 20 10 7 30 30 25 20 :, ( 4 m ) 20m 1, 3, 3 ;, 10%, 3, 2, 5 1. 7-4 :, ( 4m ) 20m 1, 3, 3 ;, 10%, 3, 2, 5 230
7-4 ( mm ) 1 25 15 25 15 15 15 10 2 + 30 + 20-10 + 30 + 20-10 + 15 + 10-5 + 10-5 3 20 20 10 5 20 20 15 2 m, 2 m 4 10 m 10 5 2. : (1 ),, (2 ) 0. 7m 2 1 :, ( 4m ) 20m 1, 3, 3 ;, 10%, 3 : 231
, 7-5, 7-5 1. M U 2. M 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 80 % ( ) 8. 7-3 9. 7-3 ( ) 232
( ) 1. 7-4 2. 7-4 3. 7-4 4. 7-4 5. 2 : ( ) : ( ) ( ) : :, ( ) ( ) 233
,, 1. MU10, M15 2. 3 4mm, 30 120mm H PB235 ( ) 6mm 8mm, 30 120mm, 3., 5, 400mm,,, 5mm 4., 234
2mm 8-1 8-1 (a ) ; ( b ) 1. 2.,, 3., 4.,, 15mm, 6mm;, 4mm 235
15mm 5., 6.,, 500mm 7.,, 8.,,,,, 8-2,,,,, 1. C20 ; M10 ; M7. 5 2., 8-1 236
8-2 ( a) ; ( b ) ; (c) 1. ; 2. ;3. ; 4. ; 5. 5mm 8-1 ( mm) 15 25 25 35 :,, 5 mm 3., 30 45 mm 237
45mm, 4. H PB235 ( ) ; HRB335 ( ), 8mm,, 30mm 5. 4 mm 0. 2, 6mm 20 500mm, 120mm 6. 4,, 7.,,, 500mm,, 8.,, 30 d, 8-3 8-3 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. 238
9., 200 400mm,, 30 d( d ) 1. 2.,,,, 200 400mm,, 30 d, 3. 70%,,, 2mm, 4. 1. 2m,,, 5.,, 6.,, 500 600mm,, 239
, 500 600mm, 30%,,, 7.,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 1., 8-2 240
8-2 6 7 8 9, ;, 7 8, ; 15 m ( ) ; 7 9,, ( ) ; ; 7 9, ; 9 ( ) 2.,, 8-2 8-3, 3.,, 8-2 8-3, 2, 6, 7 8, 4.,, 241
5. : 8-3, GB50011 8-3 6 7 8 ( ), ( ),,, ( ) ( ),, ( ) ; 8, ( ),, 4. 8 m : 3 m 6.,,,, 500mm 2 6, 1m 7. 2 3, 3 8 9 242
, 8.,, : (1 ) MU7. 5 ; M2. 5 ;, M5 (2 ) C15, 20mm (3 ) 1. 240mm 180mm 4 12; 4 6, 250mm 7, ; 8 9, 4 14 ; 200mm,, ( 8-4) 2., 450mm 1/ 6, 100mm 3., 300mm( 8-5), 500 mm 2 6 243
8-4, 1. 0m 4. 500mm 5., 6. 6. 6m 300mm, 1. 5, 6. 6m, 244
8-5 : ( ) ( ) 1. 0 m, 7.,, 1/ 6, 8-6 ( a) 1/ 6, 8-6 ( b ), 2 8.,,,, 4 12, 200mm 9., 245
8-6, 35 100mm 10., 240 mm 180mm 1. : 2. 8-5,, 3.,, 246
, 4.,,, ( ), 2, 5. 50 70mm,,, 1. 5h, 1. 5h, 6., 2. 0m,, 7.,,, 1. 25,, 8.,, 9.,,, 10., 247
,,, 11.,, 12. : (1 ), 80%,, 95% ;, 80% 115%, (2 ),, 8-4, 20mm, 15mm 13. ( ), 14. ( ) 15., ( ) 248
,,,,, 8-7,,, 8-7 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. 1., MU10, M5, 115 mm, C20 2. 10mm, 8mm, 500mm 4 6mm, 500mm, 120mm 249
1.,,, 600mm,,,,,, 2.,,, 3m,,,,, ( 3d),,,, 200 mm 250
5-5 5-6 ( GB50204 ) 1., 2.,,,,, 3. 50 d, 20d 150mm; 55d 4., 1. : 2. : 251
: 3.,,, : 20%, 3 : : 100 mm, 300mm 2 4. 8-4 8-4 ( mm ) 1 10 2 8 10 3 10 m 15 > 10 m 20 2 m, : 10%, 5 5.,, : 10%, 5 : 252
1., 4mm 15mm : 3, 3 :, 2. 11 : 10% : : ( ), 3., : 10%, 5 :,,, : 1 4.,, 5mm;, : 10%, 5 : : ; 80%,, 2, 253
5., 35d, 300mm : 20% ( ), 3 :, 8-5, 8-5 254
1. 2. C 3. 3 ( ) 4. 5. 6. 255
( ) 7. 8. 10 mm 8 mm 10 mm ( 10m ) 9. 15 mm ( > 10m ) 20 mm 1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4 5. 5 ( ) : ( ) : ( ) : :, ( ) ( ) 256
,,, 1.,, 2m 2., 28d 3. 1 2d, 10 % 15 % 5% 8 % ;, 1., 257
, 2.,, 3. 4., 1/ 3 ; 90mm; 2 5. 8 12 mm ; 15mm 20mm 6.,,, 60, 1. ;, 2., 1/ 2 9-1 258
: 1.,,,, 2.,,, 9-1 3. 10mm, 8mm, 12mm 4. 80 % 5.,, 6.,, 7., 1. 8mm 8. 3, 259
,,,,, ; 1. 600mm 200mm 600mm 250mm 600mm 300mm 2. 3., 1/ 3,, 2 6 4, 700mm, 9-2 1. : 2.,,, 260
9-2 3.,, 4.,,,, 5.,,,, 6.,,, 15% 7.,, 200mm 8., 261
9., 15 mm, 20mm 10., T, 9-3 9-3 (a ) ; ( b ) 11.,, 60, 12. 2 6 mm,, 500mm 13., 262
, 1m, 2 6mm ( ), 700mm,,, 9-4 9-4 14. 15., 16. 1. 8m 17.,,, 18.,,,,, 263
,,,,, 0. 5 0. 8mm 19.,,,, 20.,, 21.,, 22.,, 23., 24.,, M2. 5 ;,,,,, 70 100mm 25.,, : (1 ) 0. 000 ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ) 80 264
26.,, 1. 2.,,, M5 3.,,,,, 1/ 3, 150mm,, 2 6 4, 700mm, 9-5 1.,, 2.,, 3., 2d, 265
9-5 8% 12% 4. 5., 15 mm,,, 30mm, 6.,, T,, 9-6 7., 1m 3 4mm, 700mm 8., 266
9-6 (a ) ; ( b ) 800mm 4 mm, 2, 360 mm ; 3, 360mm 9-7 9. 2 6mm, 267
9-7 500mm 10., 11. 12. 1. 5m 13. 8m, 2 6, 1m 14., ; ;,,,,,,, ( GB15229 ) 390mm 190mm 190mm,, 268
1/ 2, 120mm,, 2 6mm 4mm 9-8 9-8 1., 2d, 2. 28d 3.,, 15m 4.,, 5.,, 90%,,,, 80% 269
6.,, 7.,, 8. 1. 8 m 9., 10. 5-5 5-6 1. 2., 28d 3.,, 2 m 4. 2d, 5.,,,, 270
200mm : 1. 9-1 : (1 ) 1 2, 10%, 3 ; 10 3 (2 ) 3 4, 10 %, 5 9-1 ( mm ) 10 1 3 m 5 3 m 10 2 m 2 8 2 m 3 ( ) 5 4 20 2. 271
: 20%, 5 : 3. 9-2 : 3, 3 9-2 80 %, 80 % 80 % 4.,, : 20%, 5 : 5., 1/ 3 ; 90mm; 2 : 10%, 3 : 6. 8 12mm 272
15 mm 20mm : 10%, 3 : 5 2m 7.,, 7d, : 10 % ( ), 3 :, 9-3 9-3 273
1. M U 2. M ( ) ( ) 6. 7. 1. 2. ( ) 3. 4. 5. 8. 10 mm 5 mm 8 % 8 mm 5 mm 20 mm 2 4 9. 5 10. 6 11. 7 274
: ( ) : ( ) ( ) : :, ( ) ( ) 275
, 5d + 5 0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 276
,, 1 3 3 1 2 2 4 5 10,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ) 277
,, (2 ) (3 ),, (4 ), 1cm 10-1 ; 10-2 10-1 ( % ) 10 15 5 8 2 3 70 80 1. 2. 3.,, 1 cm,, 1 6 1, : 10-2,, 32. 5 278
( ) 1cm,, (5 ) 80, 40 2. (1 ),, 10 30mm, 130mm,, 10-3 10-3 ( mm ) ( mm ) 1 70 100 90 120 2 60 80 80 100 3 50 70 80 100 4 50 70 70 90 5 40 60 6 130 (2 ),, 1cm,, 279
(3 ),,,,, (4 ),,,,, (5 ),,,,,,,,,, (6 ),, (7 ),,, 28d, 280
,,, 1., - 15, 10-4 10-4 ( % ) ( ) - 10-11 - 15-16 - 20-21 - 25 ( ) 3 5 7-4 7 10 - - - 5 7 - - 2 3 : 10-5, - 20, 10-5 10-5 15 ( kg ) 15 ( kg ) 1dm 1kg 1dm 1kg 1. 02 0. 029 0. 029 1. 02 0. 025 0. 025 1. 03 0. 044 0. 043 1. 03 0. 037 0. 036 1. 04 0. 058 0. 056 1. 04 0. 050 0. 048 281
( ) 15 ( kg ) 15 ( kg ) 1dm 3 1kg 1dm 3 1kg 1. 05 0. 073 0. 070 1. 05 0. 062 0. 059 1. 06 0. 088 0. 083 1. 06 0. 075 0. 071 1. 07 0. 103 0. 096 1. 07 0. 089 0. 084 1. 08 0. 119 0. 110 1. 08 0. 102 0. 094 1. 09 0. 134 0. 122 1. 09 0. 114 0. 105 1. 10 0. 149 0. 136 1. 10 0. 126 0. 115 1. 11 0. 165 0. 149 1. 11 0. 140 0. 126 1. 12 0. 181 0. 162 1. 12 0. 153 0. 137 1. 13 0. 198 0. 175 1. 13 0. 166 0. 147 1. 14 0. 214 0. 188 1. 14 0. 180 0. 158 1. 15 0. 230 0. 200 1. 15 0. 193 0. 168 1. 16 0. 246 0. 212 1. 16 0. 206 0. 178 1. 17 0. 263 0. 224 1. 17 0. 221 0. 189 1. 175 0. 271 0. 231 1. 18 0. 236 0. 199 1. 19 0. 249 0. 209 1. 20 0. 263 0. 219 1. 21 0. 276 0. 228 1. 22 0. 290 0. 238 282
, 10-6 10-6 ( ) ( ) ( % ) ( % ) - 5-10 - 5-10 2 3 3 5 2.,,, 3.,,,,, ;,,, 4.,,,, Ca( O H ) 2, p H = 12. 5 14 Fe2 O3, 283
,,,,, 5., 1. 2m,, 50cm 6. : (1 ) (2 ) 80% (3 ) (4 ) ( ) (5 ),,,,,, ;,,,,, l 2 1., 284
,,,,,,, : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ) ; (5 ) ; (6 ) 2. (1 ),,,,, ;,, (2 ), - 25, 1 ; - 25, 2 M2. 5, M5, 285
, - 20, 1, (3 ), 10-7 10-7 ( ) 0-10 10-11 - 25 15-25 20,,, (4 ),, :,, 12cm 1 6, 1m, ( ),,, (5 ), :, 286
, 1. 2m,,, 0. 7m,,, 80%,, 5mm, 3mm,,, 1.,,,,, 20 % ( - 5-10 ), 2.,, + 5, 287
0. 5m + 5,,,,,,, 10-8 10-8 ( d) / 5 10 15 20 ( d ) 6 5 4 3 3.,,, 40,, 4.,,,,,,, 5. ( 75 % 288
25% ), 5%,, 80 % : 1. 5 d 5, (1 ) (2 ), 0, 2., JGJ104 3. 4. : (1 ),, (2 ), 10mm (3 ) 5.,, 1, 28 d 6., ; 289
,, 7. 0, 0,, 9,,, 8. 80, 40 9. : (1 ), + 5 (2 ), + 5 (3 ), + 5 (4 ) 0-10 - 11-25 - 25, 10 15 20 10., + 5, 0.5m + 5 11.,, 10-9 10-9 ( d) ( ) 5 10 15 20 ( d ) 6 5 4 3 12., 290
,, 13., 14. 1.,, 2.,,, 3., 4.,, ;,, 5. 6.,,, 7.,,,,, 291
8.,,, ;, 1. 1m 1. 5m,, 270kg; 3, 2 2.,,,,, 3.,, 1.,, ;,, 2. ;,,, 3., 2m; 10m;,, 292
4., :,, 5.,,,, 6.,,, ;, 7., 1. 5m ; 1. 5m, 8. ( ),, 60cm 1.,,,, 2. 1m, 40cm,, 3. 1. 2m, 4m, ;,, 4. 5.,, 293
6., ; ; 7.,, 8., ( ),, 9.,, ;,,,,,,,, 10., 11.,, 12.,, 1.,, 2.,, 3.,,, 294
4.,,,, 5.,,,,,, 6.,, 7., 8., 9. 1. 2., ;, 3., 295
,, 4.,,, 5., : (1 ), ; (2 ), ; (3 ) ; (4 ) 296
1.,,,, 2.,,, 3., 4., ( ) 5., 2. 2m, 297
6.,,, 7. 8.,,, 9., 10. 2. 2m, 11., ;, 12., 13., 14., ; 1. 5m,,, 15., 16., 300mm 298
,, 1. 2. 3. 2. 2m 4. ; 5. ( ) ( ) 6., 7. 300 mm 1., 2.,, 1.,,,, 299
, 2.,, 3.,,,, 4.,, 5. (1 ), ( ) ;,, 200mm; 300mm; 600mm, ; (2 ) (3 ),, ; 100mm;, (4 ) (5 ), ;, ( ) (6 ) 1. : (1 ) 300
T 0. 3m 2,, (2 ) 2. (1 ) ( ) (2 ) (3 ), ( ) ; 0.3 m 2 ;, (4 ) (, ), 0. 1m 2,, (5 ) 301
, 100mm ( 1500mm, 240mm; 1500mm, 365mm ) 500mm, 440mm (6 ) ( ) 3. (1 ) (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) (5 ) (6 ),, (7 ), (, ) (8 ),, 302
[2003] 3 ( GJD - 101-95 ),, : 10 m 3 240, 11-1 3-1 - 14, 15. 38 ; M2. 5 2. 2500 m 3 ; 240mm 115mm 53 mm 5. 3140 ; 1. 06m 3 ; 200L 0. 281, 11-1 1. : (1 ) (2 ) 2. : (1 ) (2 ) ;, 11-2 1. : 2. : 303
11-1 : 10m 3 3-1 - 1 3-1 - 2 3-1 - 4 3-1 - 5 3-1 - 6 3-1 - 7 3-1 - 8 3-1 - 9 3-1 - 10 ( ) 1. 2m 1. 8m ( mm ) 115 180 240 365 490 12. 18 26. 56 20. 07 25. 07 20. 08 20. 54 18. 05 17. 05 16. 39, M2. 5 m 3 - - - - 1. 9500 2. 1350 2. 2500 2. 400 2. 4500, M5. 0 m 3-1. 9600 2. 2800 2. 6500 (1. 9500 ) (2. 1350) (2. 2500) (2. 400 ) (2. 4500), M5. 0 m 3 2. 3600 - - - - - - - - 240 115 53 5. 1907 5. 6800 5. 4500 7. 1800 5. 6411 5. 5101 5. 3140 5. 3500 5. 3100 m 3 1. 0500 1. 1400 1. 0900 1. 4400 1. 1300 1. 100 1. 0600 1. 0700 1. 0600 200 L 0. 295 0. 245 0. 285 0. 331 0. 244 0. 267 0. 281 0. 298 0. 306
3-1 - 11 3-1 - 12 3-1 - 13 3-1 - 14 ( mm ) 3-1 - 15 3-1 - 16 3-1 - 23 3-1 - 24 53 115 180 240 365 490 3-1 - 25 3-1 - 27 ( ) 3-1 - 28 26. 56 19. 96 18. 79 15. 38 14. 95 14. 79 27. 10 38. 60 21. 02 13. 75 13. 96 23. 00 m M2. 5 3 1. 1800 1. 9500 2. 1300 2. 2500 2. 4000 2. 4500 - - - m 3 - - - - - - 2. 4070 - - M5. 0 3-1 - 29 m 3 ( 1. 1800) (1. 9500 ) ( 2. 1300) (2. 2500 ) (2. 4000) ( 2. 4500) 2. 2900 2. 5000 2. 7600-2. 2800 2. 1100 M5. 0 240 6. 1585 5. 6411 5. 5100 5. 3140 5. 3500 5. 3090 5. 38005. 50005. 33005. 39305. 39605. 1400 115 53 m3 0. 30400. 35220. 1720 kg 6. 600 6. 9510 4. 600 m 3 1. 2300 1. 1300 1. 100 1. 0600 1. 0700 1. 0600 1. 06002. 15001. 06001. 05001. 0700 1. 100 0. 147 0. 244 0. 266 0. 281 0. 300 0. 306 0. 286 0. 313 0. 345 0. 295 0. 285 0. 264 200 L
11-2 : 10m 3 3-2 - 1 3-2 - 2 3-2 - 3 3-2 - 4 3-2 - 6 3-2 - 7 3-2 - 8 3-2 - 9 ( mm ) 450 10 450 10 11. 81 19. 02 13. 14 14. 16 9. 71 0. 19 8. 96 0. 16, M5. 0 m 3 3. 9289 - - - M5. 0 m 3-3. 9300 3. 9300 4. 3100 1. 7685 0. 0390 1. 3296 0. 0225 240 115 53 - - 1. 4603 0. 0531 m 3 9. 7434 11. 2200 11. 2200 11. 7300 5. 5130 0. 1122 2. 0500 - m 3 0. 7900 0. 7900 0. 7900 0. 7900 0. 3600 0. 0080 0. 4892 0. 0106 200 L 0. 491 0. 491 0. 491 0. 539 0. 221 0. 005 0. 166 0. 003
( ) 3-2 - 12 3-2 - 13 3-2 - 14 3-2 - 15 3-2 - 16 3-2 - 17 3-2 - 20 ( mm ) 450 10 450 10 30. 19 15. 94 8. 67 0. 19 7. 90 0. 16 41. 53 M5. 0 m 3 1. 3675 1. 4100 1. 2141 0. 0393 1. 1220 0. 0225 1. 7711 400 220 200 m 3 9. 6400 9. 6200 2. 3280-2. 3049-10. 100 240 115 53 1. 1641 0. 0531 m 3 2. 4684 0. 1122 m 3 0. 600 0. 600 0. 3137 0. 0080 0. 4661 0. 0106 0. 5720 200 L 0. 171 0. 176 0. 152 0. 005 0. 140 0. 003 0. 221
3. : (1 ) (2 ) 1., 11-3, : (1 ) (2 ) 11-3 : 10m 3 3-3 - 1 3-3 - 2 3-3 - 3 3-3 - 4 ( mm ) 115 180 240 365 20. 14 19. 64 16. 08 15. 63 M5. 0 m 3 1. 9500 2. 1300 2. 2500 2. 400 240 115 53 5. 6963 5. 5620 5. 3661 5. 4025 m 3 1. 0971 1. 0680 1. 0291 1. 0388 200 L 0. 244 0. 266 0. 281 0. 300 2., 11-4, 308
11-4 : 10m 3 3-3 - 5 3-3 - 6 3-3 - 7 3-3 - 8 ( mm ) 115 180 240 365 14. 10 12. 71 11. 87 10. 70 M5. 0 m 3 1. 500 1. 8920 1. 8900 2. 0160 240 115 53 0. 3550 0. 1710 0. 3400 0. 3353 178 115 53-4. 3550 - - 240 115 90 3. 3390-3. 2314 3. 3863 m 3 1. 2300 1. 1700 1. 1200 1. 0700 200 L 0. 188 0. 237 0. 236 0. 252 3., 11-5, 11-5 : 10m 3 3-3 - 13 3-3 - 14 3-3 - 15 3-3 - 16 ( mm ) 115 180 240 365 14. 80 13. 35 12. 46 11. 25 M5. 0 m 3 1. 3300 1. 3320 1. 7600 1. 8833 240 115 115 240 180 115 2. 8380-2. 7200 2. 6830-1. 8130 - - m 3 1. 1400 0. 1120 0. 1090 0. 1070 0. 166 0. 167 0. 220 0. 235 309
( ) 3-3 - 17 3-3 - 18 3-3 - 19 ( mm ) 115 240 15. 39 12. 81 19. 62 M5. 0 m 3 1. 4266 1. 4740 2. 0960 240 115 53 240 115 115 240 240 115 240 115 90 0. 7040 0. 6750-2. 5080 - - - 1. 2020 - - - 3. 4400 m 3 1. 1350 1. 0350 1. 0840 200 L 0. 178 0. 184 0. 262 4., 11-6, :,, 310
11-6 : 10m 3 3-3 - 24 3-3 - 25 3-3 - 26 ( mm ) 120 180 240 11. 23 10. 34 9. 03 M5. 0 m 3 0. 6527 0. 6528 0. 6527 585 120 240 0. 5830 - - 585 180 240-0. 3700-585 240 240 - - 0. 2920 m 3 1. 4667 - - 200 L 0. 082 1. 0944 0. 8750 ( ) 3-3 - 27 3-3 - 28 3-3 - 29 3-3 - 30 ( mm ) 90 190 290 390 11. 14 10. 14 9. 01 8. 12 M5. 0 m 3 1. 4789 0. 7522 0. 9945 0. 9944 90 190 190 240 190 190 390 190 190 2. 7110 - - - - - 0. 8880 - - 0. 6780-0. 6600 m 3 1. 1737 1. 0007 1. 0700 1. 0605 200 L 0. 185 0. 094 0. 124 0. 124 311
( ) 3-3 - 35 3-3 - 36 3-3 - 37 3-3 - 38 ( mm ) 110 180 80 100 8. 85 7. 95 9. 80 9. 53 108 kg 25. 8440 26. 8240 22. 9200 23. 3730 kg 120. 6120125. 1840106. 9610109. 0780 600 500 110 0. 3150 - - - 666 500 180 800 500 80-0. 1740 - - - - 0. 3250-800 500 100 - - - 0. 2600 m 3 0. 0646 0. 0671 0. 0573 0. 0584 312
( ) 3-3 - 393-3 - 403-3 - 413-3 - 42 ( mm ) 200 280 240 110 8. 91 9. 16 10. 47 9. 94, M7. 5 m 3 0. 9466 1. 0246 0. 8100 0. 5761 280 430 240 - - 0. 0253-430 430 240 - - 0. 0085-580 430 240 - - 0. 0220-880 430 240 - - 0. 0724-240 115 53 - - 0. 2760-600 200 200 380 280 200 0. 3970 - - - - 0. 0370 - - 580 280 200-0. 2210 - - 190 190 90-0. 1280 - - 190 90 90-0. 5080 - - 600 110 300 - - - 0. 4960 m 3 0. 9650 0. 9890 1. 0000 0. 9826 200 L 0. 118 0. 128 0. 101 0. 072 313
5., 11-7,,, 11-7 : 10m 3 3-3 - 433-3 - 443-3 - 453-3 - 46 ( mm ) 90 190 290 390 11. 73 10. 30 9. 06 8. 34, M7. 5 m 3 1. 0196 0. 8500 1. 1213 1. 0660 90 190 190 290 190 190 390 190 190 2. 4070 - - - - - 0. 7470 - - 0. 5700-0. 5560 190 90 90 0. 8080-0. 5390-190 190 90-0. 3830 0. 1160 0. 3740 m 3 1. 0670 0. 9530 1. 0190 1. 0100 200L 0. 128 0. 106 0. 140 0. 133 314
( ) 3-3 - 473-3 - 483-3 - 493-3 - 50 ( mm ) 90 190 290 390 11. 17 9. 81 8. 63 7. 95, M7. 5 m 3 1. 0196 0. 8500 1. 1213 1. 0660 90 190 190 2. 4070 - - - 290 190 190 390 190 190 - - 0. 7470 - - 0. 5700-0. 5560 190 90 90 0. 8080-0. 5390-190 190 90-0. 3830 0. 1160 0. 3740 m 3 1. 0360 0. 9252 0. 9893 0. 9806 200L 0. 128 0. 106 0. 140 0. 133, 11-8, 315
11-8 1 2 3 4 5 6 M1. 0 M2. 5 M5. 0 M7. 5 M10 M15 32. 5MPa t 0. 1580 0. 1760 0. 2040 0. 2320 0. 2610 0. 3170 ( ) m 3 1. 0150 1. 0150 1. 0150 1. 0150 1. 0150 1. 0150 t 0. 0750 0. 0670 0. 0550 0. 0420 0. 0300 0. 0050 m 3 0. 4000 0. 4000 0. 4000 0. 4000 0. 4000 0. 4000 ( ) 7 8 9 10 11 M5. 0 M7. 5 M10 M15 M20 32. 5MPa t 0. 2160 0. 2460 0. 2710 0. 3300 0. 3900 ( ) m 3 1. 0150 0. 0150 1. 0150 1. 0150 1. 0150 m 3 0. 2900 0. 2900 0. 2900 0. 2900 0. 2900, 11-9 11-9 1/ 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 ( ) 64 128 192 256 320 ( m 3 ) 0. 0325 0. 0650 0. 0975 0. 1300 0. 1625, 11-10 316
11-10 ( mm ) 240 240 240 370 370 370 370 490 490 490 ( ) 32 48 72 96 128 ( m 3 ) 0. 0163 0. 0244 0. 0366 0. 0488 0. 0650, : 1.,,,, 2., ( ) 3.,,, 11-1 ( 11-1 ), 317
11-1 318
11-11 11-2 3-2 - 1 11-1 3-1 - 1 11-1 3-1 - 14 11-1 3-1 - 25 M2. 5 m 3 m 3 10 m 3 1. 1976 10 m 3 0. 335 10 m 3 2. 106 10 m 3 0. 09 11. 81 14. 144 12. 18 4. 080 15. 38 32. 390 21. 02 1. 892 9. 7434 11. 669 5. 1907 1. 739 5. 3140 11. 191 5. 3300 0. 480 3. 9289 4. 705 2. 3600 0. 791 2. 2500 4. 738 11-8 2 M2. 5 m 3 10. 234 11-8 3 m 3 M5 0. 248 52. 506 11. 669 13. 410 (10. 234) : ; 319
M5 32. 5M Pa 200 L m 3 t m 3 t m 3 m 3 kg 0. 7900 0. 491 0. 946 1. 0500 0. 588 0. 295 0. 352 1. 0600 0. 099 0. 281 2. 7600 2. 232 1. 0600 0. 1720 4. 6 0. 592 0. 345 0. 248 0. 1760 1. 0150 0. 067 0. 095 0. 400 0. 015 0. 414 0. 031 1. 801 0. 2040 10. 387 1. 0150 0. 686 0. 0550 4. 094 0. 400 0. 051 0. 260 0. 014 0. 099 ( 0. 248 ) 1. 852 10. 647 0. 700 7. 818 0. 015 0. 414 1. 310 320
1. (1 ) 10. 44 5. 24 = 54. 71m 2 (2 ), M2. 5 [ ( 10. 2 + 5) 2 + 4. 76 2 ] ( 0. 6 0. 3 + 0. 4 0. 3 ) = 39. 92 0. 3 = 11. 976 m 3 (3 ), M2. 5 39. 92 0. 24 0. 35 = 3. 353 m 3 (4 ), M2. 5 39. 92 (3-0. 2) - [ ( 1. 2 1. 6 3 ) + ( 1. 5 1. 6 2 ) + ( 1 2. 6 ) + ( 0. 6 1. 6 2 ) + ( 1. 0 2. 6 2 ) ] = 39. 92 2. 8 - ( 5. 76 + 4. 8 + 2. 6 + 1. 92 + 5. 2 ) = 111. 776-20. 28 = 91. 496m 2 ( 91. 496-3. 76 ) 0. 24 = 87. 736 0. 24 = 21. 06m 3 (5 ), M5. 0 440, 200, = (2. 2 3 + 2 2 + 2. 5 2 + 3. 2 ) 0. 20 = 18. 8 0. 2 = 3. 76m 2 3. 76 0. 24 = 0. 90 m 3 2., 11-11 3., 321
1., ( GB50203-2002),, 2002 2., ( GB50300-2001),, 2001 3., ( GB50003-2001 ),,2001 4., ( GB50011-2001 ),,2001 5., ( JGJ98-2000 ),,2001 6., ( JGJ/ T14-95),, 1995 7., ( ),,2003 8.,,, 2003 322