1997 3 44 50 1997 2 208212 1996 2528
1994 1 7 1993 1994 1 27
15
1956 65 1564 7 U.N The aging of populations and Its Economic and Social Implications Population StudiesNo.261956 65 7
3 4 6 15
60 70 GNP GNP
1991 1 OECD GNP 90 GNP GNP GNP GNP GNP
S. 1974 1974
1990 31
1992 32 1981 374051 1981 374051
1973 10 9.3 10 3.6 1971 7 15 8 15 8 70 1973 3 KL 10 200 GNP 5
70 1980 80
80 90
21 1997 328 1996 1
1982 9 1960 1980 GNP GNP 1 9 2 7 2 4 3 6 3.5 5 3.5 5 4.5 5 3 8 2.5
1957 320 1945/1995 1996 8 1981 79
1 2 3 1996 9 1981 79 1979 259 1968 500 720 12 6.6 14 510 10 56 6 15 12 90 15 1980 1970 20 1/6
1960 1973 10 1973 3.5 6.5 KaishaThe Japanese Corporation 75
1989 29
80 1996 1 100
1993 373 29 1985 435 436
6.5 1961 1970 10.6 1959 10 1983 1983 7 31 1 2 3
1998 2
1983 1996 1992 19761977
1909 R.Babson Babson Babson Chart 1919 Harvard Index Chart 1919 1920 1922 1955 DI 1956 DI 1960 DI 1968 CI CI
1880 20 60 22
GNP 10 90 1887 1928 10 46 1950 1983 9 46.8 3.9
1992
National Science Foundation ScienceEngineering Indicator s 1993
1997 40 43
80 80 80
1996 893 894 1996 893894 1973 147
1985 4950 1968 7 1957 24
1994 6 1995 21
1 1 12 31 4 1 3 31 10 9
2 9
1983
1992 1993
1994 92 42
10
19 32
1982 232
1949 5 4
1956 50 60 1965
1994 3 21 1.3 1994 90 2025 12 1994 5 1996 388
1982 388
1995
225 1950 9 1975 5 1969 7 1 250 1968 1 4 100 1994 24
1996 4 2 53.5 77.4 376 21 000 21 74 1997 11 17 6 000
5 1995
3
1987 1995 1990
65
big-bang big-bang 1986 big-bang 1975 5 1 big-bang 1985 10 1995 8 500 20 26
1995 12 2
1997 11 5
1979 1992 firm firm enterprise firm Ryutaro Komiya the Japanese EconomyTrade Industryand Government university of tokyo press 1990pp.218 80 1
A B A B
1995 54
1983
AbegglenJames C 1958 1973 1984 198
1995 12 20 1927 110 100.6 60 1963
23.6 11.9 70 1973 19.0 9.0 1980 14.57.5 1982 6 15 20 1988 73
4 1 3 1987
70 80 64K 256K 1M4M 16M64M
5 1979
1995 84
19
19 20
1977 1 10 1955 8 15
1997 12 10
1994 80 1/4
IMF International Financial Statistics Subcommittee on Trade of the Committee on Ways and MeansU. S. Houseof RepresentativesTask Force Report on United States Japan Trade with AdditionalViews95th Congress 2nd SessionJanuary21979
U.S.G.P.O.1979.
1995 1996 1998 3
1 2 3 Plaza Accord 1985 9 22 Plaza Hotel 5 G5 3 240 1 200 1
1991 1994 3 94 2000 200 1993 2000 421 1994 8.6 1995 10 1994 78.0 69.3 67.8 53.3
1 1
2 5 = + +
5 5 1 5 SDRSpecial Drawing Rights IMF IMF
19 90 1914
1914 1993
1995
1945 1947 1947 240 420 1 420 600 178 267 125 1360 1935 1 3.51 3.5 1935 1949 2 208 1935 208/2=104 3.5 104=364 360
1949 1 360 1 360