* ** * 00MZB001 **

SOCIOLOGY OF ETHNICITY 44 2007 9 20 Association of Sociology of Ethnicity Sociology Society of China Institute of Sociology and Anthropology Peking University

* ** 1 2 3 * 00MZB001 ** 1956 1 1990 62 2 1980 1507 3 1980 1

1 2 3 4 5 12 6 7 8 50006000 200 200 9 1500 5 6 1 2 3 4 2004 2 5 1982 6 1980 1990 45 7 1987 811 8 858 1987 896 9 1982 2

6 7 1 2 notion state? multi-notion? Lewis H. Morgan 3 1 2000 118 2 1989 59 3 1977 218 3

1 2 3 4 2000 5 6 1000 7 40 8 48 1000 8 1 2004 2 2 1986 3 1982 4 5 1978 5 17 6 1981 7 1982 8 1991 1516 4

1 2 3 30 50 4 5 50 36 7 9 17 2 103 84 19 14 1 1982 2 3 4 1986 383 5 718 5

1 200 2 3 4 Max Weber 5 400 400 2000 6 7 8 China 9 1 1991 1718 2 1986 842 3 1980 4 1982 5 2000 413 6 2001 2 7 1982 8 1986 715 9 1989 138 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 1986 1058 2 1059 3 1439 4 1465 5 1545 6 2004 7786 7 1989 9799 8 1986 3490 7

1 2 3 669 10 4 94 762 1 1980 2 3 1986 4122 4 1991 3940 669 8

1260 1 1264 2 3 1271 4 5 1 1986 7245 2 7245 3 7664 4 7254 5 7456 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1280 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1635 1 2000 211 2 1986 7296 3 1986 7300 4 7308 5 7331 6 7311 7 7733 8 7755 9 1991 5758 1330 10 1986 7488 11 7756 12 7257 13 1991 58 14 1986 7503 15 7310 10

1 1644 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1683 1690 70 1820 10 11 12 13 1 8823 2 8827 3 1989 69 4 2000 626 5 627 6 208 1987 1 7 1986 8820 8 8828 9 8840 10 1991 6566 1820 11 1986 10422 12 10429 13 10424 11

1 2 3 1840 civilization state 4 nation state a civilization pretending to be a state 5 nation nation 1 2000 425 2 1986 7588 3 2004 1 2004 4 4 1999 614 5 21 2003 12 29 12

2000 1906 1 1903 2 1922 3 4 1686 1 2001 1680 2 2001 454 3 3211 4 2000 459 13

1912 1 2 1912 3 1924 1 23 4 1912 10 1913 10 10 1913 22 34 5 6 1929 7 1940 3 1 1981 90 2 83 1989 3 2 1972 2 424 4 1981 591 5 4145 1989 111112 6 2000 655656 7 1933 14

1 2 nation 1938 3 1986 4 5 56 56 56 6 7 1 1967 710 2 1991 7172 1946 3 1976 10 19 4 1986 573 5 1989 113 6 1997 2 1999 7 1989 92 15

народынациянародность 1953 нациянация этнос 1 1953 2 3 ethnosэтноснация 4 56 55 1 AA 2002 5 2 56 2005 8081 3 1980 1 266 4 1989 1 80 16

nation nation nation ethnicity nation 17

1 2 1.2 21% 20063 50% 2000 1 19751982 1983 172 2 18

2000200220052006 2007 2007 8 60 1 1 2005 51.5% 15.5% 33% 62.8% 1 1 2002 13.6% 11.1% 10.7% 10.1% 10% 7.7%200675 19

2000 45.9% 45.6% 80.5% 84.3% 77.2% 36.8% 2000 63.1%2002823 1.. 19902000 % * 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 4.1 5.3 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.9 3.6 5.4 84.1 80.5 8.8 9.6 1.8 1.9 1.8 3.1 2.9 3.3 80.3 77.2 14.0 14.8 2.9 2.9 3.2 6.2 3.8 6.1 67.7 61.5 6.7 8.0 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.6 85.4 84.3 5.3 5.5 1.8 2.1 2.0 3.6 8.7 15.4 66.9 60.7 12.4 11.1 4.5 4.0 4.5 4.1 9.1 17.2 38.1 36.8 % 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000** 6.2 5.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 3,545,342 448,222 4.4 4.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 446,145 57,005 8.1 8.4 0.2 0.2 100.0 100.0 59,058 8,491 2.7 1.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 60,752 8,815 15.1 12.7 0.1 0.1 100.0 100.0 331,797 39,908 31.2 24.7 0.2 0.1 100.0 100.0 3,022,729 406,337 1992532-5352002572-577 * 1990 **2000 10.49% 1990-2000 6.5% 6.2% 1 1 2 2005 2,482 7,990 200625-26 3,255 10,493 2006345 76% 63.2% 20

80.5% 2005 923.5 332.4 176.4 165.1 73% 8 1,296 1,699 2,923 2,975 3,196 3,322 4,014 4,568 2006221-222 2,482 3 1 11 8 2005 3,323 90 /2005 30.05 27.2 90.6% 2.8 98.2% 1.6% 200633-34 48 1.7 2004 1,611 2005 1,821 1 2004 1,634 2005 1,816 2006198 2 2005 83,298 48,130 57.8% 2,872 5 4 3,514 2 156 110 2006234256258 5,038 2,411 1,316 200622202 2005 10,115 4,052 2,493 557 13,965 1,164 200642-44 4 1 2005 1698.53 2006222 2 2005 1251 21

6 2,696,780 9.8% 3.2% 54.6% 24.9% 3.2% 2.7% 1.0% 0.5% 159 2 2 2 3 22000 6 % 7,514,089 100.0 8.8 2.8 53.1 24.6 4.3 3.6 1.7 1.0 2,696,780 100.0 9.8 3.2 54.6 24.9 3.2 2.7 1.0 0.5 3,027,930 100.0 9.3 2.9 52.6 25.7 4.0 3.2 1.6 0.6 303,162 100.0 8.1 5.3 56.3 23.5 3.3 2.3 0.9 0.3 13,877 100.0 11.2 1.1 50.1 23.4 2.3 1.4 0.4 0.1 18,677 100.0 8.7 5.4 59.2 21.9 2.7 1.5 0.4 0.1 27,881 100.0 9.6 2.4 61.1 22.2 2.6 1.6 0.5 0.1 2002392-396230242 2002563-567 4 30.6% 46.7% 200732 2005 7,093 1,279 15.5% 1 5,800-6,000 11 5 15% 8.7% 11.2% 12% 13.5% 14.5%2006265 2005 93,969 80,398 13,571 2006105 2-3 11,003 2.45 5 2000 2007 1 1995 1994 48% 39.1% 1993 38.7% 23.7% 199929537 22

4 3.1% 8.7% 2.9% 2008 133 2003 54 9.3 2004 100 13 2007 65 8 2007 120 2006 56 9 1 50 2006 20 50 2007 1 40 2006 21,771 2005 5.6 10,300 2006 7.1 1.3 2007 4.3 4,000 700 1,700 2 1 2 2006 11 2,500 720 23

3 2007 4 2 97.6% 21 2.4% 12 3 7 279 2 2 43 1 3 221 2 2 50 2 3 65 2 4 196 3 873 12 2007 4 2 2007 6 4 2007 141 37 2006 42007 6-141 52 193 4 8 12 2 64 66 0 137 137 1 43 44 0 30 30 0 58 58 2 62 64 37 52 89 0 323 323 186 829 1,015 5 110 32 29.1% 4,000 32 0.8% 24

24 14 38 1 8 5 3 5 54 1 24 1 14 1 8 1 2 1 2 1 110 6 2100-203 100 3 1000 / 800 / 4 25

203 / 100 / 6 120 / 100 / 100 / 100 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 40 / 120 / 500 / 500 / 500 / 500 () / 2 500 / 1 400 / 1 500 / 3 400\500\ 600 2, 400 / 900 / 850 / 670 / 670 / 680 / 4 1 10.5 8 800-1000 800-1000 / / 4 680 / 680 / 1 / 8 1000 / 850 / 2006 2007-2008 2007 2007.5-2007 -2009 2009-5 1 1 / 10 850-100 0 /, 2007.4-2009.4 2 400 680 / 680 / 1 / 3 8 10 1.5-2 800-1000 1000 / 1000 / /, 30 20, 500 600, 2007.2-2010.2 2007.4-2010.4 1 200, 2 400, 3 600 2007.4-2010.4 5 500 2006 40 2007 2 61 1 3 400-500 /2 670-680 /3 850-900 / 680 / 3 26

200 400 600 7 8 3 8 3 10-10.5 3 1 1 4 1 1 3 3 8 2 4 5 4 1 500-600 8 6 2 7 6 7 7/ 1 % 100-199 0 330 9 200-299 5 2.7 200-299 3 336 4 300-349 15 8.0 300-399 17 346 4 350-399 132 70.6 400-499 5 358 4 400-449 7 3.7 500-599 10 21 450-499 23 12.3 600-699 1 500-650 3 1.6 36 1000 2 1.1 * 186 100.0 * 1 2006 10 39 8 37 745-908 820 10 100 820 2005 1816 45% 8 2006 10 () 1 330 80 174 185.7 11.7 48.3 6 23.04 60 105 772.04 15 52 2 330 80 174 239.0 65.0 49.0 22 84.48 72 126 908.48 15 52 3 330 80 174 208.3 34.3 50.1 10.5 40.32 72 126 834.72 15 52 27

4 330 80 174 211.4 37.4 48.3 12 46.08 60 105 820.78 15 52 5 330 80 174 190.5 16.5 46.2 12 46.08 60 105 797.78 15 52 6 744 - - - - - 20 76.80 72 191.13 1011.93 15 52 7 330 80 174 236.5 62.5 49.0 11 42.24 72 126 863.74 15 52 8 330 80 174 213.2 39.2 50.1 5 19.20 72 126 818.50 15 52 9 330 80 174 205.3 31.3 50.1 5 19.20 72 126 810.60 15 52 10 330 80 174 222.1 48.1 48.3 6 23.04 60 105 808.44 15 52 11 330 80 174 232.7 58.7 47.3 11 42.24 72 126 858.24 15 52 12 330 80 174 200.8 26.8 48.3 12 46.08 60 105 810.18 15 52 13 330 80 174 174.0 0.0 48.3 6 23.04 60 105 760.34 15 52 14 330 80 174 182.3 8.3 46.2 6 23.04 48 84 745.54 15 52 15 330 80 174 197.7 23.7 49.7 11 42.24 72 126 825.64 15 52 16 330 80 174 191.6 17.6 48.3 12 46.08 60 105 800.98 15 52 17 330 80 174 197.8 23.8 48.3 18 69.12 60 105 830.22 15 52 18 330 80 174 237.5 63.5 49.0 22 84.48 72 126 906.98 15 52 19 330 80 174 206.8 32.8 48.3 18 69.12 60 105 839.22 15 52 20 330 80 174 208.6 34.6 49.7 11 42.24 72 126 836.54 15 52 21 330 80 174 233.0 59.0 49.0 15.5 59.52 72 126 877.52 15 52 22 330 80 174 216.1 42.1 48.3 12 46.08 60 105 825.48 15 52 23 744 - - - - - 0 0 60 159.27 903.27 15 52 24 330 80 174 235.6 61.1 50.1 10.5 40.32 72 126 862.02 15 52 25 330 80 174 202.4 28.4 49.7 5 19.20 60 105 786.30 15 52 26 330 80 174 213.6 39.6 50.1 5 19.20 72 126 818.90 15 52 27 330 80 174 195.2 21.2 48.3 12 46.08 60 105 804.58 15 52 28 330 80 174 203.4 29.4 49.7 0 0 72 126 789.10 15 52 29 330 80 174 201.6 27.6 46.2 6 23.04 48 84 764.84 15 52 30 330 80 174 210.9 36.9 49.7 5 19.20 72 126 815.80 15 52 31 330 80 174 235.4 61.4 49.0 11 42.24 72 126 862.64 15 52 32 330 80 174 210.2 36.2 50.1 5 19.20 72 126 815.50 15 52 33 330 80 174 202.9 28.9 48.3 6 23.04 60 105 789.24 15 52 34 330 80 174 226.3 52.3 48.3 5 19.20 60 105 835.68 15 52 35 330 80 174 198.1 24.1 48.3 6 23.04 60 105 784.44 15 52 36 330 80 174 232.6 58.6 45.9 10.5 40.32 60 105 833.82 15 52 37 330 80 174 188.0 14.0 48.3 12 46.08 60 105 797.38 15 52 38 330 80 174 204.4 30.4 48.3 12 46.08 60 105 813.78 15 52 39 330 80 174 209.2 35.2 48.3 12 46.08 60 105 818.58 15 52 1 28

2 3 13 4 5 587 2 50 1 1 612 34 5 6 7 1600 20 1 2005 1 16 7 7 6 29

1 2 3 4 5 16-17 6 1 1 1 2000 18.99 2004124 30

1 2 1 1 3 4 5 6 2-5% 2 1 31

1 2004253 2000 2002 2000 2006 200420 90 2002 2000 20062006 2007 4 199924 2007 6 12 2007 8 8 2002 1 167 70% 32

2000 1992 1990 2002 2000 20062006 2004 2007 2007 2007 8 7 2005 1 15 1.5 2003 2004 9 2004 2005 1 4,000 4.7 400-700 / 400 1,700 / 1-3 2003 2006 7 5 1 30-40% 2000 10-15 5 10-14 400 / 1-2% 33

16-22 17-18 100 30-45 2 + 1 3 + 2005 60-70% 2005 2 2-5%98% 80 600 1,000 3 60 90% 3 2 1 450-1,500 / 34

12 3 4 30-50 1 1 5 1700 24 9 60 30% 40% 30% 100871 marong@pku.edu.cn 35