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Contents ii 1 M 1 1.1........................................... 1 1.2........................................... 3 2 6 2.1........................................... 6 2.2........................................... 9 2.3........................................... 11 3 15 3.1........................................... 15 3.2........................................... 17 3.3........................................... 20 3.4........................................... 23 4 26 4.1........................................... 26 4.2........................................... 28 4.3........................................... 30 4.4........................................... 32 5 36 5.1........................................... 36 5.2........................................... 39 5.3........................................... 42 5.4........................................... 44 iii

6 48 6.1........................................... 48 6.2........................................... 50 6.3........................................... 52 6.4........................................... 55 7 60 7.1........................................... 60 7.2........................................... 62 7.3........................................... 65 7.4........................................... 67 7.5........................................... 70 7.6........................................... 72 8 75 8.1........................................... 75 8.2........................................... 78 8.3........................................... 80 9 84 9.1........................................... 84 9.2........................................... 86 9.3........................................... 88 9.4........................................... 91 10 D 94 10.1........................................... 94 10.2........................................... 96 10.3........................................... 99 10.4........................................... 101 11 ( ) 104 11.1........................................... 104 11.2........................................... 106 12 110 12.1........................................... 110 12.2........................................... 112 12.3........................................... 115 12.4........................................... 117 iv

13 121 13.1........................................... 121 13.2........................................... 123 13.3........................................... 126 13.4........................................... 128 14 131 14.1........................................... 131 14.2........................................... 133 14.3........................................... 136 14.4........................................... 138 15 142 15.1........................................... 142 15.2........................................... 145 v

Chapter 1 M 1.1 (1925/26) (Feynman) (Schwinger) (Tomonaga) (K. Wilson) (Max Abraham) (Gustav Mie) 1968 (Gabriele Veneziano) (H. Suzuki) 1

(John Schwarz) (Joel Scherk) 2 (Tamiaki Yoneya) 1 1972 (Michael Green) 2002 (Heineman prize) 1985 (TOE=Theory of Everything) (John Ellis) 15 (Edward Witten) (David Gross) 2

( ) 15 (1994-1998) ( ) (Olive) (Montonen) 1977-1994 1940 - (Ashoke Sen) 1994 15 1.2 (Rutgers University) (Nathan Seiberg) 1989-1992 3

1993-1994 - 1994 (Aspen) 4 94 95 hep-th - 1998 A&M 95 (Andrew Strominger) - 94 95 (Chris Hull) (Paul Townsend) 94 10 11 95 11 10 1 11 11 M- M (Mother) 4

(Mysterious) (Membrane) (Matrix) M- M- M- M M- message M- M 1995 10 (Joseph Polchinski) 6 D- D Dirichlet D- D- D- (Leob) D- M- M- M- 5

Chapter 2 2.1 (S. Hawking) (G. t Hooft) 6

- - - 1915 ( 1907 1911 ) 1915 11 25 - ( ) 1915 11 11 4-11 11 (Ricci) - 11 18 - (Jean Joseph Le Verrier) 1859 45 11 25 1 7

- - 10 40 - - - 10 13 gr-qc 60 (North Carolina) Gmunu (Steven Weinberg) - 2 2 1916 1918 2 1937 1982 8

2.2 (Olbers) 1917 2-1917 (de Sitter) (Friedmann) 1922 9

(Hubble) 1929 1924-60 60 (A. Penzias) (R. Wilson) 40 (R. Dicke) ( ) (A. Guth) (Inflation) 1982 (COBE) 863 10

70 80 2.3 (Jacob D. Bekenstein) 1972 1973 (Physical Reviews D) (Hebrew University) 1973-11

2GM/c 2, (Subramanyan Chandrasekhar) 1934 (Sir Arthur Eddington) - (Oppenheimer- Volkoff) 1982 71 12

1973 ( ) 1973 (James M. Bardeen) (B. Carter) - entropy (twist) 13

? ( ) 2002 14

Chapter 3 3.1 1904 (Tomonaga) 15

(Hamiltonian) (Lagrangian) ( ) ( ) (irrelevant term) (relevant term) ( ) - 2 1 3 1-70 16

1 - (John A. Wheeler) (spacetime foams) (wormholes) (event horizon) - ( ) 3.2 70 - (Yuri Abramovich Golfand) 60 - (Weinberg-Salam) 1967 - (Evgeny Likhtman) 68 4 (super-poincare algebra) 17

4 6 - (Coleman-Mandula no-go theorem) (Israel Gelfand) 1913 9 ( 9 ) 1994 (M. Shifman) 1973 1980 4 1971 4 (Lebedev Physical Institute) ( 60 ) 50 - (Julius Wess Bruno Zumino) 1974 1990 - (Pierre Ramond) 1971 ( ) (Jean Gervais) (Bunji Sakita) (Ramond sector) 18

( ) ( Ken ) - - - (Jeff Harvey) 90 ( ) ( ) 19

(super-selction sector) ( ) 10 3.3 (Grassman) 20

N 1971 N = 1 1971-1974 - ( 1/2 ) - - - 1973 4 50 40-1971 ( 1) 50 1 3 4 4 (Higgs) (hierachy) 100 (100 Gev) 21

100Gev (fine tuning) 80 8 N = 2 4 16 2 16 N 4 80 N = 2 N = 4 ( ) N = 4 (de Sitter) 1974 (Abdus Salam) (J. Strathdee) 74 11 74 (P. Fayet) (S. Ferrara) 1976 1 22

3.4 19 28, 1974 (A. Neveu) - - 1974 1976 (L. Brink) (P. Di Vecchia) (P. Howe) - 1976 - (F. Gliozzi) ( - ) 5 (GSO projection) - - (Michael Green) - ( Ryoyu Utiyama) 23

3/2, 1 4 1976 - (P. van Nieuwenhuizen) - (Martinus Veltman) (Daniel Z. Freedman) (Sergio Ferrara) - 4 N 1 - - 1 (first order formalism) 2 1.5 1 2 1.5 - N 2 (extended SUGRA) 4 N 8 N 8 2 N 10 N 8 70 N 8 O(8) N D D 11 (dimensional reduction) 4 N 2 6 N 1 4 N 8 11 (compactification) 11 24

4 ( ) 6 11 11 4 8 - (Michio Kaku) (Hyperspace) ( ) - - (Steven Weinberg) 10-25

Chapter 4 4.1 1968 1984 15 15 15 15 60 60 (Gev) 6.2 50 60 (Geoffrey F. Chew) 60 60 60 (M. Gell-mann) 26

(A. Wightman) (inclusive process) (exclusive process) (Mandelstam) 60 s-t s t s t s t s s s s t t t s t s t s-t 27

s t 1968 s-t s t (Regge trajectory) t t (J. E. Paton and H. Chen) (M. Vorasoro) 4 (Fubini) 4.2 (Y. Nambu) (Leonard Susskind) (H. B. Nielsen) 28

2 (closed strings) (complex) (light-cone gauge) - (Goldstone) 29

M 1996 26 26 4.3 (intercept) 2 30

1989 26 2 26 (A. M. Polyakov) (vertex operator) 26 0 (lightcone gauge) 1973 ( P. Goddard, J. Goldstone, C. Rebbi, Charles B. Thorn) (M. Vorasoro) ( ) ( ) 31

1988 (David Gross) (P. Mende) ( ) (Tamiaki Yoneya) M 4.4-32

1976 - (Kaluza) (Klein) - ( ) (Hong-Mo Chan ) (J.E. Paton) 1969 (adjoint) - 1 2-33

4 - - - - - - - - IIA IIB IIB IIB 1974 ( ) 1 2-100 (100 Mev) 20 (M. Green) (zero slope limit) 34

1979 (dilaton) 35

Chapter 5 5.1 1984 1974 1975 1976 N 1983 83 (Shelter Island) ( ) - 4-82 - - 84 84 85 1 - -I SO(32) 2 3 - (Calabi-Yau) - I 6 - N = 1 36

( ) (Steinberger) 4 (Stephen L. Adler) (John Bell) (Roman Jakiew) 1969 37

4 4 - (Chern-Simons) 1983 6 10 4 4 1983 - (Luis Alvarez-Gaume) 10 1983 - (A. Zee) - -I 10 IIB 10 IIB 83 10 IIB 10 -I N = 1 10 N = 1 10 - - SO(32) - E 8 E 8 - (J. Thierry-Mieg) - 38

- - SO(32) -I - 5.2 Heterotic string (D. Gross) (J. Harvey) 10 26 16 ( ) 16 10 SO(32) E 8 E 8 4 60 70 (E. Martinec) (R. Rohm) 1982 1983 (I. Klebanov) 39

10 26 26 10 10 10 10 10 10 ( ) 16 16 16 E 8 E 8 26 (P. G. O. Freund) (affine algebra) T 40

16 1 16 (even self-dual lattice) 16 SO(32) E 8 E 8 16 2 10 16 496 2 (J. Lepowsky) (R. Wilson) ( I. B. Frenkel) (V. G. Kac) (P. Goddard) (D. Olive) 84 (M. B. Halpern) - - 10 10 N = 1 10 SO(32) -I -I 16 32 ( ) 32 ( - ) 32 SO(32) 32 16 ( ) 496 E 8 E 8 32 16 41

5.3 1984 - (J. Maldacena) - - -I SO(32) SO(32) E 8 E 8 - N = 1 N = 1 (P. Candelas) (G. Horowitz) N = 1-10 (Killing spinor) 42

( ) (holonomygroup) SU(3) SU(3) (Kahler) - SU(3) - - - 6 43

N = 1 - - E 8 E 8 SU(3) E 8 E 6 E 8 E 6 E 8 E(6) - - 1984-5.4 1984-1985 (A. Belavin) (A. B. Zamolodchikov) BPZ 1984 44

1981 (D. Friedan) - - (orbifold) 45

180 360 360 (twisted sector) (winding modes) ( ) - - (Gepner models) - - (mirror symmetry) 46

47

Chapter 6 6.1 (muon) 48

4 4 (S. Glashow) 80 90 70 1984 BPZ BPZ BPZ (Steven Shenker) BPZ (nonlinear sigma-models) (I. Singer) 49

(C. Callan) 6.2 ( ) ( ) 50

(bootstrap) 1984 BPZ ( ) (primary operator) (secondary operators) 51

BPZ BPZ 1 1 ( ) BPZ (crossing symmetry) (fusion rules) (G. Moore) - - - (Kac-Moody) - - - - ( ) 6.3 1995 52

M- (Keji Kikkawa) 1974-1986 80 53

(V. Periwal) (renormalon) N N N 1/N N N N N 54

N 6.4 N 1989 (V. Kazakov) (E. Brezin) (M. Douglas) (A. Migdal) N (C. Itzykson) (G. Parisi) (J-B. Zuber) (D. Bessis) 55

(random surfaces) N N 1/N 1989 N N 56

(F. David) (H. Kawai) (J. Distler) - (M. Goulian) - (de Gennes) ( ) - (mirror symmetry) 57

Edward Witten 50 / US News Andrew Wiles Noam Chomsky Andrew Wiles 50 1990 (Sir Michael Atiyah) 8 1990 58

200 300 ( ) 1994 A. Polyakov J. Polchinski J. Maldacena Lenny Susskind t Hooft 1995 Loeb 44 8 59

Chapter 7 7.1 97 96 K-K T- - S- ( 60

) - 85 ( ) (Eguchi) 61

( ) ( ) 7.2 1994 (Kruskal) (kink) 62

3 (vortex) - (Nielsen-Olesen) (Bogomol nyi) SU(2) ( ) 1975 (hedgehog) BPS BPS (Bogomol nyi, Parasad, Sommerfeld) BPS 1975 (instanton) 63

BPS (modui parameters) 1/2 BPS BPS BPS N 4 64

7.3 T T (target space duality) T 1984 (K. Kikkawa, google 84 (N. Sakai, I. Senda) 84 T T T 1990 65

T T 90 T T T T Z 2 T T T T T T, T SO(2, 2, Z), T T d SO(d, d, Z), 66

T d d 2d 2d SO(d, d, Z) T T T T T 7.4 T T IIA IIB T ( ) T IIB IIA T T (mirrorsymmetry) IIA IIB - IIA(IIB) - IIB(IIA) - - (Kahler) - - ( ) 67

90 ( - ) IIA IIB - ( ) BPS (chiral primary) (scaling dimension) BPS - - S 1948-68

1 N 4 (super Yang-Mills SYM ) - 1977 (H. Osborn) 16 (79 ) 1992 (J. Gauntelett) 1993 N = 4 ( ) T SL(2, Z) 94 94 69

( ) 7.5 (M. Duff) (brane) ( A&M ( ) ) ( ) 84 86 (R. I. Nepomechie) (C. Teitelboim) p + 1 p p p- D p + 1 p- p- p + 1 p D 1 p D p 1 (transverse space) p- p- p + 1 p- (longitudianl directions) p- p p- D p D p 4 D p- D p = 4 D p 4 p- 70

4 D p 4 p- (D p 4)- p- p + 1 p+2 p + 2 D D p 2 D p 3 D p 3 (D p 4)- D 4 p D p 4 p -1 p + 1 (axion) D 10 p 1 D p 4 5 5-5- 5-1990 5-5 + 1 5-5- 5-5- N 2 10 5- D- D 11 p 2 5-11 1987 2 11 11 11 11 M- 2-5- 1987 2 + 1 (E. Bergshoeff) 71

D 6 p 1 N 2 N = 2 R-R - R-R IIA 0-2- 4-6- 8- IIB 1-3- 5-7- 9- -1- D- 7.6 5 BPS 72

1986 D BPS 5 5 IIB 1 5 5 5 D5 D5 5 5 5 5 A. Dabholkar) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 (C. Callan) 73

5 5 5 D /5 M 1991 74

Chapter 8 8.1 1994 (holomorphic) N = 4 N = 2 SL(2, Z) N = 2 N = 1 1 4 1 1/2 N = 1 N = 2 N = 2 (hypermultiplet) 4 N = 2 75

4 4 N = 1 N = 2 SU(2) N = 1 SU(2),, U(1) U(1) U(1) U(1) U(1) N = 2 SU(2) U(1) (dyon) BPS 1/2 N = 2 (prepotential) N = 2 (pullback) SL(2) SL(2) 76

(holonomy) 1/2 SL(2) N = 1 N = 1? 77

8.2 1994 N = 2 SU(2) N = 2 SU(2) N = 4 N = 2 SO(8) triality SO(8) 8 BPS U(1) flat directions ) D N 1 π N = 2 78

hyper-kahler ) BPS U(1) SL(2) SL(2) N 4 79

SL(2) N = 4 80 (Donaldson) 88 N 2 (twisted) BRST BRST BRST 94 8.3 94 80

N 1 93 N = 1 N N N = 4 N = 1 N = 2 N = 1 (Meissner effect) ( ) N = 1 N 1 SU(N)) N = 1 81

( N ) 83 (runaway) 3/2 BPS BPS R β 82

3/2 83

Chapter 9 9.1 94 94 (A. Font) 4 II 5 95 II U II 11 U U (unity) T N 4 N 4 SL(2, Z) 84

N = 8 II T (R) T II T SO(6, 6, Z) II 6 6 6 T 12 T T T U E 7 (Z) E E 7 7 U N 8 E 7 U SO(6, 6) SL(2) N 8 N 8 E 7 E 7 SU(8) 133 63 70 T SO(6, 6, Z) T BPS BPS T BPS T T BPS BPS BPS BPS T U BPS BPS 6 SL(2, Z) KK KK 6 85

BPS T 12 6 6 6 6 KK 6 6 5 5 24 24 U T 32 24 56 E 7 (Z) 16 32 E 7 SL(2) 16 IIA 15 U 9.2 II U II U BPS BPS BPS BPS U 86

N = 8 E 7 U U U T U U U T IIA IIB II T SO(5, 5, Z) U E 6 (Z) E 6 T SO(4, 4, Z) U SO(5, 5, Z) U SL(5, Z) T SO(3, 3, Z) U U SL(3, Z) SL(2, Z) SL(2, Z) SL(3, Z) T Z 2 T U T II IIA IIB SL(2, Z) II SO(32) E 8 E 8 16 16 + 2 T T T T 16 T SO(16, Z) T S(17, 1, Z) 17 1 ( (Narain) ) N = 4 T SO(22, 6, Z) 22 87

16 6 6 6 T 90 SL(2, Z) T U SO(22, 6, Z) SL(2, Z) II 28 12 16 28 T SO(22, 6, Z) 56 28 10 0 6 KK H N 4 II 6 K3X K3 28 24 IIA 221 22 K3 II 28 4 24 IIA 0 IIA 23 2 K3 22 N = 4 II SO(26, 2, Z) SL(2, Z) II T SO(2, 2, Z), SL(2, Z) K3 T SO(20, 4, Z II 15 U 11 95 9.3 11 88

11 BPS IIA 11 11 11 11 11 IIA BPS IIA 11 11 IIA 11 KK 11 IIA 11 11 II IIB IIB II U 11 IIB IIA 11 U U II U SL(5, Z) 4 BPS BPS 89

11 11 4 BPS 11 11 II U U 11 II 11 IIA 11 11 - - 3/2 IIB 11 IIB IIB 11 II N 4 II II IIA K(3) T SO(2, 2, Z) SL(2, Z) SL(2, Z) ( ) II SO(2, 2, Z)T T T S(2, 2, Z) SL(2, Z) SL(2, Z) II II T II 24 20 II IIA K3 T IIA IIB 90

K3 (orbifold) K3 K3 II SO(32) I I IIA IIA 11 11 11 K3 11 11 (P. Horava) 9.4 SO(32) I D E 8 E 8 11 95 11 IIA 11 11 N 1 IIA 11 11 N 2 Z 2 Z 2 11 11 11 91

N 1-11 11 II 11 11 N 1 E 8 E 8 11 11 11 11 (domain wall) 11 N 1 11 N 1 11 248 E 8 E 8 E 8 E 8 11 ) IIA 11 11 IIA 11 11 IIA 11 11 11 11 IIA 11 IIA 11 11 92

11 BPS BPS 11 11 IIA 11 11 16 SO(32) I 11 IIB 11 IIA IIA IIB T IIB IIB 11 11 11 IIB IIB IIB 11 E 8 E 8 11 T SO(32) SO(32) SO(32) I 11 IIA IIA E 8 E 8 SO(32) SO(32) IIA SO(32) T IIB 93

Chapter 10 D 10.1 1994 1995 D N = 4 N = 2 95 1988 D T T T T 94

T T T T T p Dp D p p p+1 Dp T T T T D9 T D8 Dp Dp T D Dp T D I D9 T D 95

D D D D D D D D D D T D 10.2 D D D D D D D D D D D 96

D D D D s-t D D D D D D D 95 / / / D D D D T D T T D D T D D D D D D 97

D D D II 16 D D3 N 4 D D BPS D D D D D D D p D 6-p D p p p+1 6-p D BPS I D9 I N 1 T T D II D I IIB D II D IIB D IIB D IIA D II D D IIB D D 98

D ( 10.3 D 95 D D D D D D D D D 1 D 2 D II D II 1 2 D D D D D D U(2) U(1) U(2) U(2) 1 2 U(2) D D U(2) U(2) N 4 U(2) D D D D,U(2) D D D 99

D D D D D U(N) N D D U(N) D D D D D D / D D II 256 II D 256 D D D n 2 n/2 II 16 256 D I D II D I I D9 D9 I SO(32) D9 16 16 D9 / / D9 D9 (orientifold plane) I I D9 D 100

N D9 N 2N D9 N D9 2N-1 N(2N 1) SO(2N) D D9 D9 16 16 D9 I D9 D1 D5 II D9 D1 D1 D1 D9 16 D9 32 D1 8 8 D1 I I D5 10.4 D SU(2) D U(1) I D1 1996 I D5 I D5 D9 D9 D5 D5 Sp(n) n 1 SU(2) D5 D5 D D1 D5 D1 I D5 D5 I II D1 D9 D5 101

D D IIA D0 11 KK D0 KK II 11 KK D0 D0 D0 II D0 D0 N 4 T D1 D II IIB D1 D D1 D D SL(2, Z) D p D q 95 D p D U(1) D D D q D q D D D D D D D II D D 95 D D4 D4 D0 D4 D0 D4 102

D BPS D BPS D D 4 D4 D0 D4 D0 D D4 D0 D4 U D0 D4 D0 D0 D4 D0 8 U D0 11 D0 D4 D4 D4 95 D0 D0 D0 11 IIA 11 D 103

Chapter 11 ( ) 11.1 94 N 2 D 16 N 4 IIA K3 N 2 95 N 1 II II N 2 II 104

10 N 1 N 1 N 2 II IIA IIB N 2 IIB IIB IIA T 1 (conifold) : 90 105

95 (prepotential) U(1) D D3 IIB D3 D3 IIB D3 U(1) D3 D3 (hyper-multiplet) D3 11.2 (B. Greene) (D. MorrisonD) D3 106

D3 N = 2 D3 IIA IIB IIA IIA D3 D3 D2 95 D3 IIB D3 D3 IIB N = 2 1 D3 (quintics) 202 101 1 16 15 15 107

16 15 16 86 3 16 D3 N = 2 II K3 T 2 K3 T 2 N = 2, II IIB S. Kachru C. Vafa 95 K3 K3 16 8 N = 2 N = 2 II IIA K3 IIA K3 D2 D2 N = 4 N = 2 IIA K3 T 2 K3 K3 D2 108

K3 T 2 II IIA II II N = 2 109

Chapter 12 12.1 110

90 G. Gibbons 90 111

BPS (extremal black hole) BPS D T T 12.2 D 96 D (C. Callan) 112

II T IIB IIA IIB IIB D1 D5 D7 D5 D1 D1 D5 D5 D1 D1 D5 D1 D5 D1 D1 (smearing) D5 (toron) D D5 D1 D5 D5 D5 16 8 II D1 D D5 D1 D5 D1 D5 D1 D5 D1 D5 D1 D5 D1 U U D D 113

D D D5 D1 IIB K3 D D D5 D1 K3 K3 K3 D5 K3 D1 D3 D3 D D K3 D 1 1 D K3 D D D D5 D1 6 D D D D 114

D D D D D D D D 12.3 D5 D1 U D1 T IIB IIA T D1 D0 D0 D5 D4 D4 D0 D4 D0 IIA D4 D0 U IIA 5 D4 D0 D0 M 11 11 D4 M M5 M M2 11 M5 M2 D0 M M5 M2 M5 4 11 11 M2 11 M2 IIA D4 11 IIA 5 5 5 5 5 M II 115

(I. R. Klebanov (A. A. Tseytlin 96 M M5 M5 BPS M M M5 M5 M5 M5 M5 M5 92 95 II 11 M5 IIA D4 11 D4 D0 M5 96 IIA M5 U IIA D6 D2 D6 D6 D2 D2 D6 5 D2 5 D2 D2 5 D6 D2 D2 M5 M2 M5 M5 M5 BPS D 116

D BPS D D3 IIB D3 D3 D1 D D D3 D3 D D3 T D3 D4 D D2 D4 T M2 M5 D D4 11 M5 D4 M2 11 M M5 M5 M2 M2 M5 96 D R R D (S. R. Das (S. D. Mathur / M M 12.4 D 117

D D D D / D / 96 / D fixed scalar M5 118

D D D D M D D D D D D D D3 D D 8 N N D 8 D D3 6 D 6 D D3 6 N N 4 D D (superrenormalizable) D M 11 M2 M5 M M2 2 1 D2 M IIA M2 119

D2 D M D2 M5 M5 M M M M M M M M2 D D2 N N D N M N M5 M5 M M2 M5 M2 M5 M 1. A. Strominger, C. Vafa, hep-th/9601029, Phys.Lett. B379 (1996) 99. 2. Curtis G. Callan, Juan M. Maldacena, hep-th/9602043, Nucl.Phys. B472 (1996) 591. 3. J. M. Maldacena, L. Susskind, hep-th/9604042, Nucl.Phys. B475 (1996) 679. 4. J. Maldacena, A. Strominger, hep-th/9603060, Phys.Rev.Lett. 77 (1996) 428. 5. I.R. Klebanov, A.A. Tseytlin, hep-th/9604089, Nucl.Phys. B475 (1996) 164. 6. I.R. Klebanov, A.A. Tseytlin, hep-th/9604166, Nucl.Phys. B475 (1996) 179. 7. S. R. Das, S. D. Mathur, hep-th/9606185, Nucl.Phys. B478 (1996) 561. 8. J. M. Maldacena, A. Strominger, hep-th/9609026, Phys.Rev. D55 (1997) 861. 9. C.G. Callan, S.S. Gubser, I.R. Klebanov, A.A. Tseytlin, hep-th/9610172, Nucl.Phys. B489 (1997) 65. 120

Chapter 13 13.1 M 95 11 M 11 M D M KK IIA D0 D 96 (T. Banks) M D0 D0 M D0 D0 (M. Douglas) D0 D0 D0 D0 D0 11 121

D0 D0 D0 11 D0 D0 (partons) (infinite momentum frame) (affine parameter) 122

M IIA 11 M D0 11 KK 11 D0 11 D0 D0 D0 11 10 D0 M D0 D0 D0 11 D0 11 D0 D0 D0 D0 16 13.2 D0 D0 D0 11 D0 M D0 97 123

11 M M N D0 97 M M IIA D0 D0 97 (H. Ooguri) K3 K3 D0 (M. Dine) D0 D0 124

99 IIA M D0 D0 ( D0 D0 D0 D0 D0 D0 D0 D0 D0 D0 D0 super-selection sectors) 11 IIA D D D0 IIA D0 M D0 D0 D0 16 D0 D0 D0 D0 D0 D0 125

D0 D0 D0 16 D0 D0 D0 13.3 IIA D0 BPS D0 BPS IIA N D D0 M D0 D0 D0 D0 126

D0 D0 D0 D2 D0 D0 B. de Wit 89 D0 D0 D0 M. Berkooz N BPS SU(2) W. Taylor IIA IIA 127

D0 M D0 D1 D0 D1 D1 M N 13.4 N T D4 D4 IIA M M5 D4 M5 M5 M M5 M M IIA M M D0 D4 D5 128

IIB D5 IIB M D6 D6 M M U N M5 D0 M holography M D0 129

M2 M2 M2 M 1996 T. Banks, W. Fischler, S.H. Shenker, L. Susskind M Theory As A Matrix Model: A Conjecture Phys.Rev. D55 (1997) 5112-5128 hep-th9610043. L. Susskind, Another Conjecture about M(atrix) Theory, hep-th9704080. M. R. Douglas, D. Kabat, P. Pouliot, S. H. Shenker, D-branes and Short Distances in String Theory, Nucl.Phys. B485 (1997) 85-127, hep-th9608024. A. Sen, D0 Branes on T n and Matrix Theory, Adv.Theor.Math.Phys. 2 (1998) 51-59, hep-th9709220. N. Seiberg, Why is the Matrix Model Correct, Phys.Rev.Lett. 79 (1997) 3577, hepth9710009. M. Berkooz, M. Rozali, N. Seiberg, Phys.Lett. B408 (1997) 105, hep-th9704089. J. Polchinski, M-Theory and the Light Cone, hep-th9903165. 130

Chapter 14 14.1 M M 131

1993 1994 (cellular automaton) 1997 1998 97 98 / M N 132

IIB IIB IIB IIB D3 D3 D3 14.2 D3 D3 D3 D3 133

D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 N 4 N 4 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 D3 N 134

N 1/N 97 11 (D. Kutasov) 11 D3 (Hawking- Page) 135

D 14.3 AdS/CFT 1 3/2 3/2 N 4 (chiral primary operator) BPS / 1/4 pp (Wilson loop) 98 136

/ / / / D D D D D D D / / D D D / / 137

4/3 N N 98 N 14.4 AdS/CFT IIB D5 D1 D1 D5 138

D5 K3 D5 D1 1/4 8 K3 4 D1 4 D5 D1 D1 D1 D1 D5 D5 D1 D5 D1 D5 2 K3 8 BTZ 92 98 80 0A D0 139

11 11 (P. Freund, M. Rubin) 80 11 11 M2 1/6 M M2 M2 D2 IIA M2 D2 M2 M2 M2 3/2 3/2 2 3/2 11 M5 M5 M5 M5 M5 1/3 5 6 M5 3 M5 M2 M2 M5 M2 M5 M2 140

M5 M 141

Chapter 15 15.1 94 98 98 98 M A. (A. Connes) 1985 142

D D 99 D D AdS/CFT / / / / 98 BPS BPS BPS 143

BPS BPS BPS D D D D D D D D D D D D D D IIA D D D D IIA D D D D IIA BPS IIB D (inflaton) D D D 80 144

D0 N 15.2 (R. Dijkgraaf) IA IA pi 145

M / D D D D D D / BPS / / 146

M 147