4.1 (Dust) (Fumes) (Gas) (Mist) (Odor) (Smoke) (Vapor) 1. (SO 2 SO 3 SO X ) 2. (CO) 3. (NO NO 2 NO X ) 4. (C X H Y ) 5. (Cl 2 ) 6. (HCl) 7. (HCN) 8. (CS 2 ). 9. (HF SiF 4 ) 10. (CmHnXx) 11. (CFCs) 1. TSP 100µm TSP (Total Suspended Particulates) 2. PM-10 10 (µm) PM-10 2.5µm PM-2.5 3. 10 (µm) 10 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 2. (PAN) 1. (NH 3 ) 2. (H 2 S) 3. ((CH 3 ) 2 S) 4. (RSH) 5. ((CH 3 )XNH 3-X X=1,2,3) 1
4.2 VOCs (PAHs) 92 95 98 (SO X ) (NO X ) (CO) (Particulate) Pb Cd Cu Cr Zn Ni V Hg (VOCs) (PAHs) (PCDDs PCPFs) (PCBs) 4.3 (PSI) (Pollutant Standards Index PSI) (PM 10 )( 10 ) (SO 2 ) (NO 2 ) (CO) (O 3 ) (PSI ) 4.1 (PSI) 4.2 PSI 100 PSI 100 PM 10 250 Mg/m 3 SO 2 140ppb CO 8.1ppm O 3 140ppb NO 2 120ppb (PSI) 4.1 PM 10 250 Mg/m 3 PSI 150 SO 2 140ppb PSI 100 2
CO 6ppm PSI 90 O 3 140ppb PSI 125 NO 2 120ppb PSI 40 PSI 150 PSI 100 PM 10 O 3 4.1 CO O PM 10 SO 2 3 NO 2 PSI (µg/m 3 ) (ppb) (ppb) (ppb) (ppm) 50 50 30 4.5 60-100 150 140 9 120-200 350 300 15 200 600 300 420 600 30 400 1200 400 500 800 40 500 1600 500 600 1000 50 600 2000 4.2 (PSI) (PSI) 0~50 Good 51~100 Moderate 101~199 Unhealthful 200~299 Very Unhealthful 300 Hazardous 4.4 4.4.1 TSP 0.05~100µm 100µm 100µm 10µm 2.5~10µm 2.5µm 2.5µm Pb Cd Cu Cr Zn Ni V Cr 2.5µm (PAHs) (PCDDs PCDFs) (CO) 3
210 (SO x ) (SO x ) (SO 2 ) (SO 3 ) (H 2 SO 4 ) (SO = 3 ) (SO = 4 ) (NO x ) (NO x ) (N 2 ) (O 2 ) NO NO 2 N 2 O (NO 2 ) NO 4 (O 3 ) PAN (O 3 ) 50ppm 1 (VOCs) VOCs( ) C 2 C 6 (20 760mmHg) 0.1mmHg VOCs (radicals) NO 2 O 3 (Smog) PANs VOCs 1. PAN / PAN VOCs 4
VOCs VOCs 2. VOCs VOCs (acute effects) VOCs 1 2 3 4 3. (SOCs) (PAHs) (PCDDs PCDFs) (PCBs) (PAHs) PAHs PAHs PAHs PAHs Benzo[a] Pyrene (BaP) 21 PAHs 4.3 (PCDDs PCDFs) PCDDs PCDFs (PCDDs PCDFs) 0.6 g/kg 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2,3,7,8-TCDD 1997 5
(0.1ng TEQ Nm 3 ) (PCDDs PCDFs) (PCBs) DDT (PCDDs PCDFs) DDT 4.1(A) 4.1(B) 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2,3,7,8-TCDF 0.1 ng TEQ Nm 3 4.3 PAHs ( o C) ( o C) Naphthalene Nap 128 81 218 Acenaphthylene AcPy 152 93 270 Acenaphthene Acp 154 96 279 Fluorene Flu 165 117 294 Phenanthrene PA 178 101 340 Anthracene Ant 178 216 340 Fluoranthene FL 202 111 383 Pyrene Pyr 202 156 404 Cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene CYC 228 NR NR Benz[a]anthracene BaA 228 162 400 Chrysene CHR 228 256 448 Benzo[b]fluoranthene BbF 252 168 481 6
Benzo[k]fluoranthene BkF 252 217 481 Benz[e]pyrene BeP 252 179 493 Benzo[a]pyrene BaP 252 177 496 Perylene PER 252 278 NR Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene IND 276 NR 534 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene DBA 278 270 535 Benzo[b]chrycene BbC 278 294 NR Benzo[ghi]perylene BghiP 276 278 542 Coronene COR 300 439 525 : N.R. 4.4.2 7
4.1(A) 2,3,7,8-TCDD 4.1(B) 2,3,7,8-TCDF 4.4.3 SO 2 SO 2 4.4.4 4.4.5 50~60 8
0.5~1.5 ph 330ppm ph 5.6 4.7 5.3 1990 ph 5.0 (SO = 4 ) (NO - 3 ) SO 2 NO 2 NO 1986 2% 1993 1% 1999 7 0.5% 1993 7 0.3% 1997 7 0.15 1998 0.05 1991 4.27 1999 4.54 1991 4.49 1999 4.73 1991 4.35 1999 5.36 O 2 O + O (O ) O 2 (O 3 ) CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons Pu Pont 1920 Freon CFCs 1974 Rowland Molina Nature CFC 40 15 30 CFC + h Cl Cl + O 3 ClO + O 2 ClO + O Cl + O 2 O 3 + O 2 O 2 1984 10 Joe Farman 40 CFC 1985 8 1994 11 UARS CFC CFC CFC 1995 11 Rowland Molina Crutzen 9
280 ppmv 1995 370 ppmv 49% (H 2 O) (CO 2 (CH 4 ) (N 2 O) (CFCs) (SF 6 ) (PFCs) (HFCs) (Greenhouse Effect) (Greenhouse Gas, GHG) 2100 1990 1.0~3.5 15~95 4.4.6 16~19 7~8 1 6.5 Radiative inversion 4.2 A Subsidence inversion 4.2 B maximum mixing height 10
4.2 A 4.2 B 11
4.5 4.5.1 1. Cyclone 4.3 4.3 12
2. Bag House 4.4 1 m 99% 1 2 3 4.4 13
3. Electrostatic Precipitators 4.5 1µm 99% 4. (1) 4.6 (2) Venturi Scrubber 4.7 14
4.5 4.6 15
4.7 4.5.2 1. (1) a. b. FeS 2 (Gasification) (2) a. ( ) ( ) b. ( CaO CaCO 3 Na 2 SO 3 /NaOH MgO Citrate FeS 2 K 2 CO 3 ) ( CaO Na 2 CO 3 ) 16
( 150 C) ( (Na 2 CO 3 ), (NaHCO 3 )) 2. NO X NO X (1) a. b. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (2) 50% (Selective Catalytic Reduction, SCR) (Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction, SNCR) SCR ( ) NO X N 2 NO X 4 NO + 4NH3 + O2 4N2 + 6H 2O 2 NO2 + 4NH3 + O2 3N2 + 6H 2O SCR NO X 80% NH 3 SNCR Thermal DeNO X NO X NH 3 NO X N 2 H 2 O ( SCR 1/5 1/3) ( ) ( 1,000 C) NH 3 /NO (NH 3 ) NH 3 NO X FGD NO X L/G ratios (3) VOCs VOCs / VOCs VOCs VOCs 1 2 17
3 4. PCDDs PCDFs 1. PVC 2. PCDDs/PCDFs PCDDs/PCDFs PCDDs/PCDFs 4.6 1. 2. 3. PSI 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 18
1. 2. 3. Secondary Air Pollutants 4. 5. 6. 7. PSI PSI 8. CO SO x NO x O 3 9. VOCs PAHs PCDDs/PCDFs 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. PCDDs/PCDFs 27. 1. pp. 185-205 1995 2. pp. 241-308 1993 3. pp. 3-1~3-69. 1998 4. pp. 1-35. 1996 5. 25 pp. 212-349. 2000 6. pp. 8-1~8-2 2000 7. MnO/Fe 2 O 3 pp. 12~13 1998 8. Fe II EDTA pp. 14~27 1997 19