( ) 30% ( ) ( ) (CIC) 60% 70% [1]

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倚枪韦
9 years ago
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2 ( ) 30% ( ) ( ) (CIC) 60% 70% [1]

3 ( ) 16.4% 12% 70% [2] ( 1) [3] ( 2) ( ) , ,000 ( ) ( )

4 ( ) % ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 78.8%) 76.9 ( 19.5%) 6.7 ( 1.7%) - 4 -

5 1 [3] 2 [3] - 5 -

6 [4] (1) ( ) (2) ( 5,000 ) 1,600 ( 320,000 ) 40,000 ( 8,000,000 ) (3) (4) 200, ,000 (5) ( VCD ) - 6 -

7 [5] ( ) ( 10 µm ) ( 1~100 µm) ( µm ) ( 0.05~20 µm ) (1) (ash) (soot) 80% 1~3 4~6 0.01% 0.02% 0.01~0.02% 0.02~0.05% (2) - 7 -

8 (in-stroke) (out-stroke) (3) ( ) ( ) SO 2 SO 2 70% 0.5~6% 0.5~3% (SO X ) (SO 2 ) (SO 3 ) 90% SO 3 SO 2 ( 10-6 ) 10-6 ( ) (thermal NO X ) (fuel NO X ) (prompt NO X ) NO NO 2 9:1~19:

9 N 2 O NO NO 2 NO 3 N 2 O 3 N 2 O 4 N 2 O 5 NO NO 2 NO NO 2 NO X N 2 O NO NO 2 NO 3 N 2 O (HNO 3 ) ( ) (Volatile Organic Compounds VOCs) (20 C, 760 mmhg) 0.1 VOCs VOCs (Radicals) NO ( PAN ) VOCs VOC (Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential, POCP) VOCs VOC (Total Hydrocarbon, THC) (Methane, CH 4 ) (Non-methane Hydrocarbon, NMHC) THC CH 4 NMHC NMHC NMHC VOCs CH 4 CFC 11 VOC ( ) - 9 -

10 (1) (NH 3 ) (2) (H 2 S) (3) ((CH 3 ) 2 S) (4) (RSH) (5) (A) ((CH 3 )NH 2 ) (B) ((CH 3 ) 2 NH) (C) ((CH 3 ) 3 N)

11 ( ) (1) 0.10 ppm ~500 ppm SO 2 25 ppm 36 ppm 40 ppm SO 2 SO 2 (synergistic effect) SO 2 25 ppm --- (SO 2 ) (NO 2 ) (2) SO 2 SO 2 (3) (ph ) 5.6 ph 5.6 NO - 3 SO 2-4 H + Cl

12 ( ) (1) ( ) NO NO NO 2 NO NO 2 NO 2 NO 2 NO 2 NO 2 (troposphere) (2) (O 3 ) ( ) 10~15 ppm (PAN) (Pollutant Standards Index PSI) PSI (PM ) (SO 2 ) (NO 2 ) (CO) (O 3 )

13 PSI 100 PSI 100 (Pollutant Standard Index, PSI) 100 PM 10 O 3 PM 10 O 3 PM 10 O PM 10 O 3 PM 10 54% 46% ( ) 47 (Volatile Organic Compounds, VOCs) (International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC) (Group 2A) 47 (Group 1) (Benzene) (Vinyl Chloride) (Ethylene Oxide) (Group 2A) 1,3- (Butadiene) (Trichloroethylene) (Group 2B) (Acrylonitrile) [6] (1) Du Wang VCM VCM Pan ( 2-3 ) (P<0.05) ( ) Yang

14 OR 1.66 ( ) OR 1.50 ( ) (2) Blot Kaldor ( 2~3 ) (3) Gottlieb

15 (4) km 7.5 km 8% 24% 3 km OR 2.15(95% CI 1.25~3.67) 7.5 km OR 2.15(95%CI 1.25~3.67) (5) ( ) (84.6% vs 2.1%) (6) ( ) ( ) (7) OR 2.7 (95%CI 1.8~3.9) (8) 30~37 ( ) (Greenhouse Effect) 15 C -16 C ( ) [7]

16 ( ) (1) ( ) 20 µm 50~70% 50~150 mmh 2 O (2) (3) 1 µm (A) (discharge electrode) (B) (electrode collector) (C) (4) (Wet Scrubber) (A) (Spraying Tower) µm

17 (B) (Packed Tower) ( ) 3 µm (C) (Venturi Scrubber) (Venturi throat) ( ) [8] (1) (A) (B) FeS 2 (Gasification) (2) (A) ( ) ( ) (B) ( CaO, CaCO 3, Na 2 SO 3 /NaOH, MgO, Citrate, FeS 2, K 2 CO 3 ) ( CaO, Na 2 CO 3 ) ( 150 C) ( Trona (Na 2 CO 3 ), Nacholite (NaHCO 3 ))

18 (Flue Gas Desulfurization FGD) 1 ( ) NO X NO X [8] (1) ( ) ( ) (A) (B) ( ) ( ) ( ) (2) 50% (Selective Catalytic Reduction, SCR) (Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction, SNCR) SCR 80% ( ) NO X N 2 NO X 4 NO + 4NH 3 + O2 4N 2 + 6H 2O (1) 2 NO2 + 4NH 3 + O 2 3N 2 + 6H 2O (2) NO X 80% NH 3 slip SNCR Thermal DeNO X NO X NH 3 NO X N 2 H 2 O

19 ( SCR 1/5 1/3) ( ) ( 1,000 C) NH 3 /NO (NH 3 ) NH 3 slip NO X FGD NO X L/G ratios [Depriest, 1990] ( ) VOCs (1) VOCs (2)

20 200~600 ft/s (atomize liquid) 0.5 µm VOCs (3) (A) VOCs 90.99% (B) VOCs VOCs metal mesh-mat) (ceramic honey comb) (space velocity ) VOCs ( )

21 VOCs 98% (4) ( ) (5) VOCs CO 2 H 2 O NO3 SO4 2- VOCs ( ) CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 ( ) CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 ( ) CO

22 CO 2 CO 2 ( ) ( ) CO 2 CFCs CH

23 ( ) ( ) [9] ( ) % 30% 40% 60% ,435 35,350 54% 66,736 / 50,459 24% ( ) (1) (2)

24 (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) ( ) (1) 16 18% 14% 25% (2) 75 1,000 11,431 (3) 2% 1.5%

25 1% 0.5% 17 25ppb 5.5ppb 78% (4) 70% (5) / SNCR NO X ( ) ( )

26 [1] 3 [2] [3] [4] 4 [5] [6] [7] ~21 [8] [9]

第四章空氣污染

第四章空氣污染 4.1 (Dust) (Fumes) (Gas) (Mist) (Odor) (Smoke) (Vapor) 1. (SO 2 SO 3 SO X ) 2. (CO) 3. (NO NO 2 NO X ) 4. (C X H Y ) 5. (Cl 2 ) 6. (HCl) 7. (HCN) 8. (CS 2 ). 9. (HF SiF 4 ) 10. (CmHnXx) 11. (CFCs) 1. TSP