Ps22Pdf

1 1 1 5 10 12 13 13 16 19 26 31 33 37 38 38 49 53 60 63 79 81 81 92 112 129 132 135 144 149 150 150 155 158 1

165 178 187 191 193 194 194 207 212 217 218 223 231 233 234 234 239 245 247 251 256 259 261 261 264 266 267 CBR 269 272 273 t 274 (B ) 275 276 2

,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, 1

,,,,,,,, 1., : (1 ); (2 ); (3 ) ; ( 4) ; ( 5) ; ( 6) (3 ) (4 )( 6) (3 ) (4 ),,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 2. : (1 ) JTJ 051 ; (2 ) JTJ 052 ; (3 ) JTJ 053 ; (4 ) JTJ 054 ; (5 ) JTJ 055 ; (6 ) JTJ 056 ;

(7 ) JTJ 057 ; (8 ) JTJ 058 ; (9 ) JTJ 059 ; (10) JTJ 060 : ( J TJ 001 ) ( JTJ 071) 1.,,, ;,, 2. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) (8 ), (9 ) (10) (11),,, 3. (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ), ;, ; 5 ;, ;, 2 (3 ),, 3

(4 ),, : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (5 ) 4. (1 ),, (2 ),,,,,, : ; ; ; ; ; ; ;,,,,,,,,,,, 5% 1.,,,,,,,,, (1 ) : ; ; ; (2 ), 0, (3 ) 3 ; 3,, 4

(4 ), ( Grabbs) ; ( Dixon),, ;, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,, 1. (1 ), ; ; ; ; ;, ; ; ;, (2 ) ; ; ; ; (3 ) ; ; ; 5

; ; ;, ; ; ; 2. (1 ) ;, ; ;, ;, ; ; ; ; ; ; ;, (2 ), ;, ; ; ;, ; ; (3 ), ; ; ; ; ; (4 ) ; ;,, ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (5 ) ;, ;, ;, ;, ; ; ; ; ; (6 ), ;, ;,, ;,,,, 6

;,, ; (7 ),,, ;,,, ;, ;, ;, ;,, ;, (8 ),,, ;,, ;, ;, ;,,, ;, ;, ; ; (9 ),,, ;, ;, ;, 1.,,,,, 2.,,, () 3. 7

,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4. (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,, () ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, 8

1. : (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ),,, (4 ) (5 ) 2., 3.,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,, 1. 2. : ; ( )( ) ; ;, ; ; 3. : ; ; ; 2 4.,,, 5., 6., 7., 1. 9

,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, 1., 2.,,, 3.,, 4.,,, 5.,,, 6.,, 7.,,, 8.,,,,,,,,,,, 10

,,,, ; ;,, ; ;, ;, ;,,,, 20%,,,,, 1. (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ),, 2. (1 ) ; ; (2 ) ; ; 1. (1 ),, 11

,,, (2 ), (3 ), 2. (1 ) ; ; (2 ) ; ; 1., 2., 3. 4., 5., 6., 1.,? 2.,? 3.? 4. 5.? 12

: ( ), ( JTJ 07198),, ( JTJ 07198),,, ( JTJ 07198),,,,,,,, (),,, 21,,,, 13

,, 100, 2 1 ( 10km ) (1 3km ) (1 3km ) ( ) (1 3km ) (1 3km ) ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 10 km ) (1 3km ),,,,,,, :, 2,, 1 1.,, 100,, = ( ) - ( ) - ( ) (1 ),,,, (2 ),, (), 14 ( % ) = () () 100

=, (3 ),,, (4 ),,,, 4,, 13 2. 2 1 ( ), 1 2, ( ) = 3. [ ( )] ( ), ( % ) = 100 4.,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ),,, 1. 85 ; 70 85 ; 70,, 15

,, 2., 85,, ;, 85, 85,, ;, 3., 85,, ;, 85, 85,, ;, 4. () (), ( ) (), ; (), 80%, ( ) 85, ;, ( ) 1. ( ) 2.,, 3., ; 4. 1. (1 ),,,, (2 ) ( CBR ) (3 ),,, (4 ),, 2. ( 22 ) 16

2 2 1 ( cm) 0 30 95 93 0 30 95 93 30 80 95 93 % (cm) 80 150 93 90 : 2 000m 2 4 30 > 150 90 90 2 ( 0.01mm ) 15 3 ( mm ) + 10, - 15 + 10, - 20 : 200m 4 10 4 ( mm ) 50 100 : 200m 4 HYYH 10 5 ( mm ) : 200m 4 10 6 ( mm ) 15 20 3m : 200m 4 3 15 7 ( % ) 0.5 0.5 : 200m 4 5 8 200 m 4 5 :,,, ( 5 ) 25,,, 3. (1 ),, 50m 12 (2 ),, 50m 12 (3 ),, 12 (4 ),, 50m 12 1. (1 ),, (2 ),,, 17

,, (3 ) 2. ( 23 ) 1 30 2 ( mm ) + 10, - 20 + 10, - 30 : 200m 4 10 2 3 3 ( mm ) 50 100 : 200m 4 HY YH 10 4 ( mm ) : 200 m 4 10 5 ( mm ) 20 30 3 m : 200 m 4 3 15 6 ( % ) 0.5 0.5 : 200m 4 10 7 200m 4 15 : 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ),, 50 m 12 1. (1 ) :, 30cm, ; 110,,, (2 ) : ;, ; 0.51.0m, ; (3 ) :, 90% (4 ) : ; ; ( ), (5 ) : ;, ;,, (6 ) : ; ; (7 ) : ; ;, ; ( 1/ 3 ) 18

, ;, ;, 1m 2. () 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 (3 ) ( ), 12 1. (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ), 2. () 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 (3 ), 12 1. () 2.,, 3. ( ) 2, 4. ; 5., ;, 6., ( ) 1. (1 ), 5mm 19

(2 ), 2. ( 24 ) ( ) 2 4 1 ( % ) / 85 85 83 / 82 80 80 : 200 m 2 30 2 ( mm ) / 12 12 15 3 m : 200 m 2 10 25 3 ( mm) / + 5, - 15 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 20 : 200 m 4 5 4 ( mm ) : 200 m 4 5 / - 10-10 - 12 5 ( mm ) 200m 30 / - 20-25 - 30 1 6 ( % ) / 0.5 0.3 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 3.,,, 12 () 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ), 2. ( 25 ) ( ) 2 5 1 ( % ) 98 98 96 96 94 94 92 92 200m 2 30 2 ( mm ) 8 12 12 15 3 m : 200 m 2 10 25 3 ( mm) + 5, - 10 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 20 : 200 m 4 5 20

4 ( mm ) : 200m 4 5 5 ( mm) - 8-10 - 10-12 - 15-20 - 25-30 200m 1 30 6 ( % ) 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 3.,, 12 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) (5 ), (6 ), 2. ( 26 ) 2 6 / 95 95 93 1 ( % ) 200m 2 30 / 91 91 89 2 ( mm ) / 12 12 15 3 m : 200 m 2 10 15 3 ( mm) / + 5, - 15 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 20 : 200 m 4 5 4 ( mm ) : 200m 4 5 5 ( mm) / - 10-10 - 12 / - 20-25 - 30 200m 1 20 21

6 ( % ) / 0.5 0.3 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 7 ( MPa) 20 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 ( ) 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) (5 ), (6 ), 2. ( 27 ) 2 7 / 97 96 95 1 ( % ) 200m 2 30 / 93 92 91 2 ( mm ) / 12 12 15 3 m : 200 m 2 10 15 3 ( mm) / + 5, - 15 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 20 4 ( mm ) : 200 m 4 : 200m 4 5 5 5 ( mm) / - 10-10 - 12 / - 20-25 - 30 200m 1 20 6 ( % ) / 0.5 0.3 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 7 ( MPa) 20 22

3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 1. (1 ), (2 ) (3 ) (4 ), (5 ), 2. ( 28 ) 2 8 / 95 95 93 1 ( % ) 200m 2 30 / 91 91 89 2 ( mm ) / 12 12 15 3 m : 200 m 2 10 15 3 ( mm) / + 5, - 15 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 20 4 ( mm ) : 200 m 4 : 200m 4 5 5 5 ( mm) / - 10-10 - 12 / - 20-25 - 30 200m 1 20 6 ( % ) / 0.5 0.3 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 7 ( MPa) 20 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 ( ) 1. (1 ),,, 23

(2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ), (6 ), 2. ( 29 ) 2 9 98 97 96 95 1 ( % ) 200m 2 30 94 93 92 91 2 ( mm ) 8 12 12 15 3m : 200m 2 10 15 3 ( mm) + 5, - 10 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 20 : 200m 4 5 4 ( mm ) : 200m 4 5 5 ( mm) - 8-10 - 10-12 - 15-20 - 25-30 200m 1 20 6 ( % ) 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 7 ( MPa) 20 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ), (5 ), 2. ( 210 ) 24

2 10 / 95 95 93 1 ( % ) 200m 2 30 / 91 91 89 2 ( mm ) / 12 12 15 3 m : 200 m 2 10 15 3 ( mm) / + 5, - 15 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 20 4 ( mm ) : 200 m 4 : 200m 4 5 5 5 ( mm) / - 10-10 - 12 / - 20-25 - 30 200m 1 20 6 ( % ) / 0.5 0.3 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 7 ( MPa) 20 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 1. ( ) (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) (5 ), (6 ), 2. ( 211 ) 2 11 98 97 96 95 1 ( % ) 94 93 92 91 200m 2 30 25

2 ( mm ) 8 12 12 15 3 ( mm) + 5, - 10 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 20 3 m : 200 m 2 10 : 200 m 4 15 5 4 ( mm ) : 200m 4 5 5 ( mm) - 8-10 - 10-12 - 15-20 - 25-30 200m 1 20 6 ( % ) 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 7 ( MPa) 20 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 1. ( ) 2.,, 3., 100m 3 m,, 95%, ; 70%, ; 95% 70 %, 4., ;, 5., 6.,, ; ; 26

1. (1 ),, (2 ) (3 ),, (4 ),,, 2. ( 212 ) 2 12 ( mm) 4.5 : 1 I R I( m/ km ) 7.5 100 m IRI 20 h ( mm ) 10.0 3m : 200 m 2 10 2 ( 0.01 mm ) 20 3 ( mm ) - 5-10 200 m 1 20 4 ( kg/ m 2 ) 10 % ( T0982 ) 1 20 5 ( mm ) 30 : 200 m 4 5 6 ( mm) 15 : 200 m 4 5 7 ( mm ) 30 : 200 m 4 5 8 ( % ) 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 : ; IRI ; h 3m ( JTJ 059 95 T0982 ),, 3. (1 ),, 0.2% 0.2% 2 (2 ), 12 (3 ),, 12 ( ) 1. (1 ) (2 ), ( ) 27

(3 ),,,, (4 ),, (5 ),,,,, (6 ),, 2. ( 213 ) ( ) 2 13 ( mm) 3.5 : 1 I R I( m/ km ) 5.8 100 m IRI 20 h ( mm ) 8.0 3m : 200 m 2 10 2 ( 0.01 mm ) 20 3 ( mm ) - 8 % H - 5 mm - 15 % H - 10 mm 200 m 1 20 4 ( kg/ m 2 ) 10 % ( T0982 ) 1 20 5 ( mm ) 30 : 200 m 4 5 6 ( mm) 15 : 200 m 4 5 7 ( mm ) 30 : 200 m 4 5 8 ( % ) 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 : 6cm, ; < 6 cm, H ( mm ) 3. (1 ),, 0.2% 0.2% 2 (2 ), 12 (3 ),, 12 () 1. (1 ) (2 ),, ( ) (3 ) (4 ), (5 ),, (6 ),,, 28

2. ( 214 ) ( ) 2 14 1 ( % ) 95 ( 98 ) 94 ( 98 ) 200 m 1 20 20 ( mm ) 1.2 2.5 2 IRI( m/ km ) 2.0 4 2 : 100m IRI 15 20 h ( mm ) 5 0 3m : 200m 2 10 3 ( 0 01mm ) 15 20 4 : 200 m 1 : : 200 m 1 10 5 ( mm ) - 8-4 60-5 > 60-8 % H 60-10 - 15-8 > 60-15 % H 200 m 1 20 20 6 ( mm ) 20 : 200 m 4 5 5 7 ( mm ) 10 15 : 200 m 4 5 5 8 ( mm ) 20 30 : 200m 4 5 5 9 ( % ) 0.3 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 5 :,, 60mm, - 5 mm - 10mm; > 60mm, - 8 % - 15 % H 3. (1 ),, (, 0.2m, ) 0.03%, 0.05% 0.03 % 0.05% 2, (2 ),, 10m 1 (3 ),, 12 29

1. (1 ),,, (2 ), (3 ) (4 ),, (5 ) (6 ), (7 ), 13mm 58mm, (8 ) 2. ( 215 ) 2 15 1 ( MPa) 30 2 ( mm ) - 5-10 200m 2 20 ( mm) 1.5 2.5 :, 3 IRI ( m/ km ) 2.5 4.2 h( mm ) 5.0 100 m IRI 3 m : 200 m 2 10 15 4 ( mm ) 0.8 0.6 : 200m 1 8 : 2 5 ( mm) 2 3 200m 2, 2 8 6 ( mm ) 10 20 m, ; 200m 4, 200 m 4 3 7 ( mm ) 20 : 200m 4 3 8 ( mm ) 20 : 200 m 4 5 9 ( mm ) 10 15 : 200m 4 3 10 ( % ) 0.15 0.25 : 200m 4 5 3. (1 ), 2, 41 2 30

(2 ),, 2, 3 1 2,, (3 ), 2cm, 12 (4 ), 100m 2 (5 ), 12 1.,,, 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. (1 ), (2 ) 5MPa, (3 ),, 5 mm (4 ), 1 000mm, (5 ), (6 ),,, (7 ), 2. ( 216 ) 2 16 1 ( MPa) 30 2 ( mm) 50 : 3 15 3 ( mm) 20 : 2 15 31

4 ( mm ) : 3 10 5 ( mm ) : 2 10 6 : 10 % 10 7 ( mm ) 5 ( ) 10 % 10 3. (1 ), 1 %, 10mm, 13 (2 ),,, 12 ( ) 1. (1 ) 5MPa, (2 ),,,, (3 ), 2. () 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ),, 12 1. (1 ), (2 ),, 2. () 3., 12 1. (1 ),, 32

(2 ) ( ) (3 ) (4 ), 2. ( 217 ) 2 17 1 ( M Pa) 30 2 ( mm ) 50 : 200 m 5 10 3 ( mm ) 50 : 200 m 5 15 4 ( mm ) 30 20m : 200m 2 10 5 ( mm ) 30 : 200 m 2 15 6 ( mm ) : 200 m 2 10 7 ( mm ) : 200 m 2 10 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 1. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), 2. ( 218 ) 2 18 1 ( % ) 1 : 1020 m 1 50 2 ( mm) : 20m 1 50 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12, 33

1. H6m A1 200m 2,, H < 6m A < 1 200 m 2, 2., :,, 3.,, 4. 1m, 5., 1. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ),, ; (5 ) (6 ) 2. ( 2192 20 ) 2 19 1 ( MPa) 30 2 ( mm ) 50 30 20m 3 15 3 ( mm ) 20 10 20m 1 15 4 ( mm ) 20m 2 20 5 ( mm ) 50 20m 1 10 20 6 ( mm ) 30 20m 2 m 3 10 10 34

2 20 1 ( mm ) 50 20 m 3 20 2 ( mm ) 30 20 m 3 20 3 ( % ) 0.5 20 m 3 10 4 ( mm ) 20 m 2 20 5 ( mm ) 50 20 m 1 20 6 ( mm) 50 20 m 2 m 3 10 3. (1 ),, 13 (2 ) 0.5%, 10mm, 0.5% 2 (3 ), 35 (4 ), 35 1. (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ), (5 ), (6 ), 2. 2 212 22 2 21 ( ) 2 21 1 ( mm ) 10 20 m 4 30 2 ( mm ) 10 20 m 3 40 3 + 0, - 0.5 % 20 m 3 30 : 35

2 22 1 ( mm) + 50, - 100 50 20 m 3 25 2 ( mm) 50 30 20 m 3 20 3 ( mm ) + 0.5 % H + 50-1 % H - 100 20 m 2 25 4 ( mm) 10 20 m 5 10 5 ( mm ) 15 20 m 2 m 3 20 : +,- H 3. (1 ),, 13 (2 ), 13 (3 ) 35 1. (1 ) (2 ),, (3 ) (4 ) 2. ( 223 ) 2 23 1 ( MPa) 30 2 ( mm ) 50 50m 3 50 m 3 15 3 ( mm) 30 2 m, 3, 50m 3 10 4 50 m 3 10 5 ( mm) 100 m 3 25 6 ( mm ) 50 50 m 3 10 3. 36

(1 ), 13 (2 ), 13 1. (1 ) (2 ),,, ; (3 ) 2. ( 2242 25 ) 2 24 1 ( MPa) 30 2 ( mm ) 10 20 30 20 m 2m 5 20 3 ( mm ) 15 20 20m 3 10 4 0.3 % 0.5 % 20 m 3 20 5 ( mm ) 20 30 50 20 m 2 20 2 25 1 ( mm) 50 20 m 2 m 5 25 2 ( mm ) 30 20 m 3 15 3 ( mm ) 100 20m, 3 30 4 ( mm ) 50 20 m 3 30 3. (1 ), 13 (2 ),, 13 1.? 2.?? 3.? 4.? 37

, ; ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,, : Gs = ms/ ( wv s ) ; = m/ V ; sa t = ( m s + Vv w )/ V ; d = ms/ V; = ( ms - V s w )/ V ; w ( % ) = m w/ ms100; e = V v/ V s ;n ( % ) = Vv/ V100 ;Sr = Vw/ Ip; IL ; Dr Vv ; wl ; w P ;,,,,,,,, = / (),,, ;,, 38

( ) [ ( 3 1 ) ], 100 105 w = m w 100 ms (3 1) : w, % ; m w ; ms (), 1. ( 1) :105 110, (2 ) : 0.01g (3 ) : 2. (1 ), 1530g, 50g,,,,,, ( 2),, 105 110 8h, 6h 5%, 65 70 (3 ), ( 0.51h ),, 0.01g 3., 0.1% w = m - m s 100 ms (3 2) : w, % ; m, g; ms, g 4.,, 3 1 ( % ) ( % ) 5 0.3 40 1 40 2 3 1 39

,, ( ),,,,, 1. (1 ) (2 ) : 0.01g (3 ) : 95% (4 ) 2. (1 ) ( 510g, 2030g), (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ), 2 3 (5 ),,, 0.1g () 1., 515cm 1h, 1%, 2., 3.,,,, 4.,,,,,,, 1.5%,, 100, 5.,,, 40

1967,,, ( ) 1. 110,,, 1, 75 80, 8 h 2.,,,,,,,, 110, 105 110, (),, ;, ;: : m; V m = m/ V, m, V V () (3 3),,,,,,, 2030cm,,,, 1. (1 ) : 68cm, 23cm, 1.52mm (2 ) : 0.1g (3 ) : 2. (1 ),,, 41

(2 ),,,,, (3 ), m1, 0.1g 3. : :, g/ cm 3 ; m1, g; m2, g; V, cm 3 4. = m 1 - m2 V,, 0.03g/ cm 3 ( ) (3 4) ( 500cm 3 ),,,,, 1. (1 ) : 0.01g (2 ) 2. (1 ) 30cm 3,,, 0.01g (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),, 0.01g (4 ),,,, 0.01g, (5 ),,, ( 3),, ;0.03g, 3. : :, g/ cm 3 ; 42 m, g; m1, g; = m1 - m2 w t m - m1 - m n (3 5)

m2, g; wt t, g/ cm 3, 0.001g/ cm 3 ; n, g/ cm 3 (, 0.01g/ cm 3, 0.92g/ cm 3 ) ( ),, 300kg,,, () (), 1911,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, () 1. L P - 100 ; 100g, 30, 2. 0.5mm,, 0.5mm 200g,,, ( a )( c ) ( b ), 18h,,,,,,, 5s h 43

, w 3., w, h, ab c hw,, hw, h = 20mm w wl, hp : hp = wl 0.524 w L - 7.606, hp : (3 6) hp = 29.6-1.22 wl + 0.017 w 2 L - 0.000 074 4 w 3 L (3 7) : h p, ( JTJ 051-93 ) h p hp, hw, hp w p ( ),,,,,,,, 3mm,,, 35g (), ;,,,, Cu = 1.0, e = 0.35Gs = 2.65, d = 1.96g/ cm 3,,, Cu > 1.0, e < 0.35 e = 0.35,,, e emin em a x e Dr, : Dr = ( ema x - e)/ ( em a x - emin ) (3 8) Dr1/ 3 ; 1/ 3 < Dr 2/ 3 ; Dr > 2/ 3 : 44 Dr = ( d - ( dm ax - dmin ) dm a x dmin ) d (3 9)

: d,,,,, Dr ( ) (1 ) : 500cm 3 1 000cm 3, 6cm (2 ) : 1.2cm, (3 ) : 1.5cm (4 ) (5 ),, ( 6) (8 ) (6 ), : 250cm 3, 5cm, 12.7cm 1 000cm 3, 10cm, 12.7cm (7 ) (8 ) : 1.25kg, 150mm, 50mm () 1. ( 1) 1.5kg, (),, (2 ),,, 1 000 cm 3, (3 ) 700g, 1g,,,, 12cm, (4 ),,,, 5cm 3 (5 ),,,,,, 5cm 3 (6 ), 2. (1 ) 4kg, (2 ), 600800g ( 1/ 3 ) 1 000cm 3, ( 150200 ) / min,, ( 3060 ) / min, ( 510min ),, (3 ),,, (4 ), (5 ),,,, 1g, 45

( ) (1 ) : : dmin, g/ cm 3 ; dm a x, g/ cm 3 ; m, g; Vm a x, cm 3 ; V min, cm 3 0.01g/ cm 3 d min = d ma x = (2 ) : : em a x ; emin ; Gs 0.01 m V m ax m V min em ax = w Gs d min emin = w Gs dm ax (3 ) ( 3 8 ) ( 3 9 ), 0.01 () ( 3 10) ( 3 11) - 1 ( 3 12) - 1 ( 3 13),,, 0.03g/ cm 3 5mm, 25mm 15% (),,, 0.074mm ; 0.0020.074mm () 1.,,,, 2. d > 0.074mm 46

3. :60mm 40mm 20mm 10mm 5mm 2mm; :2mm 0.5mm 0.25mm 0.074mm 4.,, 1004 000g( ) 2mm, 2mm (60mm 40mm 20mm 10mm 5mm) ;2mm ( 2mm 0.5mm 0.25mm 0.074mm) 2mm 10%,,2mm 10 %,, 1015min 2mm 1 %, 2mm 1% 5. : x = A B P ( 3 14) : x, % ; A, g; B,, g; P 2mm, 0.074mm 2mm 0.074mm, P = 100%,, 3 2 31 3 1 47

9803 (03) 98 3 4 ( ) 3 2 = 3 000g 2 mm = 2 190g 2 mm = 810g 0.1mm = 0.5 % 2 mm d x = 27.0 % = 810g ( mm ) ( g) ( g) ( g) ( % ) ( % ) 40 0 0 3 000 100 100 20 345 345 2 655 88.4 88.4 10 570 915 2 085 69.5 69.5 5 670 1 585 1 415 47.2 47.2 2 605 2 190 810 27.0 27.0 1 215 2 405 595 73.5 19.8 0.5 330 2 735 265 32.8 8.8 0.25 195 2 930 70 8.6 2.3 0.074 55 2 985 15 1.9 0.5 15 3 000 ( ) 1.,, 0.0020.2 mm,,,,, v : v = 2 s - w 9 R2 : v, m/ s; R, m; s w, N/ m 3 ;, Pa s : : d, m d = 18 v s - w ( 3 15) ( 3 16), Ws,,, 48

ti, di vi,, Li, vi = Li/ ti, Li, di, Li di, di di : 1 000cm 3, di Wsi, Li 1 i = 1 000 : s0 w0 Wsi + 1 000 - W si w 0 s0 Wsi = 1 000 i - w 0 s0 s0 - w 0 di W siw s Pi : Pi = Wsi 100% W s ( 3 17) ( 3 18) ( 3 19),, di, di i, Li 2. 1934, 0.20.002 mm,,,,,,,,, 3.,,, ( t),, t L d d,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 49

;,,, :,,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 0.075mm( 0.1mm )50 % 50%, 50 %,,,,,,, wl, wp Ip,, wl Ip,,, JTJ 05193,,, ( J TJ 05193) : (1 ) ; (2 ) : wl w p Ip ; (3 ), 32, 50

200 60 20 5 2 0.5 0.25 0.074 0.002 ( mm ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 32 ( ) 50%, ( ) ( )( ) (1 ) 75% ( ) 50 %, B; 50%, Cb ( 2) 75 % 50 % () 50%, BSl; 50%, CbSl ( 3) 50 % 15 % (), SlB;, SlCb ( 4) 15 %,, () 50% 1. 50%,, : (1 ) 5%, : Cu 5, Cc = 13,, GW;,, GP (2 ) 5% 15%, GF (3 ) 15%, 50%, ( 33 ) : A,, GM; A,, GC 2. 50%,, : (1 ) 5%, : Cu 5, Cc = 13,, SW;,, SP (2 ) 5% 15%, SF (3 ) 15% 50%, : A,, SM; A,, SC 51

( ) 50%, 1. 25% (1 ) A : B,, CH; B, Ip = 10,, CL (2 ) A : B,, MH; B, Ip = 10,, ML 2. 25% 50%, : (1 ),, G (2 ),, S 3. ;;, : 105 110 24h 3/ 4,, ( T 015193 ) 33 : (1 ) A : B,, CHO; B, Ip = 10,, CLO (2 ) A : B,, MHO; B, Ip = 10,, MLO 52

(),,,,,,,, (), 33 3 3 (cm ) ( kg) ( cm ) (cm ) (cm ) (cm 3 ) ( kj/ m 2 ) ( mm) I.1 5 2.5 30 10 12.7 997 3 27 598.2 25 I I.2 5 2.5 30 15.2 12 2 177 3 59 598.2 38 I I.1 5 4.5 45 10 12.7 997 5 27 2 687.0 25 II I I.2 5 4.5 45 15.2 12 2 177 3 98 2 677.2 38 () 1.,,, (1 ) : 50,, () w0,, 2% (5 ),, m w : m w = m0 : m0 m0 m w 0.01 ( w - w0 ) 1 + 0.01 w0 ( 3 20),,, 24h, 12h (2 ) : (), 53

2., 3 5, 5mm,, 3. d : :, g/ cm 3 ; w, % d = 1 + 0.01 w ( 3 21) d, w, dw, 3 4 34 45 cm 997cm 3 27 4.5kg 5 mm 1 2 3 4 5 3 4 ( g) 2 907.6 2 981.8 3 130.9 3 206.7 3 191.1 ( g) 1 103 1 103 1 103 1 103 1 103 ( g) 1 804.6 1 878.8 2 027.9 2 103.7 2 088.1 (g/ cm 3 ) 1.81 1.88 2.03 2.11 2.09 (g/ cm 3 ) 1.67 1.71 1.80 1.82 1.76 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 + ( g) 33.45 33.27 35.60 35.44 32.88 33.13 34.20 34.09 36.96 38.31 + ( g) 32.45 32.26 34.16 34.02 31.40 31.64 32.36 32.15 24.28 35.36 ( g) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ( g) 1.0 1.01 1.44 1.42 1.48 1.49 1.84 1.94 2.68 2.95 ( g) 12.45 12.26 14.16 14.02 11.40 11.64 11.36 12.15 14.28 15.36 ( % ) 8.0 8.2 10.3 10.1 13.0 12.8 16.2 16.0 18.8 19.2 ( % ) 8.1 10.2 13.0 16.1 19.0 = 15.8 % = 1.83g/ cm 3 4. 5mm 30 %, 5mm P 5mm, 5mm ( JTJ 051-93 d > 38mm ) 54

d m ax = 1 - P dm ax 1 + P Gs2 w (322 ) w 0 = w0 ( 1 - P) + P w2 (323 ) : dm a x, g/ cm 3 ; dm a x 5mm,, g/ cm 3 ; w, g/ cm 3 ; P5mm ( ) ; Gs2 5mm ; w 0, % ; w0 5mm, % ; w2 5mm, % ( ) 1. 3 4,,,,,,,, 1h, 2. 3 5, 3 5 ( kg) (cm ) (cm ) (cm ) ( cm) (cm 3 ) ( J ) ( mm) 4.5 5.0 45 10 12.7 997 5 27 2.687 25 4.5 5.0 45 15.2 12.0 2 177 5 59 2.687 25 4.5 5.0 50 15.2 12.0 2 177 3 98 2.677 40, Q w = Qn 1 + 0.01 wn Qc + 1 + 0.01 wc 0.01 w - Qn 0.01 w n 1 + 0.01 wn Qc - 0.01 wc 1 + 0.01 wc : Q w, g; ( 3 24) 55

Qn (), w n, % ; Qc, g, wc, % ; w, % 1 h, 5 % 30 %, : : dm a x, g/ cm 3 ; d ma x = d m ax ( 1-0.01 P) + 0.90.01 PG dm a xg/ cm 3 ; P; G; w 0, % ; w, % ; w0, % 3. ( 3 25) w 0 = w0 (1-0.01 P) + 0.01 Pw ( 3 26) (1 ) 25mm, 40mm() (2 ) :1224h, 68h, 4h, 2h (3 ), 1h, 1h, (4 ) (5 ), 0.05g/ cm 3 ( ) 0.08g/ cm 3 ( ), 0.5% (10% ) 1.0% ( 10% ) ( ),, : f = c + tg ( 3 27) c, c 56

( ),, () (), 35,,,,, 3 6 c, 4, 1 2 3 f1 f2 f3, f, ( 3 7 ) a) b ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 7 ; 8 ;9; 10 ; 11 35 4 ; 5 ; 6 3 6 37,, 57

,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,, 35min 3050s 2.,,,,, 3., 1 4h, ( ) 1.,,,, 5% 8% 2. 3 8 38, : ( ), ; ( ), 15% 1/ 151/ 10 () ( 3 9 ),,,, 58

,,, ep ( 310 ), elg p ( 311 ) a) b ) 3 9 310 e - p 3 11 e - lgp ( ) ep elg p : 1. a = e 1 p2 - e2 - p1 ( 3 28) 2. cc = e1 lg p2 - e2 - lg p1 ( 3 29) 3. a cc 4. 5. a = mv = 0.435 cc p a 1 + e1 ( 3 30) ( 3 31) 6. E = Es 1 - Es = 1 + e 1 a ( 3 32) 2 2 1 - = E s (1-2K0 ) ( 3 33) : p1 p2 pep elg p ; e1 e2 p1 p2 ; K0, 59

7. Pc elg p ( ) 1.,,,,,,, ;,, 2.,,,,,, ( JTJ 05193) 24h,, : ; (1 ) ; (2 ), (3 ),, ; (4 ),,,,, : ; 3 6 1.,,,,,, 60

3 6 : :,,,,,,,, 2.,, 3 12, 4,, ;,,, cu ( S r ): : M; D; H 3. cu = 2 M D 2 ( D 3 + H) ( 3 34), 313, 63.5kg, 76cm, 51mm, 35mm, 500mm,, 42mm, 15cm, 30cm, N, N 61

312 313 N, N, :,, 4.,, :, : ; ( 50m,, 70m), 314 ps ; qc fa ps qc f a,, 5.,,,,,,, ; ( 2.5mm/ min ),, - ( p - S ), E0 6.,,,,,, 62

7.,,,,,, : (1 ),, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,, 314 a) ; b),,,,,,,, () (),,,,,, () (),, 1. :10mm, 2mm 90% ; 63

2. :30mm, 20mm 85% ; 3. :50mm, 40mm 85% ( ) (),,,,,,, ( ),, 38, ( ) () 1. (1 ),, 5, 40, 17 : 35% ; 40% ; 30% (2 ) 1520 ( ), 15 % 0.8% 10 %, : 40% ; 35% ; 30% (3 ) 1220 ( ), 10% 2., ( 6h ), ( 325 ) 3. 3 7 III,,, 64, 3 8

,, 3 7 I I I I II I II II I I I I I II I II II I ( % ) 85 80 70 80 75 65 65 60 55 60 55 50 ( 5mm, % ) 7 11 17 10 14 20 ( % ) 4 4 4 4 4 4 0.71mm ( % ) 0.125mm ( % ), ( % ) 0 1 1 0 1 1 13 21-13 20-5 > 5 4 > 4 : 5 %,, I 75 % II 70 % I II 60 % 4. SiO2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3 70 %, 20% ; 2 500cm 2 / g, 35%,, 5., SiO2 Al2 O3, ( 700 1 100 ) kg/ m 3 30mm,, 6. 3 8 ( MPa) 3 8 34 1.5 23 1.5 0.8 0.8 0.50.7 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.5 : ( 7 ), 7d 0.5 MPa; 7, 7 65

( ) 3 9 310 3 9,, ; ( ),, ( ) ; ; 3 10 2, 2, 2 000m 3 2 ( ) 0.5 mm, 2, 2 000m 3 2 100g,, 2, 2 000 m 3 2, 2 1 000cm 3 2, 2 000 m 3 2, 2 2, 2 1, 2 66

( ) EDTA 1. (1 ),, ( 7d ) ( 2% ),, 10min (2 ) 2. (1 ) ( )50mL, 1 (2 ), 1 (3 ), 1 (4 ) : 10mL, 10 (5 ) ( ) : 200mL, 20 (6 ) : 2 000mL(1 000mL),1 ; 300mL,10 (7 ) : 1 000mL, 1 (8 ) : 1 200mL,10 (9 ) ( ), 10 (10) :100mL 5mL, 1 ; 50mL, 2 (11) :60mL, 1 ( ) (12) :500g 0.5g 100g 0.1g, 1 (13) 1 (14) :9cm, 10 (15) :12 13cm, 1 (16) : 2.0mm 2.5mm, 1 (17) (1 2 ), 1 (18) : ph12ph14 ( 19 ) 20L, 1 ( ) ; 10L, 2 (EDTA ) ; 5 L, 1 () (20) (21) ( ) 500mL, 1 3. (1 ) 0.1mol/ m 3 ( EDTA ): EDTA ( )37.226g,,, 1 000mL (2 ) 10% ( NH4 Cl) : 500g ( ) 10L, 4 500mL,, 1 000mL, (3 ) 1.8 % ( ) : 100g 18g ( NaOH) ( ), 1 000mL, 1 000mL, 67

, 2mL (), (4 ) : 0.2g ( C21 H13 O7 N2 SN a, 460.39 ) 20g 1051h,,,, 4. 1) :, 2.0mm 2.5mm, ( 0% ) 2) : (1 ) : = (2 ) : (1 + ) 300g = (1 + ) = / ( 1 + ( ) ) () = - = (1 + ) = (1 + ) = 300g - - 3) 5, 2 ( ), : 1 :2 300g 2, (300g ) 2 : 2 2 %, 300g, 2 3 4 5 : 2 4% 6% 8 %, 300g, 6, 1 :, 100g :, : 0 % 2 % 4 % 6 % 8 %, 4), 600mL10%, 3min( 110120 ) ( ), 1 000mL, ( ) 3min ( 120 5 ), 4min[ 4min,,,, ( ), ], 300mL,, : 100g, 200 ml10 % 5) ( 12cm ) 10.0mL 200mL, 500mL1.8 % ( ), ph 12.513.0 ( ph1214 ), ( ),, EDTA, EDTA ( ml, 0. 1mL) 68

6),, EDTA 7) EDTA, ( % ), 315, 3 15 5. (1 ), 300g,, 600mL10 %, (2 ), EDTA, (315 ) 6. (1 ), (2 ),,,,, (3 ),, ( ) 1. 2. (1 ) ( PVC ),1 (2 ), 232( 330), 1 (3 ), 1 (4 ) : 0.1g 0.5g, 1 (5 ) : 1 000mL 200mL 50mL, 1 (6 ) : 1 000mL, 10 ( 10 ) ;500mL,4 (7 ) : 2 000mL, 1 ;300mL,10 ; 50mL,15 (8 ) : 1 000mL, 1 (9 ) ( ) : 10L, 2 ; 1 000mL,3 ; 250mL, 2 69

(10) :2mm 2.5mm, 1 (11) :100mL, 1 (12) :1 (13) :90mm, 10 ; 50mm,15 (14) :1 (15) :20 (16), 1 (17) :500mL, 1 (18) :,,, 3. (1 ) 10% 100g, ( ) 900mL,, :, (2 ) 10-1 mol/ m 3 ( CaCO3 )180 2h, 45min 10.009g 300mL,, 15 ( 18mL 90mL ),, 5min, 1 000mL,, 950mL, 20%, ph 7,, 1 000mL : ( ), (3 ) 10-2 mol/ m 3 100mL10-1 mol/ m 3,, 1 000mL (4 ) 10-3 mol/ m 3 100mL10-2 mol/ m 3,, 1 000mL (5 ) 1 000mL, 1 000mL, 0.1g ( KCl) 70g, 300mL, 200mL,, ( ), (6 ) 20% 0.1g 40g ( NaOH) 300mL, 160mL, (,, ) 70 4. (1 ) :,, 10-1 mol/ m 3

15,, 10-2 mol/ m 3 2h,, (2 ) :,,, (3 ) :, 20min 5. (1 ) : 2mm 2.5mm (2 ) : 2mm 2.5mm, (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) 6% 14% (6 ) : 6% 14% 0.1g 0.5g (5 ), 300g, 1 000mL ( ), () (5 ), 10 % 600mL ( ) 2min, 120 5, 4min 500mL,,,, 6% 14% 10d :, 16 % 18 % 16.0 18.0 ;, 100g 500mL, 200mL10 % 6. 2530mL 50mL, 6%, ( 3 16 ),, I, 6.0 ;, 6%, 14%,,, II, 14.023 6% 14% 6.0 14.0, 7. ( 1) 1 000g,, 2mm 2.5mm (2 ) 0.5g 300g, 1 000mL, 10% 600mL ( ) 2min, 120 5 4min 2530mL 50mL,, 71

,,, 8. (1 ) 6% 14%, (2 ), 6% 14 % ( 16 % 18% ), (3 ),, (4 ) 316 (5 ), (6 ), 10-3 mol,,,,, (7 ),, 72 ( ) 1. 2. (1 ) : 0.15mm, 1 (2 ) : 502501 (3 ) : 25cm, 1 (4 ) : 30mm50mm, 10 (5 ) : 1213mm,1 (6 ) :,1 (7 ) : 0.1g, 1 (8 ) : 1 500 W, 1 (9 ) : 20cm20cm, 1 (10) :3mm,1 (0.25kg) (11) :250mL, 20 (12) :, 3 (13),1 (14) :20L,1 (15) :5 000mL, 1 (16) :300mL, 10 (17) :250mL 1 000mL, 1 (18) :200mL 100mL 50mL 5mL, 1 (19) :250mL 1 000mL, 5

(20) :1L, 1 (21) :50mL, 5 ; 250mL( 300mL),10 (22) :60mL, 4 ; 250mL, 5 (23) :60mL, 3 (24) :50mL, 2 (25), 1 (26) :25mL 50mL, 1 (27) :7cm,10 (28) :8mm250mm 4mm180mm, 10 (29) :5 (30) :8mm150mm, 5 (31) :1 3. (1 ) ( ) (2 ) : 0.5g 50mL95% (3 ) 0.1 % : 0.05g 50mL (4 ) 0.5N :42mL ( 1.19) 1L, 0.8001.000g(0.002g) 1802h, 250mL, 100mL ; 23 0.1%,,, 3min,,,, : : N; Q, g; V, ml 4. N = Q/ V0.053 ( 3 35) (1 ) :, 2mm 200g,, 20g 0.10mm, 10, 1001h,, (2 ) : 10, 105 110 1h,, 5. 0.5g(0.000 5g) 250mL, 5g, 15, 50mL, 15min (, ), 73

, 23, 0.5 N ( 23 ), 30s 6. ( X1 ): X1 = VN0.028 100 G : V, ml; 0.028 ; G, g; N 7. ( 3 36), ( ) 1. 2. 3. (1 ) 110 :1 ( 1.19 )10 (2 ) ( ph = 10 ) :67.5g 300mL, ( 0.90 )570mL, 1 000mL ( 3) K B(12.5 ): 0.3g K 0.75g B 50g 105, (4 ) EDTA : 10gEDTA,, 1 000mL (5 ) : 1.7848g 105 ( 2h ) ( ), 250mL, 110 100mL,,, 1 000mL,, 1mL 1mg (6 ) 20% : 20g 80mL ( 7) : 0.2g 20g 105, (8 ) 10% : 10g 90mL (9 ) ( 12) :1 2 4.EDTA 50mL 300mL, 100mL ; 0.1g, 20% ; 34mL, EDTA, 74 EDTA ( 3 37) :

: TCa O = CV1/ V2 ( 3 37) TC ao EDTA, 1mLEDTA EDTA ( T M go ), 1mLEDTA (3 38 ) : 5. 40.31 T M go = TC ao 56.08 = 0.72 T CaO ( 3 38) 0.5g(0.0 005g), 250mL,, 30mL 110,, 810min, 250mL,, 25mL, 250mL, 50mL, 1mL 5mL, - 10mL K - B 0.1g EDTA, EDTA V1 25mL, 300mL, 150mL, 5mL 20% 5mL, 0.1g EDTA,, EDTA V2 6. ( X2 ): X2 = T M go ( V1 - V2 )10 100 G1 000 : T M go EDTA ; V1 EDTA, ml; V2 EDTA, ml; 10 ; G, g 7. ( 3 39), ( ) 1. 5% :,,,, 2. 75

, ( 11 ) ( 17 ) 250mL ( 18 ) 100mL 50mL ( 19 ) 250mL, ( 20 ) (21) ( 22 ) (25) ( 27 ) 3. (1 ) 1N : 83mL( 1.19 ) 1 000mL, 0.5N, 1.52g (2 ) 1 % 4. 0.81.0g(0.000 5g) 300mL, 150mL 10, 5min,, 2,, 23,,,,, 5min, 5. ( CaO + MgO) % = : V, ml; N; G, g; VN0.028 100 G ( 3 40) 0.028,,, ( CaO + MgO) % CaO 6., 1. ( ), :, = 11,, ;, 2., 2 000m 2 :, Cv 10%, 6 ; Cv = 10% 15%, 9 ; Cv > 15 %, 13 76 3. (1 ) : 40mm 25mm(20mm) 5mm (2 ) : :

(10mm ) := 50mm50mm; (25mm ) := 100mm100mm; (40mm ) := 150mm150mm (3 ) (4 ) : 400kN (5 ) ( 2001 000kN) (6) : 50mm, 4.5kg, 450mm (7 ) : (8 ) : 50mm (9 ), 200kN (10) : 0.01g (11) : 10kg, 5g (12) 4. 1) (, 50 ),,, 40mm ;, 25mm 20mm ;, 10mm,, 100g; 25mm, 1 000g; 40mm, 2 000g 2) ( JTJ 057-94)T 0804-94 3) (1 ), ( ), 6 ;, 9 13 (2 ), 50mm 50mm, 1 180210g; 100mm100mm, 1 1 7001 900g; 150mm150mm, 1 5 7006 000g, 6 ;, 3 ;, (3 ) ( 400mm600mm70mm ), ( ) 3%, ( 324 ), :1224h;68h; 4h ;2h 77

(4 ), ( ), 3 % ( ), 1 h, 1h, 4), m1 ( g) : : V ; w, % ; d, g/ cm 3 m1 = d V (1 + w ) ( 3 41), 2cm m1 ( g) 23 ( ), 50mm 50mm,,, 2cm () ( ) ( ), 1min,,,, () m2, 1g; 2g; 5g h, 0.1mm, (,, ) 5.,,,,, 7d, 20 2, 25 2,, 2.5cm, m3, : 1g; 4g; 10g, 6. (1 ),, m4 (2 ) h1, 0.1mm (3 ) ( ),,, 1mm/ min P( N) 78 (4 ) ( ) w 1

7. 1) Rc : : Rc = P A : Rc = P A : Rc = P A = 0.000 51 P( MPa) ( = 0.000 127 P(M Pa) ( = 0.000 057 P(M Pa) ( 3 42) 3 43) 3 44) : P, N; A, A = 4 D2 ; D, mm 2) Cv ( % ) : 10% 15% 20% 8., (1 ) Rc : : Rd, MPa; ; Cv ( ) ; Rc Rd/ (1 - Za Cv ) ( 3 45) Za, : 95%, Za = 1.645; :90%, Za = 1.282 (2 ), 9. : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ( % ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ; (4 ) ( % )( ); (5 ) ( 0.01g/ cm 3 ) ; (6 ) ( % ) ; ( 7) : 2.0M Pa,, ; 2.0MPa, 1 (8 ) RcS Cv 95% Rc0.95 ( = Rc - 1.645 S) 1.,,,?? 79

2.,? 3.,,? 4.? 5.?? 6.? 7.? 8.? 9.,? 10., d < 0.074mm,? 11.? 12.? 13.? 14.? 15.???? 16., 17. e? 18.? 80

,,,,,, ( ), ( ),, 1. (), 80 % 87%, 10% 15 %, 0.3%,,, :,,, ;, ( ), :,, :,, 3/ 4, 2/ 3;, ; ( ) : 81

(1 ), 1.0, 1.0, 1.0; (2 ) ; (3 ),,,,, (4 ), 45 51,,,,, 30 70,, :,,,,, 2. (1 ), : ( 41 ), A - 60, A - 100, A - 140, A - 180 A - 200 5, A - 60 A - 100,,, 4 1 A - 200 A - 180 A - 140 A - 100 A - 100 A - 60 A - 60 (25,100g,5s) (0.1mm) 200300 160200 120160 80120 80120 5080 4080 (25,5cm/ min) (cm) - 100 100 90 60 70 40 () () 3045 3545 3848 4252 4252 4555 4555 ( ) ( %) 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 (163,5h) ( %) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( %) 50 60 60 65 65 70 70 (COC) () 180 200 230 230 230 230 230 82

( JTJ 032-94 ),, ( J TJ 052 M0611)4 2 AH - 50 AH - 70 AH - 90 AH - 110 AH - 130 5 ;,, 15,, 4 2 AH - 130 AH - 110 AH - 90 AH - 70 AH - 50 ( 25, 100g,5 s) ( 0.1 mm) 120 140 100120 80 100 60 80 4060 (5 cm/ min, 15 ) ( cm) 100 100 100 100 100 ( ) ( ) 40 50 4151 4252 44 54 4555 (COC) ( ) 230 ( ) ( % ) 3 (15 ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( ) ( % ) 99.0 (163, 5h) ( % ) 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 ( % ) 45 48 50 55 58 ( 25 ) ( cm) 75 75 75 50 40 ( 15 ) ( cm) (2 ),, AC( R ) - 1 AC( R) - 2 ; AC(M ) - 1,, A( M) - 6 AC ( S) - 1,, AC ( S ) - 6 6, (3 ),, ( 43 ) 1. 83

4 3 PC - 1 P A - 1 PC - 2 PA - 2 PC - 3 PA - 3 BC - 1 BA - 2 BC - 2 BA - 2 BC - 3 BA - 3 ( % ) 0.3 ( + ) ( - ) ( C 25, 3 ) ( s ) 1245 8 20 12 100 40 100 ( E 25 ) 3 15 16 3 40 15 40 ( % ) 60 50 55 60 (100g,25, 5s ) ( 0.1mm ) 80 200 80 300 60 160 60 200 60 300 80 200 ( 25) ( % ) 80 ( ) ( % ) 97.5 5d ( % ) 1d ( % ) 5 1, 2/ 3 - - -, 1.18 mm ( % ) - 5 ( - 5) ( J TJ 032-94 ) : 1) (1 ) ( AC) (2 ) ( AM ) ( ) 2) (1 ) :, : (2 ) 84

: :, : (3 ) :,, : (4 ) :,, 10%, : a.i : 3% 6% ; b.ii : 4% 10% :,, 15%, ( 10% 15 % ) (5 ) 4 : : 26.5mm (30mm) ; : 16mm 19mm(20mm 25mm) ; : 9.5mm 13.2mm( 10mm 15mm) ; : 4.75mm(5mm), 4,, 37.5mm (40mm ) 2. 3 : (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,, 85

,,,, (3 ),,,,, 3. ( J TJ 032-94 ) 4 4 : ; ;, ( ) ( ; I II ) 4., 4 4 ( ) 75 50 50 50 35 35 1. MS( kn) I I I > 7.5 > 5.0 > 5.0 > 4.0 > 3.0-2. FL(0.1mm ) I I I 20 40 20 40 2045 2045 25 - I 3 6 36 36 3. VV ( % ) I I 4 10 4 10 - > 10 > 10-4. VFA ( % ) I I I 70 85 60 75 7085 6075 7590-40 60 4060-5. MS 0 ( % ) I I I > 75 > 70 > 75 > 70 > 75 - : 1. 1kN 2.I 2 % 6 % 3. ( VMA) : 86

( mm ) 37.5 31.5 26.5 19.0 13.2 9.5 4.75 VAM, ( % ) 12 12.3 13 14 15 16 18 : (1 ),, ;,,,,,,,,, ( JTJ 032-94 ) :, ( M 0671-93 )( AH - 50AH - 130 ),, ( A - 60A - 100 ), 4 5,,,,, 4 5 A140 A180 A200 A 140 A 180 A 200 AH90 AH110 AH130 A100 A140 AH 90 A H110 AH 130 A100 A140 T5 T 6 T6 T7 T 6 T7 T7 T8 A100 A140 A180 A 100 A 140 A 180 AH90 AH110 A100 A140 AH70 AH 90 A60 A 100 T6 T 7 T6 T7 T 7 T8 T7 T8 A60 A100 A140 A60 A 100 A 140 AH 50 AH70 AH90 A100 A60 AH50 AH 70 A60 A 100 T6 T 7 T7 T 7 T8 T7 T8 T9 87

(2 ),, ( 46) 4 6 ( % ) 28 30 ( % ) 30 40 ( t/ m 3 ) 2.50 2.45 ( % ) 2.0 3.0 4 3 ( % ) 12 - ( % ) 15 20 < 0.075mm ( % ) 1 1 ( % ) 5 5 ( BP N) 42 ( % ) 28 ( % ) : 1. ; 90 50-40 40 40 2., 2.45t/ m 3, 3 %, ; 3.,,, ; 4. 3 %, 2 %,,, 46,, 40%,5mm 50 % ( ),, 6 88

, 46,,, 46 2%, 1% 47 47, (48), ( ) 4 7 ( mm) (, mm ) ( % ) 106 75 63 53 37.5 31.5 26.5 19.0 13.2 9.5 4.75 2.36 0.6 S1 40 75 100 90 100 - - 015-0 5 S2 40 60 100 90100-015 - 0 5 S3 30 60 100 90100-015 - 05 S4 25 50 100 90100 - - 0 15-05 S5 20 40 100 90100-0 15-05 S6 15 30 100 90100 - - 0 15-05 S7 10 30 100 90100 - - - 015 05 S8 15 25 100 95 100-0 15 05 S9 10 20 100 95 100-015 05 S10 10 15 100 95 100 015 05 S11 515 100 95 100 4070 015 0 5 S12 510 100 95100 010 0 5 S13 310 100 95100 4070 015 0 5 S14 3 5 100 85100 025 0 5 (3 ),, 4 9 89

4 9 ( t/ m 3 ) 2.50 2.45 ( > 0.3mm ) ( % ) 12 - ( % ) 60 50 : ;, 0.075mm ( ), 3 %, 5 %,,,,,, 410, 411,, ( 48 ), (4 ) () 3%,, 4 12, 2% ( mm ) 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075 ( mm ) 10 5 2.5 1.2 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075 ( % ) 100 90 100 65 95 35 65 15 29 5 20 0 10 0 5 100 90100 75100 5090 3059 830 010 05 100 90100 85100 75100 6084 1545 010 M x 3.7 3.1 3.02.3 2.21.6 05 4 10 4 11 ( % ) ( mm ) 9.5 4.75 2.36 0.6 0.075 ( mm ) ( mm ) 10 5 2.5 S15 05 100 85 100 4070 0 15 S16 03 100 85100 2050 0 15 91

( t/ m 3 ) 2.50 2.45 ( % ) 1 1 4 12 < 0.6 mm ( % ) < 0.15 mm ( % ) < 0.075mm ( % ) 100 90100 75100 100 90100 70100 < 1, 12%, 4%, 50 %,,,, 50 %, 4%,,, ( JTJ 032-94 ) ( 4 8 ),, ( JT J 052-93 ) ( M 0671-93 ),, ;, ( ),, ;,, 1 (1 ),, 0.1mm (2 ), 100g0.05g, 25, 5s, (3 ) 92

2. : (1 ) :, 0.1mm 50g0.05g, 50g0.05g, 100g0.05g,,,,,,,,, (2 ), HRC5460, Ra0.2m Ra0.23m, 2.5g0.05g, (),,, (3 ) :, 55mm, 35mm ( 200) ; 70mm, 45mm ( 200350 ) ; 350, 60mm, 125mL (4 ) : 10L, 0.1 ( ), 100mm, 50mm (5 ) : 1L, 80mm, (6 ) : (050 ), 0.1 (7 ) : 0.1s (8 ) :, (9 ) : (10) : 3 (1 ), 10mm,, (1530) 11.5h ( ) 1.52h ( ) 22.5h( ), 0.1 1 1.5h ( ) 1.52 h( ) 22.5h (),,,,, (2 ), 0.1(), 10mm,,,,, 93

, 5s,,,, :,, 5 s,, 0.5 3, 10mm,,,, 200, 3,, 3, 4. 3, 3,, 0.1mm ( 0. (0.1mm) 1mm) 049 2 50149 4 150249 6 250350 10 > 350 14 5. (1 ) 50( 0.1mm ), 2 (0.1mm), 4( 0.1mm ) (2 ) 50( 0.1mm ), 4%, 8% 6 (1 ),,, ;,,, ( ),,,, 23,,, (),,,, (2 ),, 94

,,,,,, (3 ), ;,,, (4 ),,, 7. (1 ) PI T 800 T 1.2,, (2 ) ( T 060493 ) (3 ) ( JTJ 05293 ) 15 25 30, 30, 5 (4 ) PI : a( 4 1 ) A, Alog Pe n : log P = AlogP en T + K (4 1) AlogPe n ( 41 ) 0.995,, b(42) PI, PIlogP en : PIlogP en = c( 4 3 ) T800 : T800 = log800 - K AlogP e n d(44)t 1.2 : (5 ) T1.2 = log1.2 - K AlogP e n [ 20-500 AlogP en ] [1 + 50 AlogP e n ] = 2.903 1 - K Alo gp en = 0.079 2 - K Alo gp en ( 42) ( 43) ( 44), P I T 800 95

T 1.2, (4 1),, ( JTJ 05293 T 0671 ),, 25 (5 0.25 ) cm/ min ;, 15 ( 50.25) cm/ min,, 15(),, 1 (1 ),, cm (2 ), 25 15, ( 50.05)cm/ min( 10.05) cm/ min, (3 ) 2 : (1 ) :, (2 ) :,, Ra0.2m, 4 13 (3 ) : ( Ra0.2m) (4 ) : 10L, 0.1,, 50mm 100mm (5 ) : (050 ), 0.1 (6 ) (7 ) ( 21) (8 ) : ( mm) 4 13 74.5 75.5 74 575 5 29.7 30.3 19.7 20.3 9.910.1 ( ) 9.910.1 3 (1 ),, 96

,, 30 40min, 0.1, 30min,,, 1 1.5h,, 0.5 (2 ),,, 25mm,,,,,,,,,,,,, cm,,, 4., 3, 3 100cm, > 100cm; 3, 1 100cm,, 3 ; 100cm, > 100cm;, 5. 100cm, 20% ; 30% 6. (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ),,,,,,,, 97

, 87.2%,,, 1 (1 ),, ( ), ( 50.5) / min, ( 25.4mm ), (2 ) 2 : (1 ), : : 9.53mm, ( 3.50.05) g : : :,,,,, 51mm 25.4mm, 12.7mm, 19mm : 8001 000mL, 86mm, 120mm :080, 0.5 (2 ) :,, (3 ) ( ) (4 ) : (Ra0.8m) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) ( 21) (8 ) (9 ) : 3. (1 ), 120, ( ) 80 100 30min,,, (2 ) 98

80 : a ( 50.5) 15min; b5, c, ;,, ( 50.5 ), 080, d,,, 3min ( 50.5 ),,, e,,, 0.5 80 : a (321 ) 15min; b 32, c( 1), 1 4.,,, 0.5 5. (1 ) 80, 1, 4 (2 ) 80, 2, 8,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( JT J 052 M 0611-93 ),,, ( ) 1. (1 ),,, 50g, 5h, 163 99

(2 ) (3 ),, 2. : (1 ) : 330mm330mm,, 1 250mm,,, (5.51) r/ min, 6, 10cm10cm, : (2) :,,,, ( 551 ) mm, ( 351 ) mm (3 ) : 0200, 0.5 (4 ) : 1mg (5 ) : 3. 1) (1 ) ( m0 ), 1mg (2 ), (500.5 ) g, ( m1 ), 1mg (3 ), ;, 20mm, 6mm ; (1631) 2) (1 ),,, 163, 5 h 5.25h : (2 ),,, ( m2 ), 1mg (3 ), ;,, ; 4. (1 ), ( - ), ( + ) : Lb = m2 - m1 m1 - m0 100 ( 45) : Lb, % ; 100 m0, g;

m1, g; m2, g (2 ) : Kp = P 2 P1 100 ( 46) : K p, % ; P1, 0.1mm; P2, 0.1mm 5.,,, 2 6. (1 ) 0.5%, 0.10 %, 0.20% (2 ) 0.5%, 0.20 %, 0.40% (3 ), ( ), 50g 139.7mm 9.5mm, 3mm, ( 1631 ) 5h, 25 15, 1501.01.5min,,,,, 75min, 1. ( T FOT) 3.2mm,,, 163, 5 h,, 2. : (1 ) : 200, 360 370mm, 4,,, (5.51 ) r/ min,,,,,, (2 ) :, 4 101

(3 ) : (0200), 0.5( ) (4 ) : 1mg (5 ) : 3. (1 ), ( m0 ), 1mg (2 ), 4 [ ( 500.5) g ],, ( m1 ), 1mg,,,, (3 ),, 6mm, (1631) 4. (1 ), ( 5.51) r/ min, 3, (2 ) 163,, ; 162, (1631 ) 5h, 5.25h (3 ),, ( m2 ), 1mg,,,, (4 ), ( 1631 ) 15min;,,, (5 ),,, 72h 5., (, ) LT = m2 - m1 m1 - m0 100 ( 47) : LT, % ; m0, g; m1, g; m2, g, : KP = P 2 P1 100 ( 48) 102

: : K P, % ; P1, 0.1mm; P2, 0.1mm : T 0, ; T 1, ; T 2, : : K n 60 ; T 0 = T 2 - T 1 ( 49) Kn 2 60, Pas; = 2 1 1 60, Pas : : C 6. : (410) C = loglog( 2 10 3 ) - loglog( 1 10 3 ) (411) (1 ),,, 2 (2 ) 7. (1 ) 0.4%, 0.04%, 8% (2 ) 0.4%, 8 %, 40% (3 ),,,,,,, ( JTJ 052 M 0671-93 ),, COC 1. (1 ) ( COC), 103

,,, (2 ) 79, 79 2. : (1 ) : : :, ( 63.50.5) mm, ( 33.60.5) mm, (9.40.4) mm, :, 145160mm 6.5mm,,, 58mm ( 4.00. 2) mm, :0400, 2 :,, 1.6mm, 0.70.8mm, ( ), 150mm, 2mm,, 1.0s : 500mm,,, (2 ) :,,, 600mm (3 ) 1kW, (1417) / min ( 5.50.5 )/ min 3. 1) (1 ),,, 50mm, (2 ),, 6.5mm, 16mm (3 ),, : 55 (4 ), (5 ),, ( 40.8 ) mm 2) (1 ), ( 1417 )/ min 56,, 28 ( 5.5 0.5) / min (2 ) 28, 2 150mm ; 1s (40.8) mm, 22.5mm 104

: (3 ),, 4. (1 ), 8, (2 ) 95.3kPa( 715mmHg ), 95.384.3kPa( 715634mmHg ), 2.8; 84.373. 3kPa(634500mmHg), 5.5 5. 8; 16,,,,,, - -, - -,,,, 1. (1 ),,, - 20 (2 ) 2. : (1 ) : (2 ) :,, ( P16) 1016m (3 ) (4 ) : 1mg 0.1g (5 ) : ( - 30+ 60), 0.5 (6 ) : 150mL 250mL (7 ) (8 ) : (9 ) ( 6090 ): (10) ( CO2 ) (11) (12) : U ( ) 105

3 1) (1 ),, 0.1g, ( 2) 150mL 250mL,, 1mg, (3 ),, (4 ) (5 ), 550 10 (6 ) 2) (1 ) ( mb )( 501 ) g, 0.1g,, (2 ), ( 55010 ),,, ( 3) (), 5 8min ( ) (45mL/ min), 1min ( ) 25min (4 ),,, ( m1 ), 0.05g (5 ),, ( 250mL ), ( m2 ), 1mg, 0.050.1g, 10g (6 ), ( ) U ( ), ( ) 70mm,, ( - 200.5 );, 11, ( - 200.5 ) (7 ) 10mL,,, 15mL, 25mL, 1h, (8 ) ( 50mL) 50mL ( 11 ), - 20, 15min (9 ),,,, 30min (10), ( ), U 106

,,, ( ), 30mL,,,, 5min,, (11),, 3, 1015mL, (12), 30mL ( 5060 ),,, 35mL, ( ), (13),, 1015mL (14), 105 5, ( 105 5, 21 35 kpa)1h, 1h, m3, 0.1mg 3), 3 4. (1 ) : Pp = m 1 m w mb m2 : Pp, % ; mb, g; m1, g; m2, g; 100 (412) m w, g (2 ) ( g),,, 0.075g 3,, ( % ) :,, 5 : ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) 0.01.0 0.1 0.3 1.03.0 0.3 1.0 > 3.0 0.5 1.5, 99%,,, 10 %, 10%, 107

1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ) 2. : (1 ) : 100g, 0.2mg (2 ) : 200mL (3 ) : 50mL (4 ) : 2.6cm, 0.6mm (5 ) : 250mL (6 ) : (7 ) (8 ) : 100mL (9 ) (10) : (11) (12) (13) (),, 3. 1) (1 ) (2 ),,, ( 1055 ) ( 15min),, 30min, ( m1 ), 0.2mg (3 ) ( m2 ), 0.2mg 2) (1 ) 2g( m3 ), 0.2mg (2 ), 100mL,, 15min (3 ),,,,,, (4 ), ; ( 105 5) 20min;, (5 ) ( 305 ) min, ( m4 m5 ), 0.3mg 4. : 108

Sb = [1 - ( m 4 m1 ) + ( m5 - m2 ) ] 100 (413) m3 - m2 : Sb, % ; m1, g; m2, g; m3, g; m4, g; m5, g 5., 0.1%, 99.0%, 0.01 % ; 99.0%, 0.1% 6. 99.0%, 0.1%, 0.5%,,,,,, 1. (1 ), t/ m 3 g/ cm 3,, 15 (2 ),, 25 (3 ) (15), ( 25/ 25) ; ( 25/ 25), ( 15) (15) (25/ 25) : (25/ 25) = 0.996 ( 15) :, 2. : (1 ) :,, 2030mL, 40g (2 ) : 0.1 (3 ) : 200, (4 ) : 1mg (5 ) : 0.6mm 2.36mm 109

(6 ) : 050, 0.1 (7 ) : 600800mL (8 ) (9 ) :, ( ) (10) () (11) : ( ) (12) : 3. 1) (1 ), ( m1 ), 1mg (2 ),, 40mm (3 ) 0.1 2) (1 ), 100mm,, (2 ) 30min,,, (3 ),,,, ( m2 ), 1mg, (4 ) m2 - m1 :, 3) (1 ) ( 0.6mm), (2 ) ( 0.1), 40mm (3 ) 30min,,, (4 ), ( ), ( m3 ), 1mg 4) (1 ),, 2/ 3, (2 ),, 1h, ( m4 ), 1mg (3 ),, ( ), 30min,, 110

,,, (4 ) 30min,, ( m5 ), 1mg 5) (1 ),,, 50 (2 ) 50100g, 0.6mm 2.36mm 0.62.36mm 5g, ( m6 ), 1mg (3 ),, 10mm, (1% ),,, (4 ), (), 98kPa(735mmHg)15min,,,, :, (5 ),,, (6 ) ( 0.1) 30min,, ( m7 ), 1mg 4. (1 ) : b = m3 - m1 m2 - m1 w (414) b = m3 - m1 m2 - m1 (415) : b, g/ cm 3 ; b ; m1, g; m2, g; m3, g; w, 15 0.999 10g/ cm 3, 25 0.99 703g/ cm 3 (2 ) : b = m4m1 ( m2 - m1 ) - ( m5 - m4 ) w (416) b = : m4, g; m5, g m4m1 ( m2 - m1 ) - ( m5 - m4 ) (3 ) : (417) 111

b = m6 - m1 ( m2 - m1 ) - ( m7 - m6 ) w (418) b = m6 - m1 ( m2 - m1 ) - ( m7 - m6 ) (419) : m6, g; m7, g 5.,,, 3, 6. (1 ), 0.003g/ cm 3 ; 0.007g/ cm 3 (2 ), 0.01g/ cm 3, 0.02g/ cm 3 (3 ) ( ) ( JTJ 032-94),,, 12h ( ),,,,, 1., ( JTJ 032-94 ),, 2.,,, : (1 ), 414 112

4 14 AC - 13 AC - 16 AC - 20 AC - 13 AC - 16 AC - 13 AC - 16 AM - 13 AC - 5 AC - 13 AM - 5 AM - 10 AC - 20 AC - 25 - - - - - - - - AC - 25 AC - 20 AM - 25 AC - 20 AM - 25 AC - 30 AC - 25 AC - 20 AM - 30 AM - 25 AM - 30 AC - 30 AC - 25 AM - 30 AM - 40 AC - 30 AM - 25 AM - 30 (2 ) ( D), 0.6 0.7, 0.5 : h/ D,, h/ D,,, h/ D < 2, h D h/ D 2, h/ D 2 30 35mm, 4 7cm, D 20 25mm;, 4 5cm, D 15cm;, 3cm,,, (3 ), 4 8 (4 ),,,,, a.,, 0.075mm 2.36mm 4.75mm b., 113

() ( ) c.,, 3.,, ( JTJ 032-94),,, 1) (1 ) (2 ) 48 ( ), ( ) 2), 0.5 % 5, 3) (1 ),,, 41 (2 ) 41 a1 a2 a3, OAC1 : OAC1 = ( a1 + a2 + a3 )/ 3 ( 4 20) (3 ) 4 4 OACmin OACma x, OAC2, OAC2 = ( OACmin + OACm ax )/ 2 ( 4 21) (4 ) OAC1 OAC2 ( OAC), OAC1, 44 VMA,, OAC1 OAC2 OAC,,, (5 ) OAC1 OAC2 OAC,,, OAC2 OACmin, OAC2 0.5% 114

41 :, : a 1 = 6 35 %, a 2 = 6 2 %, a 3 = 5 2 %, OAC 1 = 5 92 %, OAC max = 6 45 %, OAC 2 = 5 93 %, OAC = 5 9 %, OAC2 OACm ax, OAC2 0.3% 4. OAC ( ), OAC OAC1 OAC2, OAC OAC1 OAC2,, I 75%, II 70%,, 5. OAC, ( J TJ 052-93, T0719), 60 OAC OAC1 OAC2 ( JTJ 032-94),, 60 : 800 / mm; 115

600 / mm,,,, 1,,, ;, 101.6mm 63.5mm, 2 (1 ) : 98.5mm (457.21.5 ) mm, ( 4 5369) g (2) : 200mm200mm457mm 305mm305mm25mm 4, ( 0.670.77 ) g/ cm 2,, ( 605) / min (3 ) :,, 10L ( 7080 ) r/ min, ( 4050 ) r/ min (4 ) :,, (5 ) : 3,, 101.6mm 87.0mm ( 120.6mm )( 101.6mm 69.8mm)1 (6 ) :, (7 ) :, 0.5g;, 0.1g (8 ) : (9 ) (10) : 1 (11) : ( ) 3 1) (1 ),, (17020 ) mm 2 / s ; ( 28030 ) mm 2 / s, ( 8510 ) s ; ( 14015 ) s 116, 4 15,

,, 4 15 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 130 160 110130 90120 80110 (2 ) 105 5 ( 46h ),, (3 ) ( ), (4 ),, 15( 163) ( 36 ), (5 ) (6 ), 100 1h 2) (1 ) 10 (2 ),, 11. 5min,,, 3min 3) (1 ) ( 1 200g),,, (2 ),, ( ), 15, 10 (3 ),, (4 ), ( ),, () 457mm ( 75 50 35 ) (5 ),,,, (6 ),,,,,,, ( 63.51.3) mm : : q, g; 63.5 q = q0 h0 (422) 117

q0, g; h0, mm (7 ),,,, ( 12 h ) 1, 12h,, 2 (1 ) : 3kg, 0.1g; 3kg, 0.5g; 10kg, 5g, (2 ) (3 ) :,, (4 ) :,, (5 ) 3 (1 ) ( ), 1.25, 5 (2 ), ( m a ) (, 5g) (3 ),, ( ), 1min, ( m w ) :,,,, 4. (1 ),, 3 : s, g/ cm 3 ; ma, g; m w, g; s = w, 1g/ cm 3 (2 ) m a ma - m w w Pa, t, 3 : (423) 118 t = P1 1 + P2 100 + Pa + + Pn 2 n + Pa a w (424)

Pb, t : : t, g/ cm 3 ; t = P 1 + P 2 1 100 + + P n + P b 2 n a n P1 Pn ( P i = 100) ; 1 P 1 P n ( n i + Pb = 100) ; 1 n ; 1 P w (425) :, > 1.5 % Pa ( ), % ; Pb ( ), % ; a ( 25/ 25) (3 ), 1 : VV, % ; VV = ( 1 - s/ t ) 100 t, g/ cm 3 ; s, g/ cm 3 (4 ),, 1 : VA = VA = b t a s 100 Pa s (100 + Pa ) a w : VA, % (5 ), 1 : VMA = VA + VV : VMA, % (6 ), 1 VFA = VA VA + VV 100 : VFA, % (426) (427) (428) (429) (430) 5. I ; I II, I, 2 % I II 1 101.6mm63.5mm, 119

, ( ) ( ), () ( ), 2 (1 ) : ( GB/ T11823 ), XY 25kN, 100N, ( 505) mm/ min, ( ) ( ) ( 16mm ) (50.8mm ) (2 ) : 1, 150mm (3 ) : (4 ) (5 ) : 0.1g (6 ) : 1 (7 ) (8 ) : 3 1) ( ) ( 63.5mm1. 3mm 2mm, ), 2)( ), 60 1 ( ) 3040min, 5cm 3) (), ( ),,,, 4),,, ( ), 5),, (505 ) mm/ min,, ( ) (, 30s) 6) (1 ),,, ( MS), kn, ( FL ), 0.1mm 120 (2 ) :

: T, kn/ mm; MS, kn ; FL, 0.1mm 7) T = MS 10 F L (431) (1 ) k,, n 3 4 5 6, k 1.15 1.46 1. 67 1.82 (2 ), 1,,, 1) A, AH - 90,,, 4 16 10,, 2) (1 ), 417, S7 (1030mm) S6, 26.5mm 78.1 %, AC - 25, 26.5mm, ( 26.5mm )1020mm S9 ;510mm S12 ; 35mm S14, 4.75mm, 418,,,, (2 ), 3.02,, 0.3mm, 4 19 4 20, (3 ) 4 21,, 2., AC - 25I, () 1) 121

,,,, 4.75mm 2.36mm 0.075mm, : 1030mm 1020mm 35mm = 302015287 4 22, 0.150.6mm, 0.075mm 4 16 ( AH - 90 ) ( 25, 100g, 5s) 0.1 mm 80 100 80 100 83 JTJ T0604 ( 5cm/ min ) 15 cm > 100 > 150 > 150 JTJ T0605 10 cm - > 30 > 150 JTJ T0605 T r & B 4252 42 52 44.7 JTJ T0606 ( ) % > 99.0 > 99.0 99.0 JTJ T0607 ( COC) > 230 > 230 342 JTJ T0611 ( 15 ) g/ cm 3 1.033 JTJ T0603 % < 3 < 2 0.64 JTJ T0615 60 Pas 126.5 JTJ T0602 135 mm 2 / s 323.3 JTJ T0619 % < 1.0 < 0.5 + 0.11 JTJ T0609 TFO T % > 50 > 70 79.5 JTJ T0604 25 cm > 75 > 100 > 150 JTJ T0605 15 cm > 80 > 150 JTJ T0605 10 cm - > 10 22 JTJ T0605 4 17 ( mm ) ( % ) 31.5 26.5 19 16 13.2 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 10 30cm 100 78.1 30.7 9.4 0 ( S7 ) 90 100 0 15 0 5 ( S6 ) 90 100 - - - 0 15-0 5 10 20mm 100 96.5 75.8 26.4 0 ( S9 ) 100 95100 - - 0 15 0 5 5 10 mm 100 99.2 99.2 4.9 0 ( S12 ) 100 95 100 95100 010 05 3 5 mm 100 74.8 8.3 0 ( S14 ) 100 85100 025 05 122

4 18 ( ) ( mm ) 10 30 1020 510 % < 20 15.0 % < 30 19.2 % - g/ cm 3 > 2.50 2.818 1 2.836 4 2.827 5 g/ cm 3 2.801 8 2.797 0 2.787 3 % < 2.0 0.85 % < 15 9.1 5.7 - % < 1 0 % < 5 % < 12, 4 19 : 3.73.1 : 3.02.3 3.02 ( g/ cm 3 ) > 2.50 2.622 7 > 60 64 - < 0.075mm ( % ) < 3 0.15 ( % ) < 12, 4 20 ( mm ) ( % ) 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075 100 92.8 86.1 63.9 38.9 10.4 1.1 0.15 123

4 21 g/ cm 3 > 2.50 2.014 < 1 < 1.0 % < 1 0.15 0.6m m % 100 100 0.3m m % - 98.3 0.15mm % 90 100 93.3 0.075 mm % 75 100 82.5 4 22 ( mm ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) 26.5 95 100 97.5 100 19.0 7590 82.5 81.8 16.0 6280 71.0 72.9 13.2 5373 63.0 65.9 9.5 4363 53.0 55.3 4.75 3252 42.0 44.2 2.36 2542 33.5 32.4 1.18 1832 25.0 26.3 0.6 1325 10.0 17.0 0.3 8 18 13.0 9.8 0.15 5 13 9.0 6.8 0.075 37 5.0 5.8 2) 3.5% 5.5%, 0.5%, 4234 244 25 4 23 ( % ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( kn) ( mm ) ( k N/ mm ) 3.5 2.604 2.442 6.2 57.2 14.5 9.24 2.18 4.46 4.0 2.585 2.467 4.5 68.0 14.1 11.26 2.14 5.37 4.5 2.556 2.483 3.2 77.1 14.1 13.90 2.35 5.99 5.0 2.548 2.495 2.1 35.4 14.2 12.00 2.42 4.92 5.5 2.530 2.491 1.5 89.6 14.8 8.99 2.55 3.59 124

4 24 ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) 3.5 5.6 60.0 6.2 57.2 5.8 59.6 4.0 3.9 71.2 4.5 68.0 5.1 65.4 4.5 3.0 78.3 3.2 77.1 2.5 81.3 5.0 1.9 86.4 2.1 85.4 1.8 87.2 5.5 1.3 91.2 1.5 89.6 1.5 90.0 4 25 / + + - / + / + + - / / / - - + / - + + / + - - - - / + + + - - / - + + ( JTJ 05393 ) B4.4 ( ) : OAC1 = 4.54% ; OAC2 = 4.31% ; OAC = 4.4% ; = 4.2%, ( J TJ 053-93 ), AC - 25I 424,,, 425 + ;- 3),,, 125

600.7M Pa, 3 150 / mm800 / mm,, 800 / mm, 1 500 / mm,,,, : (1 ), ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ), ; (5 ) 60;, 4) 4.4 %, 48h, 426 4 26 ( % ) (g/ cm 3 ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( kn) ( mm ) ( kn/ mm ) ( h) 4.4 2.566 2.456 4.5 70.8 15.2 14.18 2.84 5.00 0.5 4.4 2.566 2.482 3.3 76.8 14.1 14.29 2.81 5.24 48.0 100.1%, 75%, 100%, 4.4 %, 3., NBD - 120A - U,,,,,, 32mm 20mm 10mm 4mm, 427, 428 4. 75mm 2.36mm 0.075mm, : 126 4 ( 2030 )3 (1020)2 (410 )1 (04)= 242816266

4 3 2 1 4 27 ( mm) 20 32 10 20 4 10 0 4 ( g/ cm 3 ) 2.836 2.843 2.805 2.687 ( g/ cm 3 ) 2.803 2.801 2.744 2.801 ( g/ cm 3 ) 2.815 2.816 2.766 4 28 ( mm) 4 20 32 ( % ) 3 2 1 10 20 4 10 04 ( % ) ( % ) ( ) ( % ) 26.5 31.26 95100 97.5 98.6 19.0 7.65 100 7590 82.5 83.5 16.0 0.27 75.8 6280 71.0 71.1 13.2 40.0 100 5373 63.0 59.3 9.5 7.68 99.48 4363 53.0 50.1 4.75 0.22 36.46 100 3252 42.0 37.9 2.36 0.61 91.12 2542 33.5 29.8 1.18 77.24 1832 25.0 26.1 0.6 72.42 1325 19.0 24.8 0.3 18.56 818 13.0 10.8 0.15 3.02 100 513 9.0 6.8 0.075 0.68 83.7 37 5.0 5.2 4 29 ( % ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( kn ) ( mm ) ( kn/ mm) 3.5 2.636 2.418 8.3 49.9 16.5 10.10 21.7 4.71 4.0 2.617 2.455 6.6 59.2 16.1 11.93 22.7 5.36 4.5 2.597 2.492 4.1 72.9 15.0 13.09 27.0 4.92 5.0 2.579 2.480 3.8 75.9 15.9 11.86 27.6 4.31 5.5 2.560 2.452 3.2 75.7 17.4 10.01 32.3 3.12 127

, 429 0.3 %,, ( ): OAC1 = 4.63% ; OAC2 = 4.95% ; OAC = 4.8% ; = 4.6% 0.4%,,, 4.6% ( 4.4 % ), 1 600kg, : 4 ( 2030 ) : 1 600(1-4.4% )24% = 367( kg) 3 ( 1020 ) : 1 600(1-4.4% )28% = 428( kg) 2 ( 410) : 1 600( 1-4.4% )16% = 245 ( kg ) 1 ( 04 ) : 1 600(1-4.4% )26% = 398( kg) :1 600( 1-4.4 % )6 % = 92 ( kg) :1 6004.4 % = 70 ( kg) 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4.6%,, : 10.4kN, 3.8mm, 2.8%, 82.7 %,, 3%,, 4.92%,, : 11.1kN, 3.5mm, 3.7%, 78.5 %, 4.55%,,, 4 30,, 98%,,,, : 128

(1 ) 4 ( 2032 )3 ( 1020 ) ; 2 (410 )1 (04 ) = 2428 16266 (2 ) 431 ( 3) 4.6%, 4. 4%, 0.3% 4 31,, 4 30 5 25 6 4 ( ) 60 60 60 ( MPa) 0.7 0.7 0.8 ( / mm ) 2 300 1 820 972 2 060 972, ( ),,, AC - 25I 4 31 ( mm ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) 26.5 95100 97.5 98.6 7 (91.6 100 ) 19.0 7590 82.5 83.5 7 (76.5 90.5) 16.0 6280 71.0 71.0 7 (64.1 78.1) 13.2 5373 63.0 59.3 7 (52.3 66.3) 9.5 4363 53.0 50.1 7 (43.1 57.1) 4.75 3252 42.0 37.9 7 (30.9 44.9) 2.36 2542 33.5 29.8 6 (23.8 35.8) 1.18 1332 25.0 26.1 6 (20.1 32.1) 0.6 1325 19.0 24.8 6 (18.7 30.7) 0.3 818 13.0 10.8 6 (4.816.8 ) 0.15 513 9.0 6.8 6 (0.812.8 ) 0.075 37 5.0 5.2 2( 3.2 7.2 ),,,,,, 60,, 129

, ;, 1, 300mm300mm500mm 2 (1 ) :, 300mm, 300N/ cm,, ( 1001 ) % :,, 10kg 5, ( 50mm ) (2 ) :,, 30L, 10L (3 ) :, 300mm300mm, 50mm,, (4 ) :, 300mm300mm50mm, (5 ) :, (6 ) : 5kg 1g; 5kg, 0.5g, 0.1g (7 ) : (8 ) : 80mm80mm, 10mm,, 0.5kg (9 ) : 1 :, 300 mm, 0 300, 0.1, (10) : 3. (1 ), (2 ) 1001 h (3 ) ( V ) ( 0 ), 1.03, ( m = V 0 1.03 ), (4 ), ( ),,, (5 ),, (6 ), (, ), 130 ( 7), 100(, ),

,, 9kN( 300N/ cm) (8 ), 2 (4 ),,,, ( 1001 ) %,,, 12 ( 24 ) 100mm (9 ),,, 5, ( 1001 ) %, (10),, (11),, 12h 1 ( 300mm 300mm 50mm) ( 60), 0.7MPa,, 1mm,, / mm, 2 (1 ) : : : ( 300mm 150mm) :, 200mm, 50mm, 15mm ( )20844; 60782(23010 ) mm, (421 )/ min( 21 / min) ( ) : 60 ( 0.70.05 ) MPa, 700N, :,, 300mm, 300mm, 50mm :, LVDT : ( 0.5) (2 ) :,, ( 601) [ ( 600.5) ],, (3 ) : 15kg, 5g 3 131

(1 ) [ (0.70.05 ) MPa], (2 ), ( 601), 5h, 24h,, (600.5 ) (3 ),,,,, 1 h, 25mm, ( 42 ) : 300 mm, 1/ 3 (4 ) 4 2 45min ( t1 ) 60min ( t2 ) d1 d2, 0.01mm, 60min 25mm, 25mm( d2 ) t2, 15min t1, d1 : DS = ( t 2 - t1 ) 42 c1 c2 ( 432 ) d2 - d1 : DS, / mm; d1 t1 ( 45min ), mm; d2 t2 (60min), mm; 42, / min; 42 c1, 1.0, 1.5 ; c2, 300mm 1.0, 150mm (5 ) 0.8, 3 3 20%, 20%, 6 000 / mm, > 6 000 / mm (6 ) 20%,,,,, :, 132

(), ;,,, ( ) 1. (1 ),, (2 ), 13.2mm ( ) 13.2mm 13.2mm, 13. 2mm, 2 : (1 ) : 500g, 0.01g (2 ) : 80 1 (3 ) : 5mL (4 ) : 100mL (5 ) (6 ) : (7 ) (8 ) : 9.5mm 13.2mm 19mm 1 ( 10mm 15mm 25mm ) (9 ) : (10) (11) :200mm200mm (12) :300mm400mm (13) : 3. 13.2mm () (1 ) 13.2mm 19mm( 15mm 25mm), 13.219mm( 1525mm) 5,, (1055),, (2 ), 105 5 1h, ( 130 150 100 110)45s,,,,, 133

15min,,,,, 3min,,, 432 5,, 4 32, 0 5,, 10 % 4,, 30 % 3,, 30 % 2,, 1 4. 13.2mm () (1 ) 9.5mm 13.2mm( 10mm 15mm ), 9.513.2mm ( 1015mm)200g, 105 5,,, 80 1 (2 ) (9.513.2mm) 100g, 51h 100g ( 5.50.2 )g, 0.1g, 15min,, 11.5min,, 20,, 1h ( 802 ), 30min,,,,,, :,,,,, 134

4 32 5. 1 ( 60 1) 48h, 2, : : MS0, % ; MS0 = MS 1 MS 100 MS1 48h, kn; MS, kn (433) 1.,,, 97.3kPa(730mmHg)15min,, 15min, [ (601 )] 48h,, 2, : MS 0 = MS2 MS 100 : MS 0, % ; MS2 48h, kn; MS, kn (434), 25 2h, ; : (25) 20min, 0.09MPa 15min, - 18 16h, 60 24h, 25 2h,, 12.7mm, 50.8mm,, R = 0.006 287 FT/ h, FT ( N), h ( mm ), R ( MPa) R1, R2, R0 = R 2 100%,, R1 135

,,,,, ( JTJ 052-93 ),, () 1. (1 ),,, (2 ) ( ), (3 ), (4 ) 2. : : : : 10kg, 5g : 50cm, 10cm :,,, 3. (1 ) a. 8kg, 165, 4h b., ( ) 0.5 % 2 3, c. 3min d. ( 6kg ),, 16min :, 136 e. c d,,,

,, (2 ),,,,,,,, 8min ( 4min ), ( ), :,,,, 4., 0.2%, ( ) 1. (1 ) ( )1 ( 1) (2 ),,, 2. : ( 1) : 3 000r/ min,, (2 ) (3 ) : 1 700mL (4 ) (5 ) : 0.01g 1mg (6 ) : 1mL (7 ) : (8 ) : (9 ) : (10) :,, 3. 1) (1 ),, 100, 1 0001 500g ( m ) (,, ), 0.1g (2 ),, 137

, 2) (1 ),, 30min,, : (2 ), (3 ), 0.01g,,, (4 ),,, (5 ), 3 000r/ min,, (6 ), 35min,, ( 7),, 105 5,, ( m2 ) (8 ), 105 5 (4h ),, ( m1 ) (9 ), m3, (10) :, ( Va ) ml, 10mL( Vb ),, [ (500600) ], 1g 5mL,, 1h 105 5, ( m4 ) 4. (1 ) : m a = m1 + m2 + m3 (435) : ma, g; m1, g; m2, g; m3, g, : : 138 m3 = m4 V a Va, ml; Vb, ml; m4, g Vb (436)

(2 ) : Pb = m - m a m (437) : m, g; Pb, % ; Pa, % 5. Pa = m - m a m a (438), 0.3%, 0.3 % 0.5%,, 3 ;3 0.5 % ( ) 1. (1 ) ( )1 ( 1) (2 ) (3 ),,, 2. : (1 ) :, ( 250W ) (2 ) : 2mm,, (3 ) : 1g (4 ) :, (5 ) (6 ) : (1 000) 3. 1) (1 ) 23, ( ),,, ( m1 ), (2 ),, 11.5 (3 ), (100, 80), ( ), 1h, (4 ) 1kg( m), 1g, (5 ), 2) 139

(1 ) (2 ),, (3 ),,,, 810h (4 ),,,,,, [ (1055) ], 4h (5 ) ( m2 ) ( m3 ) (6 ) :,,, ( V1 ), ml, 10mL ( m4 ), ( V2 ), [ ( 500600 )], 1g 5mL, 1h, [ ( 1055 )] ( m5 ), 4. (1 ) : : Pb, % ; m, g; Pb = ( m - m 0 ) - m2 - ( m3 - m1 ) - m6 m - m0 m0, g(, ) ; m1, g; m2, g; m3, g; m6, g, m6 = m7 V 1 V2 100 (439) (440) : m7 10mL ( m5 - m4 ), g; V1, ml ; V2, ml (2 ), : PB = Pb 1 + : PB, % ; 140 Pc 100 - Pc (441)

Pb (439 ), % ; Pc, % 5., 0.3%, ( ) 1. (1 ) ( )1.( 1) (2 ) ( ) : ( Soxhlet ) (3 ), 2. : (1 ) :, (2 ) : 40mm, 140mm, (3 ) (4 ) : (5 ) (6 ) : 2kg, 0.1g; 500g, 0.01g (7 ) : (8 ) : (9 ) : (10) (11) :,,, 3. 1) (1 ),, 100, 200g ( m ), 0.1g (2 ),,, (3 ),, 180mm400mm, 40mm140mm,,,,, ( mp ), 0.01g 2) ( 1) 50 % 70 %, ; 200mL ; 141

(2 ),, (3 ),,,,,,, (4 ), 20min (5 ),,,,,,,, 105 5, (4h) (6 ),, ( ms ), 0.01g; ( m1 ), 0.1g (7 ), m3, (8 ) :, ml, 10mL,, ( 500 600), 1g 5mL,, 1h, ( 105 5), ( m4 ) 4. (1 ) : m a = m1 + m2 + m3 (442) : ma, g; m1, g; m2 ( m2 = m s - mp ) ; m3, g, : m3 = m4 V a V b (443) (2 ) : Pb = m - m a m Pa = m - ma m a (444) (445) : m, g; Pb, % ; Pa, % 5., 0.3%, 142

, 1 1. (1 ), (2 ), 2. : (1 ) : 53.0mm 37.5mm 31.5mm 26.5mm 19.0mm 16.0mm 13.2mm 9. 5mm 4.75mm 2.36mm 1.18mm 0.6mm 0.3mm 0.15mm 0.075mm,,, 60mm 50mm 40mm 35mm 30mm 25mm 20mm 15mm 10mm 5mm 2.5mm 1.2mm 0. 6mm 0.3mm 0.15mm 0.074mm (2 ) : 0.1g (3 ) (4 ) : (5 ) :, 3. (1 ), (105 5), :, 0. 075mm2. 36mm4. 75mm 5 ;, 0. 074mm2. 5mm5. 0mm 5, (2 ) ( ) 1 1.5kg, 0.1g,,,, 10min,,, 0.1 %,,, 0.1g,, 1% 4. 143

(1 ): Pi = mi m 100 ( 446 ) : Pi i, % (2 ) :, 0.1 % (3 ) : 100, 0.1% (4 ), 43, 43, 5.,,,,,,,,,,, ( NCAT )1990,,,, 35.6cm35.6cm35.6cm, 538, 2 4,,,, 538 1 h,, 4, 1,,4 4 4 144

,4,,, ( t/ h ) 100t/ h,1, 20%, 5%, 1 : 1000.950.2 = 19 ( t/ h ), 1 19t,,,, ( ) ( ),, ( ),,, 4 ( ), : 1. ; 2.,, ; 3. ; 4., 1,,, 10t, ( h ) ; 5., 1 ( t/ h) ; 6. ( )45, 1 ; ; 4) 7. 8. (4 4 4,,,,,,, 145

,,,,,,,,, (),, : 1. () ; 2. ; 3. ; 4., ; 5., ; 6.,,,,,,,, 7. ( ),,,,, (0.075mm 1 %, 2 % ) 0.075mm 2.36mm 4.75mm 4.75mm,,,, 1.,, (1020) 2., 3050s, 50s 3.,, 4.,,,, 146

,,,, 5. ( s ), ( ),,, 35s,,, 35s 35s, :,,,,, 40% 50% 1m 2,,, 1kg,24h :, 0.3mm,, ;,,, ( > 0.5mm),, ;,,,, ;,,,,,, 1., ; 2. 10m ( h) ; 3., ( ),, ( h) ; 4. K, : K = h / h (447) ( ),, : v, m/ min; v = 100 Q 60 DW T C (448) 147

Q, t/ h ; D ( 96% ), t/ m 3 ; W, m; T (), cm; C,, 0.7 v,, ;,,,, 6m/ min, 140 (, ), 130 120 110, 5m,,,, 110, 110 110,,, 5,, 5,,,,, 916t,, 30m,,, 10m,,,, 96% 148,,, 12,,,

,,,,,,,,,, 1. 2.? 3.?? 4. 5.? 6.?? 149

, : ; ; ; ; ; ; () 1. (1 ) ( ) [ ( 1055 ), 20], ( ) ( JTJ 054-94), ( ) () ( JTJ 054-94) (2 ), ( JTJ 054-94 ) (3 ), ( JTJ 054-94 ) 2. (1 ) ( ) ( ) 50mm50mm50mm ( 50mm ),, ( JTJ 054-94) (2 ), ( JTJ 058-94) () 5 1 150

( JTJ 054 M0201-94) 5 1 ( ) ( M Pa) ( % ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 > 120 < 25 < 4 I 2 100 120 2530 45 3 80 100 3045 57 4-4560 710 1 > 100 < 30 < 5 II 2 80 100 3035 56 3 60 80 3550 612 4 30 60 5060 1220 I II 1 > 100 < 30 < 5 2 80 100 3035 57 3 50 80 3545 710 4 30 50 4560 1015 1 - < 20 < 5 I V - 2-2030 57 3-3050 712 4-5060 1220 JTJ 054 T0212-94 JT J 054 T 0220-94 JTJ 054 T 0221-94 ( ), 5mm, 5mm ( ) 1. (1 ) () ( JTJ 058-94) ( JTJ 058-94 ) ( 151

)( JTJ 058-94 ) (2 ), (3 ) ( JTJ 058-94),,,, (4 ) 0.4 2.4 (5 ) 0.08mm 5mm,, 2.5mm 2. (1 ) (2 ),, 3. (1 ) ( J TJ 054-94) (2 ),, ( JTJ 058-94 ) ( ) 1. 2., 500g,, : (1 ) : (2 ) : (3 ) :, 100 (4 ) M x : 152

M X = ( A 2 + A3 + A4 + A5 + A6 ) - 5 A1 100 - A1 : A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 5mm 2.5mm 1.25mm 0.63mm 0.315mm 0.16mm : ( M x ( M x = 3.0 2.3) ; ( Mx = 2.2 1.6) 3. ( ) 1. (1 ) 5 2 = 3.1 3.7 ) ; 5 2 ( % ) C 50 C 40 C 30 C 35 C 30 12-16 - T0315-94 - 15-25 T0311-94 ( < 0.08 ) - 1.1-2.0 T0310-94 ( ) - 0.5-0.7 T0310-94 2.5mm 5 5 5 5 T0310-94, 8 T0314-94 12 SO 3 1 T0341-94 ;,, 95 % T0313-94 : C60,,,, 1.5, 80 MPa; 60M Pa; 30M Pa; C 10, 40 % ; - 5 ; C 40, 8 % ;,, (2 ) 5 3 153

5 3 ( mm ), ( % ) ( mm) 2.5 5 10 16 20 25 31.5 40 50 63 80 100 510 95100 80 100 0.15 0 - - - - - - - - 516 95100 90 100 3060 010 0 - - - - - - - 520 95100 90 100 4070-0 10 0 - - - - - - 525 95100 90 100-30 70-05 0 - - - - - 531.5 95100 90 100 7090-15 45-05 0 - - - - 540-95 100 7590-30 60 - - 0 5 0 - - - 1020-95 100 85100-0 15 0 - - - - - - 1631.5-95 100-85100 - - 010 0 - - - - 2040 - - 95100-80 100 0 - - 010 0 - - 31.5 63 - - - 95100 - - 75100 45 75-010 - - 4080 - - - - 95 100 - - 70 100-30 60 0 10-2. (1 ) 5 4 5 4, % C 30 < C 30 3 5 1.0 2.0 T0333-94,, 8, 12 J0340-94 ( ),,, 95 % J0336-94 2 T0337-94 1 T0338-94 SO 3 1 T0341-94 :, 3 %, 1.0 % ; C 10,, ;, 1 % ;,, ; - 5,, ; ;, 8 % 154

(2 ) 5 5 5 5 I II I II I II I II (mm) (% ) (mm ) (% ) 5.00 100 100 100 0.63 85 71 70 41 40 16 2.50 355 250 150 0.315 95 80 92 70 85 55 1.25 65 35 5010 250 0.16 10090 10090 10090 :, 5.00mm 0.63mm 0.16 mm,, 5 % ;,, ;, 2.9 2.42.5mm 15 %, 0. 315mm 85 % 92 % (1 ), (2 ) (3 ) () 1. 05 (), I, P.I 5%, P.II 2. 5 6 ( GB175-92 ) 5 6 ( M Pa) ( M Pa) ( MPa) ( M Pa) 3d 28d 3d 28d 3d 28d 3d 28d 425R 22.0 42.5 4.0 6.5 525 23.0 52.5 4.0 7.0 525R 27.0 52.5 5.0 7.0 625 28.0 62.5 5.0 8.0 625R 32.0 62.5 5.5 8.0 725R 37.0 72.5 6.0 8.5 155

3. 5 7 5 7 ( min) ( m 2 / kg) ( M Pa) ( % ) I II MgO SO 3 ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) I II Na 2 O + 0.658 K 2 O ( % ) > 300 45 390 5 6 0.75 1.50 5.0 3.5 3.0 3.5 0.60 GB8074 GB1346 GB750 GB177 GB176 :, MgO 5 % Na 2 O + 0.658K 2 O,,, 0.60 % ( ) 1.,6 % 15 %,,, P.O, 2. 5 8 80m ( % ) ( GB 175-92 ) ( ) ( min) ( h ) ( MPa) MgO ( % ) 5 8 SO 3 Na 2 O + 0.658K 2 O ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) < 10 45 10 5 9 5.0 3.5 5.0 5 7 GB1345 GB1346 GB1346 GB750 GB177 GB176 3. 5 9 ( GB 175-92) 5 9 ( M Pa) ( M Pa) ( MPa) ( M Pa) 3d 28d 3d 28d 3d 28d 3d 28d 325 12.0 32.5 2.5 5.5 525 525R 22.0 26.0 52.5 52.5 4.0 5.0 7.0 7.0 425 16.0 42.5 3.5 6.5 625 27.0 62.5 5.0 8.0 425R 21.0 42.5 4.0 6.5 625R 31.0 62.5 5.0 8.0 () 1. (1 ) 156

,, P.S 20 % 70 % (2 ),, P.P 20% 50% (3 ),, P.F 20% 40 % 2. 5 10 ( GB 1344-92 ) 5 10 80m ( % ) ( min) ( h) ( M Pa) MgO ( % ) SO 3 ( % ) Na 2 O + 0.658K 2 O 10 45 10 5 11 5.0 4.0 3.5 GB1345 GB1346 GB1346 GB750 GB177 GB176 3. 5 11 ( GB 1344-92 ) 5 11 ( MPa) ( MPa) 3d 7d 28d 3d 7d 28d 275-13.0 27.5-2.5 5.0 325-15.0 32.5-3.0 5.5 425-21.0 42.5-4.0 6.5 425R 525 19.0 21.0 - - 42.5 52.5 4.0 4.0 - - 6.5 7.0 525R 23.0-52.5 4.5-7.0 625R 28.0-62.5 5.0-8.0 ( ) 1., 010%, ( ) 157

2. 5 12 ( GB13693-92) 5 12 ( % ) MgO SO 3 ( % ) ( ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) C 3 A C 4 AF 5.0 16.0 5.0 3.5 3.0 1.0 1.8 0.6 ( 80m ) ( h) ( 28d ) ( ) ( % ) ( kg/ m 2 ) ( MPa) 10 1 10 0.10 3.60 5 13 3. 5 13 5 13 ( MPa) ( M Pa) 3d 28d 3d 28d 425 22.0 42.5 4.0 7.0 525 27.0 52.5 5.0 7.5 625 32.0 62.5 5.5 8.5 () (GB175-92 ) ( GB1344-92 ),,, () 1.,, 500t 3,, 12kg 2.,, 200t 20,, 12kg 3.,,,, 4., 158

3,, 5., 0.9mm,, ( ), ( 282 ) mm,, () 1. ( GB3350.6 ) 5 1,, 075mm,, 40mm, 50mm 60mm, 70mm, 5 2 2. ( GB3350.8 ), 90r/ min, 130mm, 95mm, 0.25mm, 5 3 5 1 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 5 2 ( : mm ) 1 ; 2 5 3 ( : mm ) () 1.,, 2., ;, 3., 500g 159

,,,,, 120s, 15s, 120s,,, ;, 142.5mL( 0.5mL) 4.,,,,,,,,,, 1.5min ( ) 1., ( 282 ) mm ( ),,,, ( 282) mm 2., S, ( 5 1 ) P : P = 33.4-0.185 S (5 1) : P, % ; S, mm 13mm, 3., 3 4,, (282 ) mm P (),,,, 23mm ;, 1.00.5mm () 1.,,, 5 4 2. 20 3, 90 % () (1 ),, (2 ),,, 160 5 4 ( : mm) 1; 2

(3 ) 30min,,,,, 12s,,,,,, ;, 10mm, 5min ;, 15min,, ( ) 1. 23mm, ; 1 0.5mm,, ( h) ( min) 2., () (GB 1346-89),, ; () 1. : 410mm240mm310mm,, 50mm,, ( 305 ) min 3h, 2. 100mm100mm 3. :, 5 5 5 5 ( : mm ) 1; 2 161

,, 300g,, (17.52.5 ) mm, 2 x = 17.52.5mm, 5 6 7580g 4. : 0.1mL, 1 % 5. : 1g 6. : ( 203), 90% 7. : 5 7, 1mm ( ) 1. ( 1), 5 6 (2 ),,, 10mm 15,,, (242 ) h (3 ),,, ( 305) min (4 ),, ( A ), 0. 5mm,,,, ( 30 5 ) min, 3h 5min (5 ),,,,,,, 5mm, 4mm, 2. (1), (2 ) ( 75g ),,, 5 7 1; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6; 7; 8,, 7080mm 10mm, (242 ) h 162

(3 ),, (,,, ),,, ( 305) min, 3h5min (4 ),,,,,,,, ( ), 12.5,, 40mm40mm160mm,, (GB 175-92 ) ( GB 1344-92) ( JTJ 053-94) () 1. :, 5 8 65r/ min, 137r/ min 2. :, 5 9 360mm360mm,, 2 8003 000 / min, (0.850.05 ) mm, 5s 5 8 ( : mm ) 3. :, 5 10, 5 9 1; 2 ; 3 ;4 5 10 1 ; 2 ; 3 163

4. : 5 11 0.5mm 45mm 25mm, 5. :, (100.1 ) mm, (100.2 ) mm 6. : 200300kN, 2.0%, (62.50.1) mm, 40mm, 7. :, 26mm 8. : ( ) 1. (1 ),,, (2 ) 12.5, 0.44;, 0.46 (3 ) 5 14 5 11 1; 2 ( : mm) 5 14 ( ml ) ( g) ( g) 540 1 350 238 238 238 248 248 (4 ),, 5s,30s, ( 1805 ) s,, (5 ),,, 2040s ( ), (1205) s (6 ),,, (7 ), 2. (1 ),, (243 ) h,,, (2 ) ( 202 ),, 2cm, 2 1 3. (1 ), 164

,,,, (505 ) N/ s (5 2) : Rf = 3 P L ( 5 2) 2 bh 2 : Rf, M Pa; 150, 50, 0. 01M Pa; 10 %,, (2 ), 40mm62.5mm,, (50.5) kn/ s, (5 3) : Rc = P S ( 5 3) : Rc, MPa, 0.1M Pa; P, N; S, S = 40mm62.5mm 6, 4 6, () 1.,, 2. ( ), () 1.,, 165

,,, ; 2.,, ( ) 3.,,, 4., ( ), ( ),, ( ) 1. : 1m 3 ( = 330kg150kg706kg1 356kg) 2., 1, ( 12.143.820.45) () 1.,,, = m com w om som G o 2.,, ( ),,, m cam w am sam G a 3.,, (),,,,, m cbm w bms bm G b m G 4.,,, m cm wm s 1( m w/ mc )( ms/ m c ) ( m G/ mc ) () 1. f cu, o ( ) fc u, o:, (5 4) : : f cu, o, M Pa ; 166 f cu, o = f cu, k - t (5 4) f cu, k (), M Pa ;

: t, P ( 5 12 ) P > 50 %, t GBJ 155-93 0.05 ( P = 95% ), t = - 1. 645 (5 4) (5 5) : f cu, o = f cu, k + 1.645 (5 5) (5 6) :, MPa = n f2 c u,i - n 2 fc u i = 1 n - 1 (5 6) f cu, i i, MPa; fc un, MPa; n, n 25 5 12 ( f cu, k ) ( f cu, o ) ( ), 25 C20C25, 2.5MPa, 2.5MPa ; C30, 3.0MPa, 3.0MPa, 5 15 ( M Pa) C20 C20 C35 C35 ( M Pa) 4.0 5.0 6.0 2. ( w/ c) 5 15 (1 ) f c u,o, (5 7): : f cu, o, M Pa ; : f cu, o = A f ce c w - B (5 7) A, B,,, 5 16 ; c/ w; f ce, M Pa, ( 5 8 ) : f ce, k, MPa; fce = c f ce, k (5 8) c c = 1.00 1.13 (5 7) (5 8) : 167

w c = A f ce f cu,o + AB f ce (5 9) w : c ; A, B, ( JGJ 55-94 ), AB 5 16 (2 ) ( 5 9),,, 5 17, A 5 16 0.48 0.52 0.50 0.61 ( GB 50204-92) B 5 17 ( kg/ m 3 ) 1 225 200 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) 0.70 250 225 ( 3 ) 3 ( 1 ) 0.65 275 250 ( 2 ) 4 0.60 300 275 3. ( m wo ) ( ),, 5 18 ( kg/ m 3 ) 5 18 ( mm ) ( mm ) 10 16 20 25 31.5 40 16 20 25 31.5 40 ( mm ) 10 30 30 50 50 70 70 90 190 200 210 215 180 190 200 205 170 180 190 195 160 170 180 185 165 175 185 190 150/ 160 160/ 170 170/ 180 175/ 185 200/ 205 210/ 215 220/ 225 230/ 235 165 195 205 215 180 190 200 210 175 185 195 205 165/ 170 175/ 180 185/ 190 195/ 200 ( s ) 20 30 15 20 10 15 5 10 175 180 185 130 135 140 145 160 165 170 125 130 135 140 155 160 165 120 125/ 150 130/ 155 135/ 160 135 140/ 160 145/ 185 150/ 190 170 175 180 130 135 140 145 165 170 175 125 130/ 160 135/ 165 140/ 170 :,, 5 10kg;, 510kg;, ; 168

0.4 0.8 4. ( mc o) (1 ) ( mw o ), ( w/ c) : m co = m w o c w ( 5 10) (2 ), 5 17 5 10, 5 17 5. ( s ), 5 19 ( % ) 5 19 w/ c ( mm ) ( mm ) 10 16 20 30 31.5 40 16 20 31.5 40 0.3 2329 22 28 2127 0.40 2632 25 31 2430 2430 30 35 29 34 28433 2732 0.50 3035 28 34 2833 2833 33 38 32 37 3136 3035 0.60 3338 32 37 3136 3136 36 41 35 40 3439 3338 0.70 3641 35 40 3539 3439 39 44 38 43 3742 3641 :,, ; 1060 mm, 60mm 10mm, ;, ;, ; 6. ( mg omso), (1 ),, ( 5 11) : : (5 11 ): m co + m w o + mso + m G o = cp m so mso + m G o 100 = s mso = ( c p - mc o - m w o) s mg o = cp - mc o - m wo - mso mc o, m w o, mso, m Go, kg; s, % ; ( 5 11) cp, kg/ m 3 ;, 169

5 20, 2 2602 450kg/ m 3 5 20 C7.5 C15 C20 C30 > C40 ( kg/ m 3 ) 2 300 2 350 2 350 2 400 2 450 (2 ), (5 12 ): m co + m w o c + m G o w + m s o + 10 a = 1 000 G s mso m G o + mso 100 = s : smco m w om G o, mso ; ( 5 12) c w, g/ cm 3 ; c = 2.93.1kg/ L, w = 1.0kg/ L ; G s ( JTJ 058-94 ); G s, g/ cm 3 ; a, % ;, a 1,,,,,, ( ) 1. (1 ),,,,, (2 ),, 5 21,, 1/ 4 ( mm ) ( L ) ( mm ) ( L ) 30 10 15 40 2530 2., 5 21, (),,,, 170

, mcam wamsam Ga ( ) 1.,,,, 0.05 ( 0.10 ),, 1%, ( ),, ( ), 28d, ( 3d, 7d ), 28d 2.,, (1 ) ( m w b ) : ( m wa ), () ( mc b ) : ( f cu, o ) ( m sb m G b ) :, (2 ), ( c p ), : : c p = m cb + m sb + m G b + m w b ( cp ), = cp m cb + msb + m Gb + m w b = cp cp ( 5 13), () m m c b = m cb m sb = msb m G b = m G b m w b = m w b c b sb G b w b = 1 m sb m m G b cb m m w b cb m cb, 171

,,, a% b% : : : : m c = m c b m s = m sb (1 + a% ) m G = m Gb ( 1 + b% ) m w = m w b - ( m sba% + m G bb% ) 1XY = 1 m s m G mc w c = m w mc,, (5 15 ) : m ii, kg m 3 ; mii, kg/ m 3 m 3 / m 3 ; V, m 3 ( ) T () m c ( 5 14) m i = V mi ( 5 15) () 1. C30,, 3050mm 2. : 525 ; c = 3.1010 3 kg/ m 3 ; c = 1.13,, s = 2.6510 3 kg/ m 3 dm ax 7010 3 kg/ m 3 () 1. 2. () 1. 1) ( f cu, o ) = 31.5mm, G = 2. : fc u, k = 30MPa,, 5 15 : = 5.0MPa 172 (5 5), : 2) ( w/ c) f cu, o = f cu, k + 1.645= 30 + 1.6455 = 38.2 ( MPa)

(1 ) 525 f cu, k c = 1.13: f ce = c f ce, k = 1.1352.5 = 59.3( MPa) = 52.5MPa, f cu, o = 38.2MPa, fce = 59.3M Pa, 5 16 : A = 0.48, B = 0.52, (5 9) : w c = (2 ) A fce f cu, o + AB f ce = 0.4859.3 38.2 + 0.480.5259.3 = 0.54, 5 17, 0.65 0.54, 0.54 3) ( m w o), 3050mm, 31.5mm 5 18 : m w o = 185kg/ m 3 4) ( mc o) ( 1) m w o = 185kg/ m 3, w/ c = 0.54, ( 5 10) : mco = m w o w c (2 ) = 185 0.54 = 343 ( kg/ m3 ), 5 17 275kg/ m 3 343kg/ m 3, 343 kg/ m 3 5) ( s ), 31.5mm, w/ c = 0.545 19, s = 33 % 6) (1 ) : mco = 343kg/ m 3, m w o = 185kg/ m 3, s = 0.33 (5 11 ): mso + m G o = cp - mco - m wo m so mso + m G o = s cp = 2 400kg/ m 3, mso + m G o = 2 400-343 - 185 mso m so + m Go = 0.33 : mso = 618kg/ m 3, m G o = 1 254kg/ m 3 : 173

mco m w om som G o = 3431856181 254 11.803.66, w/ c = 0.54 (2 ) : c = 3.110 3 kg/ m 3, s = 2.6510 3 kg/ m 3, G = 2.7010 3 kg/ m 3 5 12 : mso + m G o s = 1 000 - G mc o - c m w o w - 10 a a = 1, : m so mso + m G o 100 = s mso 2.65 + m G o 2.70 = 1000-343 3.10-185 1-10 m so 100 = 33% mso + m G o : mso = 613kg/ m 3 ; m G o = 1 251kg/ m 3 : m com w om som G o = 3431856131 251 11.793.65, w/ c = 0.54, 5 22 5 22 No 1 f cu, o f cu, k + 1.645 f cu, k = 30M Pa = 5.0 MPa 38.2M Pa 2 w/ c A f ce f cu, o + AB f ce f cu, o = 38.2M Pa f ce = 59.3 MPa A = 0.48 B = 0.52 0.54 3 m wo 5 18 185kg/ m 3 H = 30 50 mm d max = 31.5 mm 185kg/ m 3 4 m co m wo w/ c 5 s 5 19 33 % m wo = 185kg/ m 3 w/ c = 0.52 w/ c = 0.54 d max = 31.5 mm 343kg/ m 3 33 % 6 m so ( m cp - m co - m wo ) s cp = 2400kg/ m 3 m co = 343kg/ m 3 m wo = 185kg/ m 3 s = 33 % 618kg/ m 3 7 m Go m cp - m co - m wo - f so m so = 618 8 1XY w/ c 2. 174 1) m co m co m so m co m Go m co m wo m co cp, m wo, m co m co, m wo, m so, m Go 1 254kg/ m 3 11.80 3.660.54 ( ) 15L,

: : 3430.015 = 5.14( kg) : : : 2) 1850.015 = 2.78( kg) 6130.015 = 9.20( kg) 12510.015 = 18.77( kg), 10mm,,, 5%, 40mm,, : : 5.14( 1 + 5 % ) = 5.40( kg) : : : 3) 2.78( 1 + 5 % ) = 2.92( kg) 9.20( kg) 18.77 ( kg), : 3. 1) m comsam G o = 5.409.2018.77 = 11.703.48 ( w/ c)a = 2.92/ 5.40 = 0.54 ( w/ c) A = 0.49 ( w/ c) B = 0.54 ( w/ c) c = 0.59,, A 5.96kg; B 5. 40 kg; C 4.95kg,, 28d, 5 23 ( w/ c) ( c/ w ) 28d f cu, 28 ( MPa) A 0.49 2.04 45.3 B 0.54 1.85 39.5 C 0.59 1.69 34.2 5 23 5 23, 28d ( f cu,28 ) ( c/ w ) 5 13 0.55 5 13, fc u, o = 38.2MPa c/ w = 1.82, = 2), : : m w b = 185( 1 + 0.05) = 194( kg) : mc b = 194/ 0.55 = 353( kg) 175

5 13 28d : m sb 2.65 + m G b 2.70 353 = 1 000-3.1-194 1-10 = 682( kg) : m sb m sb + m G b : msb = 603 ( kg) : mgb = 1230 ( kg) = 0.33 mc bmsbm G b = 3536031 230 = 11.703.48, m w bm cb = 194/ 353 = 0.55 : c p = 353 + 194 + 603 + 1 230 = 2 380( kg/ m 3 ) : c p = 2 400 ( kg/ m 3 ) : = 2400/ 2380 = 1.01 : : m c b = 3531.01 = 357 ( kg/ m 3 ) : : : m w b = 1941.01 = 196 ( kg/ m 3 ) m sb = 6031.01 = 609( kg/ m 3 ) m G b = 12301.01 = 1242 ( kg/ m 3 ), m c bm sbm G b = 11.703.48; w/ c = 0.55 4., ws = 5% ; wa = 1 % : : mc = 357( kg/ m 3 ) : ms = 609( 1 + 5% ) = 639 ( kg/ m 3 ) : m G = 1242 (1 + 1% ) = 1252 ( kg/ m 3 ) : m w = 196 - ( 6095 % + 12421% ) = 153( kg/ m 3 ), mcmsm Gm w = 11.793.510.43 176

( ), ( GBJ 97-94) ( ), ( GBJ 97-94 ) ( ) ( ) : ( ) () 1. (1 ) ( f cf, o ) ( 5 16) : : f cf, o, MPa ; f cf, k, MPa ; fcf, o = K f cf, k ( 5 16) K,, K = 1.10, K = 1.15 (2 ) ( w/ c) f cf,o f cef, ( 5 17) (5 18 ), : () : : f cf, o, MPa ; c/ w = ( f cf, o + 1.0079-0.3485 f cef )/ 1.5684 ( 5 17) c/ w = ( f cf, o + 1.5492-0.4565 f cef )/ 1.2684 ( 5 18) f cef, MPa ; c/ w 0.40, 0.50 (3 ) ( m w o ) 1m 3 ( 5 19)(5 20 ) : : : : H, cm; m w o = 104.97 + 3.09 H + 11.27 c/ w + 0.61 s ( 5 19) m w o = 86.89 + 3.70 H + 11.24 c/ w + 1.00 s ( 5 20) s, % ; 5 24 5 24 ( mm ) ( mm ) 20 40 20 40 0.40 2934 2732 2531 2430 0.50 3237 3035 2934 2833 (5 19 ) ( 5 20) 177

, 5kg (4 ) ( m w o ) 1m 3 ( 5 21) : m co = m w o/ ( w/ c) ( 5 21) 300kg/ m 3, 360 kg/ m 3 (5 ) ( m som G o ) (5 22 ) mc o + m w o + m so + m Go = 100 c w s G mso mso + m G o 100 = s ( 5 22) : mc om w o mso m Go, kg; c w, kg/ m 3 ; s G, kg/ m 3 ; s, % 2., (1 ) :, 0.03m 3 (2 ) : (), (3 ) :,, ;, (4 ) :, 3., (1 ) :, 0.03, 2, 3 ( 2) :3 28d, (3 ) :,, () 4.,, () () 178

1. (1 ) :1m2m ; : ; : ; :1 000mL; ; : 50kg, 0.5kg (2 ),,, ; : 1%, 0.5 %,,,,,,,,,, ( 6 ), () 5 25 5 25 ( L ) < 30 31 50 5175 ( min) 4 5 5 9 912 2. (1 ) : 75100L ; 1822r/ min (2 ),,,,, ( ), ( ),,,,, 2min, 2min, 12min,, ( ) 1.,,,, 2. 179

,, ( ),, 20L 5L,, ( ), :,, 40mm, 10mm ; 40mm, 530s () 1. (1 ) : 5 14, 1.5mm,,, 2/ 3,, ( 2) : 16mm, 650mm, (3 ) : 2. (1 ), ( ), (2 ) 3, 1/ 3, 25,, 2030mm, ( ), 5 14 ( : mm ),,,,,,,,, 510s,, 2.5min (3 ),,,, mm, 5mm (4 ),,, 180

, 20mm, ; 20mm, (5 ),, : : ; : ; : ;,, :, ; : ; :,, :,, ;,, :,,, :, ; :, ; :, ( ) 1. (1 ) : 5 15 5 15 ( ) 1; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 :, (2403) mm, 200mm, 3mm, 7.5mm,, :, ( 2002 ) mm, ( 1002 ) mm, ( 300 2) mm, 1.5mm,,, 181

:,,,,,,,, (2302) mm, (102 ) mm, (2 750 50 ) g : 50Hz, 0.5mm, (2 ) 2. (1 ),,,, (2 ),, 25,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, (4 ),,, (5 ) : ( ), () 1. : 4, 40mm, V = 5L, 186mm186mm, 2mm( ),,, 2. : 3. : 100kg, 50g 4. : () 1., m1, 50g 2., 70mm,, 1/ 3,,,,, 2030mm, 1015, 25 3. (70mm),,,, 182

4.,,, m2, 50g (1 ) h, 10kg/ m 3 : h, kg/ L ; m1, kg; h = m 2 - m1 V m2, kg; V, L (2 ), ( 5 23) :,,,,,,, ( ) (), 40mm, 10%, () 1. :,, 5 16 5 16 1 ;2; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12; 13; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ( 2 ) ; 17 ( 1 ) ; 18 2. : ( 1 2),100mL,,, 3. : ( 50kg, 50g)( 250mm250mm) () 1. 183

(1 ),,,, V (2 ) 0,,,,,,,,, 0.1MPa, 0.1MPa 12,,, 0 (3 ) 1% 10% 0,,,, 1%,,,, 0.1MPa 12, 1 %, 2% 3%,, 2. (1 ),,, 1530s,, 25, 1020mm (2 ),, (3 ),,,, (4 ),,, (5 ),, 0.1MPa, 0.1MPa (6 ) 12,,, A1 (7 ) C ( JTJ 053-94 ) () ( ) : : A, % ; A1, % ; C, % A = A1 - C ( 5 24) 0.2%, 184

( ) () 1. : 5 17, 5N 2. : 130mm, 100mm 2 50mm 2 20mm 2,, 3. : 150mm150mm, 150mm 4. : 160mm, 650mm, 5. : 5mm 6. : () 1., 5mm,,,,,,, 2., ( 150mm 5 17 1; 2 ; 3 ; 4 150mm 35 ),, 10mm 3., 1h, 20mm, 2min, 5min,, (, ),, () 1., 2.,, 5 26 ( MPa) 0.2 3.5 3.520.0 20.028.0 ( mm 2 ) 100 50 20 5 26 3., 25mm, 12, 4. 6, 28M Pa, 3h, 1h ;, 2h, 0.5h,, 5h, 2h 185

( ) 1. P P = F A ( 5 25) : P, MPa; F 25mm, N; A, mm 2 2. 30min, 30min, ; 30min, 3.,, 4. 3.5MPa 28M Pa, (),,, 0.05, 5MPa,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),, 1. 2. 0.16mm 3., 0.16mm 186

4.,,, 5. 6., 7. ( CRAM - 1 ), ( ), 1. FCT101 : 2min 2. RAM300 : 10min () ( ),, 70mm,,, () 1. (1 ),, (2 ),,,, (3 ) :,,, 1.5min : (3 000200) / min, 0.36mm, 0.5mm,, 1.1kW, 16mm 5 27, ;, 2030mm,,,,,,, 187

5 27 ( mm ) ( mm ) 100 100100 12 200 200200 50 160 100400 50 150 150300 75 150 150150 25 150 150550 100 (4 ),, 24h 0.5mm 2. (1 ), ( ),, (205 )50% 12d,, (2 ), : ( 203 ), : 90%,, 3050mm, ;, ( 203),, (3 ),,, ( ),, 150mm 28d,, 5 28 5 28 ( mm ) ( mm) 30 100 100100 0.95 40 150 150150 1.00 60 200 200200 1.05 () 1. :,,, () 2%,,,, 20%, 80 % 2. : 1mm 3. : 100kg, 1kg () 188

1. 2.,,, 0.5mm,, 1mm,,,,,, 3.,, ( 5mm, ) C30 0.3 0.5MPa/ s; C30 0.50.8M Pa/ s ;,,, 4. (1 ) R (5 26 ) : R = P A ( 5 26) : R, MPa; P, N ; A, mm 2 (2 ) 3 15%, ;, (3 ) 0.1MPa (4 ), ( ),,, 40mm () 150mm150mm300mm, () 1. 150mm150mm300mm 3,, 2.,,,, ( 1mm),, 3.,, 4.,,, 5. (1 ) Ra (5 27 ) : Ra = P A ( 5 27) 189

: Ra, MPa P, N ; A, mm 2 (2 ), (3 ) 0.1MPa (4 ), 200mm200mm 1.05; 100mm100mm 0.95 ( ) () (),,, 150mm150mm550mm, 450mm,, () 1. :50300 kn ; 2.,, 5 18 () 1., 1/ 3 ( 7mm2mm ),, 1mm 2., 3., 225mm,,,,, 1kN, 0.5 0.7MPa/ s, ( ),,,, : 190 4. 5 18 ( : mm ) 1; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 (1 ), Rb : Rb, MPa; P, N; L, L = 450mm; Rb = PL bh 2 ( 5 28)

b, mm; h, mm (2 ), ;, (3 ), (4 ) 0.01MPa (5 ) 100mm100mm400mm,, 0.85,,,,, () ( f cu ) 150mm,, 28d,,,,, fc u, ( 5 29), M Pa f cu = F A ( 5 29) : F, N ; A, mm 2, 15%,,, () ( f cu, k ), ( GBJ107-87 ) ( GBJ10-89 )150mm, 28d,, 5% (95 % ), MPa f c n, k, ( f cu ), ( f cu,k ), 95% (), C C 30 f cu, k = 30MPa 191

( GBJ10-89 ), : C7.5 C10 C15 C20 C25 C30 C40 C45 C50 C55 C60 11 ( ) 1. 28d 150mm 3 1, : (1 ) (2 ) ( ), 2 (3 ), 80200m 3 2 ( 4), 16m 1,1630m 2, 3150m 3, 50m 5 2 (5 ) 2 ; 20m 3 ;,, 4, 2 (6 ) ( ) 2,,, 2 (7 ),, 2. (1 ) 10, : Rn - K1 S n0.9 R ( 5 30) R min K2 R ( 5 31) : n ; Rn, MPa; Sn, MPa, S n < 0.06 R, Sn = 0.06 R ; R ( ), MPa; R min n, MPa; K1 K2, 5 29 K 1 K 2 5 29 n 10 14 15 24 25 K 1 1.70 1.65 1.60 K 2 0.90 0.85 0.85 (2 ) 10, :, ( ),,, 80100,,,, : Rn 1.15 R ( 5 32) 192

Rmin 0.95 R ( 5 33) ( ) 1., 28d, 200m 3 2, 3 2. (1 ) 10, : R = R sz + K ( 5 24) : R, MPa; Rsz, MPa; K, 5 30; K 5 30 11 14 15 19 20 K 0.75 0.70 0.65 20, 0.85 R sz, 0.75 R sz 0.85 Rsz (2 ) 10, 1.05 Rsz, 0.85 Rsz (3 ) 1.? 2.?? 3. 4.,? 5.,,? 6.?? 7.? 8.? 9. 10.?? 11. 12. 13. 14.,? 15.? 193

,,, : ( 1) ; ( 2 ) ; ( 3) () ; ( 4) ; ( 5),,,,, ;, (),, ( ), (),, ;,,,,,, 080cm 95 %, 80150cm 93%, 150cm 90 % ; 030cm 95 % 150mm ( 0.25 )2% 3%,,,, 2 000mm, > 2, 5 %,,,,, 6 1 194

6 1 25 mm 38 mm ( ) 0.074 mm 15 % 60 mm,,,,, 4.5, ;,, :, ;, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,, ( JTJ 051-93 ) ( ), ( JTJ 057-94),, (50% ),,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 1, V1V2, 0 : 0 = V1 1 + V2 (6 1) w0 w1 w2, : w0 = w1 A + w2 B (6 2) 195

: A, B,,, 3%, 4% 2. 0 G, : 0 = G 1 - ( 1 + k) a 100 (6 3) : G, g/ cm 3 ; a, % ; k,, 10% 25%,, 105,,,, w 0 ( 0.5 ), : w 0 = ( 0.5 + k) a + w2 1 - a 100 (6 4) : a, % ; w2, %, ( 6 2 ); k,, ( 6 3 ) ( ),,, ( ),, ( ),, : (1 ) : I, (2 ) : I II, 2% (3 ) : 2% I II,, (4 ) : ( JTJ 052-93) 196 6 2

6 2 ( ),,, 2d,,,,, ( ),,, :,,, : (1 ) 15mm 150mm, 100mm (2 ) 15mm, 40mm, 150mm, 200mm, 150mm 1. (1 ) :, 6 1 6 3,,,, (2 ) :, 6 3 ( mm ) 100 150 (cm 3 ) 2 120 4 600 ( mm ) 10 15 ( mm ) 100 150 ( mm ) 150 200 ( mm ) 350 400 ( mm ) 40 50 ( mm ) 100 150 : 40mm, 60mm, 200 mm 197

6 1 ( : mm ) (3 ) :, (4 ) : 500600mm (5 ) :, 300mm500mm 40mm (6 ) : 1015kg, 1g, 0.01g 0.1g 1.0g (7 ) : (8 ) : 0.300.60mm 0.250.50mm, 2 040kg,,, (9 ) : (10) : 2. (1 ), 15mm m1, 1g,, ( ),, m5, 1g,,,,,,, 1g m2 198

, (2 ) s V, 1mL m1,,,,,,,, m3, 1g (6 5) m a : : ma, g; m1, g; m2, g; m3,, g, (6 6) : : s, g/ cm 3 ; V, cm 3 (3 ) m a = m1 - m2 - m3 (6 5) s = m a V,,, (6 6), m5,,,, m6, 1g,,, ( ), ( ),,,,,,,, m w, 1g,, ( w, % ) :,, 100g;, 500g,, 200g ;, 1 000g;,, 2 000g, md, 1g,, ( m1 ),,,,,, m4, 1g 199

,,,,,,,, m 4, 1g,,,,, 3. (1 ) ( 6 7 )( 6 8 )mb :, :, : : mb, g; mb = m1 - m4 - ( m5 - m6 ) (6 7) mb = m1 m1, g; m2, g; m4 m 4,, g; m5 - m 4 - m2 (6 8) - m6, g (2 ) w : w = m w s mb : m w, g; : s, g/ cm 3 (3 ) d : w, % d = w 1 + 0.01 w (4 ), d : (6 9) ( 6 10) : d = md mb md, g s ( 6 11),, 4.,, ;,,,, : 200 (1 ),,, (2 ),,

,, (3 ), ( 1mm),,,, ( 6 7 ), (4 ),, (5 ), ( ) 200cm 3, 5cm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ) : ( ) 68cm, 23cm, 1.52mm : DC24V( 36Ah) ; 5 070r/ min, ; 35kg (2 ) : 0.1g(70mm ), 1.0g ( 100mm ) (3 ) : 2. (1 ), m2, 0.1g., 30cm30cm,,,,,,,,,,, m1, 0.1g,, (2 ),, 201

, 2cm,,,,,,,,,, m1, 0.1g, (3 ),,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, m1, 3. w d : : w, g/ cm 3 ; d, g/ cm 3 ; w = d = 4( m1 - m2 ) d 2 h w 1 + 0.01 w m1, g; m2, g; d, cm; h, cm; w, % ( ) ( 6 12) ( 6 13) ( ),,,,,,,,, 202 1. (1 ) :,

1.12 2.73g/ cm 3, 0.03g/ cm 3, 00.64g/ cm 3, 0.015g/ cm 3 : :, 137 60 226 : ( 241) : : : : (2 ) : 0.150.3mm (3 ) (4 ) : 2.,,,, 20cm 1) (1 ) :,,,, 34,,,,, (2 ), ;, :,, ;,, ;, 15,, 0.9 (3 ), 30 cm 10m,,,,,, (4 ), 2) (1 ), 6 2 (2 ), 6 3 203

(3 ), 2m,,,,, 6 2 6 3 3. (1 ), 2m (2 ),,, (3 ),,,, ( ),, 1. (1 ) (2 ) : 0.1g (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) : ( ) 2. 1), 100mm, 2) (1 ), (2 ) 24h, ( JTJ 052-93) 204

2%, ; 2%, ; 3. (1 ), : : K, % ; s, g/ cm 3 ; 0, g/ cm 3 K = s 100 ( 6 14) o (2 ), ( 6 15 ),, 6 14 : 0 = t 100 - V V 100 ( 6 15) : t, g/ cm 3, ( JTJ 052-93) ; o, g/ cm 3 ; V V, % 4.,,,,,, ; ;,, ( ),, ;, 2 3min ( : 320mm140mm300mm, 460mm), (8.8kg), ;, 1. 6 4 A/ D 6 4,,,,,,,,,, 205

,, 10 ( ) A/ D, CPU8098,, LED,, 16 2. (1 ),,,,, (2 ) 1%,, d, t t = 1min, 1.50 d ; t = 3min,, 13km,, Ki : (1 ), ; ( 2), ; ( 3) K( ): : k; K = k - ts/ n K0 ( 6 16) t t ( ); : 99%, 95 % ; : 95%, 90% ; S ; n; K0 1. : KK0, Ki 2, ; KK0,, 2, K < K0 K i,,,, 6 2. : KK0 1, ; KK0, 1, 206

K < K0,,,,,, ( ) ; () ;,, () 1., ( ) ( ), 0.01mm 2. 3., ;,,, (),,,,,, ( FWD),,, 6 4 6 4,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 207

(1 ),, (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) 20, ( 202), 5cm, 2. (1 ) : 4, 6 5, 100kN BZZ100; 60kN BZZ60 6 5 BZZ100 BZZ60 P ( kn ) 1001 601 ( kn) 50 0.5 300.5 ( M Pa) 0.70 0.05 0.500.05 (cm ) 21.300.5 19.50 0.5 (2 ) :,,, ( ) ( ) 21 : 3.6m, 2.4m 1.2m; 5.4m, 3.6m 1.8m, 5.4m, BZZ100, (3 ) :, 1 (4 ) : 3. 1) (1 ), (2 ) ( ),,,, (3 ) ;,,,,, 0.1cm 2 (4 ) (5 ), (, ), 5d ( ) (6 ) 2) (1 ),, (2 ) 35cm 208

(3 ),,, ( 3 5cm ),,,,, (4 ),, L1,, (3m ), L2 5km/ h 4. (1 ) 3.6m,,,,,,, 5,,, 6 5 (2 ) 5.4m, 6 5 5. 1) : LT = ( L1 - L 2 )2 ( 6 17) : LT T, 0.01mm; L1,0.01mm; L2,0.01mm 2), : LT = ( L1 - L2 )2 + ( L3 - L4 ) 6 ( 6 18) : L1, 0.01mm; L2, 0.01mm; L3, 0.01mm; L4, 0.01mm, 3) 5cm ( 202 ),, 209

(1 ) : T = ( T25 + T m + T e )/ 3 ( 6 19) : T, ; T 25 T0 6 6 25mm, ; Tm T0 6 6, ; T et0 6 6, 6 6 T0 5d, K, T, 6 7 6 8 6 6 : ( mm) 6 7 ( ) : L20 = LT K (6 20) 210

: K; L20 20,0.01mm; LT T, 0.01mm : (2 ) 6 8 ( ) T : T, ; a, a = - 2.65 + 0.52 h; b, b = 0.62-0.008 h; T 0, ; h, cm K : T 20 : T < 20 : T = a + bt 0 ( 6 21) K = e 1 T - 1 20 (6 20 ) : 6. (1 ) : Lr, 0.01mm; h ( 6 22) K = e 0.002h ( 20 - T ) (6 23) Lr = L + ZS ( 6 24) L, 0.01mm ; S, 0.01mm; Z, ( JTJ 01497), 6 6 211

(2 ), L ( 23 ) S,,,, Z 6 6 Z 1.645 1.5 2.0 1.645 (3 ) ;,,, ( J TJ 014-97 ) E,,,, : ( CBR ) 1. (1 ),,, (2 ) 2. (1 ) : 60kN 80cm, 0.50MPa (2 ), 6 9, ( ) (3 ), 20mm, 30cm,, (4 ), (5),80100kN,,, 1/ 100 (6 ) (7 ) (8 ) : 3. (1 ),,, ; (2 ),, (3 ),, 212

(4 ),,, (5 ),,,,, (6 ),, 4. (1 ),, 0.05MPa, 1min,,,, 1min, (2 ),,, 0.1M Pa, 0.02M Pa, 6 9 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 0.04MPa,, 1min,, 0, 1min,, 30%, 30%, 1mm, (3 ), : L = ( - ) L= ( - ) (4 ) a,,, 10m,, a (5 ), : 5mm, 120g; 25mm, 250g; 40mm, 500g (6 ), 5. (1 ), 6 7 60kN, ai : ai = ( T 1 + T2 )D 2 Pi a ( 6 25) 4 T 1 Q 213

: T 1, m; T 2, m; D, m; Q, N; pi, Pa; a,0.01mm; ai,0.01mm ( 60kN ) 6 7 ( MPa) 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.06 a 0.12 a 0.18 a 0.24 a 0.36 a 0.48 a 0.60 a (2 ), P - L,, 6 10 O, O (3 ) : Ei = D 4 P i (1-2 0 ) (6 26 ) Li : Ei, MPa ; : 214 0, ; D 30cm; Pi, MPa ; Li, cm 6 10 (4 ) E0 : E0, MPa; 0, ; Li ; E0 Pi Li 6. 1) 6 8 2) : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ) ; (5 ) ; (6 ) = D 4 P i (1-2 0 ) ( 6 27) Li

6 8 : : ( cm ) : : : : ( 0.01mm ) Ei P ( kn) ( MPa) ( 0.01mm ) ( 0.01mm ) ( 0.01 mm ) ( 0.01mm ) ( MPa) a E 0 ( MPa) 1. 1m,, ; 2. 1) (1 ), (2 ) ( ):,,, 3m2m, 1m, 3m2m1m( ),,,,, 6 11 2m1m, 23 2), 6 11 ( : cm ) Li,,, 20 3. (1 ) : L = L i n ( 6 28) 215

S = : L, 0.01mm; S, 0.01mm; ( Li - L ) 2 n - 1 r0, 0.01mm; Li, 0.01mm; n ( 2) di = Li - L, di/ r0 di/ r0 6 9 d/ r, ( L ) ( S ) (3 ) : : Lr; ( 6 29) r0 = 0.675S ( 6 30) d/ r 6 9 n 5 10 15 20 50 d/ r 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.3 3.8 Lr = L + S ( 6 31) L; S (4 ) ( E1 ) : E1 = 2 Pr Lr (1-2 ) K ( 6 32) : E1, MPa ; P, MPa; r, cm;, ; K, 0.712 4. E1, CBR, 10cm, 80cm 5cm 15cm 25cm 35cm 45cm 55cm 65cm 75cm N80 : N80 = ( 20 N1 + 12 N2 + 7 N3 + 4 N4 + 2.5 N5 + 2 N6 + 1.5 N7 + N8 )/ 50 ) ( 6 33) E0 : E0 = K N80 ( 6 34) 216

: K, 1220; N80 CBR CBR E : E = ncbr ( 6 35) : n, 80100,,,,,, 1.,, 2. (1 ) (2 ), 6 12 3. 1) (1 ) :, : :, :, (2 ) d m : 1/ 4 dm, 1.0mm Lm :, 1.0mm (3 ) :, 2) 6 12 ( : mm ) a) ; b) 1, 7;2,6 ;3;4;5 (1 ) :, 1, 100mm 0.05mm, 0.25mm (2 ) : (202 ) 40h,, 217

(3 ) 6 12,,, 5kN,, ( 604 ) N/ s,,, 0.01kN 4. Ra : Ra = 2 P A = 2 P d m Lm : Ra, MPa, 0.1M Pa ; P, N ; A, mm; dm, mm; Lm, mm ( 6 36),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3m, ;,,,, 6 10IRI, IRI VBI 6 10 3m,,,, h( mm ),,, ( mm ),,, VBI (cm/ km ) 218

( ) 3 m 3m (1.5m), ;,, 1., 2. (1 ),, ;, 10, ( 80100cm),, (2 ),, 3m 3m,,, 0.2mm, ( JT J 07198 ), 1 10, 10 3., 3m 10,,, 10 = ( / ) 100% 4. 10, () 1.,, 2. (1 ) : 6 13, 3m, 3m,, 4, 3m,,, 10cm, 100m, 100m, 219

,, (2 ) : (3 ) 3. (1 ), 3m (2) (3 ),,,,,,,,, 5km/ h, 12 km/ h 6 13 1; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9; 10;,, 4. (1 ), 10cm 100m, ( 3mm 5mm 8mm 10mm ) ( )3m,,, ( 1.5m ) di (2 ), (6 37 ) : i = : i, mm; ( d - di ) 2 n - 1 ( 6 37) di 100m, ( 10cm, 1.5m), mm; n (3 ) 5. 220 ( ) 1. (1 )

VBI, cm/ km (2 ), 2. : (1 ) :,, 6 14 : : 3050km/ h ; :1cm; : 30cm; :9 999cm; :5 khz; (2 ) : 3.,,, 6 14 1 ;2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 VBI, cm/ km VBI,, 4. (1 ) (2 ) 32km/ h, 40km/ h 5. (1 ), VBI ;, VBI (2 ) VBI,,,, VBI, (3 ) := 0.6IRI (4 ) IRI, VBI IR I, VBI IRI ( J TJ 059-95) 6. (1 ), (2 ) (3 ) 221

1.,, ( ),,,, ;, 1982, ( IRI) ( IRI), 1/ 4 (, ), 80km/ h, m/ km, ARS, ( RARS80 ), ( RS) IRI RS,, IRI: n 1 IRI = n - 1 RS i ( 6 38) i = 2,, IRI IRI, IRI 6 15 IRI 2. VBI VBI [ ( IRI ) ],,, 0.90, : (1 ) 5 6 222 6 15 IRI

, (2 ) 250300m (3 ), (4 ) (5 ),,, 1) (1 ) (2 ) 35, ( ) (3 ), 35,, 3050km/ h,, (4 ) VBIv, : = a + bvbiv ( 6 39) :, mm; VBIv v VBI, cm/ km; ab 2) (1 ) 0.25m (2 ) 0.25m, IRI (3 ) (4 ) IRI VBIv, : IRI = a + bvbi v ( 6 40) : IRI, m/ km; VBIv v, cm/ km; ab,, 223

,, ( PSV) ( 3050km/ h ),,, : () ( ) 6 11,,, 6 12,,,, 42, (501 ) km/ h ( SFC) ;, 6 12 :, TD 0.8mm, : TD 0.6mm,, 6 11 4 f, 4,,,,, BPN,,,,,, ( ) TD ( mm ),,,,,,, TD ( mm ),, 200,,,, SFC,,,,, 224

6 12 S FC F B (BPN ) T D( mm) 54 45 0.55 ( ) 1., 2. (1 ) : : 6 16a),, ( 250.15 ) ml, V,, : 6 16b),, 50mm, 1.5mm, : 30cm (2 ) :, 0.150.3mm (3 ) :, ( 6 41 ) (4 ) : ( ) 6 16 ( : mm ) a) ; b) 3. 1) (1 ) :, 0.150.3mm, (2 ),, 1m 2) 225

, 30cm30cm,, 3,,,,,,,,,,, 5mm, 3, 3, 35m 4. (1 ) ( 6 41) : : TD, mm; V,25cm 3 ; TD = 1 000 V D 2 / 4 D, mm = 31 831 D 2 ( 6 41) (2 ) 3, 0.1mm (3 ) 5. (1 ) 3, 0.2mm, < 0.2mm (2 ) ( ) 1., 2. (1 ) : 5cm, 6 17 (2 ) :, 0.150.3mm (3 ) : 50mL (4 ) :, 5mm (5 ) : 3. 1) (1 ) :,,, 0.150.3mm (2 ),, 1m 226 2)

6 17 ( 1), ( 2),, 50mL (3),,, ( 4),, 6 18 5cm, (5 ) 6 18, ( 6 42)L1 L2 L0, 1mm: L 0 = ( L1 + L2 )/ 2 ( 6 42) : L0, mm; L 1, L2 6 18, mm (6 ) 3, L0, 1mm,, 3) (1 ), (2 ), (3 ) ( 2 ) ( 5 ), 50mL, 6 18 L1 L2, ( 6 43) L, 1mm L = ( L1 + L2 )/ 2 ( 6 43) 6 18 L 0 L (4 ), 3, 3, 3 5m 4. (1 ) t0 : t0 = V 1 000 = 1 000 BL0 L0 ( 6 44) : t0, mm; V, V = 50mL ; B, B = 50mm; L0 50mL, mm (2 ) TD: 227

TD = L 0 - L L t0 = L 0 - L 1 000 ( 6 45) LL0 : TD, mm; L 50mL, mm (3 ) 3, 0.1mm (4 ) 5. (1 ) 3, 0.2mm, < 0.2mm (2 ) 1. ( ), 2. (1 ) : 6 19, ( 1 50030) g, (4105) mm, ( 1261 ) mm, 508mm, ( 22.20.5) N (2 ) : 6.35 mm25.4mm76.2mm, 6 13, 1.6mm 3.2mm,, 10 1 6 13 ( ) 0 10 20 30 40 ( % ) 4349 5865 6673 7177 7479 555 (3 ) : 126mm. (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) : 1 (7 ) ; 3. 1) (1 ),, (2 ),, 1m, 228

6 19 1,2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ;8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 ; 20 ; 21, 2) (1 ),, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1BPN (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 229

, 126mm(),,,,,,, (4 ), (5 ),,,,,,,, (6 ) ( 5) 5,, BPN, 5 3BPN 3BPN,,, 5 ( FB ),, BPN (7 ), 1 (8 ), 3, 3, 3 5m 3, 1BPN 4. T FB T, 20 FB20 : FB20 = FBT +F ( 6 46) : FB20 20, BPN ; FBT, BPN ; T, ; F, 6 14 5. (1 ), ( 2) FBT FB20 3 (3 ) 6 14 T ( ) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 F - 6-4 - 3-1 0 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 7 6., 5 3BPN 1. ( JTJ 058-94 ) A, 2.,,,, 230

, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( JTJ 071-98 ),,,,,,,,, () (1 ),,, (2 ) 40cm40cm, (3 ),,,,,,, (4 ), (5 ),,,, cm, 0.1cm () (1 ),,, (2 ), 100mm,, 50mm,, 231

150mm, (3 ),, (4 ),,, 0.1cm ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,, cm, 0.1cm,,, : (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),,, (4 ), (5 ),,,, 1.,,,, 2., (6 47 ) : : xl ; x ; S ; n; xl = x - t S n t t ( ), : : 99%, 95% : 95%, 90 % ( 6 47) 3., ;, 232

2 4., 23, 1.,? 2.? 3.,? 4.?? 5.?? 6., : 93%, 88%, 94.5 95.5 94.0 93.5 93.6 92.5 90.5 94.5 95.5 95.5 ( % ), 233

,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,, ;,,, 21.3mm 0.0213m, ;, ;,,,,,,,,, 23 23.00, 23, 0.5; 23.00, 0.005, 1 0.1 10,,,,, :,,,, 0,,, 234

0,,, 0, ( ),, 0 0: (1 ) 0, 0 10,, 10 0 ; (2 ),, 0 ; (3 ) 0,,,,,, : 00713, 0.0715,7.03, 7.0310 2, 3, 3,, A = 0.050 150 2m 2, lim = 0.000 005m 2 A = (0.050 1500.000 005 ) m 2 1, 5; 5, 50 150 ; 2, 71 300, 71310 2, 7.130 10 4, 7.130 010 4 3, 4 5,, : (1 ), ( ) ; (2 ), 1., 0.1, 0.1, 100, 100, 0.5 ( ) 0.5, 0.5 0.2 0.2, 0.2 10 n ( n ), 2. (1 ) 5,, 1: 13.247 6, 13.2 2: 13.247 6, 13 (2 ) 5; 5, 0, 235

1, 1 1: 1 167, 1210 2 ( 1 200) 2: 1 167, 11710 ( 1 170) 3: 10.502, 11 (3 ) 5, 0, (1,3,5,7,9 ), (2,4,6,8,0 ) 1: 0.1 (10-1 ), 2.050 2.0 0.150 0.2 2: 1 000( 10 3 ), 4 500 410 3 ( 4 000) 5 500 610 3 ( 6 000) 3: 0.034 5 0.034 34 500 3410 3 ( 34 000) (4 ),, 1: - 255-2610 ( - 260 ) - 245-2410 ( - 240 ) 2: - 285-2810 ( - 280 ) - 0.028 5-0.028 (5) 0.5, 2,, 2 : 0.5 ( 0.5) 2 2 A A ( A ) (2 A ) (1 ) ( 0.5) 50.25 100.50 100 50.0 50.38 100.76 101 50.5-50.75-101.50-102 - 51.0 (6 ) 0.2, 5,, 5 : 0.2 ( 20 ) 236

5 5 A A ( A ) (5 A ) ( 100) (20) 830 415 0 420 0 840 842 421 0 420 0 840-930 - 465 0-460 0-920 ( ),,,,,, 3.,,,,,,, (1 ), : 15.454 6, 1, : 15.45415; : 15.454615.45515.4615.516 (2 ),,, 0 5, ( + ) ( - ), :15.50 ( + ) 15.50, 15.50 ;15.50 ( - ) 15.50, 1 15.50, 5 0, ( + )1, ( - ), : ( ) 15.454 6 15.5 ( - ) 15 15.520 3 15.5 ( + ) 16 16.500 0 16.5 16-14.454 6-14.5 ( - ) - 14 1. ( ), 237

: 4 4 1.3x 3.012x 0.322x + 0.0578x 4 4.6918 xxxx x,,,,, : 2. 4 1.3 3.01 0.32 + 0.06 4 4.69,,, 0.012226.521.06892, 0.0122 ( 3 ),, 4, 4, : 3. 0.012 226.521.069 = 0.345 9 : 585 2 = 3.42210 5 4. 3 684 = 60.696 5., : 10 1 0.1 0.01 5 6 7 8,, e 2,,,, 238

,, ;,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,, ;,,, ( ),, 100, 200, 200,, 200,, n n = 200,,,,,,,, :, ;, 1.,, x n x1 x2 xn,, : x = 1 n ( x 1 + x2 + + x n ) = 1 n n x i i = 1 (7 1) 7 1, (10 ): 58 56 60 53 48 54 50 61 57 55( ) : ( 7 1 ), : F B = 1 ( 58 + 56 + 60 + 53 + 48 + 54 + 50 + 61 + 57 + 55 ) 10 = 55.2 ( ), 2. 239

x1 x2 x n,,,,, x n, ; n,,, : x = x n + 1 2 7 2 7 1, ( n ) 1 2 ( x n 2 + x n 2 + 1 ) ( n ) : : 61 60 58 57 56 55 54 53 50 48( ), : 3. FB = F B( 5 ) + FB( 6 ) 2 = 56 + 55 2,, R : 7 3 7 1 : = 55.5( ) (7 2) R = x m ax - xmin (7 3) R = FBm a x - FB min = 61-48 = 13 ( ),, ( n < 10 ) 4., ( ), S : S = ( x1 - x) 2 + ( x2 - x) 2 + + ( xn - x ) 2 n - 1 = n ( x i - x ) 2 i = 1 n - 1 n 1 = n - 1 ( x2 i - n x 2 ) i = 1 7 4 7 1, S : ( 7 4 ), : 1 S = { 10-1 [ (58-55.2) 2 + ( 56-55.2 ) 2 + (60-55.2) 2 + (53-55.2) 2 + (48-55.2) 2 + ( 54-55.2 ) 2 + (50-55.2) 2 5. + (61-55.2) 2 + (57-55.2) 2 + ( 55-55.2 ) 2 ]} 1/ 2 = 4.13( ) (7 4),, ;,,,, Cv, S x, : Cv = S x 100 % (7 5) 7 5 55.2 ( ), 4.13 ( ) ; 60.8( ), 4.27 ( ) : 240

: Cv = 4.13 55.2 = 7.48 % : Cv = 4.27 60.8 = 7.02 %, S< S, Cv> Cv,,,,, ( ),,, ( ) 7 6, 7 1, 7 1 1 6.1 6.3 5.8 5.9 5.9 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.8 5.8 6.3 5.8 0.5 2 5.8 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.9 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.2 5.9 6.2 5.8 0.4 3 5.7 5.6 5.9 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.7 6.0 6.0 5.6 0.4 4 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.7 6.1 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.1 5.7 0.4 5 5.9 5.9 5.6 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.3 5.7 6.2 5.7 6.3 5.6 0.7 6 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.6 6.0 6.1 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.1 5.6 0.5 7 6.1 5.8 6.3 5.5 6.2 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.1 6.0 6.3 5.5 0.8 8 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.1 5.8 6.1 5.8 0.3 9 5.9 6.4 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.4 5.9 0.5 10 6.1 5.8 6.0 5.5 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.1 6.0 6.3 5.5 0.8 1. 50100, 100 2., : xm a x = 6.4 : xmin = 5.5 : R = xm ax - xmin = 6.4-5.5 = 0.9 3., B, 50, B = 57 ; 50100, B = 610 ; 100250, B = 712 ; 250, B = 1020 h, : h = R B - 1 (7 6) 241

B = 10, h = 0.9 10-1 = 0.1 4., = x min - h 2 (7 7) = x min + h 2, h, : 5. 5.5-0.1 2 5.5 + 0.1 2, ( ) 7 2 = 5.455.55 7 2 1 5.455.55 2 0.02 7 6.05 6.15 15 0.15 2 5.555.65 4 0.04 8 6.15 6.25 8 0.08 3 5.655.75 8 0.08 9 6.25 6.35 5 0.05 4 5.755.85 14 0.14 10 6.35 6.45 1 0.01 5 5.855.95 21 0.21 100 1.00 6 5.956.05 22 0.22 6., ( ), 7 1 7 1,,,,, t,,,,, 7 1,, 242 :

: x; f ( x ) = ; 1 2 e - ( x - ) 2 2 2 ( - < X < + ) (7 8) f( x ), f ( x ),,, ;,,,, 7 2 : (1 ) x =, ; (2 ) x =,, x,, ; (3 ) 1, : + - 1 2 2 e - ( x - ) 2 2 d x = 1 7 2 7 3, x, xn (,), = 0 = 1,, N ( 0, 1 ) : f( x ) = 1 2 e - x 2 2 (7 9) N (, ), ( a, b)p( a < x < b) [ ( a, b) ], x1 = a, x2 = b, : : P( a < x < b) = b - - - a ( t) = t - ( 7 10) 1 x 2 2 e- 2 d x (7 11) 243

: (7 10 ), ( 7 3) : : P{- < x < + } = 68.26% P{- 2< x < + 2} = 95.44% P{- 3< x < + 3} = 99.73% P{- 1.96< x < + 1.96 } = 95.00% ; - u1 - / 2 < x < + u1 - / 2 ( 7 12) 1 - ; u1 - / 2 ; - u1 - / 2 + u1 - / 2, : : P{ x < + } = P{ x > - } = 84.13% P{ x < + 2 } = P{ x > - 2} = 97.72 % P{ x < + 3 } = P{ x > - 3} = 99.87 % P{ x < + 1.645 } = P{ x > - 1.645} = 95.00 % x < + u 1 - x > - u 1 - ( 7 13) : - u1 - + u1 -, ( 7 12) ( 7 13) ( Z ),, x S t : ( n + 1 ) 2 t( x, n ) = ( n (1 + x 2 2 ) n n ) - ( n + 1 )/ 2 : x; (7 14 ) n, x n t, x t( n), 7 4 t 7 4 t : n, t,, n > 30, t, ( ),,, = 1-244

n, t, : P{ T t0 }P{ x t0 } ( 7 15) XN (0, 1 ), t,,,, S ( x1,, xn ), : T = x - t( n - 1 ) ( 7 16) S/ n, n - 1, t t1 - / 2 ( n - 1 ), : : ( x - t1 - / 2 ( n - 1 ) S n, x + t 1 - / 2 ( n - 1) S n ) ( 7 17) < x + t1 - ( n - 1 ) S n > x - t 1 - ( n - 1 ) S n ( 7 18),,,, ( PaTa) ( Chavenet) ( Grubbs), 3 ( 3 S ) ( xi) ( x) 3, : xi - x > 3 S ( 7 19), 3, 3, 3 S 3 S :,, x - 3 S x + 3 S 99.73%, 0.27%, 400,,,,,,, 2 ( xi - x > 2 S ),, ( ),, 7 7, ( n = 10 ) : 23.0 24.5 26.0 25.0 24.8 27.0 25.5 31.0 25.4 25.8MPa, 3 S : 10, xmin = 23.0M Pa xm a x = 31.0MPa x min x m ax 245

: x = 25.8MPa, S = 2.10MPa xm a x - x = 31.0-25.8 = 5.2MPa < 3 S = 6.3( MPa) xmin - x = 23.0-25.8 = 2.8MPa < 3 S = 6.3 ( MPa),,,, (n < 10), n,, 1/ ( 2 n ) ( - kn S, kn S ), (xi x ), xi, : 1 2 n = 1 k - n 1 - k n 2 e - t 2 2 d t ( 7 20) : kn, n,, 7 3 k n 7 3 n k n n k n n k n n k n n k n n k n 3 1.38 8 1.86 13 2.07 18 2.20 23 2.30 50 2.58 4 1.53 9 1.92 14 2.10 19 2.22 24 2.31 75 2.71 5 1.65 10 1.96 15 2.13 20 2.24 25 2.33 100 2.81 6 1.73 11 2.00 16 2.15 21 2.26 30 2.39 200 3.02 7 1.80 12 2.03 17 2.17 22 2.28 40 2.49 500 3.20, : xi - x S 7 8 7 7, : 7 3, n = 10, kn = 1.96 31.0, : xi - x S = 31.0-25.8 2.1 kn ( 7 21) = 2.48 > kn = 1.96 31.0,,, n, kn,,, n, x1 x2 xi xn, xi xi ( i = 1,2,, n ), xi, : x( 1 ) x ( 2 ) x( n), g: x ( 1 ), : g = x - x ( 1 ) S x ( n ), : g = x ( n ) - x S 246 ( 7 22)

g0 (, n), :, ( = 0.05), gg0 (, n) ( 7 23) x ( i), g0 (, n) 7 4 g 0 (, n) 7 4 n 0.01 0.05 n 0.01 0.05 n 0.01 0.05 3 1.15 1.15 4 1.49 1.46 5 1.75 1.67 6 1.94 1.82 7 2.10 1.94 8 2.22 2.03 9 2.32 2.11 10 2.41 2.18 11 2.48 2.24 12 2.55 2.29 13 2.61 2.33 14 2.66 2.37 15 2.70 2.41 16 2.74 2.44 17 2.78 2.47 18 2.82 2.50 19 2.85 2.53 20 2.88 2.56 21 2.91 2.58 22 2.94 2.60 23 2.96 2.62 24 2.99 2.64 25 3.01 2.66 30 3.10 2.74 35 3.18 2.81 40 3.24 2.87 50 3.34 2.96 100 3.59 3.17,,,, n n - 1, = 2.18 7 9 7 7 : ( 1) : 23.0 24.5 24.8 25.0 25.4 25.5 25.8 26.0 27.0 31.0 (2 ) (3 ) x = 25.8MPa S = 2.1MPa g( 1 ) = x - x ( 1 ) S g( 10 ) = x ( 10 ) - x S g( 10 ) > g ( 1 ), x( 10 ) = 31.0 = = 25.8-23.0 2.1 31.0-25.8 2.1 = 1.33 = 2.48 (4) = 0.05, = 0.05 n = 10, 7 4 g0 ( 0.05,10) (5 ) g( 10 ) = 2.48 > g0 (0.05, 10 ) = 2.18, x ( 10 ) 9, = 31.0,,, 247

,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, :,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),, (2 ),, ;,, (3 ),,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,, 248

,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),,, () (2 ),,,,, (3 ),, : 1 y = a + b 1 x, y= 1 y, x= 1 x, 1 y, 1 x,, y= a + bx (4 ) y = a + bx, a b, (5 ),,,,, x y, x y,,,,, x y,,,, y = f( x ), ( x1, y1 ) ( x2, y2 ) ( xn, yn ),, x y,, : 249

: a, b Y = a + bx ( 7 24), a, b Y = a + bx Yi yi,,,, :, : : n Q = ( y i i = 1 - Yi ) 2 n = ( y i - a - bxi) 2 = ( 7 25) i = 1, Q, a b,, :, : n Lxy = ( xi i = 1 n Q a = [ - 2( y i - a - bxi ) ] = 0 ( 7 26) i = 1 n Q b = [ - 2 x i ( yi - a - bxi ) ] = 0 ( 7 27) i = 1 b = L xy Lxx ( 7 28) a = y - b x ( 7 29) - x ) ( yi - y) = xi yi - 1 i = 1 n xi i = 1 n n L xx = ( x i - x ) 2 n = x2 i - 1 n i = 1 i = 1 n x i i = 1 n 2 n yi ( 7 30) i = 1 ( 7 31) 7 10 30, R N, 7 5, RN RN 7 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x( N) 27.1 27.5 30.3 31.0 35.7 35.4 38.9 37.6 26.9 25.0 y ( R ) ( MPa) 12.2 11.6 16.9 17.5 20.5 32.1 31.0 32.9 12.0 10.8 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 x( N) 28.0 31.0 32.2 37.8 36.6 36.6 24.2 31.0 30.4 33.3 y ( R ) ( MPa) 14.4 18.4 22.8 27.9 32.9 30.8 10.8 15.2 16.3 22.4 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 x( N) 37.2 38.4 37.6 22.9 30.5 30.4 29.7 36.7 37.8 36.0 y ( R ) ( MPa) 31.7 27.0 32.5 10.6 12.9 14.6 18.6 25.4 23.2 28.3 : : 250 x = 32.46 y = 21.14 n x2 i i = 1 n = 32 247.27 y2 i = 15 232.64 i = 1 n ( xi ) 2 n = 948 091.69 ( yi )2 = 402 209.64 i = 1 i = 1 n n n x i yi = 21 574.35 ( x i) ( y i ) = 617 520.54 i = 1 i = 1 i = 1 (7 30 ) (7 31 ):

: L xx = 644.21 Lxy = 990.33 (7 28 ) (7 29 ): : b = L xy/ L xx = 1.537 a = y - b x = - 28.751 Y = - 28.751 + 1.537 x R = - 28.751 + 1.537 N, b N 1, 1.537M Pa xy,, x y,,,, r : r = Lxy L xx Lyy ( 7 32) : n Lyy = ( y i i = 1 - y) 2 n = i = 1 y2 i - 1 n n ( y i ) 2 ( 7 33) i = 1 r, - 1, 1, r 1, x y, r = 1, x y, x y, r 0, x y, x y,, r r, x y, x y, r n, 7 11 7 10, RN ( = 0.05 ) : ( 7 33), : : Lyy = 1 825.65 r = L xy/ Lxx L yy = 0.913 2 n = 30, = 0.05, 3, r0.05 = 0.361 r > r0.05, R N, 7 10,,, ;,,, ;,,,,, 251

,,,,,, 7 5,, 3 : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ), 3,,,, 1.,,,,, 2.,,,,,,, 100, 20, 200 : (1 ), 200 ; (2 ), 10, 10, 20 ; (3 ), 2 ; (4 ), 10, 10, ; ; ;,, 3 1.,,,, 252

, 2.,,, 3 (1 ),,, (2 ), (3 ),, 3., :, 3, 3,,,,,,,, ( JTJ 059-95 ), 128 28, 1. (1 ),,, 1km,, (2 ) ( 20m ), 1 2T, T (3 ),, 128 (4 ) ( n, n > 30 ), A 01 02 n B, n AB (5 ) n B T,, n 7 12, K36 + 000K37 + 000 1km 20, : (1 ) 1 km T = 1000/ 20 = 50, 1,2,, 50 (2 ), 14, 14 ( 3) 14 A 20 B, B T, 20, 20, 7 6 253

7 6 14 A B BT 14 A B BT 1 17 0.089 4.45 4 K36 + 080 11 16 0.527 26.35 26 K36 + 520 2 10 0.149 7.45 7 K36 + 140 12 05 0.797 39.85 40 K36 + 800 3 13 0.244 12.2 12 K36 + 240 13 15 0.801 40.05 40 K36 + 820 4 08 0.264 13.2 13 K36 + 260 14 12 0.836 41.8 42 K36 + 840 5 18 0.285 14.25 14 K36 + 280 15 04 0.854 42.7 43 K36 + 860 6 02 0.340 17.0 17 K36 + 340 16 11 0.884 44.2 44 K36 + 880 7 06 0.359 17.95 18 K36 + 360 17 19 0.886 44.3 44 K36 + 900 8 20 0.387 19.35 19 K36 + 380 18 07 0.929 46.45 46 K36 + 920 9 14 0.392 19.60 20 K36 + 400 19 09 0.932 46.6 47 K36 + 940 10 03 0.408 20.40 20 K36 + 420 20 01 0.970 48.5 49 K36 + 980 2. (1 ), 128 (2 ) ( n ), ABC n (n > 30 ), A, 01 02 n (3 ), A B,,, (4 ), A C,,, ( + ), ; ( - ), 7 13, K36 + 000K37 + 000 1km 6, : (1 ) 3 (2 ) 3 6 : 01 06 03 02 04 05 (3 ) 3 B 6 0.175 0.310 0.494 0.699 0. 8380.977 (4) 1 000m, 6 ( ) 175m 310m 494m 699m 838m 977m ( 5) 3 C A 0.647 0.043 0.929 0.073 0.166 0.494 (6 ) 10m, 6 6.47m 0.63m 9.29m 0.73m 1.66m 4.94m, 6 1.47m4.37m4.29m4.27m3.34m 0.06m 254 7 7

7 7 3 1000 m 10m 6 A B ( m ) C ( m ) ( m ) NO.1 01 0.175 175 K36 + 175 0.647 6.47 1.47 NO.2 06 0.310 310 K36 + 310 0.043 0.43 4.57 NO.3 03 0.494 494 K36 + 494 0.929 9.29 4.29 NO.4 02 0.699 699 K36 + 699 0.073 0.73 4.27 NO.5 04 0.838 838 K36 + 838 0.166 1.66 3.34 NO.6 05 0.977 977 K36 + 977 0.494 4.94 0.06,, 7 6, N (), n ; d ; c ( ) dc,, ;d > c,, ( JTJ 071-98),,,,,,,, ( JTJ 071-98) (Nn c) N n d dc, d> c, 7 14, 7 8, 40 ( 0.01mm),? Z= 1.645 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 l i ( 0.01 mm ) 30 29 31 28 27 26 33 32 30 30 31 29 27 26 32 31 33 31 30 29 28 28 : : l = 29.6( 0.01mm) S = 2.09( 0.01mm), : l = l + Z S = 29.6 + 1.6452.09 = 33.0( 0.01mm) l < ld = 40( 0.01mm), 7 15 7 9 95%, hd = 25cm, h = 5mm, 255

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 h i ( cm) 25.1 24.8 25.1 24.6 24.7 25.4 25.2 25.3 24.7 24.9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 h i ( cm) 24.9 24.8 25.3 25.3 25.2 25.0 25.1 24.8 25.0 25.1 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 h i ( cm) 24.7 24.9 25.0 25.4 25.2 25.1 25.0 25.0 25.5 25.4 : : h = 25.05cm, S = 0.24cm n = 30, = 95%, 2 : t / n = 0.310 h, : h = h - t / ns = 25.05-0.3100.24 = 24.98 (cm) h > hd - h = 24.5cm,,,, 7 16,, 7 10, K0 = 95% 95% 7 9 7 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ( % ) 96.4 95.4 93.5 97.3 96.3 95.8 95.9 96.7 95.3 95.6 97.6 95.8 96.8 95.7 96.1 96.3 95.1 95.5 97.0 95.3 : : K = 95.97% S = 0.91% K, : K > K0 K = K - t / ns = 95.97-0.3870.91 = 95.62 ( % ) = 95 %,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, :, 180 256

:, 1960 1m 86 2 P10 5 d5 1 650 763.73 1982 1/ 299 792 458 :,,,,,, 1., : : L; L ; L 0 L = L - L0 ( 7 34),,,,,, : (1 ), ; (2 ) ; (3 ) 2. ( ), : : = L L0 100% L 100% ( 7 35) L, : (1 ),,,, ; (2 ), ; (3 ),, 7 17 50mm, 0.5mm,?? : L = 50mm, L = 0.5mm : L0 = L L = (500.5 ) mm; := L/ L = 0.5/ 50 = 1 % 257

,,,, 1.,, 2. 3.,,, 4.,,,,,, ( ) ( ) 1.,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,, 258

( x)( ),, ( ), ( xi ) ( x ),, 7 7 7 7 7 7, a),, ; b ) a), a), a) ; c), 7 8, ; m ; m 7 8a) m,, m, ; 7 8b) 7 8a), 7 8a) ; 7 8c),,, m, ( m ) 7 8,,, ;,, ( ) 1.? 2.? 3.?? 259

4.? 5.,?? 6., 62.5 (0.01mm), 29.0 (0.01mm ),?? 7., 10 ( : 0.01mm) 100 101 102 110 95 98 93 96 103 104, ; (Z = 2.0 ) 8.,, 96.57% 95.39% 93.85% 97.32% 96.28% 95.86% 95.93 % 96.87% 95.34% 95. 93 %, 95%, ( K0 = 95% ) 9. 21cm 22cm 20cm 19cm 18cm 20cm 21cm 21cm 22cm 19cm, ( 99% ) 10. ( : MPa) : 0.792 0.306 0.968 0.804 0.447 0.894 0.702 0.424 0.498 1.075 0.815, 260

,,, :, ;, ;, ; ; CBR,,,,,,, 1. :, 8 1, : : 6.75m : 1.752.40m : 100 kn : 0.7M Pa : 410m : 0.01mm : 1.54.0km/ h 2.,,,,,,,, 3. (1 ), 261

8 1,, (2 ), (3 ) A/ D, (4 ),, ; ;,,,,, ( JT J 059-95 ),,, ( Falling Weight Deflectometer, FWD),,,, ( FWD),, 262

1., 8 2 8 2 (1 ) : 300mm 4 (2 ) : 57 (3 ) (4 ) : FWD 2.,,,,,,,, 3. (1 ), BZZ - 100, 5t, 30cm, 0.7M Pa (2 ), 80km/ h,, 50km/ h 100km/ h, 65 (3 ) : 1,, 2.5m,, 35m, 34m, (4 ) 3,, 263

,, ; () ;,,,,, ( JT J059-95 ),,, 15km/ h,, ( ), (),,,, 1. (1 ) : (2 ) : 2.,, VBI, cm/ km VBI,, 3. (1 ) (2 ),,, VBI,,, VBI, IRI, VBI IR I, VBI IRI 264 (3 ),,

(4 ), VBI ;, VBI 3080km/ h ( ) (5 ) VBI,, IRI, ( J TJ 059-95),,,, 1.,,, 8 3 2. 8 3 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10,,,,,,, IRI 3. (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ) 20120km/ h 265

(4 ) 2.5m, 3.5m (5 ) 0.1m, 5mm (6 ),, IRI,,,, ( JTJ 014-97) : SFC54, FB ( BPN )45, TC0.55mm SFC,,,,,,,,,, 30cm,,,, 1. SCRIM, 2. 20,,,, ( 8 4 ),, 3. 8 4 (1 ), (2 ) 2kN (3 ) 50km/ h (4 ) 51 000m 266

(5 ) (6 ) ( JTJ 059-95),,,,, 1. 2.,,, 3. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ) 35km/ h, (4) 100m, 10m 50m,,,, ( JTJ 059-95 ),,,,,,,,,,, ; ; ; 267

; ; 1. : 14 2. : 3. Windows : 4. 5.,,,,,,, 8 5 8 5 1. 80km/ h 2. : 80km/ h 4h( 320km) 3. 60cm 4. 2% 5% 5., 6., 268

, 8 6 8 6, CBR CBR, California Bearing Ration,, CBR,, CBR,,, CBR ( JTJ 013-95) ( JTJ 033-95 ), 8 1 8 1 ( cm ) CB R( % ) ( mm ) 0 30 8 6 10 30 80 5 4 10 80 150 4 3 15 150 3 2 15 0 30 8 6 10 : CB R,, 269

1. CBR (1 ) : 38mm 25mm 20mm5mm 1 (2 ) : ( 8 7 ) (3 ) : 50mm100mm (4 ) ( 8 8 ) : 50kN (5 ) 8 7 CBR ( : mm ) 1; 2;3 ; 4 8 8 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 2., ;, 4 ;, ;,, CBR, 2.5mm 5mm (7M Pa 10.5MPa), 3. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ) (4 ) 4 (5 ) : 11.25mm/ min, 7mm (6 ) P l, (7 ) P - l 2.5mm 5.0mm P2.5 ( MPa)P5 ( MPa), : 270

CBR2.5 = P 2.5 7 100 % (8 1) CBR5 = P 5 100% (8 2) 10.5 CBR2.5, CBR5 > CBR2.5,, CBR5 CBR ( JTJ 051-93) ( CBR ) ( T0 134-93) 1. CBR (1 ) :, 60kN (2 ) :, 8 9 2.,,,,, 2.5mm 5.0mm, CBR 3. (1 ) 30cm (2 ), (3 ), 1mm/ min, 7.5mm 12.5mm (4 ), (5 ) (6 ),, CBR,,, CBR,, CBR, 8 9 CBR 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7; 8 ; 9 CBR ( J TJ 059-95) CBR CBR,,,, 1. (1 ) : 8 10, 100mm (2 ) 271

2.,,, D CBR 3. (1 ) (2 ),, D (3 ) CBR : CBR = C (8 3) : C,,, CBR D ;, 0.35, 0.45 ; ; = ( H + R - R 2 - D 2 / 4 ) m 1.01 D 1.39 ( R - R 2 - D 2 / 4 ) 1.62 (8 4) : D, cm; m, m = 4.5kg; H, H = 60cm; R, R = 4.7cm, CBR, CBR,, CBR CBR,, CBR CBR, CBR, 059-95)? 8 10 1;2; 3; 4; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 CBR ( J TJ 1.? 2.? 3.??? 272 4.? 5. CBR??

1 K q 2 e- x 2 2 d x = 1 K q.00.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09 0.0.5000.4960.4920.4880.4840.4801.4761.4721.4681.4641 0.1.4602.4562.4522.4483.4443.4404.4364.4325.4286.4247 0.2.4207.4168.4129.4090.4052.4013.3974.3936.3897.3859 0.3.3821.3783.3745.3707.3669.3632.3594.3557.3520.3483 0.4.3446.3409.3372.3336.3300.3264.3228.3192.3156.3121 0.5.3085.3050.3015.2981.2946.2912.2877.2843.2810.2776 0.6.2743.2709.2676.2643.2611.2578.2546.2514.2483.2451 0.7.2420.2389.2358.2327.2296.2266.2236.2206.2177.2148 0.8.2119.2090.2061.2033.2005.1977.1949.1922.1894.1867 0.9.1841.1814.1788.1762.1736.1711.1685.1660.1635.1611 1.0.1587.1562.1539.1515.1492.1469.1446.1423.1401.1379 1.1.1357.1335.1314.1292.1271.1251.1230.1210.1190.1170 1.2.1151.1131.1112.1093.1075.1056.1038.1020.1003.0985 1.3.0968.0951.0934.0918.0901.0885.0869.0853.0838.0823 1.4.0808.0793.0778.0764.0749.0735.0721.0708.0694.0681 1.5.0668.0655.0643.0630.0618.0606.0594.0582.0571.0559 1.6.0548.0537.0526.0516.0505.0495.0485.0475.0465.0455 1.7.0446.0436.0427.0418.0409.0401.0392.0384.0375.0367 1.8.0359.0351.0344.0336.0329.0322.0314.0307.0301.0294 1.9.0287.0281.0274.0268.0262.0256.0250.0244.0239.0233 2.0.0228.0222.0217.0212.0207.0202.0197.0192.0188.0183 2.1.0179.0174.0170.0166.0162.0158.0154.0150.0146.0143 2.2.0139.0136.0132.0129.0125.0122.0119.0116.0113.0110 2.3.0107.0104.0102.00990.00964.00939.00914.00889.00866.00842 2.4.00820.00798.00776.00755.00734.00714.00695.00676.00657.00639 2.5.00621.00604.00587.00570.00554.00539.00523.00508.00494.00480 2.6.00466.00453.00440.00427.00415.00402.00391.00379.00368.00357 2.7.00347.00336.00326.00317.00307.00298.00289.00280.00272.00264 2.8.00256.00248.00240.00233.00226.00219.00212.00205.00199.00193 2.9.00187.00181.00175.00169.00164.00159.00154.00149.00144.00139 K q.0.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 3.00135.0 3 968.0 3 687.0 3 483.0 3 337.0 3 233.0 3 159.0 3 108.0 3 723.0 3 481 4.0 4 317.0 4 207.0 4 133.0 5 854.0 5 541.0 5 340.0 5 211.0 5 130.0 6 793.0 6 479 5.0 6 287.0 6 170.0 7 996.0 7 579.0 7 333.0 7 190.0 7 107.0 8 599.0 8 332.0 8 182 6.0 9 987.0 9 530.0 9 282.0 9 149.0 10 777.0 10 402.0 10 206.0 10 104.0 11 523.0 11 260 : 0 3 968 0.000968 273

t 2 n 99 % 95 % 90 % 99 % 95 % 90 % t 0.995 / n t 0.975 / n t 0.95 / n t 0.99 / n t 0.95 / n t 0.90 / n 2 45.012 8.985 4.465 22.501 4.465 2.176 3 5.730 2.484 1.686 4.201 1.686 1.089 4 2.921 1.591 1.177 2.270 1.177 0.819 5 2.059 1.242 0.953 1.676 0.953 0.686 6 1.646 1.049 0.823 1.374 0.823 0.603 7 1.401 0.925 0.734 1.188 0.734 0.544 8 1.237 0.836 0.670 1.060 0.670 0.500 9 1.118 0.769 0.620 0.966 0.620 0.466 10 1.028 0.715 0.580 0.892 0.580 0.437 11 0.955 0.672 0.546 0.833 0.546 0.414 12 0.897 0.635 0.518 0.785 0.518 0.393 13 0.847 0.604 0.494 0.744 0.494 0.376 14 0.805 0.577 0.473 0.708 0.473 0.361 15 0.769 0.554 0.455 0.678 0.455 0.347 16 0.737 0.533 0.438 0.651 0.438 0.335 17 0.708 0.514 0.423 0.626 0.423 0.324 18 0.683 0.497 0.410 0.605 0.410 0.314 19 0.660 0.482 0.398 0.586 0.398 0.305 20 0.640 0.468 0.387 0.568 0.387 0.297 21 0.621 0.455 0.376 0.552 0.376 0.289 22 0.604 0.443 0.367 0.537 0.367 0.282 23 0.588 0.432 0.358 0.523 0.358 0.275 24 0.573 0.422 0.350 0.510 0.350 0.269 25 0.559 0.413 0.342 0.498 0.342 0.264 26 0.547 0.404 0.335 0.487 0.335 0.258 27 0.535 0.396 0.328 0.477 0.328 0.253 28 0.524 0.388 0.322 0.467 0.322 0.248 29 0.513 0.380 0.316 0.458 0.316 0.244 30 0.503 0.373 0.310 0.449 0.310 0.239 40 0.428 0.320 0.266 0.383 0.266 0.206 50 0.380 0.284 0.237 0.340 0.237 0.184 60 0.344 0.258 0.216 0.308 0.216 0.167 70 0.318 0.238 0.199 0.285 0.199 0.155 80 0.297 0.223 0.186 0.266 0.186 0.145 90 0.278 0.209 0.175 0.249 0.175 0.136 100 0.263 0.198 0.166 0.236 0.166 0.129 274

( r ) 3 n - 2 0.01 0.05 n - 2 0.01 0.05 n - 2 0.01 0.05 1 1.000 0.997 15 0.606 0.482 29 0.456 0.355 2 0.990 0.950 16 0.590 0.468 30 0.449 0.349 3 0.959 0.878 17 0.575 0.456 35 0.418 0.325 4 0.917 0.811 18 0.561 0.444 40 0.393 0.304 5 0.874 0.754 19 0.549 0.433 45 0.372 0.288 6 0.834 0.707 20 0.537 0.423 50 0.354 0.273 7 0.798 0.666 21 0.526 0.413 60 0.325 0.250 8 0.765 0.632 22 0.515 0.404 70 0.302 0.232 9 0.735 0.602 23 0.505 0.396 80 0.283 0.217 10 0.708 0.576 24 0.496 0.388 90 0.267 0.205 11 0.684 0.553 25 0.487 0.381 100 0.254 0.195 12 0.661 0.532 26 0.478 0.374 200 0.181 0.138 13 0.641 0.514 27 0.470 0.367 300 0.148 0.113 14 0.623 0.497 28 0.463 0.361 400 0.128 0.098 275

1... :,1986. 2... :,1991. 3... :,1995. 4... :, 1981. 5...,1993. 6.. ( JTJ 071-98 ). :,1999. 7.. ( JTJ 059-95 ). :,1995. 8.. ( JTJ 001-97). :, 1997. 9.. ( JTJ 051-93). :, 1993. 10.. ( J TJ 057-94 ). :, 1994. 11..(). :,1990. 12.. ( JTJ 052-93 ). :, 1993. 13.. ( JTJ 032-94 ). :,1994. 14.. (). :,1996. 15.. ( JGJ/ T55-96 ).,1997. 16.. ( J TJ 053-94 ). :,1994. 17.. ( ) ( JTJ 041-89 ). :, 1998. 18.. ( JTJ 013-95). :, 1995. 19.. ( JTJ 014-97 ). :,1997. 20... :,1996. 21..97. 22..(). :,1993. 23... :,1992. 276

24... :,1990. 25... :,1988. 26... :,1997. 27.... :,1996. 28... :, 1994. 29... :,1993. 30.. ( JTJ 034-93 ). :,1993. 277