1 1 1 5 10 12 13 13 16 19 26 31 33 37 38 38 49 53 60 63 79 81 81 92 112 129 132 135 144 149 150 150 155 158 1
165 178 187 191 193 194 194 207 212 217 218 223 231 233 234 234 239 245 247 251 256 259 261 261 264 266 267 CBR 269 272 273 t 274 (B ) 275 276 2
,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, 1
,,,,,,,, 1., : (1 ); (2 ); (3 ) ; ( 4) ; ( 5) ; ( 6) (3 ) (4 )( 6) (3 ) (4 ),,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 2. : (1 ) JTJ 051 ; (2 ) JTJ 052 ; (3 ) JTJ 053 ; (4 ) JTJ 054 ; (5 ) JTJ 055 ; (6 ) JTJ 056 ;
(7 ) JTJ 057 ; (8 ) JTJ 058 ; (9 ) JTJ 059 ; (10) JTJ 060 : ( J TJ 001 ) ( JTJ 071) 1.,,, ;,, 2. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) (8 ), (9 ) (10) (11),,, 3. (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ), ;, ; 5 ;, ;, 2 (3 ),, 3
(4 ),, : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (5 ) 4. (1 ),, (2 ),,,,,, : ; ; ; ; ; ; ;,,,,,,,,,,, 5% 1.,,,,,,,,, (1 ) : ; ; ; (2 ), 0, (3 ) 3 ; 3,, 4
(4 ), ( Grabbs) ; ( Dixon),, ;, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,, 1. (1 ), ; ; ; ; ;, ; ; ;, (2 ) ; ; ; ; (3 ) ; ; ; 5
; ; ;, ; ; ; 2. (1 ) ;, ; ;, ;, ; ; ; ; ; ; ;, (2 ), ;, ; ; ;, ; ; (3 ), ; ; ; ; ; (4 ) ; ;,, ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (5 ) ;, ;, ;, ;, ; ; ; ; ; (6 ), ;, ;,, ;,,,, 6
;,, ; (7 ),,, ;,,, ;, ;, ;, ;,, ;, (8 ),,, ;,, ;, ;, ;,,, ;, ;, ; ; (9 ),,, ;, ;, ;, 1.,,,,, 2.,,, () 3. 7
,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4. (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,, () ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, 8
1. : (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ),,, (4 ) (5 ) 2., 3.,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,, 1. 2. : ; ( )( ) ; ;, ; ; 3. : ; ; ; 2 4.,,, 5., 6., 7., 1. 9
,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, 1., 2.,,, 3.,, 4.,,, 5.,,, 6.,, 7.,,, 8.,,,,,,,,,,, 10
,,,, ; ;,, ; ;, ;, ;,,,, 20%,,,,, 1. (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ),, 2. (1 ) ; ; (2 ) ; ; 1. (1 ),, 11
,,, (2 ), (3 ), 2. (1 ) ; ; (2 ) ; ; 1., 2., 3. 4., 5., 6., 1.,? 2.,? 3.? 4. 5.? 12
: ( ), ( JTJ 07198),, ( JTJ 07198),,, ( JTJ 07198),,,,,,,, (),,, 21,,,, 13
,, 100, 2 1 ( 10km ) (1 3km ) (1 3km ) ( ) (1 3km ) (1 3km ) ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 10 km ) (1 3km ),,,,,,, :, 2,, 1 1.,, 100,, = ( ) - ( ) - ( ) (1 ),,,, (2 ),, (), 14 ( % ) = () () 100
=, (3 ),,, (4 ),,,, 4,, 13 2. 2 1 ( ), 1 2, ( ) = 3. [ ( )] ( ), ( % ) = 100 4.,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ),,, 1. 85 ; 70 85 ; 70,, 15
,, 2., 85,, ;, 85, 85,, ;, 3., 85,, ;, 85, 85,, ;, 4. () (), ( ) (), ; (), 80%, ( ) 85, ;, ( ) 1. ( ) 2.,, 3., ; 4. 1. (1 ),,,, (2 ) ( CBR ) (3 ),,, (4 ),, 2. ( 22 ) 16
2 2 1 ( cm) 0 30 95 93 0 30 95 93 30 80 95 93 % (cm) 80 150 93 90 : 2 000m 2 4 30 > 150 90 90 2 ( 0.01mm ) 15 3 ( mm ) + 10, - 15 + 10, - 20 : 200m 4 10 4 ( mm ) 50 100 : 200m 4 HYYH 10 5 ( mm ) : 200m 4 10 6 ( mm ) 15 20 3m : 200m 4 3 15 7 ( % ) 0.5 0.5 : 200m 4 5 8 200 m 4 5 :,,, ( 5 ) 25,,, 3. (1 ),, 50m 12 (2 ),, 50m 12 (3 ),, 12 (4 ),, 50m 12 1. (1 ),, (2 ),,, 17
,, (3 ) 2. ( 23 ) 1 30 2 ( mm ) + 10, - 20 + 10, - 30 : 200m 4 10 2 3 3 ( mm ) 50 100 : 200m 4 HY YH 10 4 ( mm ) : 200 m 4 10 5 ( mm ) 20 30 3 m : 200 m 4 3 15 6 ( % ) 0.5 0.5 : 200m 4 10 7 200m 4 15 : 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ),, 50 m 12 1. (1 ) :, 30cm, ; 110,,, (2 ) : ;, ; 0.51.0m, ; (3 ) :, 90% (4 ) : ; ; ( ), (5 ) : ;, ;,, (6 ) : ; ; (7 ) : ; ;, ; ( 1/ 3 ) 18
, ;, ;, 1m 2. () 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 (3 ) ( ), 12 1. (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ), 2. () 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 (3 ), 12 1. () 2.,, 3. ( ) 2, 4. ; 5., ;, 6., ( ) 1. (1 ), 5mm 19
(2 ), 2. ( 24 ) ( ) 2 4 1 ( % ) / 85 85 83 / 82 80 80 : 200 m 2 30 2 ( mm ) / 12 12 15 3 m : 200 m 2 10 25 3 ( mm) / + 5, - 15 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 20 : 200 m 4 5 4 ( mm ) : 200 m 4 5 / - 10-10 - 12 5 ( mm ) 200m 30 / - 20-25 - 30 1 6 ( % ) / 0.5 0.3 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 3.,,, 12 () 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ), 2. ( 25 ) ( ) 2 5 1 ( % ) 98 98 96 96 94 94 92 92 200m 2 30 2 ( mm ) 8 12 12 15 3 m : 200 m 2 10 25 3 ( mm) + 5, - 10 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 20 : 200 m 4 5 20
4 ( mm ) : 200m 4 5 5 ( mm) - 8-10 - 10-12 - 15-20 - 25-30 200m 1 30 6 ( % ) 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 3.,, 12 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) (5 ), (6 ), 2. ( 26 ) 2 6 / 95 95 93 1 ( % ) 200m 2 30 / 91 91 89 2 ( mm ) / 12 12 15 3 m : 200 m 2 10 15 3 ( mm) / + 5, - 15 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 20 : 200 m 4 5 4 ( mm ) : 200m 4 5 5 ( mm) / - 10-10 - 12 / - 20-25 - 30 200m 1 20 21
6 ( % ) / 0.5 0.3 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 7 ( MPa) 20 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 ( ) 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) (5 ), (6 ), 2. ( 27 ) 2 7 / 97 96 95 1 ( % ) 200m 2 30 / 93 92 91 2 ( mm ) / 12 12 15 3 m : 200 m 2 10 15 3 ( mm) / + 5, - 15 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 20 4 ( mm ) : 200 m 4 : 200m 4 5 5 5 ( mm) / - 10-10 - 12 / - 20-25 - 30 200m 1 20 6 ( % ) / 0.5 0.3 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 7 ( MPa) 20 22
3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 1. (1 ), (2 ) (3 ) (4 ), (5 ), 2. ( 28 ) 2 8 / 95 95 93 1 ( % ) 200m 2 30 / 91 91 89 2 ( mm ) / 12 12 15 3 m : 200 m 2 10 15 3 ( mm) / + 5, - 15 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 20 4 ( mm ) : 200 m 4 : 200m 4 5 5 5 ( mm) / - 10-10 - 12 / - 20-25 - 30 200m 1 20 6 ( % ) / 0.5 0.3 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 7 ( MPa) 20 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 ( ) 1. (1 ),,, 23
(2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ), (6 ), 2. ( 29 ) 2 9 98 97 96 95 1 ( % ) 200m 2 30 94 93 92 91 2 ( mm ) 8 12 12 15 3m : 200m 2 10 15 3 ( mm) + 5, - 10 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 20 : 200m 4 5 4 ( mm ) : 200m 4 5 5 ( mm) - 8-10 - 10-12 - 15-20 - 25-30 200m 1 20 6 ( % ) 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 7 ( MPa) 20 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ), (5 ), 2. ( 210 ) 24
2 10 / 95 95 93 1 ( % ) 200m 2 30 / 91 91 89 2 ( mm ) / 12 12 15 3 m : 200 m 2 10 15 3 ( mm) / + 5, - 15 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 20 4 ( mm ) : 200 m 4 : 200m 4 5 5 5 ( mm) / - 10-10 - 12 / - 20-25 - 30 200m 1 20 6 ( % ) / 0.5 0.3 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 7 ( MPa) 20 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 1. ( ) (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) (5 ), (6 ), 2. ( 211 ) 2 11 98 97 96 95 1 ( % ) 94 93 92 91 200m 2 30 25
2 ( mm ) 8 12 12 15 3 ( mm) + 5, - 10 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 20 3 m : 200 m 2 10 : 200 m 4 15 5 4 ( mm ) : 200m 4 5 5 ( mm) - 8-10 - 10-12 - 15-20 - 25-30 200m 1 20 6 ( % ) 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 7 ( MPa) 20 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 1. ( ) 2.,, 3., 100m 3 m,, 95%, ; 70%, ; 95% 70 %, 4., ;, 5., 6.,, ; ; 26
1. (1 ),, (2 ) (3 ),, (4 ),,, 2. ( 212 ) 2 12 ( mm) 4.5 : 1 I R I( m/ km ) 7.5 100 m IRI 20 h ( mm ) 10.0 3m : 200 m 2 10 2 ( 0.01 mm ) 20 3 ( mm ) - 5-10 200 m 1 20 4 ( kg/ m 2 ) 10 % ( T0982 ) 1 20 5 ( mm ) 30 : 200 m 4 5 6 ( mm) 15 : 200 m 4 5 7 ( mm ) 30 : 200 m 4 5 8 ( % ) 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 : ; IRI ; h 3m ( JTJ 059 95 T0982 ),, 3. (1 ),, 0.2% 0.2% 2 (2 ), 12 (3 ),, 12 ( ) 1. (1 ) (2 ), ( ) 27
(3 ),,,, (4 ),, (5 ),,,,, (6 ),, 2. ( 213 ) ( ) 2 13 ( mm) 3.5 : 1 I R I( m/ km ) 5.8 100 m IRI 20 h ( mm ) 8.0 3m : 200 m 2 10 2 ( 0.01 mm ) 20 3 ( mm ) - 8 % H - 5 mm - 15 % H - 10 mm 200 m 1 20 4 ( kg/ m 2 ) 10 % ( T0982 ) 1 20 5 ( mm ) 30 : 200 m 4 5 6 ( mm) 15 : 200 m 4 5 7 ( mm ) 30 : 200 m 4 5 8 ( % ) 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 : 6cm, ; < 6 cm, H ( mm ) 3. (1 ),, 0.2% 0.2% 2 (2 ), 12 (3 ),, 12 () 1. (1 ) (2 ),, ( ) (3 ) (4 ), (5 ),, (6 ),,, 28
2. ( 214 ) ( ) 2 14 1 ( % ) 95 ( 98 ) 94 ( 98 ) 200 m 1 20 20 ( mm ) 1.2 2.5 2 IRI( m/ km ) 2.0 4 2 : 100m IRI 15 20 h ( mm ) 5 0 3m : 200m 2 10 3 ( 0 01mm ) 15 20 4 : 200 m 1 : : 200 m 1 10 5 ( mm ) - 8-4 60-5 > 60-8 % H 60-10 - 15-8 > 60-15 % H 200 m 1 20 20 6 ( mm ) 20 : 200 m 4 5 5 7 ( mm ) 10 15 : 200 m 4 5 5 8 ( mm ) 20 30 : 200m 4 5 5 9 ( % ) 0.3 0.5 : 200 m 4 5 5 :,, 60mm, - 5 mm - 10mm; > 60mm, - 8 % - 15 % H 3. (1 ),, (, 0.2m, ) 0.03%, 0.05% 0.03 % 0.05% 2, (2 ),, 10m 1 (3 ),, 12 29
1. (1 ),,, (2 ), (3 ) (4 ),, (5 ) (6 ), (7 ), 13mm 58mm, (8 ) 2. ( 215 ) 2 15 1 ( MPa) 30 2 ( mm ) - 5-10 200m 2 20 ( mm) 1.5 2.5 :, 3 IRI ( m/ km ) 2.5 4.2 h( mm ) 5.0 100 m IRI 3 m : 200 m 2 10 15 4 ( mm ) 0.8 0.6 : 200m 1 8 : 2 5 ( mm) 2 3 200m 2, 2 8 6 ( mm ) 10 20 m, ; 200m 4, 200 m 4 3 7 ( mm ) 20 : 200m 4 3 8 ( mm ) 20 : 200 m 4 5 9 ( mm ) 10 15 : 200m 4 3 10 ( % ) 0.15 0.25 : 200m 4 5 3. (1 ), 2, 41 2 30
(2 ),, 2, 3 1 2,, (3 ), 2cm, 12 (4 ), 100m 2 (5 ), 12 1.,,, 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. (1 ), (2 ) 5MPa, (3 ),, 5 mm (4 ), 1 000mm, (5 ), (6 ),,, (7 ), 2. ( 216 ) 2 16 1 ( MPa) 30 2 ( mm) 50 : 3 15 3 ( mm) 20 : 2 15 31
4 ( mm ) : 3 10 5 ( mm ) : 2 10 6 : 10 % 10 7 ( mm ) 5 ( ) 10 % 10 3. (1 ), 1 %, 10mm, 13 (2 ),,, 12 ( ) 1. (1 ) 5MPa, (2 ),,,, (3 ), 2. () 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ),, 12 1. (1 ), (2 ),, 2. () 3., 12 1. (1 ),, 32
(2 ) ( ) (3 ) (4 ), 2. ( 217 ) 2 17 1 ( M Pa) 30 2 ( mm ) 50 : 200 m 5 10 3 ( mm ) 50 : 200 m 5 15 4 ( mm ) 30 20m : 200m 2 10 5 ( mm ) 30 : 200 m 2 15 6 ( mm ) : 200 m 2 10 7 ( mm ) : 200 m 2 10 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12 1. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), 2. ( 218 ) 2 18 1 ( % ) 1 : 1020 m 1 50 2 ( mm) : 20m 1 50 3. (1 ), 12 (2 ), 12, 33
1. H6m A1 200m 2,, H < 6m A < 1 200 m 2, 2., :,, 3.,, 4. 1m, 5., 1. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ),, ; (5 ) (6 ) 2. ( 2192 20 ) 2 19 1 ( MPa) 30 2 ( mm ) 50 30 20m 3 15 3 ( mm ) 20 10 20m 1 15 4 ( mm ) 20m 2 20 5 ( mm ) 50 20m 1 10 20 6 ( mm ) 30 20m 2 m 3 10 10 34
2 20 1 ( mm ) 50 20 m 3 20 2 ( mm ) 30 20 m 3 20 3 ( % ) 0.5 20 m 3 10 4 ( mm ) 20 m 2 20 5 ( mm ) 50 20 m 1 20 6 ( mm) 50 20 m 2 m 3 10 3. (1 ),, 13 (2 ) 0.5%, 10mm, 0.5% 2 (3 ), 35 (4 ), 35 1. (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ), (5 ), (6 ), 2. 2 212 22 2 21 ( ) 2 21 1 ( mm ) 10 20 m 4 30 2 ( mm ) 10 20 m 3 40 3 + 0, - 0.5 % 20 m 3 30 : 35
2 22 1 ( mm) + 50, - 100 50 20 m 3 25 2 ( mm) 50 30 20 m 3 20 3 ( mm ) + 0.5 % H + 50-1 % H - 100 20 m 2 25 4 ( mm) 10 20 m 5 10 5 ( mm ) 15 20 m 2 m 3 20 : +,- H 3. (1 ),, 13 (2 ), 13 (3 ) 35 1. (1 ) (2 ),, (3 ) (4 ) 2. ( 223 ) 2 23 1 ( MPa) 30 2 ( mm ) 50 50m 3 50 m 3 15 3 ( mm) 30 2 m, 3, 50m 3 10 4 50 m 3 10 5 ( mm) 100 m 3 25 6 ( mm ) 50 50 m 3 10 3. 36
(1 ), 13 (2 ), 13 1. (1 ) (2 ),,, ; (3 ) 2. ( 2242 25 ) 2 24 1 ( MPa) 30 2 ( mm ) 10 20 30 20 m 2m 5 20 3 ( mm ) 15 20 20m 3 10 4 0.3 % 0.5 % 20 m 3 20 5 ( mm ) 20 30 50 20 m 2 20 2 25 1 ( mm) 50 20 m 2 m 5 25 2 ( mm ) 30 20 m 3 15 3 ( mm ) 100 20m, 3 30 4 ( mm ) 50 20 m 3 30 3. (1 ), 13 (2 ),, 13 1.? 2.?? 3.? 4.? 37
, ; ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,, : Gs = ms/ ( wv s ) ; = m/ V ; sa t = ( m s + Vv w )/ V ; d = ms/ V; = ( ms - V s w )/ V ; w ( % ) = m w/ ms100; e = V v/ V s ;n ( % ) = Vv/ V100 ;Sr = Vw/ Ip; IL ; Dr Vv ; wl ; w P ;,,,,,,,, = / (),,, ;,, 38
( ) [ ( 3 1 ) ], 100 105 w = m w 100 ms (3 1) : w, % ; m w ; ms (), 1. ( 1) :105 110, (2 ) : 0.01g (3 ) : 2. (1 ), 1530g, 50g,,,,,, ( 2),, 105 110 8h, 6h 5%, 65 70 (3 ), ( 0.51h ),, 0.01g 3., 0.1% w = m - m s 100 ms (3 2) : w, % ; m, g; ms, g 4.,, 3 1 ( % ) ( % ) 5 0.3 40 1 40 2 3 1 39
,, ( ),,,,, 1. (1 ) (2 ) : 0.01g (3 ) : 95% (4 ) 2. (1 ) ( 510g, 2030g), (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ), 2 3 (5 ),,, 0.1g () 1., 515cm 1h, 1%, 2., 3.,,,, 4.,,,,,,, 1.5%,, 100, 5.,,, 40
1967,,, ( ) 1. 110,,, 1, 75 80, 8 h 2.,,,,,,,, 110, 105 110, (),, ;, ;: : m; V m = m/ V, m, V V () (3 3),,,,,,, 2030cm,,,, 1. (1 ) : 68cm, 23cm, 1.52mm (2 ) : 0.1g (3 ) : 2. (1 ),,, 41
(2 ),,,,, (3 ), m1, 0.1g 3. : :, g/ cm 3 ; m1, g; m2, g; V, cm 3 4. = m 1 - m2 V,, 0.03g/ cm 3 ( ) (3 4) ( 500cm 3 ),,,,, 1. (1 ) : 0.01g (2 ) 2. (1 ) 30cm 3,,, 0.01g (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),, 0.01g (4 ),,,, 0.01g, (5 ),,, ( 3),, ;0.03g, 3. : :, g/ cm 3 ; 42 m, g; m1, g; = m1 - m2 w t m - m1 - m n (3 5)
m2, g; wt t, g/ cm 3, 0.001g/ cm 3 ; n, g/ cm 3 (, 0.01g/ cm 3, 0.92g/ cm 3 ) ( ),, 300kg,,, () (), 1911,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, () 1. L P - 100 ; 100g, 30, 2. 0.5mm,, 0.5mm 200g,,, ( a )( c ) ( b ), 18h,,,,,,, 5s h 43
, w 3., w, h, ab c hw,, hw, h = 20mm w wl, hp : hp = wl 0.524 w L - 7.606, hp : (3 6) hp = 29.6-1.22 wl + 0.017 w 2 L - 0.000 074 4 w 3 L (3 7) : h p, ( JTJ 051-93 ) h p hp, hw, hp w p ( ),,,,,,,, 3mm,,, 35g (), ;,,,, Cu = 1.0, e = 0.35Gs = 2.65, d = 1.96g/ cm 3,,, Cu > 1.0, e < 0.35 e = 0.35,,, e emin em a x e Dr, : Dr = ( ema x - e)/ ( em a x - emin ) (3 8) Dr1/ 3 ; 1/ 3 < Dr 2/ 3 ; Dr > 2/ 3 : 44 Dr = ( d - ( dm ax - dmin ) dm a x dmin ) d (3 9)
: d,,,,, Dr ( ) (1 ) : 500cm 3 1 000cm 3, 6cm (2 ) : 1.2cm, (3 ) : 1.5cm (4 ) (5 ),, ( 6) (8 ) (6 ), : 250cm 3, 5cm, 12.7cm 1 000cm 3, 10cm, 12.7cm (7 ) (8 ) : 1.25kg, 150mm, 50mm () 1. ( 1) 1.5kg, (),, (2 ),,, 1 000 cm 3, (3 ) 700g, 1g,,,, 12cm, (4 ),,,, 5cm 3 (5 ),,,,,, 5cm 3 (6 ), 2. (1 ) 4kg, (2 ), 600800g ( 1/ 3 ) 1 000cm 3, ( 150200 ) / min,, ( 3060 ) / min, ( 510min ),, (3 ),,, (4 ), (5 ),,,, 1g, 45
( ) (1 ) : : dmin, g/ cm 3 ; dm a x, g/ cm 3 ; m, g; Vm a x, cm 3 ; V min, cm 3 0.01g/ cm 3 d min = d ma x = (2 ) : : em a x ; emin ; Gs 0.01 m V m ax m V min em ax = w Gs d min emin = w Gs dm ax (3 ) ( 3 8 ) ( 3 9 ), 0.01 () ( 3 10) ( 3 11) - 1 ( 3 12) - 1 ( 3 13),,, 0.03g/ cm 3 5mm, 25mm 15% (),,, 0.074mm ; 0.0020.074mm () 1.,,,, 2. d > 0.074mm 46
3. :60mm 40mm 20mm 10mm 5mm 2mm; :2mm 0.5mm 0.25mm 0.074mm 4.,, 1004 000g( ) 2mm, 2mm (60mm 40mm 20mm 10mm 5mm) ;2mm ( 2mm 0.5mm 0.25mm 0.074mm) 2mm 10%,,2mm 10 %,, 1015min 2mm 1 %, 2mm 1% 5. : x = A B P ( 3 14) : x, % ; A, g; B,, g; P 2mm, 0.074mm 2mm 0.074mm, P = 100%,, 3 2 31 3 1 47
9803 (03) 98 3 4 ( ) 3 2 = 3 000g 2 mm = 2 190g 2 mm = 810g 0.1mm = 0.5 % 2 mm d x = 27.0 % = 810g ( mm ) ( g) ( g) ( g) ( % ) ( % ) 40 0 0 3 000 100 100 20 345 345 2 655 88.4 88.4 10 570 915 2 085 69.5 69.5 5 670 1 585 1 415 47.2 47.2 2 605 2 190 810 27.0 27.0 1 215 2 405 595 73.5 19.8 0.5 330 2 735 265 32.8 8.8 0.25 195 2 930 70 8.6 2.3 0.074 55 2 985 15 1.9 0.5 15 3 000 ( ) 1.,, 0.0020.2 mm,,,,, v : v = 2 s - w 9 R2 : v, m/ s; R, m; s w, N/ m 3 ;, Pa s : : d, m d = 18 v s - w ( 3 15) ( 3 16), Ws,,, 48
ti, di vi,, Li, vi = Li/ ti, Li, di, Li di, di di : 1 000cm 3, di Wsi, Li 1 i = 1 000 : s0 w0 Wsi + 1 000 - W si w 0 s0 Wsi = 1 000 i - w 0 s0 s0 - w 0 di W siw s Pi : Pi = Wsi 100% W s ( 3 17) ( 3 18) ( 3 19),, di, di i, Li 2. 1934, 0.20.002 mm,,,,,,,,, 3.,,, ( t),, t L d d,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 49
;,,, :,,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 0.075mm( 0.1mm )50 % 50%, 50 %,,,,,,, wl, wp Ip,, wl Ip,,, JTJ 05193,,, ( J TJ 05193) : (1 ) ; (2 ) : wl w p Ip ; (3 ), 32, 50
200 60 20 5 2 0.5 0.25 0.074 0.002 ( mm ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 32 ( ) 50%, ( ) ( )( ) (1 ) 75% ( ) 50 %, B; 50%, Cb ( 2) 75 % 50 % () 50%, BSl; 50%, CbSl ( 3) 50 % 15 % (), SlB;, SlCb ( 4) 15 %,, () 50% 1. 50%,, : (1 ) 5%, : Cu 5, Cc = 13,, GW;,, GP (2 ) 5% 15%, GF (3 ) 15%, 50%, ( 33 ) : A,, GM; A,, GC 2. 50%,, : (1 ) 5%, : Cu 5, Cc = 13,, SW;,, SP (2 ) 5% 15%, SF (3 ) 15% 50%, : A,, SM; A,, SC 51
( ) 50%, 1. 25% (1 ) A : B,, CH; B, Ip = 10,, CL (2 ) A : B,, MH; B, Ip = 10,, ML 2. 25% 50%, : (1 ),, G (2 ),, S 3. ;;, : 105 110 24h 3/ 4,, ( T 015193 ) 33 : (1 ) A : B,, CHO; B, Ip = 10,, CLO (2 ) A : B,, MHO; B, Ip = 10,, MLO 52
(),,,,,,,, (), 33 3 3 (cm ) ( kg) ( cm ) (cm ) (cm ) (cm 3 ) ( kj/ m 2 ) ( mm) I.1 5 2.5 30 10 12.7 997 3 27 598.2 25 I I.2 5 2.5 30 15.2 12 2 177 3 59 598.2 38 I I.1 5 4.5 45 10 12.7 997 5 27 2 687.0 25 II I I.2 5 4.5 45 15.2 12 2 177 3 98 2 677.2 38 () 1.,,, (1 ) : 50,, () w0,, 2% (5 ),, m w : m w = m0 : m0 m0 m w 0.01 ( w - w0 ) 1 + 0.01 w0 ( 3 20),,, 24h, 12h (2 ) : (), 53
2., 3 5, 5mm,, 3. d : :, g/ cm 3 ; w, % d = 1 + 0.01 w ( 3 21) d, w, dw, 3 4 34 45 cm 997cm 3 27 4.5kg 5 mm 1 2 3 4 5 3 4 ( g) 2 907.6 2 981.8 3 130.9 3 206.7 3 191.1 ( g) 1 103 1 103 1 103 1 103 1 103 ( g) 1 804.6 1 878.8 2 027.9 2 103.7 2 088.1 (g/ cm 3 ) 1.81 1.88 2.03 2.11 2.09 (g/ cm 3 ) 1.67 1.71 1.80 1.82 1.76 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 + ( g) 33.45 33.27 35.60 35.44 32.88 33.13 34.20 34.09 36.96 38.31 + ( g) 32.45 32.26 34.16 34.02 31.40 31.64 32.36 32.15 24.28 35.36 ( g) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ( g) 1.0 1.01 1.44 1.42 1.48 1.49 1.84 1.94 2.68 2.95 ( g) 12.45 12.26 14.16 14.02 11.40 11.64 11.36 12.15 14.28 15.36 ( % ) 8.0 8.2 10.3 10.1 13.0 12.8 16.2 16.0 18.8 19.2 ( % ) 8.1 10.2 13.0 16.1 19.0 = 15.8 % = 1.83g/ cm 3 4. 5mm 30 %, 5mm P 5mm, 5mm ( JTJ 051-93 d > 38mm ) 54
d m ax = 1 - P dm ax 1 + P Gs2 w (322 ) w 0 = w0 ( 1 - P) + P w2 (323 ) : dm a x, g/ cm 3 ; dm a x 5mm,, g/ cm 3 ; w, g/ cm 3 ; P5mm ( ) ; Gs2 5mm ; w 0, % ; w0 5mm, % ; w2 5mm, % ( ) 1. 3 4,,,,,,,, 1h, 2. 3 5, 3 5 ( kg) (cm ) (cm ) (cm ) ( cm) (cm 3 ) ( J ) ( mm) 4.5 5.0 45 10 12.7 997 5 27 2.687 25 4.5 5.0 45 15.2 12.0 2 177 5 59 2.687 25 4.5 5.0 50 15.2 12.0 2 177 3 98 2.677 40, Q w = Qn 1 + 0.01 wn Qc + 1 + 0.01 wc 0.01 w - Qn 0.01 w n 1 + 0.01 wn Qc - 0.01 wc 1 + 0.01 wc : Q w, g; ( 3 24) 55
Qn (), w n, % ; Qc, g, wc, % ; w, % 1 h, 5 % 30 %, : : dm a x, g/ cm 3 ; d ma x = d m ax ( 1-0.01 P) + 0.90.01 PG dm a xg/ cm 3 ; P; G; w 0, % ; w, % ; w0, % 3. ( 3 25) w 0 = w0 (1-0.01 P) + 0.01 Pw ( 3 26) (1 ) 25mm, 40mm() (2 ) :1224h, 68h, 4h, 2h (3 ), 1h, 1h, (4 ) (5 ), 0.05g/ cm 3 ( ) 0.08g/ cm 3 ( ), 0.5% (10% ) 1.0% ( 10% ) ( ),, : f = c + tg ( 3 27) c, c 56
( ),, () (), 35,,,,, 3 6 c, 4, 1 2 3 f1 f2 f3, f, ( 3 7 ) a) b ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 7 ; 8 ;9; 10 ; 11 35 4 ; 5 ; 6 3 6 37,, 57
,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,, 35min 3050s 2.,,,,, 3., 1 4h, ( ) 1.,,,, 5% 8% 2. 3 8 38, : ( ), ; ( ), 15% 1/ 151/ 10 () ( 3 9 ),,,, 58
,,, ep ( 310 ), elg p ( 311 ) a) b ) 3 9 310 e - p 3 11 e - lgp ( ) ep elg p : 1. a = e 1 p2 - e2 - p1 ( 3 28) 2. cc = e1 lg p2 - e2 - lg p1 ( 3 29) 3. a cc 4. 5. a = mv = 0.435 cc p a 1 + e1 ( 3 30) ( 3 31) 6. E = Es 1 - Es = 1 + e 1 a ( 3 32) 2 2 1 - = E s (1-2K0 ) ( 3 33) : p1 p2 pep elg p ; e1 e2 p1 p2 ; K0, 59
7. Pc elg p ( ) 1.,,,,,,, ;,, 2.,,,,,, ( JTJ 05193) 24h,, : ; (1 ) ; (2 ), (3 ),, ; (4 ),,,,, : ; 3 6 1.,,,,,, 60
3 6 : :,,,,,,,, 2.,, 3 12, 4,, ;,,, cu ( S r ): : M; D; H 3. cu = 2 M D 2 ( D 3 + H) ( 3 34), 313, 63.5kg, 76cm, 51mm, 35mm, 500mm,, 42mm, 15cm, 30cm, N, N 61
312 313 N, N, :,, 4.,, :, : ; ( 50m,, 70m), 314 ps ; qc fa ps qc f a,, 5.,,,,,,, ; ( 2.5mm/ min ),, - ( p - S ), E0 6.,,,,,, 62
7.,,,,,, : (1 ),, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,, 314 a) ; b),,,,,,,, () (),,,,,, () (),, 1. :10mm, 2mm 90% ; 63
2. :30mm, 20mm 85% ; 3. :50mm, 40mm 85% ( ) (),,,,,,, ( ),, 38, ( ) () 1. (1 ),, 5, 40, 17 : 35% ; 40% ; 30% (2 ) 1520 ( ), 15 % 0.8% 10 %, : 40% ; 35% ; 30% (3 ) 1220 ( ), 10% 2., ( 6h ), ( 325 ) 3. 3 7 III,,, 64, 3 8
,, 3 7 I I I I II I II II I I I I I II I II II I ( % ) 85 80 70 80 75 65 65 60 55 60 55 50 ( 5mm, % ) 7 11 17 10 14 20 ( % ) 4 4 4 4 4 4 0.71mm ( % ) 0.125mm ( % ), ( % ) 0 1 1 0 1 1 13 21-13 20-5 > 5 4 > 4 : 5 %,, I 75 % II 70 % I II 60 % 4. SiO2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3 70 %, 20% ; 2 500cm 2 / g, 35%,, 5., SiO2 Al2 O3, ( 700 1 100 ) kg/ m 3 30mm,, 6. 3 8 ( MPa) 3 8 34 1.5 23 1.5 0.8 0.8 0.50.7 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.5 : ( 7 ), 7d 0.5 MPa; 7, 7 65
( ) 3 9 310 3 9,, ; ( ),, ( ) ; ; 3 10 2, 2, 2 000m 3 2 ( ) 0.5 mm, 2, 2 000m 3 2 100g,, 2, 2 000 m 3 2, 2 1 000cm 3 2, 2 000 m 3 2, 2 2, 2 1, 2 66
( ) EDTA 1. (1 ),, ( 7d ) ( 2% ),, 10min (2 ) 2. (1 ) ( )50mL, 1 (2 ), 1 (3 ), 1 (4 ) : 10mL, 10 (5 ) ( ) : 200mL, 20 (6 ) : 2 000mL(1 000mL),1 ; 300mL,10 (7 ) : 1 000mL, 1 (8 ) : 1 200mL,10 (9 ) ( ), 10 (10) :100mL 5mL, 1 ; 50mL, 2 (11) :60mL, 1 ( ) (12) :500g 0.5g 100g 0.1g, 1 (13) 1 (14) :9cm, 10 (15) :12 13cm, 1 (16) : 2.0mm 2.5mm, 1 (17) (1 2 ), 1 (18) : ph12ph14 ( 19 ) 20L, 1 ( ) ; 10L, 2 (EDTA ) ; 5 L, 1 () (20) (21) ( ) 500mL, 1 3. (1 ) 0.1mol/ m 3 ( EDTA ): EDTA ( )37.226g,,, 1 000mL (2 ) 10% ( NH4 Cl) : 500g ( ) 10L, 4 500mL,, 1 000mL, (3 ) 1.8 % ( ) : 100g 18g ( NaOH) ( ), 1 000mL, 1 000mL, 67
, 2mL (), (4 ) : 0.2g ( C21 H13 O7 N2 SN a, 460.39 ) 20g 1051h,,,, 4. 1) :, 2.0mm 2.5mm, ( 0% ) 2) : (1 ) : = (2 ) : (1 + ) 300g = (1 + ) = / ( 1 + ( ) ) () = - = (1 + ) = (1 + ) = 300g - - 3) 5, 2 ( ), : 1 :2 300g 2, (300g ) 2 : 2 2 %, 300g, 2 3 4 5 : 2 4% 6% 8 %, 300g, 6, 1 :, 100g :, : 0 % 2 % 4 % 6 % 8 %, 4), 600mL10%, 3min( 110120 ) ( ), 1 000mL, ( ) 3min ( 120 5 ), 4min[ 4min,,,, ( ), ], 300mL,, : 100g, 200 ml10 % 5) ( 12cm ) 10.0mL 200mL, 500mL1.8 % ( ), ph 12.513.0 ( ph1214 ), ( ),, EDTA, EDTA ( ml, 0. 1mL) 68
6),, EDTA 7) EDTA, ( % ), 315, 3 15 5. (1 ), 300g,, 600mL10 %, (2 ), EDTA, (315 ) 6. (1 ), (2 ),,,,, (3 ),, ( ) 1. 2. (1 ) ( PVC ),1 (2 ), 232( 330), 1 (3 ), 1 (4 ) : 0.1g 0.5g, 1 (5 ) : 1 000mL 200mL 50mL, 1 (6 ) : 1 000mL, 10 ( 10 ) ;500mL,4 (7 ) : 2 000mL, 1 ;300mL,10 ; 50mL,15 (8 ) : 1 000mL, 1 (9 ) ( ) : 10L, 2 ; 1 000mL,3 ; 250mL, 2 69
(10) :2mm 2.5mm, 1 (11) :100mL, 1 (12) :1 (13) :90mm, 10 ; 50mm,15 (14) :1 (15) :20 (16), 1 (17) :500mL, 1 (18) :,,, 3. (1 ) 10% 100g, ( ) 900mL,, :, (2 ) 10-1 mol/ m 3 ( CaCO3 )180 2h, 45min 10.009g 300mL,, 15 ( 18mL 90mL ),, 5min, 1 000mL,, 950mL, 20%, ph 7,, 1 000mL : ( ), (3 ) 10-2 mol/ m 3 100mL10-1 mol/ m 3,, 1 000mL (4 ) 10-3 mol/ m 3 100mL10-2 mol/ m 3,, 1 000mL (5 ) 1 000mL, 1 000mL, 0.1g ( KCl) 70g, 300mL, 200mL,, ( ), (6 ) 20% 0.1g 40g ( NaOH) 300mL, 160mL, (,, ) 70 4. (1 ) :,, 10-1 mol/ m 3
15,, 10-2 mol/ m 3 2h,, (2 ) :,,, (3 ) :, 20min 5. (1 ) : 2mm 2.5mm (2 ) : 2mm 2.5mm, (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) 6% 14% (6 ) : 6% 14% 0.1g 0.5g (5 ), 300g, 1 000mL ( ), () (5 ), 10 % 600mL ( ) 2min, 120 5, 4min 500mL,,,, 6% 14% 10d :, 16 % 18 % 16.0 18.0 ;, 100g 500mL, 200mL10 % 6. 2530mL 50mL, 6%, ( 3 16 ),, I, 6.0 ;, 6%, 14%,,, II, 14.023 6% 14% 6.0 14.0, 7. ( 1) 1 000g,, 2mm 2.5mm (2 ) 0.5g 300g, 1 000mL, 10% 600mL ( ) 2min, 120 5 4min 2530mL 50mL,, 71
,,, 8. (1 ) 6% 14%, (2 ), 6% 14 % ( 16 % 18% ), (3 ),, (4 ) 316 (5 ), (6 ), 10-3 mol,,,,, (7 ),, 72 ( ) 1. 2. (1 ) : 0.15mm, 1 (2 ) : 502501 (3 ) : 25cm, 1 (4 ) : 30mm50mm, 10 (5 ) : 1213mm,1 (6 ) :,1 (7 ) : 0.1g, 1 (8 ) : 1 500 W, 1 (9 ) : 20cm20cm, 1 (10) :3mm,1 (0.25kg) (11) :250mL, 20 (12) :, 3 (13),1 (14) :20L,1 (15) :5 000mL, 1 (16) :300mL, 10 (17) :250mL 1 000mL, 1 (18) :200mL 100mL 50mL 5mL, 1 (19) :250mL 1 000mL, 5
(20) :1L, 1 (21) :50mL, 5 ; 250mL( 300mL),10 (22) :60mL, 4 ; 250mL, 5 (23) :60mL, 3 (24) :50mL, 2 (25), 1 (26) :25mL 50mL, 1 (27) :7cm,10 (28) :8mm250mm 4mm180mm, 10 (29) :5 (30) :8mm150mm, 5 (31) :1 3. (1 ) ( ) (2 ) : 0.5g 50mL95% (3 ) 0.1 % : 0.05g 50mL (4 ) 0.5N :42mL ( 1.19) 1L, 0.8001.000g(0.002g) 1802h, 250mL, 100mL ; 23 0.1%,,, 3min,,,, : : N; Q, g; V, ml 4. N = Q/ V0.053 ( 3 35) (1 ) :, 2mm 200g,, 20g 0.10mm, 10, 1001h,, (2 ) : 10, 105 110 1h,, 5. 0.5g(0.000 5g) 250mL, 5g, 15, 50mL, 15min (, ), 73
, 23, 0.5 N ( 23 ), 30s 6. ( X1 ): X1 = VN0.028 100 G : V, ml; 0.028 ; G, g; N 7. ( 3 36), ( ) 1. 2. 3. (1 ) 110 :1 ( 1.19 )10 (2 ) ( ph = 10 ) :67.5g 300mL, ( 0.90 )570mL, 1 000mL ( 3) K B(12.5 ): 0.3g K 0.75g B 50g 105, (4 ) EDTA : 10gEDTA,, 1 000mL (5 ) : 1.7848g 105 ( 2h ) ( ), 250mL, 110 100mL,,, 1 000mL,, 1mL 1mg (6 ) 20% : 20g 80mL ( 7) : 0.2g 20g 105, (8 ) 10% : 10g 90mL (9 ) ( 12) :1 2 4.EDTA 50mL 300mL, 100mL ; 0.1g, 20% ; 34mL, EDTA, 74 EDTA ( 3 37) :
: TCa O = CV1/ V2 ( 3 37) TC ao EDTA, 1mLEDTA EDTA ( T M go ), 1mLEDTA (3 38 ) : 5. 40.31 T M go = TC ao 56.08 = 0.72 T CaO ( 3 38) 0.5g(0.0 005g), 250mL,, 30mL 110,, 810min, 250mL,, 25mL, 250mL, 50mL, 1mL 5mL, - 10mL K - B 0.1g EDTA, EDTA V1 25mL, 300mL, 150mL, 5mL 20% 5mL, 0.1g EDTA,, EDTA V2 6. ( X2 ): X2 = T M go ( V1 - V2 )10 100 G1 000 : T M go EDTA ; V1 EDTA, ml; V2 EDTA, ml; 10 ; G, g 7. ( 3 39), ( ) 1. 5% :,,,, 2. 75
, ( 11 ) ( 17 ) 250mL ( 18 ) 100mL 50mL ( 19 ) 250mL, ( 20 ) (21) ( 22 ) (25) ( 27 ) 3. (1 ) 1N : 83mL( 1.19 ) 1 000mL, 0.5N, 1.52g (2 ) 1 % 4. 0.81.0g(0.000 5g) 300mL, 150mL 10, 5min,, 2,, 23,,,,, 5min, 5. ( CaO + MgO) % = : V, ml; N; G, g; VN0.028 100 G ( 3 40) 0.028,,, ( CaO + MgO) % CaO 6., 1. ( ), :, = 11,, ;, 2., 2 000m 2 :, Cv 10%, 6 ; Cv = 10% 15%, 9 ; Cv > 15 %, 13 76 3. (1 ) : 40mm 25mm(20mm) 5mm (2 ) : :
(10mm ) := 50mm50mm; (25mm ) := 100mm100mm; (40mm ) := 150mm150mm (3 ) (4 ) : 400kN (5 ) ( 2001 000kN) (6) : 50mm, 4.5kg, 450mm (7 ) : (8 ) : 50mm (9 ), 200kN (10) : 0.01g (11) : 10kg, 5g (12) 4. 1) (, 50 ),,, 40mm ;, 25mm 20mm ;, 10mm,, 100g; 25mm, 1 000g; 40mm, 2 000g 2) ( JTJ 057-94)T 0804-94 3) (1 ), ( ), 6 ;, 9 13 (2 ), 50mm 50mm, 1 180210g; 100mm100mm, 1 1 7001 900g; 150mm150mm, 1 5 7006 000g, 6 ;, 3 ;, (3 ) ( 400mm600mm70mm ), ( ) 3%, ( 324 ), :1224h;68h; 4h ;2h 77
(4 ), ( ), 3 % ( ), 1 h, 1h, 4), m1 ( g) : : V ; w, % ; d, g/ cm 3 m1 = d V (1 + w ) ( 3 41), 2cm m1 ( g) 23 ( ), 50mm 50mm,,, 2cm () ( ) ( ), 1min,,,, () m2, 1g; 2g; 5g h, 0.1mm, (,, ) 5.,,,,, 7d, 20 2, 25 2,, 2.5cm, m3, : 1g; 4g; 10g, 6. (1 ),, m4 (2 ) h1, 0.1mm (3 ) ( ),,, 1mm/ min P( N) 78 (4 ) ( ) w 1
7. 1) Rc : : Rc = P A : Rc = P A : Rc = P A = 0.000 51 P( MPa) ( = 0.000 127 P(M Pa) ( = 0.000 057 P(M Pa) ( 3 42) 3 43) 3 44) : P, N; A, A = 4 D2 ; D, mm 2) Cv ( % ) : 10% 15% 20% 8., (1 ) Rc : : Rd, MPa; ; Cv ( ) ; Rc Rd/ (1 - Za Cv ) ( 3 45) Za, : 95%, Za = 1.645; :90%, Za = 1.282 (2 ), 9. : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ( % ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ; (4 ) ( % )( ); (5 ) ( 0.01g/ cm 3 ) ; (6 ) ( % ) ; ( 7) : 2.0M Pa,, ; 2.0MPa, 1 (8 ) RcS Cv 95% Rc0.95 ( = Rc - 1.645 S) 1.,,,?? 79
2.,? 3.,,? 4.? 5.?? 6.? 7.? 8.? 9.,? 10., d < 0.074mm,? 11.? 12.? 13.? 14.? 15.???? 16., 17. e? 18.? 80
,,,,,, ( ), ( ),, 1. (), 80 % 87%, 10% 15 %, 0.3%,,, :,,, ;, ( ), :,, :,, 3/ 4, 2/ 3;, ; ( ) : 81
(1 ), 1.0, 1.0, 1.0; (2 ) ; (3 ),,,,, (4 ), 45 51,,,,, 30 70,, :,,,,, 2. (1 ), : ( 41 ), A - 60, A - 100, A - 140, A - 180 A - 200 5, A - 60 A - 100,,, 4 1 A - 200 A - 180 A - 140 A - 100 A - 100 A - 60 A - 60 (25,100g,5s) (0.1mm) 200300 160200 120160 80120 80120 5080 4080 (25,5cm/ min) (cm) - 100 100 90 60 70 40 () () 3045 3545 3848 4252 4252 4555 4555 ( ) ( %) 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 (163,5h) ( %) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( %) 50 60 60 65 65 70 70 (COC) () 180 200 230 230 230 230 230 82
( JTJ 032-94 ),, ( J TJ 052 M0611)4 2 AH - 50 AH - 70 AH - 90 AH - 110 AH - 130 5 ;,, 15,, 4 2 AH - 130 AH - 110 AH - 90 AH - 70 AH - 50 ( 25, 100g,5 s) ( 0.1 mm) 120 140 100120 80 100 60 80 4060 (5 cm/ min, 15 ) ( cm) 100 100 100 100 100 ( ) ( ) 40 50 4151 4252 44 54 4555 (COC) ( ) 230 ( ) ( % ) 3 (15 ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( ) ( % ) 99.0 (163, 5h) ( % ) 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 ( % ) 45 48 50 55 58 ( 25 ) ( cm) 75 75 75 50 40 ( 15 ) ( cm) (2 ),, AC( R ) - 1 AC( R) - 2 ; AC(M ) - 1,, A( M) - 6 AC ( S) - 1,, AC ( S ) - 6 6, (3 ),, ( 43 ) 1. 83
4 3 PC - 1 P A - 1 PC - 2 PA - 2 PC - 3 PA - 3 BC - 1 BA - 2 BC - 2 BA - 2 BC - 3 BA - 3 ( % ) 0.3 ( + ) ( - ) ( C 25, 3 ) ( s ) 1245 8 20 12 100 40 100 ( E 25 ) 3 15 16 3 40 15 40 ( % ) 60 50 55 60 (100g,25, 5s ) ( 0.1mm ) 80 200 80 300 60 160 60 200 60 300 80 200 ( 25) ( % ) 80 ( ) ( % ) 97.5 5d ( % ) 1d ( % ) 5 1, 2/ 3 - - -, 1.18 mm ( % ) - 5 ( - 5) ( J TJ 032-94 ) : 1) (1 ) ( AC) (2 ) ( AM ) ( ) 2) (1 ) :, : (2 ) 84
: :, : (3 ) :,, : (4 ) :,, 10%, : a.i : 3% 6% ; b.ii : 4% 10% :,, 15%, ( 10% 15 % ) (5 ) 4 : : 26.5mm (30mm) ; : 16mm 19mm(20mm 25mm) ; : 9.5mm 13.2mm( 10mm 15mm) ; : 4.75mm(5mm), 4,, 37.5mm (40mm ) 2. 3 : (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,, 85
,,,, (3 ),,,,, 3. ( J TJ 032-94 ) 4 4 : ; ;, ( ) ( ; I II ) 4., 4 4 ( ) 75 50 50 50 35 35 1. MS( kn) I I I > 7.5 > 5.0 > 5.0 > 4.0 > 3.0-2. FL(0.1mm ) I I I 20 40 20 40 2045 2045 25 - I 3 6 36 36 3. VV ( % ) I I 4 10 4 10 - > 10 > 10-4. VFA ( % ) I I I 70 85 60 75 7085 6075 7590-40 60 4060-5. MS 0 ( % ) I I I > 75 > 70 > 75 > 70 > 75 - : 1. 1kN 2.I 2 % 6 % 3. ( VMA) : 86
( mm ) 37.5 31.5 26.5 19.0 13.2 9.5 4.75 VAM, ( % ) 12 12.3 13 14 15 16 18 : (1 ),, ;,,,,,,,,, ( JTJ 032-94 ) :, ( M 0671-93 )( AH - 50AH - 130 ),, ( A - 60A - 100 ), 4 5,,,,, 4 5 A140 A180 A200 A 140 A 180 A 200 AH90 AH110 AH130 A100 A140 AH 90 A H110 AH 130 A100 A140 T5 T 6 T6 T7 T 6 T7 T7 T8 A100 A140 A180 A 100 A 140 A 180 AH90 AH110 A100 A140 AH70 AH 90 A60 A 100 T6 T 7 T6 T7 T 7 T8 T7 T8 A60 A100 A140 A60 A 100 A 140 AH 50 AH70 AH90 A100 A60 AH50 AH 70 A60 A 100 T6 T 7 T7 T 7 T8 T7 T8 T9 87
(2 ),, ( 46) 4 6 ( % ) 28 30 ( % ) 30 40 ( t/ m 3 ) 2.50 2.45 ( % ) 2.0 3.0 4 3 ( % ) 12 - ( % ) 15 20 < 0.075mm ( % ) 1 1 ( % ) 5 5 ( BP N) 42 ( % ) 28 ( % ) : 1. ; 90 50-40 40 40 2., 2.45t/ m 3, 3 %, ; 3.,,, ; 4. 3 %, 2 %,,, 46,, 40%,5mm 50 % ( ),, 6 88
, 46,,, 46 2%, 1% 47 47, (48), ( ) 4 7 ( mm) (, mm ) ( % ) 106 75 63 53 37.5 31.5 26.5 19.0 13.2 9.5 4.75 2.36 0.6 S1 40 75 100 90 100 - - 015-0 5 S2 40 60 100 90100-015 - 0 5 S3 30 60 100 90100-015 - 05 S4 25 50 100 90100 - - 0 15-05 S5 20 40 100 90100-0 15-05 S6 15 30 100 90100 - - 0 15-05 S7 10 30 100 90100 - - - 015 05 S8 15 25 100 95 100-0 15 05 S9 10 20 100 95 100-015 05 S10 10 15 100 95 100 015 05 S11 515 100 95 100 4070 015 0 5 S12 510 100 95100 010 0 5 S13 310 100 95100 4070 015 0 5 S14 3 5 100 85100 025 0 5 (3 ),, 4 9 89
4 9 ( t/ m 3 ) 2.50 2.45 ( > 0.3mm ) ( % ) 12 - ( % ) 60 50 : ;, 0.075mm ( ), 3 %, 5 %,,,,,, 410, 411,, ( 48 ), (4 ) () 3%,, 4 12, 2% ( mm ) 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075 ( mm ) 10 5 2.5 1.2 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075 ( % ) 100 90 100 65 95 35 65 15 29 5 20 0 10 0 5 100 90100 75100 5090 3059 830 010 05 100 90100 85100 75100 6084 1545 010 M x 3.7 3.1 3.02.3 2.21.6 05 4 10 4 11 ( % ) ( mm ) 9.5 4.75 2.36 0.6 0.075 ( mm ) ( mm ) 10 5 2.5 S15 05 100 85 100 4070 0 15 S16 03 100 85100 2050 0 15 91
( t/ m 3 ) 2.50 2.45 ( % ) 1 1 4 12 < 0.6 mm ( % ) < 0.15 mm ( % ) < 0.075mm ( % ) 100 90100 75100 100 90100 70100 < 1, 12%, 4%, 50 %,,,, 50 %, 4%,,, ( JTJ 032-94 ) ( 4 8 ),, ( JT J 052-93 ) ( M 0671-93 ),, ;, ( ),, ;,, 1 (1 ),, 0.1mm (2 ), 100g0.05g, 25, 5s, (3 ) 92
2. : (1 ) :, 0.1mm 50g0.05g, 50g0.05g, 100g0.05g,,,,,,,,, (2 ), HRC5460, Ra0.2m Ra0.23m, 2.5g0.05g, (),,, (3 ) :, 55mm, 35mm ( 200) ; 70mm, 45mm ( 200350 ) ; 350, 60mm, 125mL (4 ) : 10L, 0.1 ( ), 100mm, 50mm (5 ) : 1L, 80mm, (6 ) : (050 ), 0.1 (7 ) : 0.1s (8 ) :, (9 ) : (10) : 3 (1 ), 10mm,, (1530) 11.5h ( ) 1.52h ( ) 22.5h( ), 0.1 1 1.5h ( ) 1.52 h( ) 22.5h (),,,,, (2 ), 0.1(), 10mm,,,,, 93
, 5s,,,, :,, 5 s,, 0.5 3, 10mm,,,, 200, 3,, 3, 4. 3, 3,, 0.1mm ( 0. (0.1mm) 1mm) 049 2 50149 4 150249 6 250350 10 > 350 14 5. (1 ) 50( 0.1mm ), 2 (0.1mm), 4( 0.1mm ) (2 ) 50( 0.1mm ), 4%, 8% 6 (1 ),,, ;,,, ( ),,,, 23,,, (),,,, (2 ),, 94
,,,,,, (3 ), ;,,, (4 ),,, 7. (1 ) PI T 800 T 1.2,, (2 ) ( T 060493 ) (3 ) ( JTJ 05293 ) 15 25 30, 30, 5 (4 ) PI : a( 4 1 ) A, Alog Pe n : log P = AlogP en T + K (4 1) AlogPe n ( 41 ) 0.995,, b(42) PI, PIlogP en : PIlogP en = c( 4 3 ) T800 : T800 = log800 - K AlogP e n d(44)t 1.2 : (5 ) T1.2 = log1.2 - K AlogP e n [ 20-500 AlogP en ] [1 + 50 AlogP e n ] = 2.903 1 - K Alo gp en = 0.079 2 - K Alo gp en ( 42) ( 43) ( 44), P I T 800 95
T 1.2, (4 1),, ( JTJ 05293 T 0671 ),, 25 (5 0.25 ) cm/ min ;, 15 ( 50.25) cm/ min,, 15(),, 1 (1 ),, cm (2 ), 25 15, ( 50.05)cm/ min( 10.05) cm/ min, (3 ) 2 : (1 ) :, (2 ) :,, Ra0.2m, 4 13 (3 ) : ( Ra0.2m) (4 ) : 10L, 0.1,, 50mm 100mm (5 ) : (050 ), 0.1 (6 ) (7 ) ( 21) (8 ) : ( mm) 4 13 74.5 75.5 74 575 5 29.7 30.3 19.7 20.3 9.910.1 ( ) 9.910.1 3 (1 ),, 96
,, 30 40min, 0.1, 30min,,, 1 1.5h,, 0.5 (2 ),,, 25mm,,,,,,,,,,,,, cm,,, 4., 3, 3 100cm, > 100cm; 3, 1 100cm,, 3 ; 100cm, > 100cm;, 5. 100cm, 20% ; 30% 6. (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ),,,,,,,, 97
, 87.2%,,, 1 (1 ),, ( ), ( 50.5) / min, ( 25.4mm ), (2 ) 2 : (1 ), : : 9.53mm, ( 3.50.05) g : : :,,,,, 51mm 25.4mm, 12.7mm, 19mm : 8001 000mL, 86mm, 120mm :080, 0.5 (2 ) :,, (3 ) ( ) (4 ) : (Ra0.8m) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) ( 21) (8 ) (9 ) : 3. (1 ), 120, ( ) 80 100 30min,,, (2 ) 98
80 : a ( 50.5) 15min; b5, c, ;,, ( 50.5 ), 080, d,,, 3min ( 50.5 ),,, e,,, 0.5 80 : a (321 ) 15min; b 32, c( 1), 1 4.,,, 0.5 5. (1 ) 80, 1, 4 (2 ) 80, 2, 8,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( JT J 052 M 0611-93 ),,, ( ) 1. (1 ),,, 50g, 5h, 163 99
(2 ) (3 ),, 2. : (1 ) : 330mm330mm,, 1 250mm,,, (5.51) r/ min, 6, 10cm10cm, : (2) :,,,, ( 551 ) mm, ( 351 ) mm (3 ) : 0200, 0.5 (4 ) : 1mg (5 ) : 3. 1) (1 ) ( m0 ), 1mg (2 ), (500.5 ) g, ( m1 ), 1mg (3 ), ;, 20mm, 6mm ; (1631) 2) (1 ),,, 163, 5 h 5.25h : (2 ),,, ( m2 ), 1mg (3 ), ;,, ; 4. (1 ), ( - ), ( + ) : Lb = m2 - m1 m1 - m0 100 ( 45) : Lb, % ; 100 m0, g;
m1, g; m2, g (2 ) : Kp = P 2 P1 100 ( 46) : K p, % ; P1, 0.1mm; P2, 0.1mm 5.,,, 2 6. (1 ) 0.5%, 0.10 %, 0.20% (2 ) 0.5%, 0.20 %, 0.40% (3 ), ( ), 50g 139.7mm 9.5mm, 3mm, ( 1631 ) 5h, 25 15, 1501.01.5min,,,,, 75min, 1. ( T FOT) 3.2mm,,, 163, 5 h,, 2. : (1 ) : 200, 360 370mm, 4,,, (5.51 ) r/ min,,,,,, (2 ) :, 4 101
(3 ) : (0200), 0.5( ) (4 ) : 1mg (5 ) : 3. (1 ), ( m0 ), 1mg (2 ), 4 [ ( 500.5) g ],, ( m1 ), 1mg,,,, (3 ),, 6mm, (1631) 4. (1 ), ( 5.51) r/ min, 3, (2 ) 163,, ; 162, (1631 ) 5h, 5.25h (3 ),, ( m2 ), 1mg,,,, (4 ), ( 1631 ) 15min;,,, (5 ),,, 72h 5., (, ) LT = m2 - m1 m1 - m0 100 ( 47) : LT, % ; m0, g; m1, g; m2, g, : KP = P 2 P1 100 ( 48) 102
: : K P, % ; P1, 0.1mm; P2, 0.1mm : T 0, ; T 1, ; T 2, : : K n 60 ; T 0 = T 2 - T 1 ( 49) Kn 2 60, Pas; = 2 1 1 60, Pas : : C 6. : (410) C = loglog( 2 10 3 ) - loglog( 1 10 3 ) (411) (1 ),,, 2 (2 ) 7. (1 ) 0.4%, 0.04%, 8% (2 ) 0.4%, 8 %, 40% (3 ),,,,,,, ( JTJ 052 M 0671-93 ),, COC 1. (1 ) ( COC), 103
,,, (2 ) 79, 79 2. : (1 ) : : :, ( 63.50.5) mm, ( 33.60.5) mm, (9.40.4) mm, :, 145160mm 6.5mm,,, 58mm ( 4.00. 2) mm, :0400, 2 :,, 1.6mm, 0.70.8mm, ( ), 150mm, 2mm,, 1.0s : 500mm,,, (2 ) :,,, 600mm (3 ) 1kW, (1417) / min ( 5.50.5 )/ min 3. 1) (1 ),,, 50mm, (2 ),, 6.5mm, 16mm (3 ),, : 55 (4 ), (5 ),, ( 40.8 ) mm 2) (1 ), ( 1417 )/ min 56,, 28 ( 5.5 0.5) / min (2 ) 28, 2 150mm ; 1s (40.8) mm, 22.5mm 104
: (3 ),, 4. (1 ), 8, (2 ) 95.3kPa( 715mmHg ), 95.384.3kPa( 715634mmHg ), 2.8; 84.373. 3kPa(634500mmHg), 5.5 5. 8; 16,,,,,, - -, - -,,,, 1. (1 ),,, - 20 (2 ) 2. : (1 ) : (2 ) :,, ( P16) 1016m (3 ) (4 ) : 1mg 0.1g (5 ) : ( - 30+ 60), 0.5 (6 ) : 150mL 250mL (7 ) (8 ) : (9 ) ( 6090 ): (10) ( CO2 ) (11) (12) : U ( ) 105
3 1) (1 ),, 0.1g, ( 2) 150mL 250mL,, 1mg, (3 ),, (4 ) (5 ), 550 10 (6 ) 2) (1 ) ( mb )( 501 ) g, 0.1g,, (2 ), ( 55010 ),,, ( 3) (), 5 8min ( ) (45mL/ min), 1min ( ) 25min (4 ),,, ( m1 ), 0.05g (5 ),, ( 250mL ), ( m2 ), 1mg, 0.050.1g, 10g (6 ), ( ) U ( ), ( ) 70mm,, ( - 200.5 );, 11, ( - 200.5 ) (7 ) 10mL,,, 15mL, 25mL, 1h, (8 ) ( 50mL) 50mL ( 11 ), - 20, 15min (9 ),,,, 30min (10), ( ), U 106
,,, ( ), 30mL,,,, 5min,, (11),, 3, 1015mL, (12), 30mL ( 5060 ),,, 35mL, ( ), (13),, 1015mL (14), 105 5, ( 105 5, 21 35 kpa)1h, 1h, m3, 0.1mg 3), 3 4. (1 ) : Pp = m 1 m w mb m2 : Pp, % ; mb, g; m1, g; m2, g; 100 (412) m w, g (2 ) ( g),,, 0.075g 3,, ( % ) :,, 5 : ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) 0.01.0 0.1 0.3 1.03.0 0.3 1.0 > 3.0 0.5 1.5, 99%,,, 10 %, 10%, 107
1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ) 2. : (1 ) : 100g, 0.2mg (2 ) : 200mL (3 ) : 50mL (4 ) : 2.6cm, 0.6mm (5 ) : 250mL (6 ) : (7 ) (8 ) : 100mL (9 ) (10) : (11) (12) (13) (),, 3. 1) (1 ) (2 ),,, ( 1055 ) ( 15min),, 30min, ( m1 ), 0.2mg (3 ) ( m2 ), 0.2mg 2) (1 ) 2g( m3 ), 0.2mg (2 ), 100mL,, 15min (3 ),,,,,, (4 ), ; ( 105 5) 20min;, (5 ) ( 305 ) min, ( m4 m5 ), 0.3mg 4. : 108
Sb = [1 - ( m 4 m1 ) + ( m5 - m2 ) ] 100 (413) m3 - m2 : Sb, % ; m1, g; m2, g; m3, g; m4, g; m5, g 5., 0.1%, 99.0%, 0.01 % ; 99.0%, 0.1% 6. 99.0%, 0.1%, 0.5%,,,,,, 1. (1 ), t/ m 3 g/ cm 3,, 15 (2 ),, 25 (3 ) (15), ( 25/ 25) ; ( 25/ 25), ( 15) (15) (25/ 25) : (25/ 25) = 0.996 ( 15) :, 2. : (1 ) :,, 2030mL, 40g (2 ) : 0.1 (3 ) : 200, (4 ) : 1mg (5 ) : 0.6mm 2.36mm 109
(6 ) : 050, 0.1 (7 ) : 600800mL (8 ) (9 ) :, ( ) (10) () (11) : ( ) (12) : 3. 1) (1 ), ( m1 ), 1mg (2 ),, 40mm (3 ) 0.1 2) (1 ), 100mm,, (2 ) 30min,,, (3 ),,,, ( m2 ), 1mg, (4 ) m2 - m1 :, 3) (1 ) ( 0.6mm), (2 ) ( 0.1), 40mm (3 ) 30min,,, (4 ), ( ), ( m3 ), 1mg 4) (1 ),, 2/ 3, (2 ),, 1h, ( m4 ), 1mg (3 ),, ( ), 30min,, 110
,,, (4 ) 30min,, ( m5 ), 1mg 5) (1 ),,, 50 (2 ) 50100g, 0.6mm 2.36mm 0.62.36mm 5g, ( m6 ), 1mg (3 ),, 10mm, (1% ),,, (4 ), (), 98kPa(735mmHg)15min,,,, :, (5 ),,, (6 ) ( 0.1) 30min,, ( m7 ), 1mg 4. (1 ) : b = m3 - m1 m2 - m1 w (414) b = m3 - m1 m2 - m1 (415) : b, g/ cm 3 ; b ; m1, g; m2, g; m3, g; w, 15 0.999 10g/ cm 3, 25 0.99 703g/ cm 3 (2 ) : b = m4m1 ( m2 - m1 ) - ( m5 - m4 ) w (416) b = : m4, g; m5, g m4m1 ( m2 - m1 ) - ( m5 - m4 ) (3 ) : (417) 111
b = m6 - m1 ( m2 - m1 ) - ( m7 - m6 ) w (418) b = m6 - m1 ( m2 - m1 ) - ( m7 - m6 ) (419) : m6, g; m7, g 5.,,, 3, 6. (1 ), 0.003g/ cm 3 ; 0.007g/ cm 3 (2 ), 0.01g/ cm 3, 0.02g/ cm 3 (3 ) ( ) ( JTJ 032-94),,, 12h ( ),,,,, 1., ( JTJ 032-94 ),, 2.,,, : (1 ), 414 112
4 14 AC - 13 AC - 16 AC - 20 AC - 13 AC - 16 AC - 13 AC - 16 AM - 13 AC - 5 AC - 13 AM - 5 AM - 10 AC - 20 AC - 25 - - - - - - - - AC - 25 AC - 20 AM - 25 AC - 20 AM - 25 AC - 30 AC - 25 AC - 20 AM - 30 AM - 25 AM - 30 AC - 30 AC - 25 AM - 30 AM - 40 AC - 30 AM - 25 AM - 30 (2 ) ( D), 0.6 0.7, 0.5 : h/ D,, h/ D,,, h/ D < 2, h D h/ D 2, h/ D 2 30 35mm, 4 7cm, D 20 25mm;, 4 5cm, D 15cm;, 3cm,,, (3 ), 4 8 (4 ),,,,, a.,, 0.075mm 2.36mm 4.75mm b., 113
() ( ) c.,, 3.,, ( JTJ 032-94),,, 1) (1 ) (2 ) 48 ( ), ( ) 2), 0.5 % 5, 3) (1 ),,, 41 (2 ) 41 a1 a2 a3, OAC1 : OAC1 = ( a1 + a2 + a3 )/ 3 ( 4 20) (3 ) 4 4 OACmin OACma x, OAC2, OAC2 = ( OACmin + OACm ax )/ 2 ( 4 21) (4 ) OAC1 OAC2 ( OAC), OAC1, 44 VMA,, OAC1 OAC2 OAC,,, (5 ) OAC1 OAC2 OAC,,, OAC2 OACmin, OAC2 0.5% 114
41 :, : a 1 = 6 35 %, a 2 = 6 2 %, a 3 = 5 2 %, OAC 1 = 5 92 %, OAC max = 6 45 %, OAC 2 = 5 93 %, OAC = 5 9 %, OAC2 OACm ax, OAC2 0.3% 4. OAC ( ), OAC OAC1 OAC2, OAC OAC1 OAC2,, I 75%, II 70%,, 5. OAC, ( J TJ 052-93, T0719), 60 OAC OAC1 OAC2 ( JTJ 032-94),, 60 : 800 / mm; 115
600 / mm,,,, 1,,, ;, 101.6mm 63.5mm, 2 (1 ) : 98.5mm (457.21.5 ) mm, ( 4 5369) g (2) : 200mm200mm457mm 305mm305mm25mm 4, ( 0.670.77 ) g/ cm 2,, ( 605) / min (3 ) :,, 10L ( 7080 ) r/ min, ( 4050 ) r/ min (4 ) :,, (5 ) : 3,, 101.6mm 87.0mm ( 120.6mm )( 101.6mm 69.8mm)1 (6 ) :, (7 ) :, 0.5g;, 0.1g (8 ) : (9 ) (10) : 1 (11) : ( ) 3 1) (1 ),, (17020 ) mm 2 / s ; ( 28030 ) mm 2 / s, ( 8510 ) s ; ( 14015 ) s 116, 4 15,
,, 4 15 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 130 160 110130 90120 80110 (2 ) 105 5 ( 46h ),, (3 ) ( ), (4 ),, 15( 163) ( 36 ), (5 ) (6 ), 100 1h 2) (1 ) 10 (2 ),, 11. 5min,,, 3min 3) (1 ) ( 1 200g),,, (2 ),, ( ), 15, 10 (3 ),, (4 ), ( ),, () 457mm ( 75 50 35 ) (5 ),,,, (6 ),,,,,,, ( 63.51.3) mm : : q, g; 63.5 q = q0 h0 (422) 117
q0, g; h0, mm (7 ),,,, ( 12 h ) 1, 12h,, 2 (1 ) : 3kg, 0.1g; 3kg, 0.5g; 10kg, 5g, (2 ) (3 ) :,, (4 ) :,, (5 ) 3 (1 ) ( ), 1.25, 5 (2 ), ( m a ) (, 5g) (3 ),, ( ), 1min, ( m w ) :,,,, 4. (1 ),, 3 : s, g/ cm 3 ; ma, g; m w, g; s = w, 1g/ cm 3 (2 ) m a ma - m w w Pa, t, 3 : (423) 118 t = P1 1 + P2 100 + Pa + + Pn 2 n + Pa a w (424)
Pb, t : : t, g/ cm 3 ; t = P 1 + P 2 1 100 + + P n + P b 2 n a n P1 Pn ( P i = 100) ; 1 P 1 P n ( n i + Pb = 100) ; 1 n ; 1 P w (425) :, > 1.5 % Pa ( ), % ; Pb ( ), % ; a ( 25/ 25) (3 ), 1 : VV, % ; VV = ( 1 - s/ t ) 100 t, g/ cm 3 ; s, g/ cm 3 (4 ),, 1 : VA = VA = b t a s 100 Pa s (100 + Pa ) a w : VA, % (5 ), 1 : VMA = VA + VV : VMA, % (6 ), 1 VFA = VA VA + VV 100 : VFA, % (426) (427) (428) (429) (430) 5. I ; I II, I, 2 % I II 1 101.6mm63.5mm, 119
, ( ) ( ), () ( ), 2 (1 ) : ( GB/ T11823 ), XY 25kN, 100N, ( 505) mm/ min, ( ) ( ) ( 16mm ) (50.8mm ) (2 ) : 1, 150mm (3 ) : (4 ) (5 ) : 0.1g (6 ) : 1 (7 ) (8 ) : 3 1) ( ) ( 63.5mm1. 3mm 2mm, ), 2)( ), 60 1 ( ) 3040min, 5cm 3) (), ( ),,,, 4),,, ( ), 5),, (505 ) mm/ min,, ( ) (, 30s) 6) (1 ),,, ( MS), kn, ( FL ), 0.1mm 120 (2 ) :
: T, kn/ mm; MS, kn ; FL, 0.1mm 7) T = MS 10 F L (431) (1 ) k,, n 3 4 5 6, k 1.15 1.46 1. 67 1.82 (2 ), 1,,, 1) A, AH - 90,,, 4 16 10,, 2) (1 ), 417, S7 (1030mm) S6, 26.5mm 78.1 %, AC - 25, 26.5mm, ( 26.5mm )1020mm S9 ;510mm S12 ; 35mm S14, 4.75mm, 418,,,, (2 ), 3.02,, 0.3mm, 4 19 4 20, (3 ) 4 21,, 2., AC - 25I, () 1) 121
,,,, 4.75mm 2.36mm 0.075mm, : 1030mm 1020mm 35mm = 302015287 4 22, 0.150.6mm, 0.075mm 4 16 ( AH - 90 ) ( 25, 100g, 5s) 0.1 mm 80 100 80 100 83 JTJ T0604 ( 5cm/ min ) 15 cm > 100 > 150 > 150 JTJ T0605 10 cm - > 30 > 150 JTJ T0605 T r & B 4252 42 52 44.7 JTJ T0606 ( ) % > 99.0 > 99.0 99.0 JTJ T0607 ( COC) > 230 > 230 342 JTJ T0611 ( 15 ) g/ cm 3 1.033 JTJ T0603 % < 3 < 2 0.64 JTJ T0615 60 Pas 126.5 JTJ T0602 135 mm 2 / s 323.3 JTJ T0619 % < 1.0 < 0.5 + 0.11 JTJ T0609 TFO T % > 50 > 70 79.5 JTJ T0604 25 cm > 75 > 100 > 150 JTJ T0605 15 cm > 80 > 150 JTJ T0605 10 cm - > 10 22 JTJ T0605 4 17 ( mm ) ( % ) 31.5 26.5 19 16 13.2 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 10 30cm 100 78.1 30.7 9.4 0 ( S7 ) 90 100 0 15 0 5 ( S6 ) 90 100 - - - 0 15-0 5 10 20mm 100 96.5 75.8 26.4 0 ( S9 ) 100 95100 - - 0 15 0 5 5 10 mm 100 99.2 99.2 4.9 0 ( S12 ) 100 95 100 95100 010 05 3 5 mm 100 74.8 8.3 0 ( S14 ) 100 85100 025 05 122
4 18 ( ) ( mm ) 10 30 1020 510 % < 20 15.0 % < 30 19.2 % - g/ cm 3 > 2.50 2.818 1 2.836 4 2.827 5 g/ cm 3 2.801 8 2.797 0 2.787 3 % < 2.0 0.85 % < 15 9.1 5.7 - % < 1 0 % < 5 % < 12, 4 19 : 3.73.1 : 3.02.3 3.02 ( g/ cm 3 ) > 2.50 2.622 7 > 60 64 - < 0.075mm ( % ) < 3 0.15 ( % ) < 12, 4 20 ( mm ) ( % ) 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075 100 92.8 86.1 63.9 38.9 10.4 1.1 0.15 123
4 21 g/ cm 3 > 2.50 2.014 < 1 < 1.0 % < 1 0.15 0.6m m % 100 100 0.3m m % - 98.3 0.15mm % 90 100 93.3 0.075 mm % 75 100 82.5 4 22 ( mm ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) 26.5 95 100 97.5 100 19.0 7590 82.5 81.8 16.0 6280 71.0 72.9 13.2 5373 63.0 65.9 9.5 4363 53.0 55.3 4.75 3252 42.0 44.2 2.36 2542 33.5 32.4 1.18 1832 25.0 26.3 0.6 1325 10.0 17.0 0.3 8 18 13.0 9.8 0.15 5 13 9.0 6.8 0.075 37 5.0 5.8 2) 3.5% 5.5%, 0.5%, 4234 244 25 4 23 ( % ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( kn) ( mm ) ( k N/ mm ) 3.5 2.604 2.442 6.2 57.2 14.5 9.24 2.18 4.46 4.0 2.585 2.467 4.5 68.0 14.1 11.26 2.14 5.37 4.5 2.556 2.483 3.2 77.1 14.1 13.90 2.35 5.99 5.0 2.548 2.495 2.1 35.4 14.2 12.00 2.42 4.92 5.5 2.530 2.491 1.5 89.6 14.8 8.99 2.55 3.59 124
4 24 ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) 3.5 5.6 60.0 6.2 57.2 5.8 59.6 4.0 3.9 71.2 4.5 68.0 5.1 65.4 4.5 3.0 78.3 3.2 77.1 2.5 81.3 5.0 1.9 86.4 2.1 85.4 1.8 87.2 5.5 1.3 91.2 1.5 89.6 1.5 90.0 4 25 / + + - / + / + + - / / / - - + / - + + / + - - - - / + + + - - / - + + ( JTJ 05393 ) B4.4 ( ) : OAC1 = 4.54% ; OAC2 = 4.31% ; OAC = 4.4% ; = 4.2%, ( J TJ 053-93 ), AC - 25I 424,,, 425 + ;- 3),,, 125
600.7M Pa, 3 150 / mm800 / mm,, 800 / mm, 1 500 / mm,,,, : (1 ), ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ), ; (5 ) 60;, 4) 4.4 %, 48h, 426 4 26 ( % ) (g/ cm 3 ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( kn) ( mm ) ( kn/ mm ) ( h) 4.4 2.566 2.456 4.5 70.8 15.2 14.18 2.84 5.00 0.5 4.4 2.566 2.482 3.3 76.8 14.1 14.29 2.81 5.24 48.0 100.1%, 75%, 100%, 4.4 %, 3., NBD - 120A - U,,,,,, 32mm 20mm 10mm 4mm, 427, 428 4. 75mm 2.36mm 0.075mm, : 126 4 ( 2030 )3 (1020)2 (410 )1 (04)= 242816266
4 3 2 1 4 27 ( mm) 20 32 10 20 4 10 0 4 ( g/ cm 3 ) 2.836 2.843 2.805 2.687 ( g/ cm 3 ) 2.803 2.801 2.744 2.801 ( g/ cm 3 ) 2.815 2.816 2.766 4 28 ( mm) 4 20 32 ( % ) 3 2 1 10 20 4 10 04 ( % ) ( % ) ( ) ( % ) 26.5 31.26 95100 97.5 98.6 19.0 7.65 100 7590 82.5 83.5 16.0 0.27 75.8 6280 71.0 71.1 13.2 40.0 100 5373 63.0 59.3 9.5 7.68 99.48 4363 53.0 50.1 4.75 0.22 36.46 100 3252 42.0 37.9 2.36 0.61 91.12 2542 33.5 29.8 1.18 77.24 1832 25.0 26.1 0.6 72.42 1325 19.0 24.8 0.3 18.56 818 13.0 10.8 0.15 3.02 100 513 9.0 6.8 0.075 0.68 83.7 37 5.0 5.2 4 29 ( % ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) ( kn ) ( mm ) ( kn/ mm) 3.5 2.636 2.418 8.3 49.9 16.5 10.10 21.7 4.71 4.0 2.617 2.455 6.6 59.2 16.1 11.93 22.7 5.36 4.5 2.597 2.492 4.1 72.9 15.0 13.09 27.0 4.92 5.0 2.579 2.480 3.8 75.9 15.9 11.86 27.6 4.31 5.5 2.560 2.452 3.2 75.7 17.4 10.01 32.3 3.12 127
, 429 0.3 %,, ( ): OAC1 = 4.63% ; OAC2 = 4.95% ; OAC = 4.8% ; = 4.6% 0.4%,,, 4.6% ( 4.4 % ), 1 600kg, : 4 ( 2030 ) : 1 600(1-4.4% )24% = 367( kg) 3 ( 1020 ) : 1 600(1-4.4% )28% = 428( kg) 2 ( 410) : 1 600( 1-4.4% )16% = 245 ( kg ) 1 ( 04 ) : 1 600(1-4.4% )26% = 398( kg) :1 600( 1-4.4 % )6 % = 92 ( kg) :1 6004.4 % = 70 ( kg) 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4.6%,, : 10.4kN, 3.8mm, 2.8%, 82.7 %,, 3%,, 4.92%,, : 11.1kN, 3.5mm, 3.7%, 78.5 %, 4.55%,,, 4 30,, 98%,,,, : 128
(1 ) 4 ( 2032 )3 ( 1020 ) ; 2 (410 )1 (04 ) = 2428 16266 (2 ) 431 ( 3) 4.6%, 4. 4%, 0.3% 4 31,, 4 30 5 25 6 4 ( ) 60 60 60 ( MPa) 0.7 0.7 0.8 ( / mm ) 2 300 1 820 972 2 060 972, ( ),,, AC - 25I 4 31 ( mm ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) 26.5 95100 97.5 98.6 7 (91.6 100 ) 19.0 7590 82.5 83.5 7 (76.5 90.5) 16.0 6280 71.0 71.0 7 (64.1 78.1) 13.2 5373 63.0 59.3 7 (52.3 66.3) 9.5 4363 53.0 50.1 7 (43.1 57.1) 4.75 3252 42.0 37.9 7 (30.9 44.9) 2.36 2542 33.5 29.8 6 (23.8 35.8) 1.18 1332 25.0 26.1 6 (20.1 32.1) 0.6 1325 19.0 24.8 6 (18.7 30.7) 0.3 818 13.0 10.8 6 (4.816.8 ) 0.15 513 9.0 6.8 6 (0.812.8 ) 0.075 37 5.0 5.2 2( 3.2 7.2 ),,,,,, 60,, 129
, ;, 1, 300mm300mm500mm 2 (1 ) :, 300mm, 300N/ cm,, ( 1001 ) % :,, 10kg 5, ( 50mm ) (2 ) :,, 30L, 10L (3 ) :, 300mm300mm, 50mm,, (4 ) :, 300mm300mm50mm, (5 ) :, (6 ) : 5kg 1g; 5kg, 0.5g, 0.1g (7 ) : (8 ) : 80mm80mm, 10mm,, 0.5kg (9 ) : 1 :, 300 mm, 0 300, 0.1, (10) : 3. (1 ), (2 ) 1001 h (3 ) ( V ) ( 0 ), 1.03, ( m = V 0 1.03 ), (4 ), ( ),,, (5 ),, (6 ), (, ), 130 ( 7), 100(, ),
,, 9kN( 300N/ cm) (8 ), 2 (4 ),,,, ( 1001 ) %,,, 12 ( 24 ) 100mm (9 ),,, 5, ( 1001 ) %, (10),, (11),, 12h 1 ( 300mm 300mm 50mm) ( 60), 0.7MPa,, 1mm,, / mm, 2 (1 ) : : : ( 300mm 150mm) :, 200mm, 50mm, 15mm ( )20844; 60782(23010 ) mm, (421 )/ min( 21 / min) ( ) : 60 ( 0.70.05 ) MPa, 700N, :,, 300mm, 300mm, 50mm :, LVDT : ( 0.5) (2 ) :,, ( 601) [ ( 600.5) ],, (3 ) : 15kg, 5g 3 131
(1 ) [ (0.70.05 ) MPa], (2 ), ( 601), 5h, 24h,, (600.5 ) (3 ),,,,, 1 h, 25mm, ( 42 ) : 300 mm, 1/ 3 (4 ) 4 2 45min ( t1 ) 60min ( t2 ) d1 d2, 0.01mm, 60min 25mm, 25mm( d2 ) t2, 15min t1, d1 : DS = ( t 2 - t1 ) 42 c1 c2 ( 432 ) d2 - d1 : DS, / mm; d1 t1 ( 45min ), mm; d2 t2 (60min), mm; 42, / min; 42 c1, 1.0, 1.5 ; c2, 300mm 1.0, 150mm (5 ) 0.8, 3 3 20%, 20%, 6 000 / mm, > 6 000 / mm (6 ) 20%,,,,, :, 132
(), ;,,, ( ) 1. (1 ),, (2 ), 13.2mm ( ) 13.2mm 13.2mm, 13. 2mm, 2 : (1 ) : 500g, 0.01g (2 ) : 80 1 (3 ) : 5mL (4 ) : 100mL (5 ) (6 ) : (7 ) (8 ) : 9.5mm 13.2mm 19mm 1 ( 10mm 15mm 25mm ) (9 ) : (10) (11) :200mm200mm (12) :300mm400mm (13) : 3. 13.2mm () (1 ) 13.2mm 19mm( 15mm 25mm), 13.219mm( 1525mm) 5,, (1055),, (2 ), 105 5 1h, ( 130 150 100 110)45s,,,,, 133
15min,,,,, 3min,,, 432 5,, 4 32, 0 5,, 10 % 4,, 30 % 3,, 30 % 2,, 1 4. 13.2mm () (1 ) 9.5mm 13.2mm( 10mm 15mm ), 9.513.2mm ( 1015mm)200g, 105 5,,, 80 1 (2 ) (9.513.2mm) 100g, 51h 100g ( 5.50.2 )g, 0.1g, 15min,, 11.5min,, 20,, 1h ( 802 ), 30min,,,,,, :,,,,, 134
4 32 5. 1 ( 60 1) 48h, 2, : : MS0, % ; MS0 = MS 1 MS 100 MS1 48h, kn; MS, kn (433) 1.,,, 97.3kPa(730mmHg)15min,, 15min, [ (601 )] 48h,, 2, : MS 0 = MS2 MS 100 : MS 0, % ; MS2 48h, kn; MS, kn (434), 25 2h, ; : (25) 20min, 0.09MPa 15min, - 18 16h, 60 24h, 25 2h,, 12.7mm, 50.8mm,, R = 0.006 287 FT/ h, FT ( N), h ( mm ), R ( MPa) R1, R2, R0 = R 2 100%,, R1 135
,,,,, ( JTJ 052-93 ),, () 1. (1 ),,, (2 ) ( ), (3 ), (4 ) 2. : : : : 10kg, 5g : 50cm, 10cm :,,, 3. (1 ) a. 8kg, 165, 4h b., ( ) 0.5 % 2 3, c. 3min d. ( 6kg ),, 16min :, 136 e. c d,,,
,, (2 ),,,,,,,, 8min ( 4min ), ( ), :,,,, 4., 0.2%, ( ) 1. (1 ) ( )1 ( 1) (2 ),,, 2. : ( 1) : 3 000r/ min,, (2 ) (3 ) : 1 700mL (4 ) (5 ) : 0.01g 1mg (6 ) : 1mL (7 ) : (8 ) : (9 ) : (10) :,, 3. 1) (1 ),, 100, 1 0001 500g ( m ) (,, ), 0.1g (2 ),, 137
, 2) (1 ),, 30min,, : (2 ), (3 ), 0.01g,,, (4 ),,, (5 ), 3 000r/ min,, (6 ), 35min,, ( 7),, 105 5,, ( m2 ) (8 ), 105 5 (4h ),, ( m1 ) (9 ), m3, (10) :, ( Va ) ml, 10mL( Vb ),, [ (500600) ], 1g 5mL,, 1h 105 5, ( m4 ) 4. (1 ) : m a = m1 + m2 + m3 (435) : ma, g; m1, g; m2, g; m3, g, : : 138 m3 = m4 V a Va, ml; Vb, ml; m4, g Vb (436)
(2 ) : Pb = m - m a m (437) : m, g; Pb, % ; Pa, % 5. Pa = m - m a m a (438), 0.3%, 0.3 % 0.5%,, 3 ;3 0.5 % ( ) 1. (1 ) ( )1 ( 1) (2 ) (3 ),,, 2. : (1 ) :, ( 250W ) (2 ) : 2mm,, (3 ) : 1g (4 ) :, (5 ) (6 ) : (1 000) 3. 1) (1 ) 23, ( ),,, ( m1 ), (2 ),, 11.5 (3 ), (100, 80), ( ), 1h, (4 ) 1kg( m), 1g, (5 ), 2) 139
(1 ) (2 ),, (3 ),,,, 810h (4 ),,,,,, [ (1055) ], 4h (5 ) ( m2 ) ( m3 ) (6 ) :,,, ( V1 ), ml, 10mL ( m4 ), ( V2 ), [ ( 500600 )], 1g 5mL, 1h, [ ( 1055 )] ( m5 ), 4. (1 ) : : Pb, % ; m, g; Pb = ( m - m 0 ) - m2 - ( m3 - m1 ) - m6 m - m0 m0, g(, ) ; m1, g; m2, g; m3, g; m6, g, m6 = m7 V 1 V2 100 (439) (440) : m7 10mL ( m5 - m4 ), g; V1, ml ; V2, ml (2 ), : PB = Pb 1 + : PB, % ; 140 Pc 100 - Pc (441)
Pb (439 ), % ; Pc, % 5., 0.3%, ( ) 1. (1 ) ( )1.( 1) (2 ) ( ) : ( Soxhlet ) (3 ), 2. : (1 ) :, (2 ) : 40mm, 140mm, (3 ) (4 ) : (5 ) (6 ) : 2kg, 0.1g; 500g, 0.01g (7 ) : (8 ) : (9 ) : (10) (11) :,,, 3. 1) (1 ),, 100, 200g ( m ), 0.1g (2 ),,, (3 ),, 180mm400mm, 40mm140mm,,,,, ( mp ), 0.01g 2) ( 1) 50 % 70 %, ; 200mL ; 141
(2 ),, (3 ),,,,,,, (4 ), 20min (5 ),,,,,,,, 105 5, (4h) (6 ),, ( ms ), 0.01g; ( m1 ), 0.1g (7 ), m3, (8 ) :, ml, 10mL,, ( 500 600), 1g 5mL,, 1h, ( 105 5), ( m4 ) 4. (1 ) : m a = m1 + m2 + m3 (442) : ma, g; m1, g; m2 ( m2 = m s - mp ) ; m3, g, : m3 = m4 V a V b (443) (2 ) : Pb = m - m a m Pa = m - ma m a (444) (445) : m, g; Pb, % ; Pa, % 5., 0.3%, 142
, 1 1. (1 ), (2 ), 2. : (1 ) : 53.0mm 37.5mm 31.5mm 26.5mm 19.0mm 16.0mm 13.2mm 9. 5mm 4.75mm 2.36mm 1.18mm 0.6mm 0.3mm 0.15mm 0.075mm,,, 60mm 50mm 40mm 35mm 30mm 25mm 20mm 15mm 10mm 5mm 2.5mm 1.2mm 0. 6mm 0.3mm 0.15mm 0.074mm (2 ) : 0.1g (3 ) (4 ) : (5 ) :, 3. (1 ), (105 5), :, 0. 075mm2. 36mm4. 75mm 5 ;, 0. 074mm2. 5mm5. 0mm 5, (2 ) ( ) 1 1.5kg, 0.1g,,,, 10min,,, 0.1 %,,, 0.1g,, 1% 4. 143
(1 ): Pi = mi m 100 ( 446 ) : Pi i, % (2 ) :, 0.1 % (3 ) : 100, 0.1% (4 ), 43, 43, 5.,,,,,,,,,,, ( NCAT )1990,,,, 35.6cm35.6cm35.6cm, 538, 2 4,,,, 538 1 h,, 4, 1,,4 4 4 144
,4,,, ( t/ h ) 100t/ h,1, 20%, 5%, 1 : 1000.950.2 = 19 ( t/ h ), 1 19t,,,, ( ) ( ),, ( ),,, 4 ( ), : 1. ; 2.,, ; 3. ; 4., 1,,, 10t, ( h ) ; 5., 1 ( t/ h) ; 6. ( )45, 1 ; ; 4) 7. 8. (4 4 4,,,,,,, 145
,,,,,,,,, (),, : 1. () ; 2. ; 3. ; 4., ; 5., ; 6.,,,,,,,, 7. ( ),,,,, (0.075mm 1 %, 2 % ) 0.075mm 2.36mm 4.75mm 4.75mm,,,, 1.,, (1020) 2., 3050s, 50s 3.,, 4.,,,, 146
,,,, 5. ( s ), ( ),,, 35s,,, 35s 35s, :,,,,, 40% 50% 1m 2,,, 1kg,24h :, 0.3mm,, ;,,, ( > 0.5mm),, ;,,,, ;,,,,,, 1., ; 2. 10m ( h) ; 3., ( ),, ( h) ; 4. K, : K = h / h (447) ( ),, : v, m/ min; v = 100 Q 60 DW T C (448) 147
Q, t/ h ; D ( 96% ), t/ m 3 ; W, m; T (), cm; C,, 0.7 v,, ;,,,, 6m/ min, 140 (, ), 130 120 110, 5m,,,, 110, 110 110,,, 5,, 5,,,,, 916t,, 30m,,, 10m,,,, 96% 148,,, 12,,,
,,,,,,,,,, 1. 2.? 3.?? 4. 5.? 6.?? 149
, : ; ; ; ; ; ; () 1. (1 ) ( ) [ ( 1055 ), 20], ( ) ( JTJ 054-94), ( ) () ( JTJ 054-94) (2 ), ( JTJ 054-94 ) (3 ), ( JTJ 054-94 ) 2. (1 ) ( ) ( ) 50mm50mm50mm ( 50mm ),, ( JTJ 054-94) (2 ), ( JTJ 058-94) () 5 1 150
( JTJ 054 M0201-94) 5 1 ( ) ( M Pa) ( % ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 > 120 < 25 < 4 I 2 100 120 2530 45 3 80 100 3045 57 4-4560 710 1 > 100 < 30 < 5 II 2 80 100 3035 56 3 60 80 3550 612 4 30 60 5060 1220 I II 1 > 100 < 30 < 5 2 80 100 3035 57 3 50 80 3545 710 4 30 50 4560 1015 1 - < 20 < 5 I V - 2-2030 57 3-3050 712 4-5060 1220 JTJ 054 T0212-94 JT J 054 T 0220-94 JTJ 054 T 0221-94 ( ), 5mm, 5mm ( ) 1. (1 ) () ( JTJ 058-94) ( JTJ 058-94 ) ( 151
)( JTJ 058-94 ) (2 ), (3 ) ( JTJ 058-94),,,, (4 ) 0.4 2.4 (5 ) 0.08mm 5mm,, 2.5mm 2. (1 ) (2 ),, 3. (1 ) ( J TJ 054-94) (2 ),, ( JTJ 058-94 ) ( ) 1. 2., 500g,, : (1 ) : (2 ) : (3 ) :, 100 (4 ) M x : 152
M X = ( A 2 + A3 + A4 + A5 + A6 ) - 5 A1 100 - A1 : A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 5mm 2.5mm 1.25mm 0.63mm 0.315mm 0.16mm : ( M x ( M x = 3.0 2.3) ; ( Mx = 2.2 1.6) 3. ( ) 1. (1 ) 5 2 = 3.1 3.7 ) ; 5 2 ( % ) C 50 C 40 C 30 C 35 C 30 12-16 - T0315-94 - 15-25 T0311-94 ( < 0.08 ) - 1.1-2.0 T0310-94 ( ) - 0.5-0.7 T0310-94 2.5mm 5 5 5 5 T0310-94, 8 T0314-94 12 SO 3 1 T0341-94 ;,, 95 % T0313-94 : C60,,,, 1.5, 80 MPa; 60M Pa; 30M Pa; C 10, 40 % ; - 5 ; C 40, 8 % ;,, (2 ) 5 3 153
5 3 ( mm ), ( % ) ( mm) 2.5 5 10 16 20 25 31.5 40 50 63 80 100 510 95100 80 100 0.15 0 - - - - - - - - 516 95100 90 100 3060 010 0 - - - - - - - 520 95100 90 100 4070-0 10 0 - - - - - - 525 95100 90 100-30 70-05 0 - - - - - 531.5 95100 90 100 7090-15 45-05 0 - - - - 540-95 100 7590-30 60 - - 0 5 0 - - - 1020-95 100 85100-0 15 0 - - - - - - 1631.5-95 100-85100 - - 010 0 - - - - 2040 - - 95100-80 100 0 - - 010 0 - - 31.5 63 - - - 95100 - - 75100 45 75-010 - - 4080 - - - - 95 100 - - 70 100-30 60 0 10-2. (1 ) 5 4 5 4, % C 30 < C 30 3 5 1.0 2.0 T0333-94,, 8, 12 J0340-94 ( ),,, 95 % J0336-94 2 T0337-94 1 T0338-94 SO 3 1 T0341-94 :, 3 %, 1.0 % ; C 10,, ;, 1 % ;,, ; - 5,, ; ;, 8 % 154