I...1...2...4...5...7...8...10...15...17...18...20 ()...21 ()...25 ()...32...37...43...49...57...62...68
...80...93... 104... 117... 125... 149... 159... 178... 193 II
2003 23 22.4.4 11 50 542 30 GPS 10 5 28 10 13 1
9 10 1 35 9 22 80 4 20 5000 7 8 2
3 3000 2000
4 ( ) 2003 3 21 25
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 2003 4 5 5 300 450 100 150 5
22 11 20% 400 550 600 2003 30 4 5 6 8 150 200 130 6
25 50% 3 1 3 7
2 4000 60 5 1 70 4 5 1 27 (26 ) 8
7 2002 12 8 1.1 9
4 4% 3% 2002 12 27 10
1 5 1 6 4 4% 2010 48 11
12 3% 20 90
13
2001 1548 1240 308 248 20% 434 35% 558 14
15 45% 10 1 27
1 25 60% 16
( ) 1 25 13 17
( ) 18
5717 19
25 40 150 () 675 6 ( ) 2003 1 17 2002 2003 2003 20
10 () 9 4 21
1 5 3 2 22
23
24
5 4 () 25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32 ()
33
34 VCD
( ) ( ) 35
[ ] 1929 1946 1950 20 70 1984 1993 1993 Marquis ( 1999 36
37 ) ( ) ( ) ( )
38 ( )
39 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
40 ( ) 2% 15% 12% ( )
41 ( ) ( )
42
43
44
45
46
47
53 200 48
49
1?4 2030 2220m 3 1760m 3 ( 1700m 3 ) 80% 53.6% 35.2% GDP 55.5% 39.1% 34.7% GDP 32.4% 7.7% 6 63% 50
39% 1997 31% 15 7 51
52 15 20 50 80
53 4 4 1996
200m 54
55 260 230m 20 20 6000 2000
20 50 56
1 57
2 ( ) 58
20%5% 90% 10 NOX 3 59
0.4 36L/day 9.38L/min 1.875L/min 50 50%( ) 60
( ) ( ) (0.5 1.0 /) 61
62
1 63
2 64
1 65
66
2 3 67
1 1.1 68
( ) ( ) 1.2 69
1.3 ( ) 70
2 2.1 ( ) ( ) 71
2.2 (3) 2.3 72
73 3 3.1 ( ) ( )
74 (4) ( ) ( ) ( ) IIA 750mm 1500mm
4 4.1 15%( 15%) 15% 4.2 ( ) 75
4.2.1 (2) 76
( ) (3) 4.2.2 (1) 77
(2) ( ) 78
5 2002 239 1# 6# 79
2194 6.86% (3) 80
1672-1683(2003)04-0000-00 X171. 4 A (Ecotourism) 4%[1] 10%~30% 1 45 km 360 km 2 81
km 2 130 20 50 667 hm 2 110.8 hm 2 6.7 hm 2 11 490 1.15 m 3 15 50 2.9% 80 0.2% 1960 3100km 180 300 458 t 2 t.km 70 1980 29 km 82
21 1997 1 3 11 4 8 5 5 4 5 ( ) 6.3 km 2 1/3 7 1995 3 895 385.4 hm 2 60% 74%90% 1998 145 m 3 48 m 3 45 m 3 2/3 83
2 2.1 2.2 84
85 2.3 3 3.1 3.1.1 150 60
86 10 18 93% 3.1.2 2 3.1.3
87 3.2 45km8km ( ) 4 4.1 4.1.1
4.1.2 4.2 88
4.3 Bulter 89
4.4 4.4.1 3 4.4.2 90
4.4.3 91
4.5 C=(T/T0)(A/A0) C T T0) A A0 92
( ) ( ) 5 [2] 1 93
9 060 km 2 12.9 530 mm 30 35 m 9 060 km 2 1999 586 82.4 503.1 61.5 hm 2 324.4 2 49 10 94
1999 1.71 m 3 21.98 m 3 23.69 m 3 2.06 m 3 50% 10.06 m 3 1.71 m 3 7.06 m 3 m 3 0.52 m 3 (2g/l )0.26 0.03 m 3 ( )0.48 m 3 23.53 m 3 ( ) 13.47 m 3 75% 9.2 m 3 23.53 m 3 1 4.33 m 3 2010 50% 12.37 m 3 ( 9 ) 2.59 m 3 7.06 0.52 m 3 0.57 m 3 0.05 m 3 ( ) 1.1 m 3 m 3 0.48 m 3 20.64 m 3 11.05 m 3 75% 12.37 m 3 28.8 95
m 3 17.7 m 3 2030 50% 14.39 m 3 3.17 m 3 7.06 m 3 0.52 m 3 1.07 m 3 0.15 m 3 1.93 m 3 0.48 m 3 27.66 m 3 m 3 m 3 13.26 m 3 75% 12.8 33.21 m 3 20.41 m 3 3.48 2010 7.57 m 3 3 1 96
( ) 4 4.1 2010 34 844 m 3 25% 36 590 m 3 50% 35 634 m 3 75% 31524 m 3 90% 25 151 m 3 97
2 4.2 (2010 ) ( ) 2010 3 5 5.1 P=25% P=25% 98
36 590 m 3 46 700 m 3 8 946 m 3 1 703 m 3 1 513 m 3 190 m 3 11 741 m 3 1 092 m 3 6 075 m 3 0 280 m 3 7 777 m 3 1 422 m 3 21 569 m 3 2 798 m 3 27 182 m 3 2 815 m 3 25% 5 329 m 3 5.2 P=50% P=50% 35 634 m 3 46 700 m 3 8 511 m 3 1 703 m 3 1 513 m 3 190 m 3 11 741 m 3 1 527 m 3 5 821 m 3 99
0 280 m 3 7 777 m 3 1 676 m 3 21 302 m 3 2 798 m 3 27 182 m 3 3 082 m 3 50% 6285 m 3 5.3 P=75% P=75% 31 524 m 3 46 700 m 3 6 564 m 3 1 703 m 3 1 513 m 3 190 m 3 m 3 1 1741 m 3 3 474 4 816 m 3 0 280 m 3 7 777 m 3 2 681 m 3 20 144 m 3 2 798 m 3 27 182 m 3 4 240 m 3 75% 10 395 m 3 5.4 P=90% 100
P=90% 25 151 m 3 46 700 m 3 7 546 m 3 2-12 12-2 171.4 m 3 1 703 m 3 1 513 m 3 190 m 3 m 3 1 1741 m 3 2 633.4 6 697 m 3 8-2 12-2 10-2 1 373.6 m 3 54 m 3 345 m 3 280 m 3 m 3 7 777 m 3 1 200 10 908 m 3 2798 m 3 27 182 m 3 13 476 101
m 3 90% 17 029.4 m 3 5.5 P=25% P=50% P=75%P=90% 5 329 m3.6 285 m3.10 395 m3.17 029 m 3 2 815 m3.3 082 m3.4 240 m3.13 476 m 3 53% 49% 41%79% P=25% 2 595 m 3.P=50% 2 784 m 3.P=75% 3 606 m 3 P=90% 5 000 m 3 5 156 m 3 90% 25 151 m 3 46 700 m 3 2-12 12-2 102
171.4 m 3 2 633.4 m 3 8-2 12-2 552.7 m 3 (2 ) 10-2 669.8 m 3 (1 ) 1373.6 m 3 (8-10 ) 345 m 3 2-8 1 200 m 3 10908 m 3 13476 m 3 m 3 90% 17 029.4 5 000 m 3 1.7 m 3 25% 2515 m 3 50% 2784 m 3 103
75% 3 606 m 3 90% 5 000 m 3 5 156 m 3 6 104
2002 12 27 1 1.1 105
106 461 km 25 1.2 1).
107 ( ) ( ) 2) 3) 1.3 6 1)
108 2). 300 800 3) 3 5 15
109 4) 5) 6) 2. 2.1 22
110 60 2.2 2.3
2.4 4 25 2.5 111
2.6 3 3.1 112
3.2 1.2 1.5 ( ) 3.3 22 60 113
5.09 1.7 4 13 4 12 3.4 114
115 3.5 3.6 ( )
116 4. 4.1 4.2
4.3 117
118 TV A 1672-1683(2003)04-0000-00 2002 12 27
119 () ( ) ( ) 1 ( )
2 120
(20%) 121
( ) 3 122
2002 7 11 ) ( 123
( ) 4 124
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) TV211.1+2 A 1672-1683(2003)03-0000-00 125
1 1.1 20 60 90 126
( ) ( ) ( ) 127
128 1.2-20 70 1) 2) 3) 4) 1) 2) 3) 20 60~70 30
1.2.1 ( - ) (1) (2) (3) ( ) (m 2 ) S (m) W(m 3 )W = S 1) 2) 3) 129
1.2.2 1) 2) 3) ( ) ( ) e (m 2 ) Sc (m) Wc (m 3 ) Wc = ìe Sc (1) 130
e = ãmâs + nãmâ= ãm(âs + nâ) e =ì1 m 1 =ã(âs + nâ) s n w 1 (1/m) m ßs n ( ) 131
1.3 ( ) ( 0.7~0.9) 132
( ) 2 133
44.6 m 3 /a 1. 23.6 m 3 /a 21.0 m 3 /a.1958 895.8 m 3 471.2 m 3 424.6 1 1 23.63 m 3 m 3 29.19 m 3 1 13.07 m 3 50% 1 3 ~ 134
4% [8] [2] 10.57% 10.57% 33.8 m 3 3.6 m 3 53.8 m 3 1 44.64 m 3 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 3 135
136 85%~90% [2] 2 1 2 200 mm/a 4 000 mm/a
( ) 30 30 30 137
36 41.9 m 3 28.8% 86.3 m 3 59.47% 2010 35.4 m 3 28.8% 54.7 m 3 43.9% 2030 37.0 m 3 37.0% 56.0 m 3 41.6% 138
4 55 m 3 2010 48 m 3 2030 25 m 3 33 m 3 88 m 3 2010 81 m 3 2030 58 m 3 2010 18.3 m 3 33 m 3 62.7 m 3 2030 41.1 m 3 16.7 m 3 2010 16.72 m 3 2030 28.37 m 3 (1999 ) 63.54 m 3 2020 139
33 m 3 2021 2030 33 m 3 16.7 m 3 25 m 3 2030 800 900 m 3 [3] 1.05 km 2 2010 140
5 5.1 1 2 [4][5] 500~600 mm 1994 1999 3[6] 74% 26% 56.15 m 3 131.98 m 3 42.5% 57.5% 141
5.2 1956 1985 63.5 m 3 217.7 m 3 144.6 m 3 142
5.3 425 m 3 200 m 3 150 m 3 1/3 1/2 6 6.1 143
6.2 144
(1) ( ) [7] 540 mm~600 mm 2.5~4 m 0.4~0.6 (2) ( 145
) 150~250 mm 0.15~0.25 50 mm 0.10~0.15 6.3 1 1) 4 2) 5 7 146
2~3g/L 2.15 km 2 22 m 3 3~5 g/l 10 m 3 6.6 m 3 4 6 g/l 2 4 g/l 1.2 1.6 [7] - 147
8 200~150 m 3 /s 150~100 m 3 /s 1958 50 1 500 m 9 1) 2) 148
3) 4) 33 m 3 5) 6) 7) 8) 149
11.5 1 150
151 1/4 2020 70% 1/5
2 152
2.1 153
2.2 2.3 154
2.4 3 155
156 3.1
3.2 SARS 157
3.3 158
80 1919 159
30 40 1947 1954 160
161 90 1870 10 1992 1992
162 175 70 1993 10
10 100 150 1500 100 163
5000 164
10 165
113 65% 166
167 35% 3 5
135 168
169
170 0.2 900
171 1998 1999 7000 1999
172 10 80 4000
10 2800 1999 2001 548 70 40 135 175 11800 113 173
174
175
9 176
177 4
1924 ( ) 30 178
1987 1996 30 28 5 300 6~8 1 000 179
1924 ( ) 6~2.5 1 500~8 000 2.5~0.65 10 000~13 000 ( ) 180
2 000~3 000 7 000 ( ) (1) ( ) 181
6~8 (2) 6~2.5 1 70 (3) 182
4.5 ( ) ( ) 1995 (4) 183
6 (5) 6 184
185 ( 2.4 0 ) (6) 4~0.65 2~8
(7) 4.3 (8) ( ) 186
187 (9) 5~80 2.5~5 (10)
188 (11) 3.9 ( ) 3.9 ( )
(12) 1.8 ( ) ( ) ( ) 40 70 ( ) 18~25 2.1~2.4 1963 30 (13) 189
30 200~2 000 (14) ( ) 1856 600~2 000 1932 1960 180 1985 170~205 1956~1985 190
(15) ( ) 46 4 191
192 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' '
(Structure measure) (Non-structure measure) ( ) 193
20 20 50 1 50 70% 2 3 194
4 26 km 250 1 1954 76 m 3 10 hm 2 1000 12 (80 ) 195
5 97 3.5 km 2 970 m 3 200 hm 2 1700 196
( 1998 ) 1 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 197
198 ) ( ) ( ) 1
2 12~24 1/5~1/3 3.1~7.5 199
200 1968 1973 3 4
1980 201
1998 1998 1 ( ) 202
1998 32 2010 2030 32% 40%50% 8.8 8.3 7.2 0.72 1.4-30~50-1 (1) (2) (3) 203
2 ( ) (1) GIS (2) 3 ( ) (3) (4) (5) (6) ( ) 204
1 (1) 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 (2) (3) ( km 2 ) 2 3 (1) 50 (1949 ) ( 10 ) (2010 2020 2030 ) ( ) (2) 205
4 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 5 (1) (2) (3) 6 1954 1000 (1) (2) 206
(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 7 1998 32 20 90 1998 9000 300 5 1954 2505 1545 1991 1999 207
1950 19% 5% 75% 10% 3000~4000km 2 208
8 209