1 2 2 3 11 4 14 5 16 6 7 21 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 45 16 17 18 19 20 56 58 59-1 -
1 1 2 10 200 1250 0.2 m I 1 1-1, 1-2 1 -- 30 160mm 170 mm 3-5 - 2 -
10mm 0.002mm 180 2 410 40 100 1-3 -
"40 0.65 160/0.17"40 0.65 N. A=nsin /2 n 10 0.25 1-1 d=0.61 /N.A, d nm nm N.A 160 160mm 0.17 0.17mm 510 16 "" = 2 1-3 1-4 3 1 5 6 cm - 4 -
2 3 5mm - 5 -
4 5 70~80% 1-5 6 7 4 1-2 3 7 1-6 3 4 4 5-6 -
6 II 1 1-7 2 10 20 80 2 87mm 2 160 26mm 3 1 2 3-7 -
1 2 mm 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-8 -
2 HB 2H 3H 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 2H 3H 2 1-9 -
2 HB 2H 3H 3 4 1 2 3 2 Notonecta montandoni - 10 -
3 1 2 3 ( ) 50 ml 0.076 mm 6 g 20 ml 4 g 80 ml ( ) lm 0.5 m "a" 10 20 min 1 100 1.5 1 ( ) 1 1 2-1 2 2-1 3 2-2 16 32 64( 32), - 11 -
2 2 l 1 4 2-3 2 128 1 2 4 1 l 2 4 8 2 2-4 - ( )( 2-1) - 12 -
1 2 3 4 -- () 5 1?? 2 2-13 -
4 1 2 410 40 100 1 ( 1.515) (N A=nsin /2, n ) d=0.61 /N.A (d nm nm N.A d Bacillus subtilis Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus haemolyticus Corynebacterium sp. Spirillum sp. Sphaerotilus natans Bacillus megaterium Bacillus thuringiensis Proteus vulgaris Clostridium acetobutylicum Azotobacter chroococcum 1 2 3 ( ) 1.5 cm 4 ( ) ( ) ( 0.2 mm) 5 ( ) 6 ( ) 7 ( ) 1 cm 1 2 2 1 4-14 -
" " 3 4 8 ( ) ( ) ()( )( ) ( )( ) 1 2! 3 4 1 2 3-15 -
5 1 2 ph Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli S. aureus ( ) ( 5-1) 1 2 3 4-16 -
5 ( ) 1 1-1.5cm2( 5-2A B) 2 3 2-3 ( 5-2C) 4 2min( 5-2D) 5 ( 5-2E) 6 ( 5-2F) 7 ( ) 1 (1) (2) 2 (1) (2) (3) (4) 1 2-17 -
1 2 3-18 -
6 1884 C.Gram G+ G- - () - () - E coli S. aureus l-2 ( 95 ) ( ) 1 1cm 2 () 3 3 ( ) 1 1min 2 1min - 19 -
3 95( 30s 1min 4 1min 5, ( ), ( ) 1 2 3 4 24 12-20 5 1 2 3 4-20 -
7 1 2 Azolla sp.( Anabaena azollae) Nostoc flagelliformenostoc commune Spirogyra sp.allium cepai 2 -KI ( ) 1 2 N. commue 1mm????? ( ) 3-21 -
?? I2-KI?? 4 # 2-5mm 2 1 I 2 -KI 1 1 0.5 2 3-5 3-22 -
1 2 3-23 -
8 Hydrilla verticllata Cucurbita moschata Setcreasea purpurea Zebrima pendula 5% ( ) 1 6-10 2-3 2-24 -
3 5% ( ) 1 30min 2 3 7 () 1 2-25 -
9 1 2 ()() 5mm 50 10 mm 100 ( ) lmm 100 l0 m 0.0lmm S. aureus E.coli 1 () "0" ( 9-1) - 26 -
( m)=(10) / 20 3 l0 m 3 3 10=30 m 3 10 20=1.5( m) 2 (a,b ) ( R ) NP=V n / (V c -V n ) (V n V c ) 3 10-20 1 2 1 9-1 ( m) 10 40 100 9-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( m) - 27 -
9-3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( m) - 28 -
10 Petrof Hausser 4 3 10-1 16 25 25 16 400 1mm l mm 2 1/400mm 2 0.1mm 0.1mm 3 1/4000mm 3 16 25 /ml=100 /100 400 104 25 16 /ml=80 /80 400 104-29 -
22mm 22mm Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1 10-2 2 3 4 5 16 4 100 25 l 80 6 2-3 ml g 7 5 1 1 2 3 2 / ml -1 g -1-30 -
11 1 2 B 0.9% 0.1mol/L ( 0.1% 0.1% ) 0.02% B ( ) 1 1 0.9% () 2 3 1 0.1mol/L ( 0.1% 0.1% ) ( ) 1 0.02% B 20min 1 2-31 -
12 4 4 4 ( ) 1 1 2 1 1 3 4 ( ) 2 5-32 -
1 ( ) 1 2 3 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 1 3 4-33 -
( ) 1 () 2 2 3 4 () 50~70 2 5 7 2 1 2 20 40 2~8-34 -
( ) ( ) 5 (H E ) 1 2 6 C 1 2-4 7 ( ) 1 3 2-35 -
13 0.7% 1% ( )() 1 0.7 1 3 5min 10 20min 1 2 2 ( ) 1 1 2 30 o 40 o - 36 -
3~5min 8~10 10 30min 2 1 2 3 1 2-37 -
14 1 2 Iris tectorumvicia faba Cucurbita moschata Euonymus japonicusapium graveoiens Pittos-porum tobiratriticum aestivum I 2 -KI0.1% ( ) 1-38 -
?? 2 2-5cm ( 1mm2 ) 0.1 1-2 3?? 1 2?? 1 2?? - 39 -
? ( ) 1 2? 3-4 V V 1-3 V V - 40 -
3 3-5 3-4? 3 5? l 2 3-41 -
4 0.1% ( ) 1 2-3mm? 3 4 40 (mm) 10-20mm? - 42 -
C4 2 3 1 1 2 4 2 3? 1-43 -
1 6 2 1 2 3 ( ) - 44 -
15 1 2 3 ( ) 1 2-3 6 4 2 4 5 10 2 2-45 -
( ) 1 2 4 ( ) 1-46 -
??? 2 2 4 4 4 3 1 3 2 1 4 2 4 1 8 8? 3 7 8 2 3 1 3 3 1-47 -
2 2-3 3-48 -
16 1 3 ( )( ) I 2 -KI 0.1 ( ) 16-1 ( ) 1-49 -
I2-KI I 2 -KI? 0.1-50 -
1 2 1 16-1 2 3-51 -
17 0.1% 1. 2. 17-1 1-52 -
2 1 2 () - 53 -
18 1 2 18-1 1 2 () - 54 -
19 1 2 19-1 / / / () - 55 -
20 1 2 3, ( ) 1 ) - 56 -
2 " " ( ) Pharbitis nil (L.) Choisy 3 1-3 2 5 5-7 5 3 3 2 5-6 7-9 "" "" 1-57 -
1. (). 2002 2.. 2004 3.. 2001 4. ().,2005 5.( X ).,1998 6... 1999 7.. 1985 8.. 9. ( ). 1982 10.. 2000 11 http://hist.class.kmu.edu.tw/basic/index.html 12,..:,2001 13..:,2000 14..:,1987-58 -
-I 2 -KI 2g 300ml 1g 300mL 2-10 sudan 1 III 0.1g 95 10ml 10ml 2 0.1g III IV 50ml 70% 50ml 3 III 70% 1aceto carmine 1g 45 100ml 2h 4 1 2 Carbol fuchsine A 3g 100ml 70 B A10ml 90ml 5 C B 55ml 6ml 6ml 38 A C B C 10 20ml 45 80 90ml 1~1.8g 1020 2 3 neutral red 0.1g 100ml 10 Yeosin Y 0.25g 95 100ml 95-59 -
ruthenium red 5 10mg 25-50ml gentian violet 0.2~1 g 100ml aniline blue 1 g 35 95 100ml phloroglucin 5g 95 100ml G orange G G 1g 95 100ml safranin O G 1 0.1 1 g 100ml 2 0.5 1 g 50 95 100ml 3 5 g +95 50ml 20ml + 450ml fast green 1 0.1 g 95 100ml 2 1 g 100ml 4ml hematoxylin Heidenhain's 2-4g 100ml 0.5-1g 95 10ml 90ml 1 2-60 -
0.1g 100ml B Janus green B 5.18gJanus 100ml 0.25 () 100ml 1%NaHCO3 18. 10g 100mL ()0.5mL 19. 40mL 2mL 2mL 20.(Loeffier) A (methylene blue, )0.3g 95% 30mL; B 0.01%KOH100mL A B 1 10 1 100 21. (1) (cristal violet)( 2g 20mL95% )20mL 1% 80mL 24h (2)(Lugol) 1g KI 2g 300mL KI 300mL (3)95%(4) (5) (4)( 1g 95% 10mL 5% 90mL)10mL 90mL (5) O(safranine O O)2.5g 95% 100mL 20mL 80mL (G+ ) (G- ) 22.(Ziehl) 0.3g 95% 10mL A 0.01%KOH 100mL B A B 23. (Giemsa) (1) 0.5g 33mL 33mL 56 1-24h - 61 -
(2) ( ) 1mL 19mLpH7.4 =1 4 24. 1%(Wright's) 6g( 600mL) ( ) 7 3 ( ) 1.--FAA 385ml 5ml 70 90 ml 50 70 5ml FAA 2.--FPA 5ml 5ml 70 90ml 24h FAA 3.-- 3 1 6 1 3 95 85 2-3 70 4.- 1 50 70 1 5. - 3 10 2.5 ml 10 5.0 ml 92.5ml 10 7 ml+10 10 ml 83 ml 10 10 ml+10 30 ml 60 m1 12-24 h 1h 12-24 h 2 12-24 h ( ) 1. - (1) 10 ml (2) 10 ml - 62 -
2. - 95 ( ) 1 :95% 1 1 2 1 1 mol L 1.19 82.5ml 1 000ml 2 0.2mol L 1.19 16.5ml 1 000m1 20min 0.2mol L 60 10 15min ( ) 1 0.002mol/L 8-0.29g 8-1 000ml 2 ( ) 95 95 95100 95 85 85ml 10ml 70 70ml 25ml 50 50ml 45ml 30 30ml 65ml ( ) 1. 0.7% NaCl 0.7g 100mL 2. 1% 1, 100 3. - 63 -
2g KI 1.5g 75% 75% 100mL 4. 5. 1-2 g2g 100ml 15ml 30-40 2g 15ml 6. 0.4 ~1% 95 1 000ml+4 g 0.5 2min 1 0.5 h 0.5 h 2 70 ~95 100ml 2ml 4h 95 3 15min 0.5 h 95 4 (K 2 Cr 2 O 7 8-10g 100ml 100ml 4-5 1. 2. 5min 3. 4. - 64 -
5. 6. 3H 4H HB 7. 8. 9. 10. - 65 -