( ),,,, ( ), (CIP) ( ) /,. :, 2005.2 ISBN 7 5612 1900 8.... TH122 CIP (2005) 005859 : : 127 :710072 : 029 88493844, 88491757 : : : 850 m

( )

( ),,,, ( ), (CIP) ( ) /,. :, 2005.2 ISBN 7 5612 1900 8.... TH122 CIP (2005) 005859 : : 127 :710072 : 029 88493844, 88491757 : www.nwpup.com : : 850 mm1168 mm 1/ 32 : 13.25 : 460 : 2005 4 1 2005 4 1 : 19.00

( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

2 ( ),,,,,, ( 1, 13, 14, 16 )(8, 9, 15 ) ( 4, 12, 17 ) ( 3, 5, 18 ) ( 2, 7, 11 ) (6, 10 ),,, 2005 1

1 1 1.1 1 1.2 3 2 4 2.1 4 2.2 11 2.3 12 2.4 12 3 14 3.1 14 3.2 23 3.3 24 3.4 29 3.5 33 3.6 35

( ) 39 4.1 39 4.2 44 4.3 44 5 46 5.1 46 5.2 55 5.3 57 5.4 72 5.5 80 5.6 87 6 94 6.1 94 6.2 98 6.3 99 6.4 100 6.5 103 6.6 107 7 109 7.1 109 7.2 116 7.3 117 7.4 121 7.5 123 7.6 127

131 8.1 131 8.2 136 8.3 138 8.4 141 8.5 145 8.6 148 9 152 9.1 152 9.2 159 9.3 160 9.4 163 9.5 165 9.6 168 10 171 10.1 171 10.2 185 10.3 187 10.4 195 10.5 203 10.6 217 11 221 11.1 221 11.2 228

( ) 1.3 229 11.4 232 11.5 235 11.6 248 12 255 12.1 255 12.2 262 12.3 263 12.4 268 12.5 271 12.6 275 13 278 13.1 278 13.2 285 13.3 286 13.4 293 13.5 297 13.6 301 14 304 14.1 304 14.2 310 14.3 311 14.4 312 14.5 314

5 318 15.1 318 15.2 325 15.3 326 15.4 334 15.5 338 15.6 344 16 349 16.1 349 16.2 355 16.3 356 16.4 360 16.5 363 16.6 368 17 371 17.1 371 17.2 373 17.3 373 18 374 18.1 374 18.2 376 18.3 377

( ) A 379 A.1 379 A.2 383 A.3 387 A.4 391 B 397 B.1 397 B.2 399 B.3 403 B.4 406 413

1. 1 1.1.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3),,, 1.1.2,,, 1. : ( 1) : ( 2) : 2.,,,,,,,, ;,,

2 ( ).1.3 1., ( ),, : 2., 3. ( ) : ( 1) ( 2),, ( 3) ( 4), ( 5), 1.1.4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.2 1 1? 1 2?? 1 3? 1 4,?

2.1 2.1.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) ( 7) ( 8) ( 9) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) 2.1.2 ( ), ( ), ( 1),,

2 5 :,, ( 2),,,, ( 3) : ; ; ; ; ; ( 4),,,,, ( 5),,, 2.1.3 : ( 1) :,

6 ( ) 2) :, ( 3) :,, ( 4) :,,, 2.1.4,,,, 1.,,,,,, [ ] [ ] (2.1) [ ] lim S (2.2), lim,,

2 7 S ( ) 2., y [ y] (2.3), y, ; [ y],, 3.,,,, 4., f f P,,, 0.85 f > f P 1.15 f < f P (2.4), f,,,,, 5., ( ), ( )

8 ( ), 2.1.5 : ( 1),,,,,,,, ( 2),,, ( 3),,,,,,,,,

2 9 (),,, 2.1.6 : ( 1), ( 2), ( 3), ( 4) ( 5), ( 6) ( 7),, ( 8),,,,, 2.1.7,,

10 ( ), ( 1),, ; ; ( 2) ( 3), 2.1.8,,, ( GB) ( ISO)

2 11.2

12 ( ).3,,,,,, 2.4 2.4.1 2 1 ( 1), A. B. C. D. ( 2) A. B. C. D. ( 3), A. B. C. D. ( 4), A. n 5 B. n 10 n C. 15 n D. 20 2 2 (,) ( 1), ( ) ( 2) ( ) ( 3),, ( ) ( 4) ( ) ( 5) ( )

2 13 6), ( ) 2 3 ( 1)?? ( 2) ( 3)?? ( 4)? ( 5)? ( 6)? ( 7)?? ( 8)? 2.4.2 2 1 ( 1) A ; (2 ) B; ( 3) D ; (4 ) B 2 2 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) 2 3 ( 1), (2 ), ( 3), (4 ), (5), (6 ), (7) ( 8),,,,,,

3.1 3.1.1 ( 1), ( B, S, - 1, 0 ), ( 2), ( 3) ( Miner ) ( 4) ( 5) 3.1.2,, max N ( ) r( min/ max ),,r,( r - 1 ) ( r 0) (0 < r < 1, - 1 < r < 0 ), ( m ( max + min )/ 2) ( a ( max - min )/ 2),, K (

3 15 K a, m 1.N ( 3.1 ) rn, r, N 3.1 N N B 10 3,, NB 10 3 N NC 10 4,,,, N 10 4,, CD ( ), m rn N C ( 10 4 N C N N D (10 6 25 10 7 ) ) (3.1), rn, CD ( : MPa) ; m,, (3.1),, ND N D N 0 ( ), N 0,, ;, N0 ND,, ND N 0 N D,, N 0, N 0

16 ( ) - 1, 0 rn m rn r N0 N, K N,N N 0, K N 1 rn, rn, N 0 r K N (3.2) N N 0 ( 3.1 N D ),, r, r,, 2. ( ) r, rn,,,, ( 3.2) 3.2 3.2,A ( 0, - 1 ), D ( 0 / 2, 0 / 2),C( S, 0),GC OC 135 CG A D A G, G C max m+ a S,, ( ) A G C OA G C,, ;,

3 17 1..1.3, ( ), K K k + 1-1 1 q, k (, ) ; ; ; q K - 1-1e, - 1e - 1 (3.3) K A G K, G C, 3.3 AGC 3.3, AG CG - 1 K ae + me (3.4) S ae + me (3.5), a e ( : MPa) ; me

18 ( ) : MPa) ; 2-1 - 0 0,, 0.1 0.2;, 0.2 0.3, K, (3.3) K,,(3.4) (3.5), S ca 2., Sca lim / S, m a, M ( m, a ) ( N ), AGC M 1 ( N 1 ), ( 1) r C( ) r C, a / m ( 1 - r)/ (1 + r), ae / me a / m 3.4, M, Sca Sc a max max lim - 1 K a S (3.6) + m 3.4

3 19 N,, S ca lim S max S S (3.7) a + m 3.4, OAG ( ), ; OGC (), ( 2) m C( ) m C,, 3.5,M OAGH (), M 2, Sca S ca max lim max - 1 + ( K - ) m S (3.8) K ( a + m ) 3.5 Sa S a lim ae - 1 - m S a (3.9) a K a N H GC (), N 2, ( 3.7) ( 3) min min C() C, 45, 3.6, M OAGI (), M 3, S ca Sca lim max 2-1 + ( K- ) min max ( K + ) (2 a + min ) S ( 3.10)

20 ( ) S a S a lim a e - 1 - min S a ( 3.11) a ( K + ) a N IGC (), N3, ( 3.7) 3.6,, - 1 0-1 N 0 N, 3. ( ),,,,,,, ( Miner ) :,,, - 1 n i / N i 1,, z i 1 n i N i 1 (3.12a), n i i i ; N i i ; z

3 21 3.12a) Miner,,, ;,, 1;,, 1, z i 1 n i N i 0.7 2.2 (3.12b),,, (3.12a) ( 3.12a) ( 3.1 ), S ca 4. S ca ca - 1 S ca m 1 z N 0 i 1 n m i i ( 3.13), a a,,, S ca Sca S S SS S S+ 2 S 2-1 K a - 1 K a (3.14a), S a ; S a, SS S S - 1 K a + m - 1 K a + m (3.14b)

22 ( ).1.4,,,, 3.1.5,,,,,,,,, H F 1 1 B 1 2 1-2 1 + 1-2 2 E1 E2 ( 3.15), F ; B ; 1 2 1 2, 1 1 1,, 1 2 1 2,,, ; 1 1 2 2 1 2 ; E 1 E 2 1 2 ( ), 0 H,,

3 23.2

24 ( ).3 3.3.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) Miner ( 5) 3.3.2 3.1-1 275 MPa, S 355 MPa,N 0 10 7, m 9, N 10 5, 5 10 6,10 8 K N - 1 N K N1 m N 0 N 1 9 10 7 10 5 1.67-1 N1 K N1-1 1.67 275 459 MPa - 1 N1 459 MPa > 355 MPa S, - 1 N1 S 355 MPa K N2 m N 0 N 2 9 10 7 5 10 6 1.08-1 N2 KN2-1 1.08 275 297 MPa N 3 10 8 > N 0 10 7,N 3 10 7 K N3 m N0 N3 9 10 7 10 7 1-1 N3 KN3-1 1 275 275 MPa, Miner S N0 3.2, : 0.2, - 1 450 MPa,

3 25 S 800 MPa max 280 MPa, min - 80 MPa, r C, K 1.62S 1.3,, ( 1) m max 2 a max + min - min S ca - 1 K a + m Sca ( 2) 2 S a + 280-80 2 280 + 80 2 450 1.62 180 + 0.3 100 m 800 180 + 100 100 MPa 180 MPa 1.36 > 1.3 S 2.85 > 1.3 S, A (0,450/ 1.62),C( 800,0 ) 2-1 - 0 0 2-1 2 450 0 1 + 1 + 0.3 D( 692.3/ 2,692.3/ 2/ 1.62 ) 692.3 MPa A (0,277.78 ), C(800,0 ), D( 346.15,213.67 ), 3.7 3.7

26 ( ) M,M M 100,180),r C,M AG S ca OM 1.38 > 1.3 S OM r C,,, max,, min, a, m, r, 3.3 3.8 1 600 MPa, 2 550 MPa, 3 450 MPa,, n1 n2 n3 10 5, N0 10 7, m 9, - 1 400 MPa: ( 1) ; ( 2) 3.8 ( 1) 9 N 1 N - 1 0 1 10 7 400 600 9 2.60 10 5 9-1 N 2 N 0 2 10 7 400 550 9 5.69 10 5

3 27 9-1 N N 0 3 10 7 400 450 9 34.64 10 5 3 i 1 n 1 N i 10 5 2.60 10 5 + 10 5 5.69 10 5 + ( 2) 3 n1 i 1 n2 1-3 i 1 n 1 N i + n2 N i 1 3 i 1 10 5 34.64 10 5 0.589 1 0.7 10 5 N i ( 1) Miner ;( 2), ( 1),( 1),, 3.4 40Cr,, 0.2, - 1 355 MPa, - 1 205 MPa, 0.1d 40 mm, M 300 Nm, T 800 Nm, K 2.5, K 1.5 S ca ; ( 1), S ca ; ( 2),, ( 3) (2 ), S 2, M 400 Nm, T? ( 1) b 32 M d 3 T 16 T d 3 32 300 103 40 3 16 800 103 40 3 m 0 a b 47.75 MPa 47.75 MPa 63.66 MPa

28 ( ) ( 3.14a) S S S ca - 1 K a m 0 a T 63.66 MPa - 1 K a S S S 2 + S 2 ( 2) ( 3.14a, b) S S Sca - 1 2.97 K a - 1 K a 355 2.5 47.75 2.97 205 1.5 63.66 2.15 2.97 2.15 2.97 2 + 2.15 2 1.74 m 0 a b 47.75 MPa m 0.5 T 31.83 MPa a 0.5 T 31.83 MPa + m S S S+ 2 S 2 ( 3) a b 32 M d 3 ( 3.14a, b) 205 1.5 31.83 + 0.1 31.83 4.03 S - 1 K a 2.97 4.03 2.97 2 + 4.03 2 2.39 m 0 32 400 103 40 3 63.66 MPa 355 2.5 63.66 2.23 S ca S S S 2 S+ 2 S 2

3 29 S S - 1 K a SS S - S 2 + T 16 T d 3 m 2 2.23 2.23 2-2 2 4.52 205 4.52 ( 1.5 + 0.1) 0.5 T T 56.69 MPa 16 T 103 40 3 T 712.39 Nm 56.69 MPa,,,,, r - 1 ;,,, r - 1 ;, r 0 ; ( 3) ( 2),, 3.4 : ;,;, 3.5 ( 2000 ) 45 : B 600 MPa, S 360 MPa, 300 MPa, 0.25-1 3.9 ( 1) 3.9, 0 ;

30 ( ) 2) K 2, ; ( 3) max M m a ( 1) 2-1 - 0, 0 0 2-1 1 + 120 MPa, r 0.25, 2 300 1 + 0.25 ( 2) AGC( 3.10) 480 MPa 3.10 ( 3) r min max 0.25, min r max m max + min 2 a max 0.25 120 30 MPa - min 2 120 + 30 2 120-30 2 75 MPa 45 MPa (1 ) ; (2),, K :, (3), 3.6 ( 1997 ) 45-1 300 MPa, m 9, N 0 10 7,, 1 500 MPa n1 10 4, 2 400 MPa,

3 31 m - 1 N 1 N 0 1 10 7 300 500 9 1.01 10 5 N2 N0 m - 1 2 10 7 300 400 9 7.51 10 5 n 1 N1 + n 2 N2 1, n 2 1 - n1 N 1 N 2 6.76 10 5, ( Miner ), 3.3( 2) 3.7 ( 1998 ) 3.11,M N,? 3.11 N 3.12 M M, N 3.12 N ( ), M,,, r, M, N OM, ON

32 ( ) MN, OAG, OGC, S 3.8 ( 1997 ) 45,, 1max 125 MPa, 2max 115 MPa, 3max 100 MPa,n 1 310 3, n 2 7 10 4, n 3 4 10 6, - 1 250 MPa, m 9, N 0 10 7, k 1.76, 0.78, 0.95, 0.34, S 1.5, K k + 1-1 1 q - 1e - 1 / K 108.2 MPa 1max ( 1max ), K S S ca 3max (n 3 m 1 z N 0 n i - 1e K S 1max i 1 1.76 0.78 + 1 0.95-1 1 2.31 i 1max 1.19 < S m 0.728 4 10 6 ), K S m 1 z N 0 n i i 1 i 3max m 0.910 Sca - 1e K S 3max 1.189 < S, ; : K k + 1-1 1, k,,, q, q, q 1 r - 1, - 1e - 1 / K, i, 1, K S,

3 33.5 3 1-1 180 MPa,N 0 5 10 6, m 9, N 7 000,25 000,620 000 9-1 N1-1 9-1 N2-1 9-1 N 3-1 N 0 N 1 N 0 N2 N0 N 3 9 180 5 10 6 373.6 MPa 7 10 3 9 180 9 180 5 10 6 2.5 10 4 324.3 MPa 5 10 6 6.2 10 5 227.0 MPa 3 2 S 260 MPa, - 1 170 MPa, 0.2, ( 3.2 A D G C) A ( 0, 170 ), C(260, 0), 2 D (283.33/ 2, 283.33/ 2 ) - 1-0 0 2-1 2 170 0 1 + 1 + 0.2 283.33 MPa A ( 0,170 ), C(260,0 ), D (141.67,141.67) 3.13 3.13 3 2 3 3 : D 72 mm, d 62 mm, r 3 mm

34 ( ) 0Cr Ni, k B 900 MPa, S 750 MPa, D/ d 72/ 62 1.16, r/ d 3/ 62 0.048,, 3.1, 2.46 ;3.1,q 0.90, k 1 + q(- 1 ) 1 + 0.90 ( 2.46-1 ) 2.31 3 4 : D 54 mm, d 45 mm, r 3 mm3 2, B 420 MPa, D/ d 54/ 45 1.2, r/ d 3/ 45 0.067,, 3.1, 2.29,3.1, q 0.78, k 1 + q(- 1 ) 1 + 0.78 ( 2.29-1 ) 2.01 3.2, 0.74;, 3.4, 0.83 ;,, 14 mm, 3.11, q 1.3, K k + 1-1 1 q 2.01 0.74 + 1 0.83-1 1 1.3 2.25 A( 0, 170/ 2.25 ), C(260, 0),D( 141.67, 141.67/ 2.25 ) A (0,75.56),C( 260,0), D(141.67,62.96) 3.14 3.14 3 4 3 5 3 4 m 20 MPa, a 30 MPa, : ( 1) r C; ( 2) m C, Sc a ( 1) r C, (3.6) Sca - 1 K a + m 170 2.25 30 + 0.2 20 2.38, (3.7)

3 35 S ca S a + m 260 30 + 20 5.2 ( 2) m C, (3.8) S c a - 1 + ( K - ) m K ( a + m ), (3.7) 170 + (2.25-0.2) 20 2.25 (30 + 20) S ca 5.2 1.88 3.6 3.6.1 3 1 ( 1),, A. C. B. D. ( 2),, ( 3), A. B. C. ( 4),, A. B. C. ( 5) max, min, a, m, r A. B. C. D. ( 6),, A. 1 C. 1 B. 1 D. 1,1

36 ( ) 2 ( 1) K??? ( 2)?,?? ( 3),?? 3 3 ( 1) : - 1 450 MPa, m 9, N0 10 7, 1 600 MPa, 2 550 MPa, 3 500 MPa 10 5 : S c a ; ; n ( 2) - 1 400 MPa, 0.2, S 780 MPa: ; r 0.5 a, m 3.6.2 3 1 ( 1) C; ( 2), ; (3 ) A ; ( 4) A ; (5 ) B; (6) C 3 2 (1 ), K ;, K K k q K, ( 2) ( ),, K, ( 3),N 10 3, ; N > 10 3,,

3 37 3 3 ( 1) KS K S m 9 z 1 n i N0 i 1 i 1 m 1 10 7 10 5 600 600 0.634 S ca - 1 KS 1 9 + 10 5 550 600 450 0.634 600 1.18 m N 1 N - 1 0 10 7 450 1 600 m N 2 N - 1 0 10 7 450 2 550 m N 3 N - 1 0 3 z i 1 n i N i n 1 N1 + n 2 10 7 450 500 n 1 n 2 n 3 10 5 N2 + n 3 10 5 7.5 10 5 + N3 10 5 16.4 10 5 + 9 9 9 9 + 10 5 500 600 7.5 10 5 16.4 10 5 38.7 10 5 10 5 38.7 10 5 0.22 n Miner 1, z ni i 1 N i n + n + n 1 - N 1 N 2 N 3 n1 + n N 1 + n 1 N1 n2 + nn3 + n + 1 N 2 N 3 + n 2 N2 N1 N2 N3 + n 3 N3 1-0.22 0.78 n 0.78 3.54 10 5 N 2 N 3 + N 1 N 3 + N 1 N 2 9

38 ( ) 2) 2-1 - 0 0.2 0 0 2-1 666.7 MPa 1.2, 3.15 3.15 3 3 (2 ) r min max m min 2 a max 0.5, max + max - min 2 a m a 1 m 3 1.5 min 0.5 min a+ m S 780 a 195 MPa, m 585 MPa 2 min, arctan a 18.435, m CG M

4.1 4.1.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) 4.1.2,,, 4.1 :, :, 4.1 ( 1),,, :

40 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 2),,,,0.1 m ( 3),,,, ( 4),, ( ) : ( ) h min R a1 + R a2 (4.1), hmin ( :m) ; Ra1, Ra2 ( :m) 1,( ) ; 1 3, ( ) ; > 3, ( ) 4.1.3 1.

4 41,,,,,,: ( 1),,,,, ( 2),,,,, ( 3),, (, ),,,,,,,,, 2.,5 : ( 1),,,,,,,, ( 2), ( 3),,, ( 4) ( ) ( 5) ( ),,,

42 ( ).1.4,,,,,, 1.,, ( 1), (1.5 2 m ),,,, ( 2),,, :, v,,,, ( 3),,, ( 4),, 2.

4 43 1) :,,,,,,,, : ( 2) : :,,,, ( ),, ( ) 5 s,,, : ( ) ( ),, 3. ( 1) ( 2) :

44 ( ).2 4.3 1.? 2.?

4 45.?? 4.? 5.?? 6.? 7.?? 8.?

5.1 5.1.1 ( 1),, ( ) ( 2),, ( 3),,, ( 4),, ( 5), ( ),, ( 6), : ; ; ; ( 7) ( ) ( ) ( 8) ( 9)

5 47 1..1.2,, ;, ( ),, :,,,,, 2. : d, d 1, d 2,, d 2 ( d + d 1 )/ 2, n,,, ;,, n 4 P S, S P, S np, h arctan S d2, 3. 5.1 4. (5.1),,, GB/ T310311982,, A,B, C C

48 ( ).1,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 5.,,,,,,,, :,, ;, 6.,,,, :

5 49 1), : ( 2), : ( 3),, : 5.1.3,,, ;,,,,5.2 5.2 F F 4 d2 1 [ ] F 0 ca 1.3 F 0 4 d2 1 [ ] F 0 F, F 0 F 2 ca 1.3 F 2 4 d2 1 : F 2 F 0 + S ca [ ] C b C b + C m F 2-1tc + ( K - ) min ( K + ) (2 a + min ) S : min a C b F 0 4 d2 1 C b 2 F + C m d 2 1

50 ( ) F P F [ ] 4 d2 0 m F [ P ] d 0 L min 5.2 : ( 1) F 0,, ( ) 30 %,, ( 2) F, F 2 F0 F, F1 F, F 0 C b Cb + Cm F 5.1 5.1 ( 3), 0 F, F0 F2 F, ( 4) F,, ( 5), d 1 ( : mm),

5 51, ; d 0, L min,,, 5.1.4,, 1.,,, ; ; ;,, 2.,,,,,, 5.3 5.3, f ; z ; i ; K S, K S 1.1 1.3 ; r i i O ( : mm) ; rmax O ( : mm) ; L max OO( : mm) ; L i i OO ( : mm) ; W, ( ) ; ( ), (),

52 ( ) 5.3 F F F 0 K S F f z i F F z T T F 0 K S T z f i 1 r i F max T r max z r 2 i i 1 F F F F z M M F max ML max z L 2 i i 1 Pmax zf 0 A + M W [ P ] Pmin zf 0 A - M W > 0 5.1.5 1. ( Q215,10 ) ( Q235, 35, 45 ) (15Cr, 40Cr,30CrMnSi)( ), Q235, 15,35,65 Mn,,,, 3.6 12.9 1/ 100( B/ 100), ( S 0.2 ) 10 ( 10 S/ B ), 4 12 min 1/ 100

5 53. [ ] S S (5.2) [ ] [ P ] [ ] S S [ P ] S SP [ P ] B SP (5.3) (5.4) (5.5), S, B ( : MPa) ; S, S, S P 5.1.6, 1.,,,,, :,,, 2. () 3., 4. : ;, 5.,

54 ( ) 1..1.7 ;,, ( ) ( ) ( ) 2., ;, 3.,( ),,, p [ p], FP d 2 hh [ p] (5.6), P ( : mm) ; d 2 ( : mm) ; h ( : mm) ; H ( : mm) ; [ p] ( : MPa) ( 5.1 ), H d 2,(5.1) d 2 FP h[ p], d 2 (5.7) H, : d 2 d P n; 10,, arctan f cos arctan f v v (5.8)

5 55 ; f v ; f,,, ;,,,, ( ), ;, 5.2 : : d d 1 d 2 n PS h A, B, C :, :, : : : : :

56 ( ),,,, 3.6 12.9, 1/ 100, 10, 4 12, 1/ 100 :

5 57.3 5.3.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) ( 7) ( 8) ( 9) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) 5.3.2 5.1 5.2 ( GB/ T58431986) YLD10, T 630 Nm,4 M12,M12 60 ( GB/ T271988 ), 8.8, H T200, 5.2

58 ( ) ( 1) F 2 T zd 2 630 103 4 130 2 423 N ( 2) H T200, B 200 MPa,, 5.10, S P 640 MPa, 5.10, S 5, d 0 L min [ P ] B 200 S P 3 [ ] S 640 S 5 3, 8.8, S 66.7 MPa 128 MPa ( 3), GB/ T2788 M1260, 13 mm, 38 mm, 18 mm, 5.2 P F d 0 L min 2 423 13 18 10.35 MPa [ P ] m 1, 4 F d 2 0 4 2 423 13 2 18.25 MPa < [ ], F S P S ( d0 Lmin ) 5.2 5.3, 4 M16( d 1 13.835 mm), P 10 kn, h l 400 mm, 30, f 0.3, K S 1.2, [ ] 120 MPa, Cb/ ( Cb + Cm ) 0.2, [ P ] 2.5 MPa F 0 11 k N : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) A 4 10 4 mm 2, W 5 10 6 mm 3, PV O, P V Psin 10 000 sin30 5 000 N

5 59 P H P H M x Pcos 10 000 cos30 8 660 N x, M P H h 8 660 0.4 3 460 Nm 5.3 ( 1) P V, FV PV z 5 000 4 1 250 N M,, F max ML max z L 2 i i 1 3 460 200 103 2 (200 2 + 200 2 ) 4 325 N F F V + F max 1 250 + 4 325 5 575 N

60 ( ) F F 0 + ca 1.3 F 2 4 d2 1 C b Cb + Cm F 11 000 + 0.2 5 575 12 115 N 1.3 12 115 104.7 MPa < [ ] 120 MPa 4 13.8352 ( 2) f zf0 - z 4, C m C b + C m PV KS PH (a) Cm C b + C m 1 - Cb C b - C m 0.8 f zf0 - Cm C b + C m PV 0.3 (4 11 000-0.8 5 000 ) 12 000 N KS PH ( a), 1.2 8 660 10 392 N ( 3) Pmax 1 A zf 0 - C m C b + C m P V + M W 1 4 ( 4 11 000-0.8 5 000) + 3 460 103 4 10 5 10 6 1.692 MPa < [ P ] 2.5 MPa Pmin 1 A zf 0 - C m C b + C m P V - M W 1 4 (4 11 000-0.8 5 000 ) - 3 460 103 4 10 5 10 6 0.308 MPa > 0

5 61 P,, O, P P V P H, O,P V P H M, P V,, P V, M,,, 5.3 5.4 f 0.15, KS S 1.5 M12( d1 F 1.2,Q235, S 240 MPa, 10.106 mm) 5.4, ca 1.3 F 0 4 d2 1 [ ] S S 240 1.5 [ ] 160 MPa

62 ( ) F d2 1 [ ] 4 1.3 10.1062 160 4 1.3, i 2 F f F 0 zi K S 4 936 N f F 0 zi K S F 0.15 9 872 2 2 1.2 9 872 N 4 936 N, F0 F,, F 0,F 5.4 5.5 P 20 000 N, f 0.16, [ ] 120 MPa, d 1 5.5 (1) P O, P 20 000 N T Pl 20 000 300 6 000 000 Nmm F S P,

5 63 F SP P, F SP1 F SP2 F SP3 F SP4 P 4 20 000 4 5 000 N T, O, F ST, O O r r 75 2 + 75 2 106.1 mm F S T1 F ST2 F S T3 F ST4 T 4 r 6 000 000 4 106.1 14 137.6 N F SP F ST 5.6 1 2 ( 45 ), 1 2, F Smax F S1 F S2 F 2 SP1 + F 2 ST1 + 2 F SP1 F S T1 cos 5 000 2 + 14 137.6 2 + 2 5 000 14 137.6 cos45 18 023.3 N 5.6 ( 2) F 0 f F 0 K S F Smax F 0 K S F Smax f ( 3) d 1 1.2 18 023.3 0.16 135 174.8 N

64 ( ) d 4 1.3 F 0 [ ] 4 1.3 135 174.8 120 43.180 mm, P, P T,,,,, 5.5 5.7, O Q 20 000 N,, F1 : 0.6 F, F ( 1) F 2, ( [ ] 180 MPa) ( 2), OO, OO 5 2 mm, F2,( 1) 5.7 d 1 GB19681 : M10 : d 1 8.376 mm ; M12: d 1 10.106 mm ; M16: 13.835 mm ( 1) O,,F 2 F 2 F 1 + F 0.6 F + F 1.6 F F Q, F Q 4 20 000 4 5 000 N

5 65 F 1.6 5 000 8 000 N M12( d 1 d 1 4 1.3 F 2 [ ] 4 1.3 8 000 180 10.106 mm > 8.577 mm) 8.577 mm ( 2) O,Q O, Q M M QOO 20 000 5 4,F F FQ + FM Q 4 + M 2 r 20 000 4 2 141 421.4 Nmm F 2 1.6 F 1.6 5 500 8 800 N ca 1.3 F2 d 2 1 4 1.3 8 800 10.106 2 4 O + 141 421.4 2 100 2 + 100 2 5 500 N 142.6 MPa < [ ] 180 MPa, F 0, F, O O,, M 1 3, 4 5.6 5.8 (a) 5.8( b), 5.8

66 ( ) (a) : 1 ), ; 2 ) ; 3 ), ; 4 ),, 5.9( a) ( b) : 1 ) ; 2 ) ; 3 ), 5.9 ( b) 5.9 5.7 5.10, 6 M16, dc 14 mm,[ ] 110 MPa, D 150 mm, P 2 MPa, F 0 11 000 N, C b / ( C b + C m ) 0.8, : ( 1) ; ( 2)? ( 3), b, m, F 0, F 2, F, F 1

5 67 5.10 ( 1), F 2 F 2 F 0 + F P 4 D2 / z 2 4 1502 / 6 5 890.49 N C b C b + C m F 11 000 + 0.8 5 890.49 15 712.39 N F 1 F 2 - F 15 712.39-5890.39 9 821.9 N ( 2) ca 1.3 F2 4 d2 c 1.3 15 712.39 4 142 132.69 MPa ca 132.69 > [ ] 110 MPa ( 3) C b / ( C b + C m ) 0.8, C b / C m 4, tan b 1,tan m 1 4 tan b 4 tan m 5.11,,,,,,,

68 ( ) 5.11 5.8 5.12,P 12 000 N, L 150 mm, H 160 mm,f 0.15, [ ] 180 MPa, C m 3 C b, C b K S 1.2, d 1 () 5.12 ( 1) P,M M PL 12 000 150 10-3 1 800 Nm ( 2) F max F max MLmax z L 2 i i 1 M H 2 4 H 2 2 M 2 H 1 800 2 160 10-3 5 626 N

5 69 F Fmax 5 626 N ( 3) P, f F0 z KS P, F0 K S P f z 1.2 12 000 0.15 4 F 0 24 000 N ( 4) F 2 F 0 + C b Cb + Cm F 24 000 + ( 5) ( d1 ) d1 4 1.3 F2 [ ] Cb C b 24 000 N 5 625 25 406.25 N + 3Cb 4 1.3 25 406.25 180 15.285 mm P,P M M,,,, P, f P, 5.9 5.13, () Q 40 kn, L 180 mm 5.13

70 ( ) ( 1) 45, S 300 MPa ZCuAl9 Mn2, [ p] 15 MPa ( 2),,, ( 3), 2.5,(5 d 2 0.8 45 ) F [ p] 0.8 40 000 2.5 15 26.13 mm ( 4), ca 2 + 3 2 [ ], 0.5, ca 2 + 3 2 1.3 1.3 Q A [ ] S S, A, A d2 1 4 mm ; S,, S 3.5 5.0 ;, S 2.5 4.0 ;, S > 45 d 1 4 1.3 SQ S 4 1.3 5 40 000 3.14 300 33.2 mm ( 5),,, GB/ T57961986 : d 44 mm ; d1 36 mm ; d 2 40.5 mm ; n 1, P 7 mm ( 6),,,, f 0.09( ) 30, / 2 15, arctan np d 2 v arctan f v arctan v, arctan 7 3.14 40.5 3 9 f 0.09 arctan cos cos15 5 19 :, ( 7) H 2.5, H d 2 2.5 40.5

5 71 01.5 mm, 102 mm : z H/ P 102/ 7 14.5 10,, P,,, H 70 mm, z 10, ( 8), 5 13, [ ] 30 40 MPa,[ ] 30 MPa, (5 50) Q Dbu 40 000 3.14 44 0.65 7 10 6.36 MPa [ ], ( 9),,,B 70 mm, l L + B + H/ 2 180 + 70 + 35 285 mm i d 1 / 4 36/ 4 9 mm :,, : S l 2 285 i 9 2 Q c 63.33, 40 < S < 100, 2 EI ( l) 2 3.142 2.06 10 5 3.14 36 4 / 64 ( 2 285) 2 515.15 kn S c Q c / Q 515.15/ 40 12.88 > S 3.5 5.0,,

72 ( ).4,, ;,,,,,,, 5.10 ( 1999 ) 5.14 4, P 12 400 N,, f 0.2, S 270 MPa, S 1.5, Cb C b + C m 0.3, KS 1.2 d1 5.14 ( 1) () M P150 12 400 150 1 860 000 Nmm ( 2) M,, Fmax

5 73 F max MLmax z L 2 i i 1 1 860 000 160 2 4 160 2 5 812.5 N 2 ( 3) P,, F 0 K S P f z f zf0 KS P 1.2 12 400 0.2 4 ( 4) F 2 F 2 F 0 + ( 5) 18 600 N Cb C b + C m F max 18 600 + 0.3 5 812.5 20 343.75 N [ ] S S 270 1.5 ( 6) ( d 1 ) d 1 4 1.3 F 2 [ ] 180 MPa 4 1.3 20 343.75 180 13.677 mm P M, M,,, d 1 ; P,,,, ; M,,, 5.11 ( 2001 ) 5.15, : ( 1) C b C m F 2? ( 2) F 0 800 N, F 1 000 N, C m 4C b, F2 F1 ( 1) 5.1, C b, C b2 Cm, Cm2 F2 F0 + < C b1,f 0, C m, F, Cb C b + C m F, F22 < F21, F2 > Cm1, F0, Cb, F,

74 ( ) F F 0 + C b Cb + Cm, C m F 22 > F 21,F 2 ( 2) F, F 22 < F 21, F 2 F 2 F 0 + Cb C b + Cm F 800 + Cb C b + 4 Cb 1 000 1 000 N F 0 F 1 + F 1 F 0 - C m Cb + Cm C m C b + C m F 800 - F 4C b C b + 4 C b F 800-4 5 1 000 0 5.15, tan b Cb tan m Cm 5.12 ( 2000 ) 5.16,, P 20 k N,, ( F1 1.5 F, F ) 5.16

5 75 ( 1) P, P V PV Pcos60 20 10 3 0.5 1 10 4 N, F PV z ( 2) 1 104 4 2 500 N F 2 F 1 + F 1.5 F + F 2.5 F 6 250 N, P,,, F1 1.5 F 5.13 ( 1998 ) 5.17 ( M16, d1 D 0 K S T max 13.835 mm), 250 mm, f 0.12 1.2, [ ] 160 MPa, 5.17 1.3 F 2 4 d2 1 [ ] F 2 5.2 d2 1 [ ] ( 1)

76 ( ) F 2 F 0 ( 2),, 8 f F 0 D 0 i 1 2 K S T F 0 K S T 4fD 0 ( 3) ( 1), (2 ), ( 3) Tmax 4 f D0d2 1 [ ] K S 5.2 KS T 4 fd0 5.2 d2 1 [ ] T 4 f D 0d 2 1 [ ] K S 5.2 4 0.12 0.25 13.835 2 160 1.2 5.2 1 850.23 Nm, F 0, 5.14 ( 1999 ), 5.18 P 3 MPa, D 160 mm, D 0 200 mm, D 1 240 mm, 1.6, 100 mm [ ] 180 MPa: ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ( 1) P 0, z D0 P 0 zmin 8 D0 100 6.28 ( 2) P,

5 77 PV PV P D2 4 3 4 1602 60 318.58 N, F P V zmin 7 539.82 N F2 F1 + F 1.6 F + F 19 603.54 N ( 3) ( ) d1 4 1.3 F2 [ ] 4 1.3 19 603.54 180 13.43 mm 5.18,, ;,, F 1 1.6 F ;, F2 5.15 ( 2000 ) 5.19 15 mm,p 4 000 N, [ ] 120 MPa, [ ] 95 MPa, [ P ] 150 MPa, f c ( 1) ; 0.2 ( 2), ( K S 1.2)? ( 1) 5.20, F a, F b, F b - F a P

78 ( ) O F a a F b a P( l + a) F a 8 000 N, F b 12 000 N b F max F b 12 000 N 5.19 5.20 F max 4 d2 01 [ ] d01 4 Fmax [ ] 4 12 000 95 12.68 mm

5 79 P d02 F max [ P ] L min F max d02 Lmin [ P ] 12 000 150 15 5.33 mm,13 mm, M12 ( 2), f c F 0 K n F max F 0 K n F max b b d1 M36 4 1.3 F2 [ ] fc F2 F0 72 000 N 1.2 12 000 0.2 4 1.3 72 000 120 72 000 N 31.51 mm P,,,,,,, 5.16 ( 2000 ) F0 10 000 N, F 0 8 000 N b 0.2 mm, m 0.05 mm ( 1) Cb, Cm C b F 0, C m F 0 b m Cb C b + Cm m b + m 0.05 0.2 + 0.05 0.2

80 ( ) Cb C m Cm 1 - Cb C b + Cm 0.8 F2 F0 + Cb C b + C m F F1 F0 - C b Cm + C m F : Fmin 0, F 2min F 0 10 000 N F 1max F 0 10 000 N F max 8 000 N, F2max F0 + Cb C b + C m Fmax 10 000 + 0.2 8 000 11 600 N F 1min F 0 - Cm C b + C m F max 10 000-0.8 8 000 3 600 N,, ;,, F,F 5.5 5 1,, 60,,,,,,,,,,

5 81, 55,, 55 55, 30,,,,, 3, 30,,,, 5 2?, 5 3,?,? F P 4 D2 / z, F 2 F 0 + C b C b F, ca 1.3 F 2 / + C m 4 d2 c,,, 5 4 5.21 FF x,?? F,Fy, Fx M ( 1),,

82 ( ) ] ( 2) Pmax [ P ] ( 3), Pmin ( 4),F f > F 2 > 0 5.21 5 4 5 5 5.22 4, 20 kn, :??,, F0 KS T f ( r 1 + r 2 + + r z ) KS T z f r i i 1 ca 1.3 F0 4 d2 1,, Fmax Tr max z r 2 i i 1 [ ]

5 83 5.22 5 5 5 6 6, 250 mm, 60 k N 5.23,,?? 5.23 5 6

84 ( ) F T ( T FL ),F F i, T F j ( 1) 5.23( a), r, r 125 mm, F i 1 6 F 10 kn F j FL 6 r 60 103 250 10-3 6 125 40 kn 2 10-3, F 2 40 + 10 50 kn ( 2) 5.23( b) Fi 1 6 F 10 k N Fjmax FLrmax z r 2 i i 1 60 10 3 250 10-3 125 2 2 125 2 2 + 4 125 2 2 2 + 125 2 + 125 2 10-3 24.4 k N F F 2 i + F 2 j + 2 F i F j cos 10 2 + 24.4 2 + 2 10 24.4 2 5 33.6 k N,5.23 ( b) 5 7 5.24 F 56 k N,, Q235, 5.24 5 7

5 85 F 4 d2 1 Q235, [ ] 95 MPa 56 103 4 d2 1 [ ] d1 d 30 mm 56 103 4 95 106 27.4 mm 5 8 M12 f 0.3, 70% 4.8, 2,1, K S 1.2,4.8 S 320 MPa, F 0 F F 0 K S f zi F 0 K S F f z i 320 106 0.7 0.3 2 1 1.2 112 10 6 N 5 9, F 0 15 000 N, F 10 000 N,, Cb C b + C m 0.9, (5 18), F 2 F 0 + ( 5.15), C b C b + C m F 15 000 + 0.9 10 000 24 000 N F 1 F 2 - F 24 000-10 000 14 000 N 5 10 5.25 p 0 1 MPa,, D1 350 mm, D2 250 mm, 25 mm, ( 1) z d 5 5, t 0 < 7 d, t 0 6 d,z 12, t 0 D 0 z 350 12 92 mm

86 ( ) d t 0 / 6 92/ 6 15.33 mm, d 16 mm 5.25 5 10 ( 2) 8.8, 5 8 B 800 MPa, S 640 MPa ( 3) F F F D2 4 p 2502 4 F F z 73 631 12 1.5 73 631 N 6 136 N F1 1.5 F,( 5 15), F 2 F 1 + F 2.5 F 2.5 6 136 15 340 N ( 4), 5 10,S 4, [ ] S S 640 4 160 MPa ( 5), d 16 mm, d 1 13.835 mm, l 70 mm(5 19 ), ca 1.3 F2 4 d2 1 4 1.3 15 340 13.835 2 132.7 MPa < [ ] GB/ T 578286 M16 70, z 12 5 11 5 25 (a) 40 000 N, 200 mm, ( 5.9 )

5 87.6 5.6.1 5 1 ( 1), A. B. C. D. ( 2),, A. 1.1 B. 1.3 C. 1.25 D. 0.3 ( 3),, A. B. C. D. ( 4) ( 5), ;, ( 6) F, F 2 ( 7) ( 8),,, A. B. C. D. ( 9),,, A., B., C., D., ( 10 )

88 ( ) 11 ), ( 12 ),, A. C. 5 2 B. ( 1),,? ( 2) 0 F, F0,,? ( 3),,? ( 4),?? ( 5) F 0?? ( 6),? ( 7)? ( )? ( 8),? 5 3 ( 1), F1 3 000 N, Cm C b 14,: F 7 000 N, F 0? F0,, F max? ( 2) 5.26, R 240 N, l 420 mm, d 65 mm,f 0.15,K S 1.2, [ ] 80 MPa, d1

5 89.26 5 3( 2 ) ( 3) M10 ( d 1 8.376 mm), 5.27, f 0.15, KS 1.2, 6.6, S 3, Rmax? 5.27 5 3( 3 ) ( 4) M16 ( d 1 13.835 mm) ( 5.28), [ ] 120 MPa, P 2 MPa, D 180 mm : z( F 1 1.6 F, F ) ; F 0 ( C b C b + C m 0.3) 5.28 5 3( 4 )

90 ( ) 5) 5.29 Q 30 kn, 150 mm,, 45 [ ] 80 MPa, ZCuAl9 Mn2, f v 0.12, f c 0.10, ( ), H D 5.29 5 3( 5 ) 5.6.2 5 1 ( 1) C; ( 2) B; (3 ) D; ( 4) v ; ( 5) 60,, 30, ; (6 ) F0, F1 ; ( 7) ( ), ; ( 8) B; (9 ) B; ( 10 ) ; ( 11 ),,,,,,, ; ( 12 ) C 5 2 ( 1), C b,,, ( 2),, ;, ( 3),,,

5 91 4),,, ;, ( 5),,,,,, ( 6),,,,,,, ( 7), ( ), ( ), ( 8),,, 5 3 ( 1) F 0 F 1 + C b F 0 3 000 + Cb + C m F 4 7 000 8 600 N 1 + 4 F 0 F 1 + Cb C b + Cm F F 1 F 0 - C b Cb + Cm,F1 0 F F 0 - Cb C b + Cm F 0 F C b + C m Cb F 0

92 ( ) F max C b C m Cb F 0 1 + 4 4 8 600 10 750 N ( 2) F0 F0, N,, 2 f N d 2 K S RL N K S RL f d 1.2 240 420 0.15 65 12 406.2 N N 2 F 0 F 0 N 2 d 1 12 406.2 2 6 203.1 N d 1 4 1.3 F 0 [ ] 4 1.3 6 023.1 80 11.329 mm ( 3) F 0max ca 1.3 F 0 d 2 1 4 [ ] S [ S] 360 3 F0max [ ]d2 1 4 1.3 120 MPa [ ] F 0max 120 8.3762 4 1.3 5 086.3 N R max 2 f F 0max K S R max R max 2 f F 0max K S 2 0.15 5 086.3 1.2 1 271.6 N ( 4) P, F F 2 F 1 + F 1.6 F + F 2.6 PD2 4 z P 4 D2 z, ( 1)

5 93 ca.3 F 2 d 2 1 4 [ ] F 2 d2 1 [ ] 4 1.3 ( 1),(2 ) 2.6 PD2 4 z d2 1 [ ] 4 1.3 ( 2) z 10 z 10, z 1.3 2.6 2 1802 13.835 2 120 9.54 F PD2 4 z 2 1802 4 10 5 089.38 N F 0 F 1 + Cb C b + Cm F d1 1.6 F + 1 - C m Cb + Cm F 1.6 F + 0.7 F 11 705.57 N ( 5) 5.29 d 2 25.5 mm, 22.5 mm ; 3.571 4, T1 70 300 N mm, T2 38 250 Nmm, ; v 6.8428, 3.5714, ; H 45 mm, D 542.75 mm,d 550 mm

6.1 6.1.1 ( 1) ( 2), ( 3) ( 4) 6.1.2 1.,, ( ) () 2. ( 1) :,,, : ( A ) ( B )(C ) C P 2 T 103 kld [ P ] (6.1)

6 95 T ( : N m) ; k ( : mm), k 0.5 h, h( : mm) ; l( : mm) ; d ( : mm) ; [ P ] ( : MPa) :, ;, p 2 T 103 kld [ p] (6.2), T ( : N m) ; k ( : mm), k 0.5 h, h( : mm) ; l( : mm) ; d ( : mm) ; [ p] ( : MPa) ( 2) : :, :,, : :, ( 6.1 ) ( 3) : : ( ) : 1100,, :,, : : P 12 T 103 bl( b + 6 f d) [ P ] (6.3), T ( : Nm) ; b ( : mm) ; l ( : mm) ; d ( : mm) ; f, f 0.12

96 ( ).17; [ P ] ( : MPa) ( 4) : : 1100,, :,120 130 : 100 mm : P 12 T 10 3 ( t - C) dl(0.5 f + 0.45) [ P ] (6.4), T ( : Nm) ; C( : mm) ; l ( : mm) ; t ( : mm) ; d ( : mm) ; f,f 0.12 0.17; [ P ] ( : MPa) 3. ( 1) : ( 2) : d bh, L( ), ( 3) :600 MPa, 45 ( 4) :, 4. 180 ; ; 90 120 1.5, 6.1.3 1., ( 1) : ;

6 97 2) :45 ( ) ; 30 2., P 2 T 103 z hld m [ P ] (6.5), p 2 T 103 z hldm [ p] (6.6) ( 6.5), (6.6), T ( : Nm) ;, 0.7 0.8; z ; h( : mm) ; l ( : mm) ; d m ( : mm) ; [ p] ( : MPa) ; [ P ] ( : MPa) 6.1.4 1. :,,,,,, 2. :,,,, 6.1.5, 150,,,,,,,,

98 ( ) 5,45 6.2 : ; ; ; ;,, : ; ; ; ;,, : ; ; ; ; : ; ; ; ; : ; ; ; ; : ; ; ; ;,, : ; ; ; ;, : 180 : 1.5 : 90 120 : 120 130, : ;, ; : 45,,, 30 :,,,, :,,,,, : :

6 99.3 6.3.1,, 6.3.2 6.1,;, 6.2 : ( ), (), 6.3, ; ( ),,,,,,,, 6.4,, D A. B. 90 C. 120 D. 180,,,,,, 1.5,,, 6.5 : a.;b. ; c.; d. : D A. a b c d B. b a c d

100 ( ) C c a b d D. c b a d E. c a d b 6.6, C,, D A. B. C. D.,,,,,, 6.7 C A. B. C. D.,, 6.4 ; ;,,, 6.8 ( 1997 ) ( b), A ( 6.1 ) A. B. C.,,,,,,

6 101,, 6.1 (c) 6.1 6.9 ( 1997 ) d 70 mm, : 20 80 GB109679, d2 200 mm, F1 5 kn, C MPa ( 6.2 ) A. 31.75 B. 36.44 C. 39.68 D. 48.59 6.2 bl GB109679, b, L,A,,(6.1) ( 6.1 ) l,,, L l L - b, l b, l L - b/ 2 (6.1), [ P ]

102 ( ) T F 1 d 2 / 2 5 000 0.2/ 2 500 Nm l P 2 T 103 kld L - b 80-20 60 mm k 0.5 h 6 mm 2 500 1 000 6 60 70 39.68 MPa 6.10 ( 2001 ) 6 28 32 7 T 200 Nm, L 20 mm, [ P ] 60 MPaC 0.3 mm, l L 20 mm, 0.7,? z 6, D 32 mm, d 28 mm h D - 2 d m d - 2 C D + d 2 P 2 T103 zhld m 32-28 2 32 + 28 2-2 0.3 1.4 mm 30 mm 2 200 10 3 0.7 6 1.4 20 30 113.4 MPa 60 MPa [ P ] : ; zddb GB114487,,,,

6 103.5 6 1, 180 ;, 90120 ;,?, 180,,,,, 90 120,, 180,,, 6 2,m?Z1 Z2?,,, m Z1,,,, m Z2,,,,, m 6 3 d 80 mm,( 6.3 ), L 1.5 d,, A d 80 mm, b 22 mm, h 14 mm, L 1.5 d 1.580 120 mm, L 90 mm :22 90 GB109679 l L - b 90-22 68 mm, k h/ 2 7 mm,,, 6 1, [ P ] 110 MPa, T max kld [ P ] 2 000 7 68 80 110 2 000 2 094 Nm 6 4 6.4,

104 ( ) 45,T 1 000 Nm,,, 6.3 6.4 ( 1) A, d 70 mm, b 20 mm, h 12 mm, L 110 mm :20 110 GB109679 l L - b 110-20 90 mm, k h/ 2 6 mm,,, 6 [ P ] 55 MPa, P 2 T 103 kld 2 1 000 1 000 6 90 70 52.91 MPa 55 MPa [ P ] 1, ( 2) A,d 90 mm, b 25 mm, h 14 mm, L 80 mm : 25 80 GB109679 l L - b 80-25 55 mm, k h/ 2 7 mm,,, 6 [ P ] 110 MPa, P 2 T 103 kld 2 1 000 1 000 7 55 90 57.72 MPa 110 MPa [ P ] 1, 6 5 6.5 V,d 45 mm,

6 105 ) D 250 mm, F 2 k N, L 65 mm,,, T FD/ 2 2 0000.25/ 2 250 Nm, d 45 mm, : 14 70 GB156579, h 9 mm, : l L - h 70-9 61 mm, 6 1, V, [ P ] 55 MPa, f 0.15, P 12 T 103 bl( b + 6 fd ) 12 250 10 3 14 61(14 + 6 0.15 45 ) 64.3 [ P ], 6.5 6.6 6 6 6.6, P 4 kw, n 250 r/ min,, T 9.55 10 6 P n 9.55 106 4 250 152 800 Nmm 152.8 Nm, D 40 mm,, d 36 mm,:8 36 40 7 GB114487,C 0.3 mm 0.7, l L 60 mm

106 ( ) h D - 2 dm d - 2 C D + d 2 40-36 2 40 + 36 2,, 6 p 2 T 103 zhld m [ p] 30 MPa 2 000152.8 0.781.46038-2 0.3 1.4 mm 38 mm 2 17.1 MPa [ p] 30 MPa 6 7 6.7, : d 38 mm,, D 90 mm, 6.7 ( 1), A d 38 mm, b 10 mm, h 8 mm,l 63 mm :10 63 GB109679

6 107 l L - b 53 mm, k h/ 2 4 mm,,, 6 1, [ P ] 55 MPa, T max kld[ P ] 2 000 4 53 38 55 2 000 221 Nm ( 2) d 38 mm,: b 10 mm, h 13 mm, d1 32 mm, L31.4 mm :1032 GB109679 l L 31.4 mm,k 13-10 3 mm, [ P ] 55 MPa, T max kld [ P ] 2 000 3 31.4 38 55 2 000 98 Nm ( 3),,,, 6.6 6.6.1 6 1 ( 1), A. B. C. D. ( 2) A. B. C. A,B D. ( 3), A. B. 180 C. 120 130 D. 90 ( 4) A. B.

108 ( ) C D. ( 5) A. B. C., 6 2 ( 1)? ( 2)? 6.6.2 6 1 ( 1) B; (2 ) A ; ( 3) C; ( 4) C; ( 5) C 6 2 ( 1), :,,:, ( 2)

7.1 7.1.1 ( 1), ( 2), ( 3), ( 4), 7.1.2 1. 7.1 7.1

110 ( ).,,,,,,, 3., 4., ( (7.15 ) ) ( (7.16 ) ) ( (7.17) ) 5., 7.1.3 1. 7.2( a), 7.2( b) ( a) ( b) 7.2 2.,,, 3. (),

7 111 4., :,,,, (), 7 2,,, 45, 45,, 5.,,, 45, 1 6. ( 1), ( 2), ; ;, ; ( 3),, 7. ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5),,

112 ( ).1.4, 1.,,, : ( 1), ( 2), ( 3), ( 4) ( 5),,, ( 6) ( 7) ( 8) : ( 1), ( 2) ( 3), ( 4) ( 5), 2.,,,, 3. ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4),

7 113 5) ( 6) ( 7), 7.1.5 1., 2., 3. ( ), ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,, :,, ;,, ( 1)

114 ( ) 2 T F + p d dl f 2 (7.1), p ( : MPa) ; F ( : N) ; T ( : Nmm) ; d ( : mm) ; l ( : mm) ; f ( 2), min pd C 1 E1 + C 2 E2 10 3 C 1 d2 + d 2 1 d 2 - d 2 1-1 (7.2) C 2 d2 2 + d 2 + d 2 2 - d 2 2, min ( :m) ; E 1 ( : MPa) ; E 2 ( : MPa) ; 1 ; 2 ; C 1 ; C 2 ; d 1 d 2 ( : mm),, min min + 0.8( R z1 + R z2 ) (7.3), min ( :m) ; R z1 R z2 ( :m) ( 7.1 ),,, ( 7.2),,,, max ( :m), p max ( : MPa) p max max d C 1 + C (7.4) 2 10 3 E 1 E 2 ( 7.4),,

7 115 ( 3) ( ), : p max d2 - d 2 1 B1 2 d 2 2 3 p max d2 2 - d 2 d 2 2 + d B2 2 2 3 (7.5) (7.6) ( 7.5) ( 7.6 ), B1 ( : MPa) ; B2 ( : MPa),, : p max d2 - d 2 1 2 d 2 S1 (7.7) p max d2 2 - d 2 3 d 4 2 + d 4 S2 (7.8) ( 7.7) ( 7.8), S1 ( : MPa) ; S2 ( : MPa), ( 7.7) ( 7.8), ( 4) Fi f dlpmax (7.9) F 0 ( 1.3 1.5) F i ( 1.3 1.5)fdlp max ( 7.10) ( 5) t 2 ( : ) t 1 ( :), t1 t 2 max + 0 2 d10 3 + t 0 ( 7.11) - max + 0 1 d10 3 + t0 ( 7.12) ( 7.11) (7.12 ), max ( :

116 ( ) m 0 ( :m) ; d ( : mm) ; 1 2 ; t 0 ( :) ( 6),,, ( ), d2max ( : mm) d1max ( : mm), d2max d1max 2 pmax d2 d 2 E2 ( d 2 2 - d 2 ) 2 pmax d1 d 2 E1 ( d 2 - d 2 1 ) ( 7.13) (7.14 ), ( 7.13) ( 7.14),,, 7.2,,,, :,

7 117,,, : ( ), : : :,, :,, 7.3 7.3.1,

118 ( ), : ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) ( 7) 7.3.2 7.1 7.3 3, F 25 k N, Q215, b d 7.3 e, : F 1 ( b - zd ) [ ] ( 7.15) F 2 d z [ P ] ( 7.16)

7 119 F d 2 4 z[ ] ( 7.17), (7.17 ) d, ( 7.16),( 7.15) b ( 1) 7 1 [ ] 200 MPa, [ P ] 400 MPa, [ ] 180 MPa ( 2) d 4 F z[ ] 4 25 000 3 180 d 8 mm,8.2 mm 7.68 mm ( 3), 3 mm F z d[ P ] 25 000 3 8.2 400 2.54 mm ( 4), b 70 mm b F 25 000 + zd + 3 8.2 66.3 mm [ ] 3 200, (7.17 ) d, ( 7.16), ( 7.15) b, 7.2 7.4, E4303 Q235, F 10 5 N63 mm,5 mm, e 1, l1, l2 17.4 mm, 7.4

120 ( ) ( 1) 7 3 [ ] 140 MPa ( 2) F1 F b - e1 b 105 (63-17.4) 63 F 2 F e 1 b 105 17.4 63 27 619 N 72 381 N ( 3),k 5 mm, l 1 l2 F 1 0.7k[ ] F2 0.7k[ ] 72 381 0.7 5 140 27 619 0.7 5 140 148 mm 56 mm,, 7.3 7.5, 60 H 7/ s6( 60 0 0.072.053 mm, 60 0.030 0 mm), : R z1 1.6 m, R z2 3.2 m, ( E 10 5 MPa, 0.3), f 0.12, ( 1) ( 2) 7.5 ( 1) min (53-30) - 0.8( R z1 + R z2 ) 19.16 m : d 1 0, d 2 100 mm, d 60 mm, C1 d2 + d 2 1 d 2 - d 2 1-1 1-0.3 0.7

7 121 C d2 2 + d 2 d 2 2 - d 2 + 2 1002 + 60 2 100 2-60 2 + 0.3 2.425 p min min d C 1 E 1 + C 2 E 2 10 3 19.16 60 0.7 10 5 + 2.425 10.22 MPa 10 5 10 3 T 1 2 p min d 2 l f 1 2 10.22 602 50 0.12 346.58 Nm ( 2) max 72 m,, p max max - 0.8( R z1 + R z2 ) d C 1 + C 2 10 3 E1 E2 72-0.8(1.6 + 3.2) 60 0.7 10 5 + 2.425 36.352 MPa 10 5 10 3 F i f dlp max 0.12 60 50 36.352 41.113 kn F0 (1.3 1.5 ) Fi ( 53.447 61.670 ) kn,,,, 7.4, ;, 7.4 ( 2000 ),,,

122 ( ) ( ),,,,, 7.5 ( ) ( 1),, A. B. C. D. ( 2) A. B. C. D. ( 3),,, A. B. C. D. ( 4),, ( 5), ( 1) C; ( 2) D ; (3 ) C; (4 ),,, ; (5),, 7.6 ( ) ( 1)??, 45, ( 2)?

7 123 3),,? :,,,,, 7.5 b1 7 1 7.6, Q235, b 170 mm, 80 mm, 12 mm, F 0.4 MN,E4303, 7.6 7 1 ( 1) Q235, 7 180 MPa, [ ] 140 MPa 3 : [ ] ( 2) F 1 F 2 b [ ] 170 12 180 367.2 kn 2 0.7 b 1 [ ] 2 0.7 80 12 140 188.16 kn F F 1 + F 2 367.2 + 188.16 555.36 k N F 400 kn < F,

124 ( ) 2 F max 0.4 MN, F min 0.2 MN,,?, 1 a - b F min F max 1 a - b F min F max 1 1-0.5 0.2 0.4 1, 7, 1 1.5-1 0.2 0.4 1.33 1 1 1 7 3 7.7, Q235, (100 100 10) mm, c a 28.4 mm,e4303, k 10 mm, F 0.35 MN 7.7 7 3 ( 1) 7 ( 2) F 1 F a a + b 0.35 106 28.4 100 3 [ ] 140 MPa 99.4 kn F2 F b a + b 0.35 106 (100-28.4) 100 ( 3) k 10 mm, l1 F1 0.7 k[ ] 99.4 10 3 102 mm 0.7 10 140 250.6 kn

7 125 l F 2 0.7 k[ ] 250.6 10 3 256 mm 0.7 10 140 7 4 45, d 80 mm, d2 120 mm, l 80 mm, S 360 MPa, f 0.085,, T 1 600 Nm, ( 1) p 2 T d 2 lf 2 1.6 10 6 80 2 80 0.085 ( 2) d 1 0, C1 d2 + d 2 1 d 2 - d 2 1-1 1-0.3 0.7 23.41 MPa C 2 d2 2 + d 2 d 2 2 - d 2 + 2 1202 + 80 2 120 2-80 2 + 0.3 2.9 E 1 E 2 2 10 5 MPa, min pd C 1 + C 2 10 3 E 1 E 2 0.7 + 2.9 23.41 80 2 10 5 10 3 33.71 m 7 6 : Rz1 6.3 m, Rz2 10 m min min + 0.8( Rz1 + Rz2 ) 33.71 + 0.8 (6.3 + 10) 46.75 m +0.030 ( 3) H7/ u6, 80 0, 80 + + 0 0.121.102 max 121 m, ( 102-30 )m 72 m > min 46.75 m, ( 4), 121 m,, p max max - 0.8( R z1 + R z2 ) d C 1 + C 2 10 3 E1 E2 121-0.8 ( 6.3 + 10 ) 80 0.7 2 10 5 + 74.97 MPa 2.9 2 10 5 10 3

126 ( ) d 2 - d 2 1 2 d 2 S1 1 2 360 180 MPa > p max d 2 2 - d 2 S2 3 d 4 2 + d 4 120 2-80 2 3 120 4 + 80 4 360 111.85 MPa > p max 7 5 7.8, H8/ t7,,, ( f 0.10) 7.8 7 5 ( 1) 250 + 0.072 0, 250 + + 0 0.242.196, min 196-72 124 mr z 10 m : min min - 0.8 ( R z1 + R z2 ) 124-0.8 (10 + 10) 108 m min min 124 m ( 2) E 1 1.3 10 5 MPa, 1 0.25, E 2 1.13 10 5 MPa, 2 0.35 C1 d2 + d 2 1 d 2 - d 2 1-1 2502 + 210 2 250 2-210 2-0.25 5.54 C 2 d2 2 + d 2 + d 2 2 - d 2 2 2802 + 250 2 280 2 2 + 0.35 9.21-250, :

7 127 p min p min d C 1 E1 min + C 2 E2 10 3 108 250 5.54 1.3 10 5 + 124 250 5.54 1.3 10 5 + ( 3) : 3.48 MPa 9.21 1.13 10 5 10 3 4.0 MPa 9.21 1.13 10 5 10 3 T 1 2 p min d 2 l f 1 2 3.48 2502 60 0.1 2 050 Nm T 1 2 p min d 2 l f 1 2 4.0 2502 60 0.1 2 356 Nm 7.6 7.6.1 7 1 ( 1), k 0.7 A. B. C. 45 D. ( 2), A. B. C. D. ( 3) A. B. C. D. ( 4) A. B. C. D.

128 ( ) 5) A. B. C. D. ( 6) ; A. B. C. D. ( 7),, A. V B. U C. X D. U ( 8) A. B. C. D. ( 9) A. B. C. D. ( 10 ), A. B. C. D. ( 11 ), 1, A. 1 B. 2 C. D. 4 7 2 ( 1)?? ( 2)? ( 3)?? ( 4)?? ( 5)? ( 6), ( 7)?? ( 8),? ( 9)? ( 10 ),,? 7 3, 7.9, 45 ( E 2.1 10 5 MPa), H7/ p6, Ra 0.8 m, :

7 129 1) ; ( 2) 7.9 7 3 7 4 7.10,5, Q215,, F 10 5 N s b d 7.10 7 4 7 5 7.6 E4303, Q235, 10 mm, b 150 mm, b 1 80 mmf? 7 6 ( E 2 1.13 10 5 MPa, 2 0.35) ( E 1 210 5 MPa, 1 0.3), 7.8, H7/ s6

130 ( ) R a 0.8 m, f 0.1,, : ( 1),? ( 2),? 7.6.2 7 1 ( 1) C; ( 2) C; ( 3) C; ( 4) B; (5 ) D; ( 6) C, A; (7) D; (8 ) D ; (9) A ; ( 10) D, D; ( 11) A 7 3 ( 1) p max 53.6 MPa ; ( 2) F i 50 kn 7 4 d 14 mm, s 5 mm, b 165 mm 7 5 F 426.8 kn 7 6 ( 1) T 1 920 Nm ; ( 2) T 2 032 Nm

8.1 8.1.1 ( 1) ( 2) V, V ( 3) V ( 4) ( 5) V 8.1.2 ( ) () : V V, V,,, V, V V V V V V V, V, : ;,, ;, ;, :, ; ; ;

132 ( ) 1..1.3,, F 0, F0, N,,,, F1, F2, ( F1 - F2 ) F e,, F f,,,, 2., F 0 F 1 F 2 F e F 1 + F 2 2 F 0 F 1 - F 2 F e (8.1) P Fe v 1 000 F 1 F 0 + F e / 2 F 2 F 0 - F e / 2 (8.2) (8.3),,, F1 F2 e f (8.4) (8.3),(8.4), Fec 2 F0 1-1/ e f 1 + 1/ e f (8.5) ( 8.1) (8.5), F 0 ( : N) ; F 1 ( : N) ; F 2 ( : N ) ; F e ( : N ), F e 1 000 P/ v,, P ( : kw), v( : m/ s) ; e ; f ( V,f v ) ;( : rad) ( 8.5 ), :

8 133 1) F 0 F ec F 0, F 0,, F 0,,,,, ; F 0, F e c,, ( 2) Fec, 1 120, 1 90 ( 3) ff F e c,f 3. : ( 1) 1 F 1 / A 2 F 2 / A ( 2) F c ( 3) (8.6) c qv 2 / A (8.7) b Eh/ dd (8.8) ( 8.6) ( 8.8 ), A ( : mm 2 ) ; q ( : kg/ m) ; v ( : m/ s) ; E ( : MPa) ; h ( : mm) ; d d ( : mm) (8.8),h, dd, b b1 b2, V, d dmin, 8.1,, 4. max 1 + c + b1 (8.9),,, 8.1,

134 ( ), v1 - v2 v 1 dd1 n1 - dd2 n2 d d1 n 1 ( 8.10) i n 1 n2 d d2 dd1 ( 1 - ) ( 8.11) ( 8.11),, 8.1 8.1,, ( ), ; ; ; ;,,, F e F ec 8.1.4 1.,, :

8 135 2. V, V P 0 Fe c v 1 000 ( [ ] - b1 - c ) 1 -,8, V P0 3. V 1 e f v Av kw ( 8.11) 1 000 5a 180 ( 1) V : ; V,, ; ; ; ( 2) : dd1,, ;dd1,, dd1,d d1, d d2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 1 1,, 1 > 120a, i V P0 180, z, KK l P,, ( z < 10 )

136 ( ).,,,, V, V 5. ( 1) :; ( 2) :, 1, V,,,,,, 8.2 : V : Y, Z, A, B, C, D, E V : SPZ, SP A, SPB, SPC V V V V : V : ;, ;, ;, :, ; ; ;

8 137 : F 0 F 1 F 2 F f F e F ec 2 F 0 F 1 + F 2 F e F f F 1 - F 2 F 1 F 0 + F e / 2 F 2 F 0 - F e / 2 1 F 1 / A 2 F 2 / A max 1 + b + c b E h/ d d c qv 2 / A F 1 F 2 e f F ec 1-1/ e 2 F f 0 1 + 1/ e f F 1 / F 2 > e f F 1 - F 2 > F fmax F ec :,, ; ;, :, ;, ;, : :, :,,,,,,,,,,

138 ( ).3 8.3.1 ( 1) : ( 2) : ( 3) : F 1, F 2, F 0, F f, F e F ec, F e c ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) ( 7) 8.3.2 8.1,???? F1 F2, Ff F1 - F2,,,,,,,,,, 8.2 8.2 1 : (1)??

8 139 2 ),? max? 8.2 ( 1),,,,, ( 2) A 1, max 1 + b + c,,, 8.3 V P max 4.82 kw, d d1 400 mm, n1 1 450 r/ min, 1 152, f v 0.25, F ec F 1 F 0 V v d d1 n 1 60 1 000 P F e v/ 1 000, 3.14 400 1 450 60 1 000 30.35 m/ s Fec 1 000 P max v 1 000 4.82 30.35 158.81 N ( 8.4) F 0 F e c 2 e f v e f v 1 + 1 1-1 158.81 2.718(0.253.14152/ 180 ) + 1 2 2.718 (0.253.14152/ 180 ) - 1 248.31 N ( 8.2)

140 ( ) F F 0 + F ec 2 F 2 F 0 - F ec 2 248.31 + 248.31-158.81 2 158.81 2 327.72 N 168.91 N : Fe F1 - F2 1 000 P, v, : F ec 2 F 0 1-1/ e f 1 + 1/ e f 8.4 V, : d d1 180 mm, dd2 630 mm, a 1 600 mm,n1 1 450 r/ min, B 4, V f 0.4, P 41.5 kw: (1 ) V ; (2 ) V ( 38, V E 200 MPa) ( 1) 1 1 180-180- ( 2) v ( d d2 - d d1 ) 180 a (630-180) 180 163.88 2.86 rad 1 600 fv f/ sin 38 0.4/ sin 1.23 2 2 d d1 n 60 1 000 180 1 450 60 1 000 13.66 m/ s 4, : P 4 Fe v/ 1 000, P, F ec ( 8.4) F 0 ( 8.2) 1 000 P/ (4 v) 1 000 41.5/ (4 13.66) 759.52 N F e c 2 e f v e f v 1 + 1 1-1 F 1 F 0 + F ec 2 F 2 F 0 - F ec 2 759.52 2.718(1.232.86 ) + 1 2 2.718 (1.232.86 ) - 1 402.99 + 403.99-759.52 2 759.52 2 782.75 N 23.23 N 405.99 N

8 141 8 1 BV A 138 mm 2, h 10.5 mm ; 4 q 0.17 kg/ m, c qv2 A 0.17 13.662 138 0.23 MPa b1 Eh/ d d1 200 10.5/ 180 11.67 MPa b2 Eh/ d d2 200 10.5/ 630 3.33 MPa 1 F 1 A 2 F 2 A 782.75 138 23.23 138 ( 3) : max 5.67 MPa 0.17 MPa 1 + b1 + c 5.67 + 11.67 + 0.23 17.57 MPa 1 / max 100% 5.67/ 17.57 100 % 32.27 % b1 / max 100% 11.67/ 17.57 100 % 66.42 % c/ max 100 % 0.23/ 17.57 100 % 1.31 % : ;,,, b Eh/ d d,,, 8.4,,,, 8.8 8.11, 8.5 ( 2000 ), F 1 F 2

142 ( ) ;; F 1 / F 2 e f,,,, F1/ F2 e f 8.6 ( 1998 ),, ; ;,, 8.1.3,( 8 23) 8.7 (1999 ) V,,V?? v 1, v 2, P F e v, F e1 F e2 V,,,,,,,,, P F e v,, 8.8 ( 1996 ) V,i 7, 90,,,,,, : ;,,,

8 143, 8.9 ( 1999 ) V,??,, z < 6,10 V 8.10 ( 2000 ) 8.3, 2 140 mm, 280 mm, 1 000 Nm, 80 r/ min 120 r/ min, 190 mm,,,?? 8.3 T, n 50 %,50% ( 1) d d2, V ( P 0, K, K L,P 0 ), 50% ( 2) d d1 50 %, V ( P 0 50%, K, KL,P0 ),,,P 0, K, K L,P 0,P 0, K, K L,P 0 8.7,,,,

144 ( ) P 8.11 ( 2001 ) 8.4 (a), 8.4 ( b), d1 d4, d2 d3, 1 3,n, : ( 1)?? ( 2)?? ( 3)?? 8.4 ( 1),,, F e c 2 F 0 1-1/ e f va 1 + 1/ e f ( 2) ( b) d 3 > d 1, 1,3, d 1 n 60 1 000 < vb d 3 n 60 1 000, P F e v, Fe a Feb, Pa < Pb 1 000 ( 3) (a), v a < vb, ( b),,, ;,,, 8.12 ( 2001 ) V F 0 354 N, ( ) d d1 160 mm, n 1 1 500 r/ min, a 150, V f v 0.485,: (1) V

8 145 F, F 2 ; ( 2) V F ec P ec ; (3) ( 1) F 1, F 2 1 150 2.18 rad F 1 F 2 e f v, F 1 + F 2 2 F 0, F 2 ( 2) Pec Fec v 1 000 2 F0 e f v 1 + 1 2 354 0.4852.18 e + 1 F 1 2 F 0 - F 2 525.46 N Fec dd1 n1 60 1 000 F ec F 1 - F 2 342.92 N ( 3) 8.1 182.54 N 342.92 160 1 500 60 1 000 4.31 kw,, F1 F2 e f v, 8.5 8 1 V n1 1 450 r/ min,fv 0.51, 1 180, F 0 360 N, : (1 )?(2) dd1 100 mm,?( 3) 0.95,,? ( 1) F ec 2 F 0 1-1/ e f 1 + 1/ e f 2 360 1-1/ e0.51 1 + 1/ e 0.51 478.35 N ( 2) ( 3) P T Fec dd1 2 478.35 100 2 23 917.5 Nmm F e c v 1 000 0.95 F ec n 1 d d1 0.95 60 1 000 1 000

146 ( ) 78.35 1 450 100 0.95 3.63 kw 60 1 000 1 000 8 2 V P 7.5 kw, v 10 m/ s,, F1 2 F2, F1 Fe F0 P F e v 1 000 F e kw, 1 000 P v F e F 1 - F 2,F 1 2 F 2, F1 F0 + F e 2, 1 000 7.5 10 750 N F1 2 Fe 2 750 1 500 N F 0 F 1 - F e 2 1 500-750 2 1 125 N 8 3 V n 1 1 450 r/ min, n 2 400 r/ min, d d1 180 mm, a 1 600 mm,v SPA, z 2,, 16 h( ) dd2 dd1 n1 ( 1 - ) n 2 8 9 d d2 639 mm 180 1 450 (1-0.02) 400 639.45 mm, Ld 180-1 180d d2 - d d1 a 57.5 639-180 57.5 163.5 1 600 2 a + 2 ( dd1 + dd2 ) + ( d d2 - d d1 ) 2 4 a 2 1 600 + (639-180 )2 ( 639 + 180) + 2 4 1 600 8 3, L d 4 500 mm, z KA P ( P 0 + P 0 ) K K L 4 519.4 m P z( P 0 + P 0 ) K K L K A 8 5c P0 4.91 kw ; 8 5d P0 0.59 kw ; 8 6 K A 1.3; 8 8 K 0.96; 8 10

8 147 K L 1.09 P z( P 0 + P 0 ) K K L K A 2 (4.91 + 0.59) 0.961.09 1.3 8.85 kw 8 4, V, P 7 kw, n1 960 r/ min, n2 330 r/ min, 5 %,,, B ( 1) 8 6 KA 1.2 P ca K A P 1.2 7 8.4 kw ( 2) V P ca 8.4 kw, n 1 960 r/ min, 8 8 ( 3) 8 5a d d1 180 mm, d d2 d d1 n 1 ( 1 - ) n2 8 7 d d2 525 mm n2 v dd1 n1 (1 - ) d d2 1 d d1 n 1 60 1 000 180 1 450 (1-0.02) 400 180 1 450 (1-0.02) 400 180 960 60 1 000 523.6 mm 324 r/ min 9.05 m/ s < 25 m/ s ( 4) 0.7 ( dd1 + dd2 ) < a0 < 2( dd1 + dd2 ), a 0 550 mm, L 2 a 0 + 2 ( d d1 + d d2 ) + ( d d2 - d d1 ) 2 4 a 2 550 + 2 ( 525-180) (525 + 180) + 2 4 550 2 262 mm 8 2 Ld 2 280 mm, a a a 0 + L- L d 2 ( 5) 550 + 2 280-2 262 2 559 mm

148 ( ) d 180 - d2 - d d1 a ( 6) z z z 4 P ca ( P 0 + P 0 ) K K L ( 7) F0 F 0 500 P ca vz 60 180-2.5 k - 1 500 8.4 9.05 4 ( 8) Q 525-180 60 143> 120 559 8.4 ( 2.43 + 0.2 976 ) 0.9 1 3.387 + qv2 g 2.5 0.9-1 + 1.7 9.052 9.8 223 N Q 2 ZF 0 sin 1 2 4 223 sin 143 1 692 N 2 2 ( 9) ( ) 8.6 8.6.1 8 1 ( 1) V A. B. C. ( 2), A. B. C. V D. ( 3) V, 40, A. B. C. 40 ( 4), v 1, v 2, v, A. v 1 v 2 v B. v 1 > v > v 2 C. v1 < v < v2 D. v1 v > v2

8 149 5) A. B. C. D. ( 6) A. B. C. D. ( 7) A. B. C. ( 8),, A. B. C. D. ( 9) A. B. C. D. 8 2 F 1 F 2 F e F 0 8 3??? 8 4 8 5 8 6,,?? 8 7 V, P C n 1 ;, V?? 8 8 8.5, : P 1, n 1, d d1, d d2, a: (1) i 1 2 i 2??( 2) ( i 2, i 1, i 1 2 ),??

150 ( ).5 8 8 8 9 8.6 V,? 8.6 8 9 8 10 V, P 1 6 kw, n 1 1 450 r/ min n 2 500 r/ min( 5% ),, 8.6.2 8 1 ( 1) B; (2 ) C; (3 ) C; (4 ) B; (5) D; ( 6) B; (7 ) A; (8) A ; (9 ) C 8 2 F e F f F 1 - F 2, 2 F 0 F 1 + F 2

8 151 3,,, ; ;; ; 8 4,,,, 8 5, :, 8 6,, 8 7,,, 8 8 (1 ) f, min, F 0, (2) i 2,,, 8 9 8.6( a), V,,

9.1 9.1.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) 9.1.2,, :, ( ), ; ;,;, ;, : ; ;,;,,,,

9 153, ( ), 9.1.3 1., p,, 8,,,,,,, 4,,,, A,B, : 08 A1 88 GB/ T12431997, A p 12.70 mm(08 ) 88 A 2. p, d 1, p t z GB/ T12431997,,, 9.1.4 1., zp, v v z 1 pn 1 60 1 000 z 2 pn 2 60 1 000 m/ s (9.1)

( 1) F e F e 1 000 P/ v (9.4) 154 ( ) n 1, n 2 ( : r/ min) ; z 1, z 2 ( 9.1 ) 2. i n1 z2 (9.2) n 2 z 1,,,,,,, i 1 R 2 cos 2 R1 cos (9.3),,, z 1 z 2 ( R 1 R 2 ), (, ),,1, 3.,,, ;, ;,,,,,, ( ),, 9.1.5, :, P ( : kw) ; v ( : m/ s ) ( 2) Fc

9 155, q ( : kg/ m) F c qv 2 (9.5) ( 3) F f Ff Ff Ff Kf qa 10-2 F f ( K f, a ( : m) ; K f 9.1.6 1. (9.6) + sin ) qa10-2 ; F1 Fe + Fc + Ff (9.7) F 2 F c + F f (9.8) ( 1), ( 2),,,, ( 3), ( 4) 2.,,,, :, ; z 1 19, L P 100 ; ; ; 15 000 h ; 3 %, P 0

156 ( ) K Z K L K P K A,P 0, 9 6; 15 000 h,, 3. ( v < 0.6 m/ s ) ( v 0.6 8 m/ s) ( v > 8 m/ s ), ; v < 0.6 m/ s, ( 1) v > 0.6 m/ s,,,, P 0 K A P K Z K L K P kw (9.9), P0 ( : kw) ; KA ; P( : kw) ; K Z ; K L ; KP ( 2) S ca F lim n KA F1 [ S] ( 9.10), S ca ; n ; F lim ( : kn ) ; KA ; F1 ( : k N) ; [ S], [ S] 4 8 4. P n 1, n 2, z 1, z 2,,,,,, 9.1 5. ( 1) z1, z 1 z min, 9z 1, z 2,

9 157 p,, d,,, zmax 120z1,,, z1,, z1 9.1 ( 2) p,, p,, p,,,

158 ( ),,,,, ( 3) a a,, ;,,, ;,, a0 ( 30 50 ) p, a max 80 p 9.1.7 1.,: ( 1),, ( 2),, 45, ( 3), a < 30 p,i > 2 a > 60 p, i < 1.5,,, 2., : ; 60 3. ; :, p v

9 159.2 :, 98 %, :, : :, :,, : p, p,, :, : : ; p, d 1, p t, z : d, d a, h a, d f :, :,,,,, :,, :,, : ; ; ; :, v < 0.6 m/ s : : z, i, a, L P,,

160 ( ).3 9.3.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5), 9.3.2 9.1,,,,,,, :p p, 9.2,,?,,,,,,,,,, :

9 161.3?,,,,, 9.4 : n 1 850 r/ min, z 1 18, z 2 90, L P 124, F lim 55 k N ; K A 1.2P Flim, F lim 35 kn, 9 1 p 25.4 mm, 16 A n 1 P 0 30 kw 850 r/ min, KZ, KL, KP 9 10, KZ 0.94, KL 1.07, KP 1, ( 9.9 ) P P 0 K Z K L K P K A 30 0.94 1.07 1 1.2 25.2 kw Flim,, P 0 P : P 0 K A P K Z K L K P, P, 9.5, P 1.5 kw, n1 120 r/ min, n2 40 r/ min,a820 mm,, v 0.6 m/ s,s 6,, K A 1.2 p,( ), z 1, z 2 ( 1) p F e 1 000 P/ v 1 000 1.5/ 0.6 2 500 N 10A, p 15.875 mm, q 1 kg/ m, ( ) F lim 21.8 k N F c qv 2 1 0.6 2 0.36 N, 0 f a

162 ( ) f a 2 %, 9 11 K f 6.5, (9.6) F f K f qa 10-2 6.5 1 820 10-2 53.3 N F1 Fe + Fc + Ff 2 500 + 0.36 + 53.3 2 553.66 N ( 9.10) Flim SK A F 1 n 10A 6 1.2 2 553.66 1 1 000 18.35 kn < 21.8 kn ( 2) 9 8 z 1 17, ( 3) v z 1 pn 1 60 1 000 ( 4) F e z2 n1 z1 120 17 51 n 2 40 17 15.875 120 60 1 000 0.54 m/ s < 0.6 m/ s 1 000 P/ v 1 000 1.5/ 0.54 2 777.78 N Fc qv 2 1 0.54 2 0.292 N F 1 F e + F c + F f 2 777.78 + 0.292 + 53.3 2 831.37 N ( 9.10) S ca F lim n K A F 1 10A L P ( 5) d1 d 2 21 800 1 1.2 2 831.37 6.42 > 6 p/ sin( 180 / z1 ) 15.875/ sin(180 / 17) 86.39 mm p/ sin( 180 / z 2 ) 15.875/ sin(180 / 51) 257.87 mm ( 6) L P LP 2 a p 138 + z1 + z2 2 2 820 15.875 + + 17 + 51 2 z 2 - z 1 2 + 2 p a 51-17 2 2 15.875 820 137.87,

9 163 v 0.6 m/ s,,: (),, ;,, ;,d 1, d 2 v 0.6 m/ s, ( ),9 3, 9 4 9.4, 9.6 ( 2001 ) : ( ) i n 1 / n 2 z 2 / z 1, i,,,, 9.7 ( 2000 ) A., B. C., D. C a, a,, a,, C A ; B,D, 9.8 ( 2000 ),

164 ( ) A B. C. D. B,,, B, A, C, D 9.9 ( 1999 ) p 25.4 mm, n 1 1 000 r/ min, d 1 203 mm, m/ s 10.6, v z 1 pn 1 / ( 601 000 ),, z 1, d p/ sin(180 / z) z 1 z 1 v d1 n1/ (60 1 000 ) 3.14 203 1 000/ (60 1 000 ) 10.62 m/ s 9.10 ( 1998 ),, z 1 z 2,,, 9.1.4,,, 9.11 ( 1998 ), ;,,,,,,,,,, z1 9.12 ( 2000 ),p v?

9 165, p,, p,, ;, ;,, ;,,, pz 1 v,,, 9.13 ( 2001 ),,?, ( 1) ; (2) ; ( 3) 2 9.14 ( 2001 ),,,,,,,, 9.5 9 1 9.2,, a (30 50 ) p9.2( a), ( b)? ( 9.2(c) )?? (a), ( b),,

166 ( ) ; ; 9.2 9 1 9 2 P 1 kw, n 1 48 r/ min, n 2 14 r/ min,,, :,v 0.6 m/ s,, 9.5 z 2 K A L P 9 3 n1 850 r/ min, z1 21, 99, a 900 mm, 55.6 kn, 1, L P 136 2 a p + z 1 + z 2 2 2 900 25.4 + + 21 + 99 2 z 2 - z 1 2 + 2 p a 99-21 2 2 25.4 900 135.2 9 1, 55.6 kn p 25.4 mm,16 A 9 13 P 0 35 kw, 9 10 KZ K L z 1 19 L P 100 9 11 K P 1 ( 9.9 ) P P 0 K Z K L K P K A 1.08 0.26 21 19 136 100 1.08 0.26 1.11 35 1.11 1.08 1 1 1.08 41.96 kw

9 167 4 P 7.5 kw,n 1 960 r/ min, i 3, K A 1.5,a 650 mm( ) ( 1) z1, z2 v 3 8 m/ s, 9 8 z1 23, z2 iz1 3 23 69 9 ( 2) p 9 10 Pca KA P 1.5 7.5 11.25 kw 13 K Z z1 19 a 40 p, L P 2 a p + z 1 + z 2 2 2 40 p p + + 1.08 23 + 69 2 L P 128,9 10 KL L P 100 0.26 z 2 - z 1 2 + 23 19 2 1.08 p a 69-23 2 128 100 0.26 1.23 2 p 40 p 1.07, 9 11 K P 1, P 0 P ca KZ KL KP 11.25 1.23 1.07 1 8.55 kw 127.34 P 0 8.55 kw n 1 960 r/ min, 9 13 10 A 9 1 p 15.875 mm ( 3) L a L L P P 1 000 128 15.875 1 000 2.03 m a p 4 L P - z 1 + z 2 2 + L P - z 1 + z 2 2 2-8 z 2 - z 1 2 2 15.875 4 128-23 + 69 2 + 128-23 + 69 2 2 69-23 - 8 2 2

168 ( ) 45.61 mm a (0.002 0.004) a (0.002 0.004) 645.61 1.29 2.58 mm a a - a 645.61 - ( 1.29 2.58) 644.32 643.03 mm a 644 mm, 650 mm, ( 4) v z 1 pn 1 60 1 000 9 ( 5) F e 1 000 P v, K FP F P 23 15.875 960 60 1 000 5.842 m/ s 14 1 000 7.5 5.842 1 283.81 N 1.15, 1.15 1 283.81 1 476.38 N 9.6 9.6.1 9 1 ( 1), A. B. C. D. ( 2),, ( 3) ( 4),,, ( 5)

9 169 ( 6),,, ( 7),, ( 8), p, ( 9), ( 10 ),,, 9 2,? 9 3?,? 9 4? 9 5?? 9 6?? 9 7,, n 1 900 r/ min, z 1 25, z 2 75,, n2 250 r/ min,, : ( 1),?? ( 2),?? 9 8 P 16.8 kw, n 1 960 r/ min,i 3.5,,, a 800 mm, 9.6.2 9 1 ( 1) C; ( 2),, ; ( 3) ; (4),,,;

170 ( ) 5), ; ( 6),; (7 ) ; ( 8),; ( 9),; (10), 9 2,, 9 4 z 1,, : ;,, ;,, z2,, 9 5,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, a (30 50 ) p 9 6 ( v < 0.6 m/ s) ( v 0.6 8 m/ s ) ( v > 8 m/ s ), ; v < 0.6 m/ s, 9 7 ( 1), : z1 z2/ i12 z 2 n 2 / n 1 75 250/ 900 20.8,z 1 2125 21, KZ,, ( 2) : z 2 z 1 / i 12 z 1 n 1 / n 2 25 900/ 250 90 75 90,,

0 10.1 10.1.1 ( 1) ( 2), ( 3), ( 4) ;,, ( 5) ( 6) ( 7) ( 8),,,

172 ( ) 0.1.2,, 1. : ( 99 % ) ; ; ; ; ; ( ) ; : ; ; ; ; 2. ( 1) : ( 2) : ( 3) : ( 4) : ( 5) : ( HBS > 350 H RC38) ( H BS 350 ) 10.1.3 1.,, : ( ) () ( 1) :, : : ; : : : ; :

10 173 ( ) ( 2) :,, : ;,,, ;, ::,,, : : ( ) ( 3) : : : ( 4) : ::,,,,, :,, : ( ) ( 5) : :,, : :, :,

174 ( ) 2.,, 10.1 10.1,,, ( ) 10.1.4, :,,,, ;, ;; 1. ( ),, : ( ) ( 1) :, :45 ;, ( HBS 350 ) ;, 7,8 ; 20Cr, 20Cr MnTi, 40Cr ;, ( HBS >

10 175 50 ) ( ) ;,,, 5,6 ; : ZG275 500;,; ; ( 2) : :H T250 ;,, ; :QT500 5 ; ( 3) : ( ABS) ; ;, ( 4), 2. ( 1) ( 2),, ( 3) ; ; ( 4),, ;,,, H BS 1 H BS 2 + 30 50, 30 50 H BS 10.1.5,,,, F n, P Fn Ft Fr ( ) F a 10.2 :F n, F t F r, F a :Fn, n

176 ( ) 0, F a F t tan,, ;, F a 8 20,, 10.2 F n F n1 F t / cos - F n2 F n F t / ( cos n cos ) F t / cos t cos b F n1 - F n2 F n F n1 F t / cos - F n2 F t 2 T 1 / d 1 F t1 - F t2 F t 2 T 1 / d 1 F t1 - F t2 F t 2 T 1 / d m1 F t1 - F t2 F r F t / t an F r F t t an n / cos F r F t t a n cos F r1 - F r2 F r1 - F r2 F r1 - F a2 F a F t ta n F a F t t an sin F a1 - F a2 F a1 - F r2 :Fn,, Fa Ft tan sin,, T 1 9.55 10 6 P 1 / n 1, F t1 2 T 1 / d 1, F n : F t : F t1, ; F t2, F r :, ;,

10 177 F a,,,,, F a1,,,,, F a1, F a2 F a1 10.1.6 ( ) : F n, :, p F n / L :, pca Kp, K, K K A K V K K K A, KV, KV ;, v;,p b2 > P b1, 2 ; P b1 > P b2,1 K, K H K F K, K K H K F K (,, ) ; ; ; K ;, ; ;, L b L

178 ( ),,, L,L b / cos b, KK 10.1.7 1.,,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ;, ; 30,,,,,,, Y, 10.3 2. ( 1),,, ( 2),,, F1 F2,,, : [ F1 ] [ F2 ], F1 [ F1 ], F2 [ F2 ],

10

180 ( ) ( 3),, Y Fa Y Sa [ F ], Y Fa1 Y Sa1 [ F1 ] Y Fa2 Y Sa2 [ F2 ], ( 4) 1 2 : F1 Y Fa1 Y Sa1 F2 Y Fa2 Y Sa2 ( 5) m( mn ),KV K K, K t K, mt ( mnt )mt ( mn t ) v, K V, K, K, K K A K V K K, K K t, m t ( mnt ), m m t 3 K/ K t m n m nt 3 K/ K t ( 6),,, 10.1.8 1.,,,,,,, (3.15 ) 10.4 2. ( 1),,

10

182 ( ) ( 2),,,, H1 H2, Z E, Z H, Z u,,,,[ H1 H2 ],[ H1 ] [ H2 ] ( 3),,,, : [ H ] min{( [ H1 ] + [ H2 ] )/ 2, 1.23[ H2 ] } [ H2 ] ( 4) d 1, K V, K, K,K t K,d 1 t d 1 t v, K V, K, K, K K A K V K K, KK t,d 1 t d 1 d 1t 3 K/ K t ( 5), d 1, mz, m 2, z1 40, z2 80 m 4, z 1 20, z 2 40, 10.1.9 1.,,,,, Y Fa Y Sa x 2. ( x x 1 + x 2 0) ( x x 1 + x 2 0 ) Z H

10 183 1. 0.1.10 ( 1), 20,,, 25 16 18, ( 2) z 1 z 1 20, z 1 17, z 1 :,,;,, ;,,,,, z 1 20 40,, z 1,,, z 1 17 20 ( 3) z 2 z 1, u z 2 / z 1 z 2,,, z 2 z 1 ( 4) d b/ d 1 d b b,,, d,b,,,,, d, d,, 5 10 mm, R b/ R, R 0.25 0.35, R 1/ 3 ( 5),,,, 8 20,,15 40 ( 6) m, m 2, 2. [ ] [ ] K N lim / S,, [ H ]

184 ( ) K HN Hlim S H [ F ] K FN Flim / S F S,, S H,S F K N 1 1.25 1.5 N 60 nj L h lim, 1 %,,, ML ; MQ ; ME, MQ ML,, Flim FE,,, 70%, Flim 3. 0.7 F E GB1009588 ( ) GB1136589 ( ), 1,12 v :6,7,8, 9 : ; ; ;; 10.1.11,, :, 10.1.12,,

10 185 :,, : v < 12 m/ s,, v > 12 m/ s v 25 m/ s,, v > 25 m/ s,, 10.1.13 :,, 1.75,,,,, z min 6 8, 10.2 : ; ; ; ; ; : ; ; ; ; ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

186 ( ) : :, :, ( ) : ; ; ; : ; : ( ) : ( ) :,,, : ; :, ;, : ; ; ; ; ; : p ca K F n / L, K K A K V K K : ; ( ), : 30 : F1 F2, [ F1 ] [ F2 ] :,, :, : H1 H2, [ H1 ] [ H2 ] : [ ] H K H N Hlim / S H, [ ] F K FN Flim / S F : 20, 25 : : 20 40; : 17 20 : d 0.4 1.4, R 0.25 0.35 : 8 20 : :, 1, 12, : 6, 7, 8, 9 : :

10 187 0.3 10.3.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5),, ( 6) ( 7) ( 8), 10.3.2 10.1??,, 10.2?,, 30 50 HBS : ;,, ; ;

188 ( ) C ; 0.3, z 1 20, z 2 50, A. YFa1 < YFa2 B. YFa1 YFa2 C. YFa1 > YFa2 A ; A. F1 > F2 B A. H1 > H2 B. F1 F2 B. H1 H2 C. F1 < F2 C. H1 < H2 (1 ),,,,zv z/ cos 3,, z < z v, z v z/ cos,,,,, : ( 2),,, 10.4, C A. d B. C. D., F 2 K T 1 bd1 m Y Fa Y sa 2 KT 1 bz 1 m 2 Y Fa Y sa [ F ] : ;,,,,,,,

10 189, B, 10.5,,, B A. B. C. D.,,,;,,, 30 50 H BS, F1 2 KT 1 bd1 m Y Fa1 Y Sa1 [ F1 ], F2 2 K T 1 bd1 m Y Fa2 Y Sa2 [ F2 ], F1 F2, [ F1 ] [ F2 ], Y Fa1 Y Sa1 [ F1 ] YFa1 Y Fa2 Y Sa2 [ F2 ],, > YFa2,, [ F1 ] > [ F2 ], 10.6, B A. C., B., KF H Z E Z t H u + 1 bd1 u Z E Z H 2 K T 1 bd 2 1 u + 1 u [ H ] u,, ( ),,

190 ( ) 10.7 10.1 2 mn 3 mm, z2 51, 15, ; 3 mn 5 mm, z3 14 : ( 1) 3?, 2,3 ( 2)? 10.1 10.2 (1) 2,3 10.2 2,, 2 F a2 (),2,,, 2, Fa2 2,3 Fa2, 3 Fa3,,, 3, 3 F r2, F r3 2, F t2 3, Ft3 ( 2) 2 3, F a2 F a3 F a2 F t2 tan 2, F a3 F t3 tan 3 tan 3 F t2 tan 2 F t3 2 3 T F t2 d 2 2 F t3 d 2 z 2 m n2 / cos 2, d 3 z 3 m n3 / cos 3 d 3 2,

10 191 F t Ft3 d 3 d2 z 3 m n3 cos 2 z2 mn2 cos 3 tan 3 F t2 d 3 z 3 m n3 cos 2 tan 2 F t3 d 2 z 2 m n2 cos 3 sin 3 z 3 m n3 sin 2 5 17 sin15 0.143 8 z2 mn2 3 51 3 8 16 2 (1 ) 10.3, 10.3 ( 2),,,,,,,,,, 10.8