( ),,,, ( ), (CIP) ( ) /,. :, 2005.2 ISBN 7 5612 1900 8.... TH122 CIP (2005) 005859 : : 127 :710072 : 029 88493844, 88491757 : : : 850 m

( )

( ),,,, ( ), (CIP) ( ) /,. :, 2005.2 ISBN 7 5612 1900 8.... TH122 CIP (2005) 005859 : : 127 :710072 : 029 88493844, 88491757 : www.nwpup.com : : 850 mm1168 mm 1/ 32 : 13.25 : 460 : 2005 4 1 2005 4 1 : 19.00

( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

2 ( ),,,,,, ( 1, 13, 14, 16 )(8, 9, 15 ) ( 4, 12, 17 ) ( 3, 5, 18 ) ( 2, 7, 11 ) (6, 10 ),,, 2005 1

1 1 1.1 1 1.2 3 2 4 2.1 4 2.2 11 2.3 12 2.4 12 3 14 3.1 14 3.2 23 3.3 24 3.4 29 3.5 33 3.6 35

( ) 39 4.1 39 4.2 44 4.3 44 5 46 5.1 46 5.2 55 5.3 57 5.4 72 5.5 80 5.6 87 6 94 6.1 94 6.2 98 6.3 99 6.4 100 6.5 103 6.6 107 7 109 7.1 109 7.2 116 7.3 117 7.4 121 7.5 123 7.6 127

131 8.1 131 8.2 136 8.3 138 8.4 141 8.5 145 8.6 148 9 152 9.1 152 9.2 159 9.3 160 9.4 163 9.5 165 9.6 168 10 171 10.1 171 10.2 185 10.3 187 10.4 195 10.5 203 10.6 217 11 221 11.1 221 11.2 228

( ) 1.3 229 11.4 232 11.5 235 11.6 248 12 255 12.1 255 12.2 262 12.3 263 12.4 268 12.5 271 12.6 275 13 278 13.1 278 13.2 285 13.3 286 13.4 293 13.5 297 13.6 301 14 304 14.1 304 14.2 310 14.3 311 14.4 312 14.5 314

5 318 15.1 318 15.2 325 15.3 326 15.4 334 15.5 338 15.6 344 16 349 16.1 349 16.2 355 16.3 356 16.4 360 16.5 363 16.6 368 17 371 17.1 371 17.2 373 17.3 373 18 374 18.1 374 18.2 376 18.3 377

( ) A 379 A.1 379 A.2 383 A.3 387 A.4 391 B 397 B.1 397 B.2 399 B.3 403 B.4 406 413

1. 1 1.1.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3),,, 1.1.2,,, 1. : ( 1) : ( 2) : 2.,,,,,,,, ;,,

2 ( ).1.3 1., ( ),, : 2., 3. ( ) : ( 1) ( 2),, ( 3) ( 4), ( 5), 1.1.4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

1 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.2 1 1? 1 2?? 1 3? 1 4,?

2.1 2.1.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) ( 7) ( 8) ( 9) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) 2.1.2 ( ), ( ), ( 1),,

2 5 :,, ( 2),,,, ( 3) : ; ; ; ; ; ( 4),,,,, ( 5),,, 2.1.3 : ( 1) :,

6 ( ) 2) :, ( 3) :,, ( 4) :,,, 2.1.4,,,, 1.,,,,,, [ ] [ ] (2.1) [ ] lim S (2.2), lim,,

2 7 S ( ) 2., y [ y] (2.3), y, ; [ y],, 3.,,,, 4., f f P,,, 0.85 f > f P 1.15 f < f P (2.4), f,,,,, 5., ( ), ( )

8 ( ), 2.1.5 : ( 1),,,,,,,, ( 2),,, ( 3),,,,,,,,,

2 9 (),,, 2.1.6 : ( 1), ( 2), ( 3), ( 4) ( 5), ( 6) ( 7),, ( 8),,,,, 2.1.7,,

10 ( ), ( 1),, ; ; ( 2) ( 3), 2.1.8,,, ( GB) ( ISO)

2 11.2

12 ( ).3,,,,,, 2.4 2.4.1 2 1 ( 1), A. B. C. D. ( 2) A. B. C. D. ( 3), A. B. C. D. ( 4), A. n 5 B. n 10 n C. 15 n D. 20 2 2 (,) ( 1), ( ) ( 2) ( ) ( 3),, ( ) ( 4) ( ) ( 5) ( )

2 13 6), ( ) 2 3 ( 1)?? ( 2) ( 3)?? ( 4)? ( 5)? ( 6)? ( 7)?? ( 8)? 2.4.2 2 1 ( 1) A ; (2 ) B; ( 3) D ; (4 ) B 2 2 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) 2 3 ( 1), (2 ), ( 3), (4 ), (5), (6 ), (7) ( 8),,,,,,

3.1 3.1.1 ( 1), ( B, S, - 1, 0 ), ( 2), ( 3) ( Miner ) ( 4) ( 5) 3.1.2,, max N ( ) r( min/ max ),,r,( r - 1 ) ( r 0) (0 < r < 1, - 1 < r < 0 ), ( m ( max + min )/ 2) ( a ( max - min )/ 2),, K (

3 15 K a, m 1.N ( 3.1 ) rn, r, N 3.1 N N B 10 3,, NB 10 3 N NC 10 4,,,, N 10 4,, CD ( ), m rn N C ( 10 4 N C N N D (10 6 25 10 7 ) ) (3.1), rn, CD ( : MPa) ; m,, (3.1),, ND N D N 0 ( ), N 0,, ;, N0 ND,, ND N 0 N D,, N 0, N 0

16 ( ) - 1, 0 rn m rn r N0 N, K N,N N 0, K N 1 rn, rn, N 0 r K N (3.2) N N 0 ( 3.1 N D ),, r, r,, 2. ( ) r, rn,,,, ( 3.2) 3.2 3.2,A ( 0, - 1 ), D ( 0 / 2, 0 / 2),C( S, 0),GC OC 135 CG A D A G, G C max m+ a S,, ( ) A G C OA G C,, ;,

3 17 1..1.3, ( ), K K k + 1-1 1 q, k (, ) ; ; ; q K - 1-1e, - 1e - 1 (3.3) K A G K, G C, 3.3 AGC 3.3, AG CG - 1 K ae + me (3.4) S ae + me (3.5), a e ( : MPa) ; me

18 ( ) : MPa) ; 2-1 - 0 0,, 0.1 0.2;, 0.2 0.3, K, (3.3) K,,(3.4) (3.5), S ca 2., Sca lim / S, m a, M ( m, a ) ( N ), AGC M 1 ( N 1 ), ( 1) r C( ) r C, a / m ( 1 - r)/ (1 + r), ae / me a / m 3.4, M, Sca Sc a max max lim - 1 K a S (3.6) + m 3.4

3 19 N,, S ca lim S max S S (3.7) a + m 3.4, OAG ( ), ; OGC (), ( 2) m C( ) m C,, 3.5,M OAGH (), M 2, Sca S ca max lim max - 1 + ( K - ) m S (3.8) K ( a + m ) 3.5 Sa S a lim ae - 1 - m S a (3.9) a K a N H GC (), N 2, ( 3.7) ( 3) min min C() C, 45, 3.6, M OAGI (), M 3, S ca Sca lim max 2-1 + ( K- ) min max ( K + ) (2 a + min ) S ( 3.10)

20 ( ) S a S a lim a e - 1 - min S a ( 3.11) a ( K + ) a N IGC (), N3, ( 3.7) 3.6,, - 1 0-1 N 0 N, 3. ( ),,,,,,, ( Miner ) :,,, - 1 n i / N i 1,, z i 1 n i N i 1 (3.12a), n i i i ; N i i ; z

3 21 3.12a) Miner,,, ;,, 1;,, 1, z i 1 n i N i 0.7 2.2 (3.12b),,, (3.12a) ( 3.12a) ( 3.1 ), S ca 4. S ca ca - 1 S ca m 1 z N 0 i 1 n m i i ( 3.13), a a,,, S ca Sca S S SS S S+ 2 S 2-1 K a - 1 K a (3.14a), S a ; S a, SS S S - 1 K a + m - 1 K a + m (3.14b)

22 ( ).1.4,,,, 3.1.5,,,,,,,,, H F 1 1 B 1 2 1-2 1 + 1-2 2 E1 E2 ( 3.15), F ; B ; 1 2 1 2, 1 1 1,, 1 2 1 2,,, ; 1 1 2 2 1 2 ; E 1 E 2 1 2 ( ), 0 H,,

3 23.2

24 ( ).3 3.3.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) Miner ( 5) 3.3.2 3.1-1 275 MPa, S 355 MPa,N 0 10 7, m 9, N 10 5, 5 10 6,10 8 K N - 1 N K N1 m N 0 N 1 9 10 7 10 5 1.67-1 N1 K N1-1 1.67 275 459 MPa - 1 N1 459 MPa > 355 MPa S, - 1 N1 S 355 MPa K N2 m N 0 N 2 9 10 7 5 10 6 1.08-1 N2 KN2-1 1.08 275 297 MPa N 3 10 8 > N 0 10 7,N 3 10 7 K N3 m N0 N3 9 10 7 10 7 1-1 N3 KN3-1 1 275 275 MPa, Miner S N0 3.2, : 0.2, - 1 450 MPa,

3 25 S 800 MPa max 280 MPa, min - 80 MPa, r C, K 1.62S 1.3,, ( 1) m max 2 a max + min - min S ca - 1 K a + m Sca ( 2) 2 S a + 280-80 2 280 + 80 2 450 1.62 180 + 0.3 100 m 800 180 + 100 100 MPa 180 MPa 1.36 > 1.3 S 2.85 > 1.3 S, A (0,450/ 1.62),C( 800,0 ) 2-1 - 0 0 2-1 2 450 0 1 + 1 + 0.3 D( 692.3/ 2,692.3/ 2/ 1.62 ) 692.3 MPa A (0,277.78 ), C(800,0 ), D( 346.15,213.67 ), 3.7 3.7

26 ( ) M,M M 100,180),r C,M AG S ca OM 1.38 > 1.3 S OM r C,,, max,, min, a, m, r, 3.3 3.8 1 600 MPa, 2 550 MPa, 3 450 MPa,, n1 n2 n3 10 5, N0 10 7, m 9, - 1 400 MPa: ( 1) ; ( 2) 3.8 ( 1) 9 N 1 N - 1 0 1 10 7 400 600 9 2.60 10 5 9-1 N 2 N 0 2 10 7 400 550 9 5.69 10 5

3 27 9-1 N N 0 3 10 7 400 450 9 34.64 10 5 3 i 1 n 1 N i 10 5 2.60 10 5 + 10 5 5.69 10 5 + ( 2) 3 n1 i 1 n2 1-3 i 1 n 1 N i + n2 N i 1 3 i 1 10 5 34.64 10 5 0.589 1 0.7 10 5 N i ( 1) Miner ;( 2), ( 1),( 1),, 3.4 40Cr,, 0.2, - 1 355 MPa, - 1 205 MPa, 0.1d 40 mm, M 300 Nm, T 800 Nm, K 2.5, K 1.5 S ca ; ( 1), S ca ; ( 2),, ( 3) (2 ), S 2, M 400 Nm, T? ( 1) b 32 M d 3 T 16 T d 3 32 300 103 40 3 16 800 103 40 3 m 0 a b 47.75 MPa 47.75 MPa 63.66 MPa

28 ( ) ( 3.14a) S S S ca - 1 K a m 0 a T 63.66 MPa - 1 K a S S S 2 + S 2 ( 2) ( 3.14a, b) S S Sca - 1 2.97 K a - 1 K a 355 2.5 47.75 2.97 205 1.5 63.66 2.15 2.97 2.15 2.97 2 + 2.15 2 1.74 m 0 a b 47.75 MPa m 0.5 T 31.83 MPa a 0.5 T 31.83 MPa + m S S S+ 2 S 2 ( 3) a b 32 M d 3 ( 3.14a, b) 205 1.5 31.83 + 0.1 31.83 4.03 S - 1 K a 2.97 4.03 2.97 2 + 4.03 2 2.39 m 0 32 400 103 40 3 63.66 MPa 355 2.5 63.66 2.23 S ca S S S 2 S+ 2 S 2

3 29 S S - 1 K a SS S - S 2 + T 16 T d 3 m 2 2.23 2.23 2-2 2 4.52 205 4.52 ( 1.5 + 0.1) 0.5 T T 56.69 MPa 16 T 103 40 3 T 712.39 Nm 56.69 MPa,,,,, r - 1 ;,,, r - 1 ;, r 0 ; ( 3) ( 2),, 3.4 : ;,;, 3.5 ( 2000 ) 45 : B 600 MPa, S 360 MPa, 300 MPa, 0.25-1 3.9 ( 1) 3.9, 0 ;

30 ( ) 2) K 2, ; ( 3) max M m a ( 1) 2-1 - 0, 0 0 2-1 1 + 120 MPa, r 0.25, 2 300 1 + 0.25 ( 2) AGC( 3.10) 480 MPa 3.10 ( 3) r min max 0.25, min r max m max + min 2 a max 0.25 120 30 MPa - min 2 120 + 30 2 120-30 2 75 MPa 45 MPa (1 ) ; (2),, K :, (3), 3.6 ( 1997 ) 45-1 300 MPa, m 9, N 0 10 7,, 1 500 MPa n1 10 4, 2 400 MPa,

3 31 m - 1 N 1 N 0 1 10 7 300 500 9 1.01 10 5 N2 N0 m - 1 2 10 7 300 400 9 7.51 10 5 n 1 N1 + n 2 N2 1, n 2 1 - n1 N 1 N 2 6.76 10 5, ( Miner ), 3.3( 2) 3.7 ( 1998 ) 3.11,M N,? 3.11 N 3.12 M M, N 3.12 N ( ), M,,, r, M, N OM, ON

32 ( ) MN, OAG, OGC, S 3.8 ( 1997 ) 45,, 1max 125 MPa, 2max 115 MPa, 3max 100 MPa,n 1 310 3, n 2 7 10 4, n 3 4 10 6, - 1 250 MPa, m 9, N 0 10 7, k 1.76, 0.78, 0.95, 0.34, S 1.5, K k + 1-1 1 q - 1e - 1 / K 108.2 MPa 1max ( 1max ), K S S ca 3max (n 3 m 1 z N 0 n i - 1e K S 1max i 1 1.76 0.78 + 1 0.95-1 1 2.31 i 1max 1.19 < S m 0.728 4 10 6 ), K S m 1 z N 0 n i i 1 i 3max m 0.910 Sca - 1e K S 3max 1.189 < S, ; : K k + 1-1 1, k,,, q, q, q 1 r - 1, - 1e - 1 / K, i, 1, K S,

3 33.5 3 1-1 180 MPa,N 0 5 10 6, m 9, N 7 000,25 000,620 000 9-1 N1-1 9-1 N2-1 9-1 N 3-1 N 0 N 1 N 0 N2 N0 N 3 9 180 5 10 6 373.6 MPa 7 10 3 9 180 9 180 5 10 6 2.5 10 4 324.3 MPa 5 10 6 6.2 10 5 227.0 MPa 3 2 S 260 MPa, - 1 170 MPa, 0.2, ( 3.2 A D G C) A ( 0, 170 ), C(260, 0), 2 D (283.33/ 2, 283.33/ 2 ) - 1-0 0 2-1 2 170 0 1 + 1 + 0.2 283.33 MPa A ( 0,170 ), C(260,0 ), D (141.67,141.67) 3.13 3.13 3 2 3 3 : D 72 mm, d 62 mm, r 3 mm

34 ( ) 0Cr Ni, k B 900 MPa, S 750 MPa, D/ d 72/ 62 1.16, r/ d 3/ 62 0.048,, 3.1, 2.46 ;3.1,q 0.90, k 1 + q(- 1 ) 1 + 0.90 ( 2.46-1 ) 2.31 3 4 : D 54 mm, d 45 mm, r 3 mm3 2, B 420 MPa, D/ d 54/ 45 1.2, r/ d 3/ 45 0.067,, 3.1, 2.29,3.1, q 0.78, k 1 + q(- 1 ) 1 + 0.78 ( 2.29-1 ) 2.01 3.2, 0.74;, 3.4, 0.83 ;,, 14 mm, 3.11, q 1.3, K k + 1-1 1 q 2.01 0.74 + 1 0.83-1 1 1.3 2.25 A( 0, 170/ 2.25 ), C(260, 0),D( 141.67, 141.67/ 2.25 ) A (0,75.56),C( 260,0), D(141.67,62.96) 3.14 3.14 3 4 3 5 3 4 m 20 MPa, a 30 MPa, : ( 1) r C; ( 2) m C, Sc a ( 1) r C, (3.6) Sca - 1 K a + m 170 2.25 30 + 0.2 20 2.38, (3.7)

3 35 S ca S a + m 260 30 + 20 5.2 ( 2) m C, (3.8) S c a - 1 + ( K - ) m K ( a + m ), (3.7) 170 + (2.25-0.2) 20 2.25 (30 + 20) S ca 5.2 1.88 3.6 3.6.1 3 1 ( 1),, A. C. B. D. ( 2),, ( 3), A. B. C. ( 4),, A. B. C. ( 5) max, min, a, m, r A. B. C. D. ( 6),, A. 1 C. 1 B. 1 D. 1,1

36 ( ) 2 ( 1) K??? ( 2)?,?? ( 3),?? 3 3 ( 1) : - 1 450 MPa, m 9, N0 10 7, 1 600 MPa, 2 550 MPa, 3 500 MPa 10 5 : S c a ; ; n ( 2) - 1 400 MPa, 0.2, S 780 MPa: ; r 0.5 a, m 3.6.2 3 1 ( 1) C; ( 2), ; (3 ) A ; ( 4) A ; (5 ) B; (6) C 3 2 (1 ), K ;, K K k q K, ( 2) ( ),, K, ( 3),N 10 3, ; N > 10 3,,

3 37 3 3 ( 1) KS K S m 9 z 1 n i N0 i 1 i 1 m 1 10 7 10 5 600 600 0.634 S ca - 1 KS 1 9 + 10 5 550 600 450 0.634 600 1.18 m N 1 N - 1 0 10 7 450 1 600 m N 2 N - 1 0 10 7 450 2 550 m N 3 N - 1 0 3 z i 1 n i N i n 1 N1 + n 2 10 7 450 500 n 1 n 2 n 3 10 5 N2 + n 3 10 5 7.5 10 5 + N3 10 5 16.4 10 5 + 9 9 9 9 + 10 5 500 600 7.5 10 5 16.4 10 5 38.7 10 5 10 5 38.7 10 5 0.22 n Miner 1, z ni i 1 N i n + n + n 1 - N 1 N 2 N 3 n1 + n N 1 + n 1 N1 n2 + nn3 + n + 1 N 2 N 3 + n 2 N2 N1 N2 N3 + n 3 N3 1-0.22 0.78 n 0.78 3.54 10 5 N 2 N 3 + N 1 N 3 + N 1 N 2 9

38 ( ) 2) 2-1 - 0 0.2 0 0 2-1 666.7 MPa 1.2, 3.15 3.15 3 3 (2 ) r min max m min 2 a max 0.5, max + max - min 2 a m a 1 m 3 1.5 min 0.5 min a+ m S 780 a 195 MPa, m 585 MPa 2 min, arctan a 18.435, m CG M

4.1 4.1.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) 4.1.2,,, 4.1 :, :, 4.1 ( 1),,, :

40 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 2),,,,0.1 m ( 3),,,, ( 4),, ( ) : ( ) h min R a1 + R a2 (4.1), hmin ( :m) ; Ra1, Ra2 ( :m) 1,( ) ; 1 3, ( ) ; > 3, ( ) 4.1.3 1.

4 41,,,,,,: ( 1),,,,, ( 2),,,,, ( 3),, (, ),,,,,,,,, 2.,5 : ( 1),,,,,,,, ( 2), ( 3),,, ( 4) ( ) ( 5) ( ),,,

42 ( ).1.4,,,,,, 1.,, ( 1), (1.5 2 m ),,,, ( 2),,, :, v,,,, ( 3),,, ( 4),, 2.

4 43 1) :,,,,,,,, : ( 2) : :,,,, ( ),, ( ) 5 s,,, : ( ) ( ),, 3. ( 1) ( 2) :

44 ( ).2 4.3 1.? 2.?

4 45.?? 4.? 5.?? 6.? 7.?? 8.?

5.1 5.1.1 ( 1),, ( ) ( 2),, ( 3),,, ( 4),, ( 5), ( ),, ( 6), : ; ; ; ( 7) ( ) ( ) ( 8) ( 9)

5 47 1..1.2,, ;, ( ),, :,,,,, 2. : d, d 1, d 2,, d 2 ( d + d 1 )/ 2, n,,, ;,, n 4 P S, S P, S np, h arctan S d2, 3. 5.1 4. (5.1),,, GB/ T310311982,, A,B, C C

48 ( ).1,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 5.,,,,,,,, :,, ;, 6.,,,, :

5 49 1), : ( 2), : ( 3),, : 5.1.3,,, ;,,,,5.2 5.2 F F 4 d2 1 [ ] F 0 ca 1.3 F 0 4 d2 1 [ ] F 0 F, F 0 F 2 ca 1.3 F 2 4 d2 1 : F 2 F 0 + S ca [ ] C b C b + C m F 2-1tc + ( K - ) min ( K + ) (2 a + min ) S : min a C b F 0 4 d2 1 C b 2 F + C m d 2 1

50 ( ) F P F [ ] 4 d2 0 m F [ P ] d 0 L min 5.2 : ( 1) F 0,, ( ) 30 %,, ( 2) F, F 2 F0 F, F1 F, F 0 C b Cb + Cm F 5.1 5.1 ( 3), 0 F, F0 F2 F, ( 4) F,, ( 5), d 1 ( : mm),

5 51, ; d 0, L min,,, 5.1.4,, 1.,,, ; ; ;,, 2.,,,,,, 5.3 5.3, f ; z ; i ; K S, K S 1.1 1.3 ; r i i O ( : mm) ; rmax O ( : mm) ; L max OO( : mm) ; L i i OO ( : mm) ; W, ( ) ; ( ), (),

52 ( ) 5.3 F F F 0 K S F f z i F F z T T F 0 K S T z f i 1 r i F max T r max z r 2 i i 1 F F F F z M M F max ML max z L 2 i i 1 Pmax zf 0 A + M W [ P ] Pmin zf 0 A - M W > 0 5.1.5 1. ( Q215,10 ) ( Q235, 35, 45 ) (15Cr, 40Cr,30CrMnSi)( ), Q235, 15,35,65 Mn,,,, 3.6 12.9 1/ 100( B/ 100), ( S 0.2 ) 10 ( 10 S/ B ), 4 12 min 1/ 100

5 53. [ ] S S (5.2) [ ] [ P ] [ ] S S [ P ] S SP [ P ] B SP (5.3) (5.4) (5.5), S, B ( : MPa) ; S, S, S P 5.1.6, 1.,,,,, :,,, 2. () 3., 4. : ;, 5.,

54 ( ) 1..1.7 ;,, ( ) ( ) ( ) 2., ;, 3.,( ),,, p [ p], FP d 2 hh [ p] (5.6), P ( : mm) ; d 2 ( : mm) ; h ( : mm) ; H ( : mm) ; [ p] ( : MPa) ( 5.1 ), H d 2,(5.1) d 2 FP h[ p], d 2 (5.7) H, : d 2 d P n; 10,, arctan f cos arctan f v v (5.8)

5 55 ; f v ; f,,, ;,,,, ( ), ;, 5.2 : : d d 1 d 2 n PS h A, B, C :, :, : : : : :

56 ( ),,,, 3.6 12.9, 1/ 100, 10, 4 12, 1/ 100 :

5 57.3 5.3.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) ( 7) ( 8) ( 9) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) 5.3.2 5.1 5.2 ( GB/ T58431986) YLD10, T 630 Nm,4 M12,M12 60 ( GB/ T271988 ), 8.8, H T200, 5.2

58 ( ) ( 1) F 2 T zd 2 630 103 4 130 2 423 N ( 2) H T200, B 200 MPa,, 5.10, S P 640 MPa, 5.10, S 5, d 0 L min [ P ] B 200 S P 3 [ ] S 640 S 5 3, 8.8, S 66.7 MPa 128 MPa ( 3), GB/ T2788 M1260, 13 mm, 38 mm, 18 mm, 5.2 P F d 0 L min 2 423 13 18 10.35 MPa [ P ] m 1, 4 F d 2 0 4 2 423 13 2 18.25 MPa < [ ], F S P S ( d0 Lmin ) 5.2 5.3, 4 M16( d 1 13.835 mm), P 10 kn, h l 400 mm, 30, f 0.3, K S 1.2, [ ] 120 MPa, Cb/ ( Cb + Cm ) 0.2, [ P ] 2.5 MPa F 0 11 k N : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) A 4 10 4 mm 2, W 5 10 6 mm 3, PV O, P V Psin 10 000 sin30 5 000 N

5 59 P H P H M x Pcos 10 000 cos30 8 660 N x, M P H h 8 660 0.4 3 460 Nm 5.3 ( 1) P V, FV PV z 5 000 4 1 250 N M,, F max ML max z L 2 i i 1 3 460 200 103 2 (200 2 + 200 2 ) 4 325 N F F V + F max 1 250 + 4 325 5 575 N

60 ( ) F F 0 + ca 1.3 F 2 4 d2 1 C b Cb + Cm F 11 000 + 0.2 5 575 12 115 N 1.3 12 115 104.7 MPa < [ ] 120 MPa 4 13.8352 ( 2) f zf0 - z 4, C m C b + C m PV KS PH (a) Cm C b + C m 1 - Cb C b - C m 0.8 f zf0 - Cm C b + C m PV 0.3 (4 11 000-0.8 5 000 ) 12 000 N KS PH ( a), 1.2 8 660 10 392 N ( 3) Pmax 1 A zf 0 - C m C b + C m P V + M W 1 4 ( 4 11 000-0.8 5 000) + 3 460 103 4 10 5 10 6 1.692 MPa < [ P ] 2.5 MPa Pmin 1 A zf 0 - C m C b + C m P V - M W 1 4 (4 11 000-0.8 5 000 ) - 3 460 103 4 10 5 10 6 0.308 MPa > 0

5 61 P,, O, P P V P H, O,P V P H M, P V,, P V, M,,, 5.3 5.4 f 0.15, KS S 1.5 M12( d1 F 1.2,Q235, S 240 MPa, 10.106 mm) 5.4, ca 1.3 F 0 4 d2 1 [ ] S S 240 1.5 [ ] 160 MPa

62 ( ) F d2 1 [ ] 4 1.3 10.1062 160 4 1.3, i 2 F f F 0 zi K S 4 936 N f F 0 zi K S F 0.15 9 872 2 2 1.2 9 872 N 4 936 N, F0 F,, F 0,F 5.4 5.5 P 20 000 N, f 0.16, [ ] 120 MPa, d 1 5.5 (1) P O, P 20 000 N T Pl 20 000 300 6 000 000 Nmm F S P,

5 63 F SP P, F SP1 F SP2 F SP3 F SP4 P 4 20 000 4 5 000 N T, O, F ST, O O r r 75 2 + 75 2 106.1 mm F S T1 F ST2 F S T3 F ST4 T 4 r 6 000 000 4 106.1 14 137.6 N F SP F ST 5.6 1 2 ( 45 ), 1 2, F Smax F S1 F S2 F 2 SP1 + F 2 ST1 + 2 F SP1 F S T1 cos 5 000 2 + 14 137.6 2 + 2 5 000 14 137.6 cos45 18 023.3 N 5.6 ( 2) F 0 f F 0 K S F Smax F 0 K S F Smax f ( 3) d 1 1.2 18 023.3 0.16 135 174.8 N

64 ( ) d 4 1.3 F 0 [ ] 4 1.3 135 174.8 120 43.180 mm, P, P T,,,,, 5.5 5.7, O Q 20 000 N,, F1 : 0.6 F, F ( 1) F 2, ( [ ] 180 MPa) ( 2), OO, OO 5 2 mm, F2,( 1) 5.7 d 1 GB19681 : M10 : d 1 8.376 mm ; M12: d 1 10.106 mm ; M16: 13.835 mm ( 1) O,,F 2 F 2 F 1 + F 0.6 F + F 1.6 F F Q, F Q 4 20 000 4 5 000 N

5 65 F 1.6 5 000 8 000 N M12( d 1 d 1 4 1.3 F 2 [ ] 4 1.3 8 000 180 10.106 mm > 8.577 mm) 8.577 mm ( 2) O,Q O, Q M M QOO 20 000 5 4,F F FQ + FM Q 4 + M 2 r 20 000 4 2 141 421.4 Nmm F 2 1.6 F 1.6 5 500 8 800 N ca 1.3 F2 d 2 1 4 1.3 8 800 10.106 2 4 O + 141 421.4 2 100 2 + 100 2 5 500 N 142.6 MPa < [ ] 180 MPa, F 0, F, O O,, M 1 3, 4 5.6 5.8 (a) 5.8( b), 5.8

66 ( ) (a) : 1 ), ; 2 ) ; 3 ), ; 4 ),, 5.9( a) ( b) : 1 ) ; 2 ) ; 3 ), 5.9 ( b) 5.9 5.7 5.10, 6 M16, dc 14 mm,[ ] 110 MPa, D 150 mm, P 2 MPa, F 0 11 000 N, C b / ( C b + C m ) 0.8, : ( 1) ; ( 2)? ( 3), b, m, F 0, F 2, F, F 1

5 67 5.10 ( 1), F 2 F 2 F 0 + F P 4 D2 / z 2 4 1502 / 6 5 890.49 N C b C b + C m F 11 000 + 0.8 5 890.49 15 712.39 N F 1 F 2 - F 15 712.39-5890.39 9 821.9 N ( 2) ca 1.3 F2 4 d2 c 1.3 15 712.39 4 142 132.69 MPa ca 132.69 > [ ] 110 MPa ( 3) C b / ( C b + C m ) 0.8, C b / C m 4, tan b 1,tan m 1 4 tan b 4 tan m 5.11,,,,,,,

68 ( ) 5.11 5.8 5.12,P 12 000 N, L 150 mm, H 160 mm,f 0.15, [ ] 180 MPa, C m 3 C b, C b K S 1.2, d 1 () 5.12 ( 1) P,M M PL 12 000 150 10-3 1 800 Nm ( 2) F max F max MLmax z L 2 i i 1 M H 2 4 H 2 2 M 2 H 1 800 2 160 10-3 5 626 N

5 69 F Fmax 5 626 N ( 3) P, f F0 z KS P, F0 K S P f z 1.2 12 000 0.15 4 F 0 24 000 N ( 4) F 2 F 0 + C b Cb + Cm F 24 000 + ( 5) ( d1 ) d1 4 1.3 F2 [ ] Cb C b 24 000 N 5 625 25 406.25 N + 3Cb 4 1.3 25 406.25 180 15.285 mm P,P M M,,,, P, f P, 5.9 5.13, () Q 40 kn, L 180 mm 5.13

70 ( ) ( 1) 45, S 300 MPa ZCuAl9 Mn2, [ p] 15 MPa ( 2),,, ( 3), 2.5,(5 d 2 0.8 45 ) F [ p] 0.8 40 000 2.5 15 26.13 mm ( 4), ca 2 + 3 2 [ ], 0.5, ca 2 + 3 2 1.3 1.3 Q A [ ] S S, A, A d2 1 4 mm ; S,, S 3.5 5.0 ;, S 2.5 4.0 ;, S > 45 d 1 4 1.3 SQ S 4 1.3 5 40 000 3.14 300 33.2 mm ( 5),,, GB/ T57961986 : d 44 mm ; d1 36 mm ; d 2 40.5 mm ; n 1, P 7 mm ( 6),,,, f 0.09( ) 30, / 2 15, arctan np d 2 v arctan f v arctan v, arctan 7 3.14 40.5 3 9 f 0.09 arctan cos cos15 5 19 :, ( 7) H 2.5, H d 2 2.5 40.5

5 71 01.5 mm, 102 mm : z H/ P 102/ 7 14.5 10,, P,,, H 70 mm, z 10, ( 8), 5 13, [ ] 30 40 MPa,[ ] 30 MPa, (5 50) Q Dbu 40 000 3.14 44 0.65 7 10 6.36 MPa [ ], ( 9),,,B 70 mm, l L + B + H/ 2 180 + 70 + 35 285 mm i d 1 / 4 36/ 4 9 mm :,, : S l 2 285 i 9 2 Q c 63.33, 40 < S < 100, 2 EI ( l) 2 3.142 2.06 10 5 3.14 36 4 / 64 ( 2 285) 2 515.15 kn S c Q c / Q 515.15/ 40 12.88 > S 3.5 5.0,,

72 ( ).4,, ;,,,,,,, 5.10 ( 1999 ) 5.14 4, P 12 400 N,, f 0.2, S 270 MPa, S 1.5, Cb C b + C m 0.3, KS 1.2 d1 5.14 ( 1) () M P150 12 400 150 1 860 000 Nmm ( 2) M,, Fmax

5 73 F max MLmax z L 2 i i 1 1 860 000 160 2 4 160 2 5 812.5 N 2 ( 3) P,, F 0 K S P f z f zf0 KS P 1.2 12 400 0.2 4 ( 4) F 2 F 2 F 0 + ( 5) 18 600 N Cb C b + C m F max 18 600 + 0.3 5 812.5 20 343.75 N [ ] S S 270 1.5 ( 6) ( d 1 ) d 1 4 1.3 F 2 [ ] 180 MPa 4 1.3 20 343.75 180 13.677 mm P M, M,,, d 1 ; P,,,, ; M,,, 5.11 ( 2001 ) 5.15, : ( 1) C b C m F 2? ( 2) F 0 800 N, F 1 000 N, C m 4C b, F2 F1 ( 1) 5.1, C b, C b2 Cm, Cm2 F2 F0 + < C b1,f 0, C m, F, Cb C b + C m F, F22 < F21, F2 > Cm1, F0, Cb, F,

74 ( ) F F 0 + C b Cb + Cm, C m F 22 > F 21,F 2 ( 2) F, F 22 < F 21, F 2 F 2 F 0 + Cb C b + Cm F 800 + Cb C b + 4 Cb 1 000 1 000 N F 0 F 1 + F 1 F 0 - C m Cb + Cm C m C b + C m F 800 - F 4C b C b + 4 C b F 800-4 5 1 000 0 5.15, tan b Cb tan m Cm 5.12 ( 2000 ) 5.16,, P 20 k N,, ( F1 1.5 F, F ) 5.16

5 75 ( 1) P, P V PV Pcos60 20 10 3 0.5 1 10 4 N, F PV z ( 2) 1 104 4 2 500 N F 2 F 1 + F 1.5 F + F 2.5 F 6 250 N, P,,, F1 1.5 F 5.13 ( 1998 ) 5.17 ( M16, d1 D 0 K S T max 13.835 mm), 250 mm, f 0.12 1.2, [ ] 160 MPa, 5.17 1.3 F 2 4 d2 1 [ ] F 2 5.2 d2 1 [ ] ( 1)

76 ( ) F 2 F 0 ( 2),, 8 f F 0 D 0 i 1 2 K S T F 0 K S T 4fD 0 ( 3) ( 1), (2 ), ( 3) Tmax 4 f D0d2 1 [ ] K S 5.2 KS T 4 fd0 5.2 d2 1 [ ] T 4 f D 0d 2 1 [ ] K S 5.2 4 0.12 0.25 13.835 2 160 1.2 5.2 1 850.23 Nm, F 0, 5.14 ( 1999 ), 5.18 P 3 MPa, D 160 mm, D 0 200 mm, D 1 240 mm, 1.6, 100 mm [ ] 180 MPa: ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ( 1) P 0, z D0 P 0 zmin 8 D0 100 6.28 ( 2) P,

5 77 PV PV P D2 4 3 4 1602 60 318.58 N, F P V zmin 7 539.82 N F2 F1 + F 1.6 F + F 19 603.54 N ( 3) ( ) d1 4 1.3 F2 [ ] 4 1.3 19 603.54 180 13.43 mm 5.18,, ;,, F 1 1.6 F ;, F2 5.15 ( 2000 ) 5.19 15 mm,p 4 000 N, [ ] 120 MPa, [ ] 95 MPa, [ P ] 150 MPa, f c ( 1) ; 0.2 ( 2), ( K S 1.2)? ( 1) 5.20, F a, F b, F b - F a P

78 ( ) O F a a F b a P( l + a) F a 8 000 N, F b 12 000 N b F max F b 12 000 N 5.19 5.20 F max 4 d2 01 [ ] d01 4 Fmax [ ] 4 12 000 95 12.68 mm

5 79 P d02 F max [ P ] L min F max d02 Lmin [ P ] 12 000 150 15 5.33 mm,13 mm, M12 ( 2), f c F 0 K n F max F 0 K n F max b b d1 M36 4 1.3 F2 [ ] fc F2 F0 72 000 N 1.2 12 000 0.2 4 1.3 72 000 120 72 000 N 31.51 mm P,,,,,,, 5.16 ( 2000 ) F0 10 000 N, F 0 8 000 N b 0.2 mm, m 0.05 mm ( 1) Cb, Cm C b F 0, C m F 0 b m Cb C b + Cm m b + m 0.05 0.2 + 0.05 0.2

80 ( ) Cb C m Cm 1 - Cb C b + Cm 0.8 F2 F0 + Cb C b + C m F F1 F0 - C b Cm + C m F : Fmin 0, F 2min F 0 10 000 N F 1max F 0 10 000 N F max 8 000 N, F2max F0 + Cb C b + C m Fmax 10 000 + 0.2 8 000 11 600 N F 1min F 0 - Cm C b + C m F max 10 000-0.8 8 000 3 600 N,, ;,, F,F 5.5 5 1,, 60,,,,,,,,,,

5 81, 55,, 55 55, 30,,,,, 3, 30,,,, 5 2?, 5 3,?,? F P 4 D2 / z, F 2 F 0 + C b C b F, ca 1.3 F 2 / + C m 4 d2 c,,, 5 4 5.21 FF x,?? F,Fy, Fx M ( 1),,

82 ( ) ] ( 2) Pmax [ P ] ( 3), Pmin ( 4),F f > F 2 > 0 5.21 5 4 5 5 5.22 4, 20 kn, :??,, F0 KS T f ( r 1 + r 2 + + r z ) KS T z f r i i 1 ca 1.3 F0 4 d2 1,, Fmax Tr max z r 2 i i 1 [ ]

5 83 5.22 5 5 5 6 6, 250 mm, 60 k N 5.23,,?? 5.23 5 6

84 ( ) F T ( T FL ),F F i, T F j ( 1) 5.23( a), r, r 125 mm, F i 1 6 F 10 kn F j FL 6 r 60 103 250 10-3 6 125 40 kn 2 10-3, F 2 40 + 10 50 kn ( 2) 5.23( b) Fi 1 6 F 10 k N Fjmax FLrmax z r 2 i i 1 60 10 3 250 10-3 125 2 2 125 2 2 + 4 125 2 2 2 + 125 2 + 125 2 10-3 24.4 k N F F 2 i + F 2 j + 2 F i F j cos 10 2 + 24.4 2 + 2 10 24.4 2 5 33.6 k N,5.23 ( b) 5 7 5.24 F 56 k N,, Q235, 5.24 5 7

5 85 F 4 d2 1 Q235, [ ] 95 MPa 56 103 4 d2 1 [ ] d1 d 30 mm 56 103 4 95 106 27.4 mm 5 8 M12 f 0.3, 70% 4.8, 2,1, K S 1.2,4.8 S 320 MPa, F 0 F F 0 K S f zi F 0 K S F f z i 320 106 0.7 0.3 2 1 1.2 112 10 6 N 5 9, F 0 15 000 N, F 10 000 N,, Cb C b + C m 0.9, (5 18), F 2 F 0 + ( 5.15), C b C b + C m F 15 000 + 0.9 10 000 24 000 N F 1 F 2 - F 24 000-10 000 14 000 N 5 10 5.25 p 0 1 MPa,, D1 350 mm, D2 250 mm, 25 mm, ( 1) z d 5 5, t 0 < 7 d, t 0 6 d,z 12, t 0 D 0 z 350 12 92 mm

86 ( ) d t 0 / 6 92/ 6 15.33 mm, d 16 mm 5.25 5 10 ( 2) 8.8, 5 8 B 800 MPa, S 640 MPa ( 3) F F F D2 4 p 2502 4 F F z 73 631 12 1.5 73 631 N 6 136 N F1 1.5 F,( 5 15), F 2 F 1 + F 2.5 F 2.5 6 136 15 340 N ( 4), 5 10,S 4, [ ] S S 640 4 160 MPa ( 5), d 16 mm, d 1 13.835 mm, l 70 mm(5 19 ), ca 1.3 F2 4 d2 1 4 1.3 15 340 13.835 2 132.7 MPa < [ ] GB/ T 578286 M16 70, z 12 5 11 5 25 (a) 40 000 N, 200 mm, ( 5.9 )

5 87.6 5.6.1 5 1 ( 1), A. B. C. D. ( 2),, A. 1.1 B. 1.3 C. 1.25 D. 0.3 ( 3),, A. B. C. D. ( 4) ( 5), ;, ( 6) F, F 2 ( 7) ( 8),,, A. B. C. D. ( 9),,, A., B., C., D., ( 10 )

88 ( ) 11 ), ( 12 ),, A. C. 5 2 B. ( 1),,? ( 2) 0 F, F0,,? ( 3),,? ( 4),?? ( 5) F 0?? ( 6),? ( 7)? ( )? ( 8),? 5 3 ( 1), F1 3 000 N, Cm C b 14,: F 7 000 N, F 0? F0,, F max? ( 2) 5.26, R 240 N, l 420 mm, d 65 mm,f 0.15,K S 1.2, [ ] 80 MPa, d1

5 89.26 5 3( 2 ) ( 3) M10 ( d 1 8.376 mm), 5.27, f 0.15, KS 1.2, 6.6, S 3, Rmax? 5.27 5 3( 3 ) ( 4) M16 ( d 1 13.835 mm) ( 5.28), [ ] 120 MPa, P 2 MPa, D 180 mm : z( F 1 1.6 F, F ) ; F 0 ( C b C b + C m 0.3) 5.28 5 3( 4 )

90 ( ) 5) 5.29 Q 30 kn, 150 mm,, 45 [ ] 80 MPa, ZCuAl9 Mn2, f v 0.12, f c 0.10, ( ), H D 5.29 5 3( 5 ) 5.6.2 5 1 ( 1) C; ( 2) B; (3 ) D; ( 4) v ; ( 5) 60,, 30, ; (6 ) F0, F1 ; ( 7) ( ), ; ( 8) B; (9 ) B; ( 10 ) ; ( 11 ),,,,,,, ; ( 12 ) C 5 2 ( 1), C b,,, ( 2),, ;, ( 3),,,

5 91 4),,, ;, ( 5),,,,,, ( 6),,,,,,, ( 7), ( ), ( ), ( 8),,, 5 3 ( 1) F 0 F 1 + C b F 0 3 000 + Cb + C m F 4 7 000 8 600 N 1 + 4 F 0 F 1 + Cb C b + Cm F F 1 F 0 - C b Cb + Cm,F1 0 F F 0 - Cb C b + Cm F 0 F C b + C m Cb F 0

92 ( ) F max C b C m Cb F 0 1 + 4 4 8 600 10 750 N ( 2) F0 F0, N,, 2 f N d 2 K S RL N K S RL f d 1.2 240 420 0.15 65 12 406.2 N N 2 F 0 F 0 N 2 d 1 12 406.2 2 6 203.1 N d 1 4 1.3 F 0 [ ] 4 1.3 6 023.1 80 11.329 mm ( 3) F 0max ca 1.3 F 0 d 2 1 4 [ ] S [ S] 360 3 F0max [ ]d2 1 4 1.3 120 MPa [ ] F 0max 120 8.3762 4 1.3 5 086.3 N R max 2 f F 0max K S R max R max 2 f F 0max K S 2 0.15 5 086.3 1.2 1 271.6 N ( 4) P, F F 2 F 1 + F 1.6 F + F 2.6 PD2 4 z P 4 D2 z, ( 1)

5 93 ca.3 F 2 d 2 1 4 [ ] F 2 d2 1 [ ] 4 1.3 ( 1),(2 ) 2.6 PD2 4 z d2 1 [ ] 4 1.3 ( 2) z 10 z 10, z 1.3 2.6 2 1802 13.835 2 120 9.54 F PD2 4 z 2 1802 4 10 5 089.38 N F 0 F 1 + Cb C b + Cm F d1 1.6 F + 1 - C m Cb + Cm F 1.6 F + 0.7 F 11 705.57 N ( 5) 5.29 d 2 25.5 mm, 22.5 mm ; 3.571 4, T1 70 300 N mm, T2 38 250 Nmm, ; v 6.8428, 3.5714, ; H 45 mm, D 542.75 mm,d 550 mm

6.1 6.1.1 ( 1) ( 2), ( 3) ( 4) 6.1.2 1.,, ( ) () 2. ( 1) :,,, : ( A ) ( B )(C ) C P 2 T 103 kld [ P ] (6.1)

6 95 T ( : N m) ; k ( : mm), k 0.5 h, h( : mm) ; l( : mm) ; d ( : mm) ; [ P ] ( : MPa) :, ;, p 2 T 103 kld [ p] (6.2), T ( : N m) ; k ( : mm), k 0.5 h, h( : mm) ; l( : mm) ; d ( : mm) ; [ p] ( : MPa) ( 2) : :, :,, : :, ( 6.1 ) ( 3) : : ( ) : 1100,, :,, : : P 12 T 103 bl( b + 6 f d) [ P ] (6.3), T ( : Nm) ; b ( : mm) ; l ( : mm) ; d ( : mm) ; f, f 0.12

96 ( ).17; [ P ] ( : MPa) ( 4) : : 1100,, :,120 130 : 100 mm : P 12 T 10 3 ( t - C) dl(0.5 f + 0.45) [ P ] (6.4), T ( : Nm) ; C( : mm) ; l ( : mm) ; t ( : mm) ; d ( : mm) ; f,f 0.12 0.17; [ P ] ( : MPa) 3. ( 1) : ( 2) : d bh, L( ), ( 3) :600 MPa, 45 ( 4) :, 4. 180 ; ; 90 120 1.5, 6.1.3 1., ( 1) : ;

6 97 2) :45 ( ) ; 30 2., P 2 T 103 z hld m [ P ] (6.5), p 2 T 103 z hldm [ p] (6.6) ( 6.5), (6.6), T ( : Nm) ;, 0.7 0.8; z ; h( : mm) ; l ( : mm) ; d m ( : mm) ; [ p] ( : MPa) ; [ P ] ( : MPa) 6.1.4 1. :,,,,,, 2. :,,,, 6.1.5, 150,,,,,,,,

98 ( ) 5,45 6.2 : ; ; ; ;,, : ; ; ; ;,, : ; ; ; ; : ; ; ; ; : ; ; ; ; : ; ; ; ;,, : ; ; ; ;, : 180 : 1.5 : 90 120 : 120 130, : ;, ; : 45,,, 30 :,,,, :,,,,, : :

6 99.3 6.3.1,, 6.3.2 6.1,;, 6.2 : ( ), (), 6.3, ; ( ),,,,,,,, 6.4,, D A. B. 90 C. 120 D. 180,,,,,, 1.5,,, 6.5 : a.;b. ; c.; d. : D A. a b c d B. b a c d

100 ( ) C c a b d D. c b a d E. c a d b 6.6, C,, D A. B. C. D.,,,,,, 6.7 C A. B. C. D.,, 6.4 ; ;,,, 6.8 ( 1997 ) ( b), A ( 6.1 ) A. B. C.,,,,,,

6 101,, 6.1 (c) 6.1 6.9 ( 1997 ) d 70 mm, : 20 80 GB109679, d2 200 mm, F1 5 kn, C MPa ( 6.2 ) A. 31.75 B. 36.44 C. 39.68 D. 48.59 6.2 bl GB109679, b, L,A,,(6.1) ( 6.1 ) l,,, L l L - b, l b, l L - b/ 2 (6.1), [ P ]

102 ( ) T F 1 d 2 / 2 5 000 0.2/ 2 500 Nm l P 2 T 103 kld L - b 80-20 60 mm k 0.5 h 6 mm 2 500 1 000 6 60 70 39.68 MPa 6.10 ( 2001 ) 6 28 32 7 T 200 Nm, L 20 mm, [ P ] 60 MPaC 0.3 mm, l L 20 mm, 0.7,? z 6, D 32 mm, d 28 mm h D - 2 d m d - 2 C D + d 2 P 2 T103 zhld m 32-28 2 32 + 28 2-2 0.3 1.4 mm 30 mm 2 200 10 3 0.7 6 1.4 20 30 113.4 MPa 60 MPa [ P ] : ; zddb GB114487,,,,

6 103.5 6 1, 180 ;, 90120 ;,?, 180,,,,, 90 120,, 180,,, 6 2,m?Z1 Z2?,,, m Z1,,,, m Z2,,,,, m 6 3 d 80 mm,( 6.3 ), L 1.5 d,, A d 80 mm, b 22 mm, h 14 mm, L 1.5 d 1.580 120 mm, L 90 mm :22 90 GB109679 l L - b 90-22 68 mm, k h/ 2 7 mm,,, 6 1, [ P ] 110 MPa, T max kld [ P ] 2 000 7 68 80 110 2 000 2 094 Nm 6 4 6.4,

104 ( ) 45,T 1 000 Nm,,, 6.3 6.4 ( 1) A, d 70 mm, b 20 mm, h 12 mm, L 110 mm :20 110 GB109679 l L - b 110-20 90 mm, k h/ 2 6 mm,,, 6 [ P ] 55 MPa, P 2 T 103 kld 2 1 000 1 000 6 90 70 52.91 MPa 55 MPa [ P ] 1, ( 2) A,d 90 mm, b 25 mm, h 14 mm, L 80 mm : 25 80 GB109679 l L - b 80-25 55 mm, k h/ 2 7 mm,,, 6 [ P ] 110 MPa, P 2 T 103 kld 2 1 000 1 000 7 55 90 57.72 MPa 110 MPa [ P ] 1, 6 5 6.5 V,d 45 mm,

6 105 ) D 250 mm, F 2 k N, L 65 mm,,, T FD/ 2 2 0000.25/ 2 250 Nm, d 45 mm, : 14 70 GB156579, h 9 mm, : l L - h 70-9 61 mm, 6 1, V, [ P ] 55 MPa, f 0.15, P 12 T 103 bl( b + 6 fd ) 12 250 10 3 14 61(14 + 6 0.15 45 ) 64.3 [ P ], 6.5 6.6 6 6 6.6, P 4 kw, n 250 r/ min,, T 9.55 10 6 P n 9.55 106 4 250 152 800 Nmm 152.8 Nm, D 40 mm,, d 36 mm,:8 36 40 7 GB114487,C 0.3 mm 0.7, l L 60 mm

106 ( ) h D - 2 dm d - 2 C D + d 2 40-36 2 40 + 36 2,, 6 p 2 T 103 zhld m [ p] 30 MPa 2 000152.8 0.781.46038-2 0.3 1.4 mm 38 mm 2 17.1 MPa [ p] 30 MPa 6 7 6.7, : d 38 mm,, D 90 mm, 6.7 ( 1), A d 38 mm, b 10 mm, h 8 mm,l 63 mm :10 63 GB109679

6 107 l L - b 53 mm, k h/ 2 4 mm,,, 6 1, [ P ] 55 MPa, T max kld[ P ] 2 000 4 53 38 55 2 000 221 Nm ( 2) d 38 mm,: b 10 mm, h 13 mm, d1 32 mm, L31.4 mm :1032 GB109679 l L 31.4 mm,k 13-10 3 mm, [ P ] 55 MPa, T max kld [ P ] 2 000 3 31.4 38 55 2 000 98 Nm ( 3),,,, 6.6 6.6.1 6 1 ( 1), A. B. C. D. ( 2) A. B. C. A,B D. ( 3), A. B. 180 C. 120 130 D. 90 ( 4) A. B.

108 ( ) C D. ( 5) A. B. C., 6 2 ( 1)? ( 2)? 6.6.2 6 1 ( 1) B; (2 ) A ; ( 3) C; ( 4) C; ( 5) C 6 2 ( 1), :,,:, ( 2)

7.1 7.1.1 ( 1), ( 2), ( 3), ( 4), 7.1.2 1. 7.1 7.1

110 ( ).,,,,,,, 3., 4., ( (7.15 ) ) ( (7.16 ) ) ( (7.17) ) 5., 7.1.3 1. 7.2( a), 7.2( b) ( a) ( b) 7.2 2.,,, 3. (),

7 111 4., :,,,, (), 7 2,,, 45, 45,, 5.,,, 45, 1 6. ( 1), ( 2), ; ;, ; ( 3),, 7. ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5),,

112 ( ).1.4, 1.,,, : ( 1), ( 2), ( 3), ( 4) ( 5),,, ( 6) ( 7) ( 8) : ( 1), ( 2) ( 3), ( 4) ( 5), 2.,,,, 3. ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4),

7 113 5) ( 6) ( 7), 7.1.5 1., 2., 3. ( ), ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,, :,, ;,, ( 1)

114 ( ) 2 T F + p d dl f 2 (7.1), p ( : MPa) ; F ( : N) ; T ( : Nmm) ; d ( : mm) ; l ( : mm) ; f ( 2), min pd C 1 E1 + C 2 E2 10 3 C 1 d2 + d 2 1 d 2 - d 2 1-1 (7.2) C 2 d2 2 + d 2 + d 2 2 - d 2 2, min ( :m) ; E 1 ( : MPa) ; E 2 ( : MPa) ; 1 ; 2 ; C 1 ; C 2 ; d 1 d 2 ( : mm),, min min + 0.8( R z1 + R z2 ) (7.3), min ( :m) ; R z1 R z2 ( :m) ( 7.1 ),,, ( 7.2),,,, max ( :m), p max ( : MPa) p max max d C 1 + C (7.4) 2 10 3 E 1 E 2 ( 7.4),,

7 115 ( 3) ( ), : p max d2 - d 2 1 B1 2 d 2 2 3 p max d2 2 - d 2 d 2 2 + d B2 2 2 3 (7.5) (7.6) ( 7.5) ( 7.6 ), B1 ( : MPa) ; B2 ( : MPa),, : p max d2 - d 2 1 2 d 2 S1 (7.7) p max d2 2 - d 2 3 d 4 2 + d 4 S2 (7.8) ( 7.7) ( 7.8), S1 ( : MPa) ; S2 ( : MPa), ( 7.7) ( 7.8), ( 4) Fi f dlpmax (7.9) F 0 ( 1.3 1.5) F i ( 1.3 1.5)fdlp max ( 7.10) ( 5) t 2 ( : ) t 1 ( :), t1 t 2 max + 0 2 d10 3 + t 0 ( 7.11) - max + 0 1 d10 3 + t0 ( 7.12) ( 7.11) (7.12 ), max ( :

116 ( ) m 0 ( :m) ; d ( : mm) ; 1 2 ; t 0 ( :) ( 6),,, ( ), d2max ( : mm) d1max ( : mm), d2max d1max 2 pmax d2 d 2 E2 ( d 2 2 - d 2 ) 2 pmax d1 d 2 E1 ( d 2 - d 2 1 ) ( 7.13) (7.14 ), ( 7.13) ( 7.14),,, 7.2,,,, :,

7 117,,, : ( ), : : :,, :,, 7.3 7.3.1,

118 ( ), : ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) ( 7) 7.3.2 7.1 7.3 3, F 25 k N, Q215, b d 7.3 e, : F 1 ( b - zd ) [ ] ( 7.15) F 2 d z [ P ] ( 7.16)

7 119 F d 2 4 z[ ] ( 7.17), (7.17 ) d, ( 7.16),( 7.15) b ( 1) 7 1 [ ] 200 MPa, [ P ] 400 MPa, [ ] 180 MPa ( 2) d 4 F z[ ] 4 25 000 3 180 d 8 mm,8.2 mm 7.68 mm ( 3), 3 mm F z d[ P ] 25 000 3 8.2 400 2.54 mm ( 4), b 70 mm b F 25 000 + zd + 3 8.2 66.3 mm [ ] 3 200, (7.17 ) d, ( 7.16), ( 7.15) b, 7.2 7.4, E4303 Q235, F 10 5 N63 mm,5 mm, e 1, l1, l2 17.4 mm, 7.4

120 ( ) ( 1) 7 3 [ ] 140 MPa ( 2) F1 F b - e1 b 105 (63-17.4) 63 F 2 F e 1 b 105 17.4 63 27 619 N 72 381 N ( 3),k 5 mm, l 1 l2 F 1 0.7k[ ] F2 0.7k[ ] 72 381 0.7 5 140 27 619 0.7 5 140 148 mm 56 mm,, 7.3 7.5, 60 H 7/ s6( 60 0 0.072.053 mm, 60 0.030 0 mm), : R z1 1.6 m, R z2 3.2 m, ( E 10 5 MPa, 0.3), f 0.12, ( 1) ( 2) 7.5 ( 1) min (53-30) - 0.8( R z1 + R z2 ) 19.16 m : d 1 0, d 2 100 mm, d 60 mm, C1 d2 + d 2 1 d 2 - d 2 1-1 1-0.3 0.7

7 121 C d2 2 + d 2 d 2 2 - d 2 + 2 1002 + 60 2 100 2-60 2 + 0.3 2.425 p min min d C 1 E 1 + C 2 E 2 10 3 19.16 60 0.7 10 5 + 2.425 10.22 MPa 10 5 10 3 T 1 2 p min d 2 l f 1 2 10.22 602 50 0.12 346.58 Nm ( 2) max 72 m,, p max max - 0.8( R z1 + R z2 ) d C 1 + C 2 10 3 E1 E2 72-0.8(1.6 + 3.2) 60 0.7 10 5 + 2.425 36.352 MPa 10 5 10 3 F i f dlp max 0.12 60 50 36.352 41.113 kn F0 (1.3 1.5 ) Fi ( 53.447 61.670 ) kn,,,, 7.4, ;, 7.4 ( 2000 ),,,

122 ( ) ( ),,,,, 7.5 ( ) ( 1),, A. B. C. D. ( 2) A. B. C. D. ( 3),,, A. B. C. D. ( 4),, ( 5), ( 1) C; ( 2) D ; (3 ) C; (4 ),,, ; (5),, 7.6 ( ) ( 1)??, 45, ( 2)?

7 123 3),,? :,,,,, 7.5 b1 7 1 7.6, Q235, b 170 mm, 80 mm, 12 mm, F 0.4 MN,E4303, 7.6 7 1 ( 1) Q235, 7 180 MPa, [ ] 140 MPa 3 : [ ] ( 2) F 1 F 2 b [ ] 170 12 180 367.2 kn 2 0.7 b 1 [ ] 2 0.7 80 12 140 188.16 kn F F 1 + F 2 367.2 + 188.16 555.36 k N F 400 kn < F,

124 ( ) 2 F max 0.4 MN, F min 0.2 MN,,?, 1 a - b F min F max 1 a - b F min F max 1 1-0.5 0.2 0.4 1, 7, 1 1.5-1 0.2 0.4 1.33 1 1 1 7 3 7.7, Q235, (100 100 10) mm, c a 28.4 mm,e4303, k 10 mm, F 0.35 MN 7.7 7 3 ( 1) 7 ( 2) F 1 F a a + b 0.35 106 28.4 100 3 [ ] 140 MPa 99.4 kn F2 F b a + b 0.35 106 (100-28.4) 100 ( 3) k 10 mm, l1 F1 0.7 k[ ] 99.4 10 3 102 mm 0.7 10 140 250.6 kn

7 125 l F 2 0.7 k[ ] 250.6 10 3 256 mm 0.7 10 140 7 4 45, d 80 mm, d2 120 mm, l 80 mm, S 360 MPa, f 0.085,, T 1 600 Nm, ( 1) p 2 T d 2 lf 2 1.6 10 6 80 2 80 0.085 ( 2) d 1 0, C1 d2 + d 2 1 d 2 - d 2 1-1 1-0.3 0.7 23.41 MPa C 2 d2 2 + d 2 d 2 2 - d 2 + 2 1202 + 80 2 120 2-80 2 + 0.3 2.9 E 1 E 2 2 10 5 MPa, min pd C 1 + C 2 10 3 E 1 E 2 0.7 + 2.9 23.41 80 2 10 5 10 3 33.71 m 7 6 : Rz1 6.3 m, Rz2 10 m min min + 0.8( Rz1 + Rz2 ) 33.71 + 0.8 (6.3 + 10) 46.75 m +0.030 ( 3) H7/ u6, 80 0, 80 + + 0 0.121.102 max 121 m, ( 102-30 )m 72 m > min 46.75 m, ( 4), 121 m,, p max max - 0.8( R z1 + R z2 ) d C 1 + C 2 10 3 E1 E2 121-0.8 ( 6.3 + 10 ) 80 0.7 2 10 5 + 74.97 MPa 2.9 2 10 5 10 3

126 ( ) d 2 - d 2 1 2 d 2 S1 1 2 360 180 MPa > p max d 2 2 - d 2 S2 3 d 4 2 + d 4 120 2-80 2 3 120 4 + 80 4 360 111.85 MPa > p max 7 5 7.8, H8/ t7,,, ( f 0.10) 7.8 7 5 ( 1) 250 + 0.072 0, 250 + + 0 0.242.196, min 196-72 124 mr z 10 m : min min - 0.8 ( R z1 + R z2 ) 124-0.8 (10 + 10) 108 m min min 124 m ( 2) E 1 1.3 10 5 MPa, 1 0.25, E 2 1.13 10 5 MPa, 2 0.35 C1 d2 + d 2 1 d 2 - d 2 1-1 2502 + 210 2 250 2-210 2-0.25 5.54 C 2 d2 2 + d 2 + d 2 2 - d 2 2 2802 + 250 2 280 2 2 + 0.35 9.21-250, :

7 127 p min p min d C 1 E1 min + C 2 E2 10 3 108 250 5.54 1.3 10 5 + 124 250 5.54 1.3 10 5 + ( 3) : 3.48 MPa 9.21 1.13 10 5 10 3 4.0 MPa 9.21 1.13 10 5 10 3 T 1 2 p min d 2 l f 1 2 3.48 2502 60 0.1 2 050 Nm T 1 2 p min d 2 l f 1 2 4.0 2502 60 0.1 2 356 Nm 7.6 7.6.1 7 1 ( 1), k 0.7 A. B. C. 45 D. ( 2), A. B. C. D. ( 3) A. B. C. D. ( 4) A. B. C. D.

128 ( ) 5) A. B. C. D. ( 6) ; A. B. C. D. ( 7),, A. V B. U C. X D. U ( 8) A. B. C. D. ( 9) A. B. C. D. ( 10 ), A. B. C. D. ( 11 ), 1, A. 1 B. 2 C. D. 4 7 2 ( 1)?? ( 2)? ( 3)?? ( 4)?? ( 5)? ( 6), ( 7)?? ( 8),? ( 9)? ( 10 ),,? 7 3, 7.9, 45 ( E 2.1 10 5 MPa), H7/ p6, Ra 0.8 m, :

7 129 1) ; ( 2) 7.9 7 3 7 4 7.10,5, Q215,, F 10 5 N s b d 7.10 7 4 7 5 7.6 E4303, Q235, 10 mm, b 150 mm, b 1 80 mmf? 7 6 ( E 2 1.13 10 5 MPa, 2 0.35) ( E 1 210 5 MPa, 1 0.3), 7.8, H7/ s6

130 ( ) R a 0.8 m, f 0.1,, : ( 1),? ( 2),? 7.6.2 7 1 ( 1) C; ( 2) C; ( 3) C; ( 4) B; (5 ) D; ( 6) C, A; (7) D; (8 ) D ; (9) A ; ( 10) D, D; ( 11) A 7 3 ( 1) p max 53.6 MPa ; ( 2) F i 50 kn 7 4 d 14 mm, s 5 mm, b 165 mm 7 5 F 426.8 kn 7 6 ( 1) T 1 920 Nm ; ( 2) T 2 032 Nm

8.1 8.1.1 ( 1) ( 2) V, V ( 3) V ( 4) ( 5) V 8.1.2 ( ) () : V V, V,,, V, V V V V V V V, V, : ;,, ;, ;, :, ; ; ;

132 ( ) 1..1.3,, F 0, F0, N,,,, F1, F2, ( F1 - F2 ) F e,, F f,,,, 2., F 0 F 1 F 2 F e F 1 + F 2 2 F 0 F 1 - F 2 F e (8.1) P Fe v 1 000 F 1 F 0 + F e / 2 F 2 F 0 - F e / 2 (8.2) (8.3),,, F1 F2 e f (8.4) (8.3),(8.4), Fec 2 F0 1-1/ e f 1 + 1/ e f (8.5) ( 8.1) (8.5), F 0 ( : N) ; F 1 ( : N) ; F 2 ( : N ) ; F e ( : N ), F e 1 000 P/ v,, P ( : kw), v( : m/ s) ; e ; f ( V,f v ) ;( : rad) ( 8.5 ), :

8 133 1) F 0 F ec F 0, F 0,, F 0,,,,, ; F 0, F e c,, ( 2) Fec, 1 120, 1 90 ( 3) ff F e c,f 3. : ( 1) 1 F 1 / A 2 F 2 / A ( 2) F c ( 3) (8.6) c qv 2 / A (8.7) b Eh/ dd (8.8) ( 8.6) ( 8.8 ), A ( : mm 2 ) ; q ( : kg/ m) ; v ( : m/ s) ; E ( : MPa) ; h ( : mm) ; d d ( : mm) (8.8),h, dd, b b1 b2, V, d dmin, 8.1,, 4. max 1 + c + b1 (8.9),,, 8.1,

134 ( ), v1 - v2 v 1 dd1 n1 - dd2 n2 d d1 n 1 ( 8.10) i n 1 n2 d d2 dd1 ( 1 - ) ( 8.11) ( 8.11),, 8.1 8.1,, ( ), ; ; ; ;,,, F e F ec 8.1.4 1.,, :

8 135 2. V, V P 0 Fe c v 1 000 ( [ ] - b1 - c ) 1 -,8, V P0 3. V 1 e f v Av kw ( 8.11) 1 000 5a 180 ( 1) V : ; V,, ; ; ; ( 2) : dd1,, ;dd1,, dd1,d d1, d d2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 1 1,, 1 > 120a, i V P0 180, z, KK l P,, ( z < 10 )

136 ( ).,,,, V, V 5. ( 1) :; ( 2) :, 1, V,,,,,, 8.2 : V : Y, Z, A, B, C, D, E V : SPZ, SP A, SPB, SPC V V V V : V : ;, ;, ;, :, ; ; ;

8 137 : F 0 F 1 F 2 F f F e F ec 2 F 0 F 1 + F 2 F e F f F 1 - F 2 F 1 F 0 + F e / 2 F 2 F 0 - F e / 2 1 F 1 / A 2 F 2 / A max 1 + b + c b E h/ d d c qv 2 / A F 1 F 2 e f F ec 1-1/ e 2 F f 0 1 + 1/ e f F 1 / F 2 > e f F 1 - F 2 > F fmax F ec :,, ; ;, :, ;, ;, : :, :,,,,,,,,,,

138 ( ).3 8.3.1 ( 1) : ( 2) : ( 3) : F 1, F 2, F 0, F f, F e F ec, F e c ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) ( 7) 8.3.2 8.1,???? F1 F2, Ff F1 - F2,,,,,,,,,, 8.2 8.2 1 : (1)??

8 139 2 ),? max? 8.2 ( 1),,,,, ( 2) A 1, max 1 + b + c,,, 8.3 V P max 4.82 kw, d d1 400 mm, n1 1 450 r/ min, 1 152, f v 0.25, F ec F 1 F 0 V v d d1 n 1 60 1 000 P F e v/ 1 000, 3.14 400 1 450 60 1 000 30.35 m/ s Fec 1 000 P max v 1 000 4.82 30.35 158.81 N ( 8.4) F 0 F e c 2 e f v e f v 1 + 1 1-1 158.81 2.718(0.253.14152/ 180 ) + 1 2 2.718 (0.253.14152/ 180 ) - 1 248.31 N ( 8.2)

140 ( ) F F 0 + F ec 2 F 2 F 0 - F ec 2 248.31 + 248.31-158.81 2 158.81 2 327.72 N 168.91 N : Fe F1 - F2 1 000 P, v, : F ec 2 F 0 1-1/ e f 1 + 1/ e f 8.4 V, : d d1 180 mm, dd2 630 mm, a 1 600 mm,n1 1 450 r/ min, B 4, V f 0.4, P 41.5 kw: (1 ) V ; (2 ) V ( 38, V E 200 MPa) ( 1) 1 1 180-180- ( 2) v ( d d2 - d d1 ) 180 a (630-180) 180 163.88 2.86 rad 1 600 fv f/ sin 38 0.4/ sin 1.23 2 2 d d1 n 60 1 000 180 1 450 60 1 000 13.66 m/ s 4, : P 4 Fe v/ 1 000, P, F ec ( 8.4) F 0 ( 8.2) 1 000 P/ (4 v) 1 000 41.5/ (4 13.66) 759.52 N F e c 2 e f v e f v 1 + 1 1-1 F 1 F 0 + F ec 2 F 2 F 0 - F ec 2 759.52 2.718(1.232.86 ) + 1 2 2.718 (1.232.86 ) - 1 402.99 + 403.99-759.52 2 759.52 2 782.75 N 23.23 N 405.99 N

8 141 8 1 BV A 138 mm 2, h 10.5 mm ; 4 q 0.17 kg/ m, c qv2 A 0.17 13.662 138 0.23 MPa b1 Eh/ d d1 200 10.5/ 180 11.67 MPa b2 Eh/ d d2 200 10.5/ 630 3.33 MPa 1 F 1 A 2 F 2 A 782.75 138 23.23 138 ( 3) : max 5.67 MPa 0.17 MPa 1 + b1 + c 5.67 + 11.67 + 0.23 17.57 MPa 1 / max 100% 5.67/ 17.57 100 % 32.27 % b1 / max 100% 11.67/ 17.57 100 % 66.42 % c/ max 100 % 0.23/ 17.57 100 % 1.31 % : ;,,, b Eh/ d d,,, 8.4,,,, 8.8 8.11, 8.5 ( 2000 ), F 1 F 2

142 ( ) ;; F 1 / F 2 e f,,,, F1/ F2 e f 8.6 ( 1998 ),, ; ;,, 8.1.3,( 8 23) 8.7 (1999 ) V,,V?? v 1, v 2, P F e v, F e1 F e2 V,,,,,,,,, P F e v,, 8.8 ( 1996 ) V,i 7, 90,,,,,, : ;,,,

8 143, 8.9 ( 1999 ) V,??,, z < 6,10 V 8.10 ( 2000 ) 8.3, 2 140 mm, 280 mm, 1 000 Nm, 80 r/ min 120 r/ min, 190 mm,,,?? 8.3 T, n 50 %,50% ( 1) d d2, V ( P 0, K, K L,P 0 ), 50% ( 2) d d1 50 %, V ( P 0 50%, K, KL,P0 ),,,P 0, K, K L,P 0,P 0, K, K L,P 0 8.7,,,,

144 ( ) P 8.11 ( 2001 ) 8.4 (a), 8.4 ( b), d1 d4, d2 d3, 1 3,n, : ( 1)?? ( 2)?? ( 3)?? 8.4 ( 1),,, F e c 2 F 0 1-1/ e f va 1 + 1/ e f ( 2) ( b) d 3 > d 1, 1,3, d 1 n 60 1 000 < vb d 3 n 60 1 000, P F e v, Fe a Feb, Pa < Pb 1 000 ( 3) (a), v a < vb, ( b),,, ;,,, 8.12 ( 2001 ) V F 0 354 N, ( ) d d1 160 mm, n 1 1 500 r/ min, a 150, V f v 0.485,: (1) V

8 145 F, F 2 ; ( 2) V F ec P ec ; (3) ( 1) F 1, F 2 1 150 2.18 rad F 1 F 2 e f v, F 1 + F 2 2 F 0, F 2 ( 2) Pec Fec v 1 000 2 F0 e f v 1 + 1 2 354 0.4852.18 e + 1 F 1 2 F 0 - F 2 525.46 N Fec dd1 n1 60 1 000 F ec F 1 - F 2 342.92 N ( 3) 8.1 182.54 N 342.92 160 1 500 60 1 000 4.31 kw,, F1 F2 e f v, 8.5 8 1 V n1 1 450 r/ min,fv 0.51, 1 180, F 0 360 N, : (1 )?(2) dd1 100 mm,?( 3) 0.95,,? ( 1) F ec 2 F 0 1-1/ e f 1 + 1/ e f 2 360 1-1/ e0.51 1 + 1/ e 0.51 478.35 N ( 2) ( 3) P T Fec dd1 2 478.35 100 2 23 917.5 Nmm F e c v 1 000 0.95 F ec n 1 d d1 0.95 60 1 000 1 000

146 ( ) 78.35 1 450 100 0.95 3.63 kw 60 1 000 1 000 8 2 V P 7.5 kw, v 10 m/ s,, F1 2 F2, F1 Fe F0 P F e v 1 000 F e kw, 1 000 P v F e F 1 - F 2,F 1 2 F 2, F1 F0 + F e 2, 1 000 7.5 10 750 N F1 2 Fe 2 750 1 500 N F 0 F 1 - F e 2 1 500-750 2 1 125 N 8 3 V n 1 1 450 r/ min, n 2 400 r/ min, d d1 180 mm, a 1 600 mm,v SPA, z 2,, 16 h( ) dd2 dd1 n1 ( 1 - ) n 2 8 9 d d2 639 mm 180 1 450 (1-0.02) 400 639.45 mm, Ld 180-1 180d d2 - d d1 a 57.5 639-180 57.5 163.5 1 600 2 a + 2 ( dd1 + dd2 ) + ( d d2 - d d1 ) 2 4 a 2 1 600 + (639-180 )2 ( 639 + 180) + 2 4 1 600 8 3, L d 4 500 mm, z KA P ( P 0 + P 0 ) K K L 4 519.4 m P z( P 0 + P 0 ) K K L K A 8 5c P0 4.91 kw ; 8 5d P0 0.59 kw ; 8 6 K A 1.3; 8 8 K 0.96; 8 10

8 147 K L 1.09 P z( P 0 + P 0 ) K K L K A 2 (4.91 + 0.59) 0.961.09 1.3 8.85 kw 8 4, V, P 7 kw, n1 960 r/ min, n2 330 r/ min, 5 %,,, B ( 1) 8 6 KA 1.2 P ca K A P 1.2 7 8.4 kw ( 2) V P ca 8.4 kw, n 1 960 r/ min, 8 8 ( 3) 8 5a d d1 180 mm, d d2 d d1 n 1 ( 1 - ) n2 8 7 d d2 525 mm n2 v dd1 n1 (1 - ) d d2 1 d d1 n 1 60 1 000 180 1 450 (1-0.02) 400 180 1 450 (1-0.02) 400 180 960 60 1 000 523.6 mm 324 r/ min 9.05 m/ s < 25 m/ s ( 4) 0.7 ( dd1 + dd2 ) < a0 < 2( dd1 + dd2 ), a 0 550 mm, L 2 a 0 + 2 ( d d1 + d d2 ) + ( d d2 - d d1 ) 2 4 a 2 550 + 2 ( 525-180) (525 + 180) + 2 4 550 2 262 mm 8 2 Ld 2 280 mm, a a a 0 + L- L d 2 ( 5) 550 + 2 280-2 262 2 559 mm

148 ( ) d 180 - d2 - d d1 a ( 6) z z z 4 P ca ( P 0 + P 0 ) K K L ( 7) F0 F 0 500 P ca vz 60 180-2.5 k - 1 500 8.4 9.05 4 ( 8) Q 525-180 60 143> 120 559 8.4 ( 2.43 + 0.2 976 ) 0.9 1 3.387 + qv2 g 2.5 0.9-1 + 1.7 9.052 9.8 223 N Q 2 ZF 0 sin 1 2 4 223 sin 143 1 692 N 2 2 ( 9) ( ) 8.6 8.6.1 8 1 ( 1) V A. B. C. ( 2), A. B. C. V D. ( 3) V, 40, A. B. C. 40 ( 4), v 1, v 2, v, A. v 1 v 2 v B. v 1 > v > v 2 C. v1 < v < v2 D. v1 v > v2

8 149 5) A. B. C. D. ( 6) A. B. C. D. ( 7) A. B. C. ( 8),, A. B. C. D. ( 9) A. B. C. D. 8 2 F 1 F 2 F e F 0 8 3??? 8 4 8 5 8 6,,?? 8 7 V, P C n 1 ;, V?? 8 8 8.5, : P 1, n 1, d d1, d d2, a: (1) i 1 2 i 2??( 2) ( i 2, i 1, i 1 2 ),??

150 ( ).5 8 8 8 9 8.6 V,? 8.6 8 9 8 10 V, P 1 6 kw, n 1 1 450 r/ min n 2 500 r/ min( 5% ),, 8.6.2 8 1 ( 1) B; (2 ) C; (3 ) C; (4 ) B; (5) D; ( 6) B; (7 ) A; (8) A ; (9 ) C 8 2 F e F f F 1 - F 2, 2 F 0 F 1 + F 2

8 151 3,,, ; ;; ; 8 4,,,, 8 5, :, 8 6,, 8 7,,, 8 8 (1 ) f, min, F 0, (2) i 2,,, 8 9 8.6( a), V,,

9.1 9.1.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) 9.1.2,, :, ( ), ; ;,;, ;, : ; ;,;,,,,

9 153, ( ), 9.1.3 1., p,, 8,,,,,,, 4,,,, A,B, : 08 A1 88 GB/ T12431997, A p 12.70 mm(08 ) 88 A 2. p, d 1, p t z GB/ T12431997,,, 9.1.4 1., zp, v v z 1 pn 1 60 1 000 z 2 pn 2 60 1 000 m/ s (9.1)

( 1) F e F e 1 000 P/ v (9.4) 154 ( ) n 1, n 2 ( : r/ min) ; z 1, z 2 ( 9.1 ) 2. i n1 z2 (9.2) n 2 z 1,,,,,,, i 1 R 2 cos 2 R1 cos (9.3),,, z 1 z 2 ( R 1 R 2 ), (, ),,1, 3.,,, ;, ;,,,,,, ( ),, 9.1.5, :, P ( : kw) ; v ( : m/ s ) ( 2) Fc

9 155, q ( : kg/ m) F c qv 2 (9.5) ( 3) F f Ff Ff Ff Kf qa 10-2 F f ( K f, a ( : m) ; K f 9.1.6 1. (9.6) + sin ) qa10-2 ; F1 Fe + Fc + Ff (9.7) F 2 F c + F f (9.8) ( 1), ( 2),,,, ( 3), ( 4) 2.,,,, :, ; z 1 19, L P 100 ; ; ; 15 000 h ; 3 %, P 0

156 ( ) K Z K L K P K A,P 0, 9 6; 15 000 h,, 3. ( v < 0.6 m/ s ) ( v 0.6 8 m/ s) ( v > 8 m/ s ), ; v < 0.6 m/ s, ( 1) v > 0.6 m/ s,,,, P 0 K A P K Z K L K P kw (9.9), P0 ( : kw) ; KA ; P( : kw) ; K Z ; K L ; KP ( 2) S ca F lim n KA F1 [ S] ( 9.10), S ca ; n ; F lim ( : kn ) ; KA ; F1 ( : k N) ; [ S], [ S] 4 8 4. P n 1, n 2, z 1, z 2,,,,,, 9.1 5. ( 1) z1, z 1 z min, 9z 1, z 2,

9 157 p,, d,,, zmax 120z1,,, z1,, z1 9.1 ( 2) p,, p,, p,,,

158 ( ),,,,, ( 3) a a,, ;,,, ;,, a0 ( 30 50 ) p, a max 80 p 9.1.7 1.,: ( 1),, ( 2),, 45, ( 3), a < 30 p,i > 2 a > 60 p, i < 1.5,,, 2., : ; 60 3. ; :, p v

9 159.2 :, 98 %, :, : :, :,, : p, p,, :, : : ; p, d 1, p t, z : d, d a, h a, d f :, :,,,,, :,, :,, : ; ; ; :, v < 0.6 m/ s : : z, i, a, L P,,

160 ( ).3 9.3.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5), 9.3.2 9.1,,,,,,, :p p, 9.2,,?,,,,,,,,,, :

9 161.3?,,,,, 9.4 : n 1 850 r/ min, z 1 18, z 2 90, L P 124, F lim 55 k N ; K A 1.2P Flim, F lim 35 kn, 9 1 p 25.4 mm, 16 A n 1 P 0 30 kw 850 r/ min, KZ, KL, KP 9 10, KZ 0.94, KL 1.07, KP 1, ( 9.9 ) P P 0 K Z K L K P K A 30 0.94 1.07 1 1.2 25.2 kw Flim,, P 0 P : P 0 K A P K Z K L K P, P, 9.5, P 1.5 kw, n1 120 r/ min, n2 40 r/ min,a820 mm,, v 0.6 m/ s,s 6,, K A 1.2 p,( ), z 1, z 2 ( 1) p F e 1 000 P/ v 1 000 1.5/ 0.6 2 500 N 10A, p 15.875 mm, q 1 kg/ m, ( ) F lim 21.8 k N F c qv 2 1 0.6 2 0.36 N, 0 f a

162 ( ) f a 2 %, 9 11 K f 6.5, (9.6) F f K f qa 10-2 6.5 1 820 10-2 53.3 N F1 Fe + Fc + Ff 2 500 + 0.36 + 53.3 2 553.66 N ( 9.10) Flim SK A F 1 n 10A 6 1.2 2 553.66 1 1 000 18.35 kn < 21.8 kn ( 2) 9 8 z 1 17, ( 3) v z 1 pn 1 60 1 000 ( 4) F e z2 n1 z1 120 17 51 n 2 40 17 15.875 120 60 1 000 0.54 m/ s < 0.6 m/ s 1 000 P/ v 1 000 1.5/ 0.54 2 777.78 N Fc qv 2 1 0.54 2 0.292 N F 1 F e + F c + F f 2 777.78 + 0.292 + 53.3 2 831.37 N ( 9.10) S ca F lim n K A F 1 10A L P ( 5) d1 d 2 21 800 1 1.2 2 831.37 6.42 > 6 p/ sin( 180 / z1 ) 15.875/ sin(180 / 17) 86.39 mm p/ sin( 180 / z 2 ) 15.875/ sin(180 / 51) 257.87 mm ( 6) L P LP 2 a p 138 + z1 + z2 2 2 820 15.875 + + 17 + 51 2 z 2 - z 1 2 + 2 p a 51-17 2 2 15.875 820 137.87,

9 163 v 0.6 m/ s,,: (),, ;,, ;,d 1, d 2 v 0.6 m/ s, ( ),9 3, 9 4 9.4, 9.6 ( 2001 ) : ( ) i n 1 / n 2 z 2 / z 1, i,,,, 9.7 ( 2000 ) A., B. C., D. C a, a,, a,, C A ; B,D, 9.8 ( 2000 ),

164 ( ) A B. C. D. B,,, B, A, C, D 9.9 ( 1999 ) p 25.4 mm, n 1 1 000 r/ min, d 1 203 mm, m/ s 10.6, v z 1 pn 1 / ( 601 000 ),, z 1, d p/ sin(180 / z) z 1 z 1 v d1 n1/ (60 1 000 ) 3.14 203 1 000/ (60 1 000 ) 10.62 m/ s 9.10 ( 1998 ),, z 1 z 2,,, 9.1.4,,, 9.11 ( 1998 ), ;,,,,,,,,,, z1 9.12 ( 2000 ),p v?

9 165, p,, p,, ;, ;,, ;,,, pz 1 v,,, 9.13 ( 2001 ),,?, ( 1) ; (2) ; ( 3) 2 9.14 ( 2001 ),,,,,,,, 9.5 9 1 9.2,, a (30 50 ) p9.2( a), ( b)? ( 9.2(c) )?? (a), ( b),,

166 ( ) ; ; 9.2 9 1 9 2 P 1 kw, n 1 48 r/ min, n 2 14 r/ min,,, :,v 0.6 m/ s,, 9.5 z 2 K A L P 9 3 n1 850 r/ min, z1 21, 99, a 900 mm, 55.6 kn, 1, L P 136 2 a p + z 1 + z 2 2 2 900 25.4 + + 21 + 99 2 z 2 - z 1 2 + 2 p a 99-21 2 2 25.4 900 135.2 9 1, 55.6 kn p 25.4 mm,16 A 9 13 P 0 35 kw, 9 10 KZ K L z 1 19 L P 100 9 11 K P 1 ( 9.9 ) P P 0 K Z K L K P K A 1.08 0.26 21 19 136 100 1.08 0.26 1.11 35 1.11 1.08 1 1 1.08 41.96 kw

9 167 4 P 7.5 kw,n 1 960 r/ min, i 3, K A 1.5,a 650 mm( ) ( 1) z1, z2 v 3 8 m/ s, 9 8 z1 23, z2 iz1 3 23 69 9 ( 2) p 9 10 Pca KA P 1.5 7.5 11.25 kw 13 K Z z1 19 a 40 p, L P 2 a p + z 1 + z 2 2 2 40 p p + + 1.08 23 + 69 2 L P 128,9 10 KL L P 100 0.26 z 2 - z 1 2 + 23 19 2 1.08 p a 69-23 2 128 100 0.26 1.23 2 p 40 p 1.07, 9 11 K P 1, P 0 P ca KZ KL KP 11.25 1.23 1.07 1 8.55 kw 127.34 P 0 8.55 kw n 1 960 r/ min, 9 13 10 A 9 1 p 15.875 mm ( 3) L a L L P P 1 000 128 15.875 1 000 2.03 m a p 4 L P - z 1 + z 2 2 + L P - z 1 + z 2 2 2-8 z 2 - z 1 2 2 15.875 4 128-23 + 69 2 + 128-23 + 69 2 2 69-23 - 8 2 2

168 ( ) 45.61 mm a (0.002 0.004) a (0.002 0.004) 645.61 1.29 2.58 mm a a - a 645.61 - ( 1.29 2.58) 644.32 643.03 mm a 644 mm, 650 mm, ( 4) v z 1 pn 1 60 1 000 9 ( 5) F e 1 000 P v, K FP F P 23 15.875 960 60 1 000 5.842 m/ s 14 1 000 7.5 5.842 1 283.81 N 1.15, 1.15 1 283.81 1 476.38 N 9.6 9.6.1 9 1 ( 1), A. B. C. D. ( 2),, ( 3) ( 4),,, ( 5)

9 169 ( 6),,, ( 7),, ( 8), p, ( 9), ( 10 ),,, 9 2,? 9 3?,? 9 4? 9 5?? 9 6?? 9 7,, n 1 900 r/ min, z 1 25, z 2 75,, n2 250 r/ min,, : ( 1),?? ( 2),?? 9 8 P 16.8 kw, n 1 960 r/ min,i 3.5,,, a 800 mm, 9.6.2 9 1 ( 1) C; ( 2),, ; ( 3) ; (4),,,;

170 ( ) 5), ; ( 6),; (7 ) ; ( 8),; ( 9),; (10), 9 2,, 9 4 z 1,, : ;,, ;,, z2,, 9 5,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, a (30 50 ) p 9 6 ( v < 0.6 m/ s) ( v 0.6 8 m/ s ) ( v > 8 m/ s ), ; v < 0.6 m/ s, 9 7 ( 1), : z1 z2/ i12 z 2 n 2 / n 1 75 250/ 900 20.8,z 1 2125 21, KZ,, ( 2) : z 2 z 1 / i 12 z 1 n 1 / n 2 25 900/ 250 90 75 90,,

0 10.1 10.1.1 ( 1) ( 2), ( 3), ( 4) ;,, ( 5) ( 6) ( 7) ( 8),,,

172 ( ) 0.1.2,, 1. : ( 99 % ) ; ; ; ; ; ( ) ; : ; ; ; ; 2. ( 1) : ( 2) : ( 3) : ( 4) : ( 5) : ( HBS > 350 H RC38) ( H BS 350 ) 10.1.3 1.,, : ( ) () ( 1) :, : : ; : : : ; :

10 173 ( ) ( 2) :,, : ;,,, ;, ::,,, : : ( ) ( 3) : : : ( 4) : ::,,,,, :,, : ( ) ( 5) : :,, : :, :,

174 ( ) 2.,, 10.1 10.1,,, ( ) 10.1.4, :,,,, ;, ;; 1. ( ),, : ( ) ( 1) :, :45 ;, ( HBS 350 ) ;, 7,8 ; 20Cr, 20Cr MnTi, 40Cr ;, ( HBS >

10 175 50 ) ( ) ;,,, 5,6 ; : ZG275 500;,; ; ( 2) : :H T250 ;,, ; :QT500 5 ; ( 3) : ( ABS) ; ;, ( 4), 2. ( 1) ( 2),, ( 3) ; ; ( 4),, ;,,, H BS 1 H BS 2 + 30 50, 30 50 H BS 10.1.5,,,, F n, P Fn Ft Fr ( ) F a 10.2 :F n, F t F r, F a :Fn, n

176 ( ) 0, F a F t tan,, ;, F a 8 20,, 10.2 F n F n1 F t / cos - F n2 F n F t / ( cos n cos ) F t / cos t cos b F n1 - F n2 F n F n1 F t / cos - F n2 F t 2 T 1 / d 1 F t1 - F t2 F t 2 T 1 / d 1 F t1 - F t2 F t 2 T 1 / d m1 F t1 - F t2 F r F t / t an F r F t t an n / cos F r F t t a n cos F r1 - F r2 F r1 - F r2 F r1 - F a2 F a F t ta n F a F t t an sin F a1 - F a2 F a1 - F r2 :Fn,, Fa Ft tan sin,, T 1 9.55 10 6 P 1 / n 1, F t1 2 T 1 / d 1, F n : F t : F t1, ; F t2, F r :, ;,

10 177 F a,,,,, F a1,,,,, F a1, F a2 F a1 10.1.6 ( ) : F n, :, p F n / L :, pca Kp, K, K K A K V K K K A, KV, KV ;, v;,p b2 > P b1, 2 ; P b1 > P b2,1 K, K H K F K, K K H K F K (,, ) ; ; ; K ;, ; ;, L b L

178 ( ),,, L,L b / cos b, KK 10.1.7 1.,,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ;, ; 30,,,,,,, Y, 10.3 2. ( 1),,, ( 2),,, F1 F2,,, : [ F1 ] [ F2 ], F1 [ F1 ], F2 [ F2 ],

10

180 ( ) ( 3),, Y Fa Y Sa [ F ], Y Fa1 Y Sa1 [ F1 ] Y Fa2 Y Sa2 [ F2 ], ( 4) 1 2 : F1 Y Fa1 Y Sa1 F2 Y Fa2 Y Sa2 ( 5) m( mn ),KV K K, K t K, mt ( mnt )mt ( mn t ) v, K V, K, K, K K A K V K K, K K t, m t ( mnt ), m m t 3 K/ K t m n m nt 3 K/ K t ( 6),,, 10.1.8 1.,,,,,,, (3.15 ) 10.4 2. ( 1),,

10

182 ( ) ( 2),,,, H1 H2, Z E, Z H, Z u,,,,[ H1 H2 ],[ H1 ] [ H2 ] ( 3),,,, : [ H ] min{( [ H1 ] + [ H2 ] )/ 2, 1.23[ H2 ] } [ H2 ] ( 4) d 1, K V, K, K,K t K,d 1 t d 1 t v, K V, K, K, K K A K V K K, KK t,d 1 t d 1 d 1t 3 K/ K t ( 5), d 1, mz, m 2, z1 40, z2 80 m 4, z 1 20, z 2 40, 10.1.9 1.,,,,, Y Fa Y Sa x 2. ( x x 1 + x 2 0) ( x x 1 + x 2 0 ) Z H

10 183 1. 0.1.10 ( 1), 20,,, 25 16 18, ( 2) z 1 z 1 20, z 1 17, z 1 :,,;,, ;,,,,, z 1 20 40,, z 1,,, z 1 17 20 ( 3) z 2 z 1, u z 2 / z 1 z 2,,, z 2 z 1 ( 4) d b/ d 1 d b b,,, d,b,,,,, d, d,, 5 10 mm, R b/ R, R 0.25 0.35, R 1/ 3 ( 5),,,, 8 20,,15 40 ( 6) m, m 2, 2. [ ] [ ] K N lim / S,, [ H ]

184 ( ) K HN Hlim S H [ F ] K FN Flim / S F S,, S H,S F K N 1 1.25 1.5 N 60 nj L h lim, 1 %,,, ML ; MQ ; ME, MQ ML,, Flim FE,,, 70%, Flim 3. 0.7 F E GB1009588 ( ) GB1136589 ( ), 1,12 v :6,7,8, 9 : ; ; ;; 10.1.11,, :, 10.1.12,,

10 185 :,, : v < 12 m/ s,, v > 12 m/ s v 25 m/ s,, v > 25 m/ s,, 10.1.13 :,, 1.75,,,,, z min 6 8, 10.2 : ; ; ; ; ; : ; ; ; ; ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

186 ( ) : :, :, ( ) : ; ; ; : ; : ( ) : ( ) :,,, : ; :, ;, : ; ; ; ; ; : p ca K F n / L, K K A K V K K : ; ( ), : 30 : F1 F2, [ F1 ] [ F2 ] :,, :, : H1 H2, [ H1 ] [ H2 ] : [ ] H K H N Hlim / S H, [ ] F K FN Flim / S F : 20, 25 : : 20 40; : 17 20 : d 0.4 1.4, R 0.25 0.35 : 8 20 : :, 1, 12, : 6, 7, 8, 9 : :

10 187 0.3 10.3.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5),, ( 6) ( 7) ( 8), 10.3.2 10.1??,, 10.2?,, 30 50 HBS : ;,, ; ;

188 ( ) C ; 0.3, z 1 20, z 2 50, A. YFa1 < YFa2 B. YFa1 YFa2 C. YFa1 > YFa2 A ; A. F1 > F2 B A. H1 > H2 B. F1 F2 B. H1 H2 C. F1 < F2 C. H1 < H2 (1 ),,,,zv z/ cos 3,, z < z v, z v z/ cos,,,,, : ( 2),,, 10.4, C A. d B. C. D., F 2 K T 1 bd1 m Y Fa Y sa 2 KT 1 bz 1 m 2 Y Fa Y sa [ F ] : ;,,,,,,,

10 189, B, 10.5,,, B A. B. C. D.,,,;,,, 30 50 H BS, F1 2 KT 1 bd1 m Y Fa1 Y Sa1 [ F1 ], F2 2 K T 1 bd1 m Y Fa2 Y Sa2 [ F2 ], F1 F2, [ F1 ] [ F2 ], Y Fa1 Y Sa1 [ F1 ] YFa1 Y Fa2 Y Sa2 [ F2 ],, > YFa2,, [ F1 ] > [ F2 ], 10.6, B A. C., B., KF H Z E Z t H u + 1 bd1 u Z E Z H 2 K T 1 bd 2 1 u + 1 u [ H ] u,, ( ),,

190 ( ) 10.7 10.1 2 mn 3 mm, z2 51, 15, ; 3 mn 5 mm, z3 14 : ( 1) 3?, 2,3 ( 2)? 10.1 10.2 (1) 2,3 10.2 2,, 2 F a2 (),2,,, 2, Fa2 2,3 Fa2, 3 Fa3,,, 3, 3 F r2, F r3 2, F t2 3, Ft3 ( 2) 2 3, F a2 F a3 F a2 F t2 tan 2, F a3 F t3 tan 3 tan 3 F t2 tan 2 F t3 2 3 T F t2 d 2 2 F t3 d 2 z 2 m n2 / cos 2, d 3 z 3 m n3 / cos 3 d 3 2,

10 191 F t Ft3 d 3 d2 z 3 m n3 cos 2 z2 mn2 cos 3 tan 3 F t2 d 3 z 3 m n3 cos 2 tan 2 F t3 d 2 z 2 m n2 cos 3 sin 3 z 3 m n3 sin 2 5 17 sin15 0.143 8 z2 mn2 3 51 3 8 16 2 (1 ) 10.3, 10.3 ( 2),,,,,,,,,, 10.8

192 ( ) P 55 kw,n 1 720 r/ min,i 3.2,,,, 8 h, 300 d, 15 ( 1), 10 1 40Cr, 48 55 H RC,52 55 H RC 7 ( 2) : : z 1 20, z 2 iz 1 3.2 20 64 : 14 : T 1 9.55 10 6 P 1 : Kt 1.8 n1 9.55 10 6 55 720 :, 10 : z v1 z v2 z 1 cos 3 20 21.9 cos 3 14 z 2 cos 3 64 cos 3 70.1 14 10 729 514 Nmm 5 7 d 1.2 Y Fa1 2.72, Y Sa1 1.57, Y Fa2 2.24, Y Sa2 1.75 10 26 1 0.725, 2 0.82, 1 + 2 0.725 + 0.82 1.545 10 0.318 d z 1 tan 0.318 1.2 20 tan14 1.9 28 Y 0.87 N 1 60 n 1 jl h 60 720 1 15 300 8 1.56 10 9 N 2 60 n 2 jl h 60 720 1/ 3.2 1 15 300 8 4.86 10 8 10 18 KFN1 0.89, KFN2 0.9

10 193 10 20( d) FN1 S F 1.5 FN2 700 MPa, [ F1 ] K FN1 S F [ F2 ] KFN2 11 SF 0.89 700 1.5 0.9 700 1.5 415 MPa 420 MPa Y Fa1 Y Sa1 [ F1 ] 2.72 1.57/ 415 0.01 Y Fa2 Y Sa2 [ F2 ] 1, 2.24 1.75/ 420 0.009 3 2 K T 1 Ycos 2 m n t d z 2 1 YFa YSa [ F ] m n 3 2 1.8 729 514 0.87 cos 2 14 2.72 1.57 1.2 20 2 1.545 415 3.05 mm 4 mm 12 10 2 : K A 1.5 : : v d 1 z 1 m n 20 4 82.45 mm cos cos14 d 1 n 1 60 1 000 3.141 82.45 720 60 1 000 10 8 : K V 1.12 3.1 m/ s KA Ft/ b 100 N/ mm, 10 3 : KF KH 1.2 : : b d d1 b/ h 1.2 82.45 98.9 mm b 2.25 mn 98.9 2.25 4 11.0

194 ( ) : 13 : 0 4 K H 1.304, 10 13 : K F 1.28 K K A K V K F K F 1.5 1.12 1.2 1.28 2.58 m n m nt 3 mn 14 : a z1 + z2 2 K/ K t 3.05 3 2.58/ 1.8 3.45 mm 4 mm mn 20 + 64 cos 2 a 174 mm,: arccos ( z1 15 : + z2 ) mn 2 a d 1 z 1 m n cos d2 z 2 m n cos b d d1 arccos 4 173.14 mm cos14 ( 20 + 64) 4 2 174 20 4 82.853 mm cos15 48 64 4 265.130 mm cos14 48 1.2 82.853 99.42 mm : b 2 100 mm, b 1 105 mm ( 3) : : 15 48 K KA KV KHK H 1.5 1.12 1.2 1.304 2.63 10 10 : SH 1.0 [ H1 ] [ H2 ] Hlim1 Hlim2 19 2 21 (e) 1 180 MPa K H N1 0.905, K H N2 0.94 K H N1 Hlim1 S H KH N1 Hlim2 S H 0.905 1 180 1.0 0.94 1 180 1.0 1 067 MPa 1 109 MPa : 10 6 : Z E 189.8 MPa : 10 30 : Z H 2.43

10 195 2 K T H Z E Z 1 H u + 1 bd 2 1 u 189.8 2.43 973.16 MPa [ H ], 2 2.63 729 514.2 + 1 100 82.853 2 3 1.545 3.2 (1 ),,, ;,, ( 2),,, 0 5,,,, 5 10 mm 10.4,,, 10.9 ( 1998 ) HBS > 350, : C A. B. C. D. ( HBS 350 ),

196 ( ) ),, ( H BS > 350 ),,,,, 10.10 ( 2000 ) 45,,, A C A. 40Cr C. 45, E. ZG45 B. m D. z,,, 40Cr 45 ;45, 45,A, C, ZG45 E,, B, D 10.11 ( 1997 ), m 5, z 1 21, z 2 73, Y Sa1 1.56, Y Sa2 1.76, Y Fa1 2.8, Y Fa2 2.28, [ F1 ] 314 MPa, [ F2 ] 286 MPa, F1 306 MPa : ( 1)? ( 2)? ( 1) F 2 K T 1 bd 1 m Y Fa Y Sa 2 KT 1 bz1 m Y 2 Fa Y Sa [ F1 ] Y Fa1 Y Sa1 [ F2 ] YFa2 YSa2 314 1.56 2.8 286 1.76 2.28 71.89 71.27 [ F ]

10 197 ( 2) F1 [ F1 ], F1 F2 F2 Y Fa1 Y Sa1 Y Fa2 Y Sa2 Y Fa2 Y Sa2 YFa1 YSa1 F1 1,2 1.76 2.28 306 281.12 MPa [ F2 ] 1.56 2.8, 3 2 K T1 m d z 2 1 Y Fa Y Sa [ F ],,, Y Fa Y Sa [ F ], Y Fa1 Y Sa1 [ F1 ] Y Fa2 YSa2 [ F2 ], 1 2 F1 2 KT 1 bd1 m Y Fa1 Y Sa1 F2 2 K T1 YFa2 YSa2, : bd 1 m F1 Y Fa1 Y Sa1 F2 Y Fa2 Y Sa2 10.12 ( 1997 ), n 1 1 480 r/ min,, ( ), m A 2 mm, z A1 27, z A2 54; m B 2 mm, z B1 35, z B2 70 ( 1),? ( 2),? ( 1) KF H 2.5 Z t E u1 bd1 u T 9.55 10 6 P n 1, 2.5 Z E 2 K T 1 bd 2 1 u1 u

198 ( ) T A T B1 u A z A2 z A1 54 27 2, u B z B2 z B1 70 35 2, H A db1 HB da1 u A mb zb1 ma za1 u B 2 35 2 27 35 27,,,,,,, a A m A ( z A1 + z A2 )/ 2 81 mm, a B m B ( z B1 + z B2 )/ 2 105 mm,,, 10.13 ( 1998 ) i 3.2, i 5%, a132.5 mm ; m n 2.15 mm : a 125,150, 175,200( mm) ; mn 2,2.5,3,4,5( mm), 8 20 z1, z2, m n,, a ( ) ( 1) a 175, m n 2.5 ( 2) 14 ( 3) a z1 + z2 2 acos m n mn ( z1 + z2 ) 2cos 2 175 cos14 136 2.5

10 199 z 3.2 z 1 z 1 + z 2 z 1 + 3.2 z 1 136, z 1 32.3, z 1 32 z2 iz1 3.2 33 102.4,z2 102 ( 4) u z 2 z 1 102 32 3.188 i u - i i ( 5) arccos m n ( z 1 + z 2 ) 2 a 3.188-3.2 3.2 arccos - 0.003 75-0.375 % 2.5 (32 + 102) 2 175 16.83 16 49 48 : z 1 32, z 2 102, a 175, m n 2.5, 16 49 48 ( 1) a 150, mn 3 ( 2) 14 ( 3) ( 4) z 1 + z 2 2 acos m n 2 150 cos14 97 3 z1 + z2 z1 + 3.2 z1 97, z1 23 z2 iz1 3.2 23 73.6,z2 74 u z 2 z 1 74 23 3.217 i ( 5) u - i i arccos m n ( z 1 + z 2 ) 2 a 3.217-3.2 3.2 arccos 0.007 39 0.74% 3 (23 + 74 ) 2 150 : z 1 23, z 2 74, a 150, m n 3, 14 12 14.07 14 12 a,,,

200 ( ) 10.14 ( 2000 ) 10.4(a),, : ( 1) ; ( 2),3 4 ; ( 3) 2 3 10.4 ( 1) ( ),:, ( ) 10.4( b) ( 2) F a2,, 3 Fa3 3,, 3,4 ( 3) 10.4( b), ; 2 : F a2, F r2, F t2 ; 3 : F a3, F r3, F t3,, 10.15 ( 1998 ) 10.5, : (1 ) i 14 (2), : m 3 m 4 4 mm, z 3 21, z 4 79, b 3 85 mm, b 4 80 mm (3 ) a 180 mm,, m n1 m n2 3 mm, a b/ a 0.3,

10 201 1) ( z 1, z 2,, b 1, b 2 ) ; ( 2) ( ), : :, 2 K T H z E z H z 1 u1 bd 2 1 u 2 KT H z E z H z z 1 u1 bd 2 1 u [ H ] [ H ] z E z H z z E z H z z K 458 K 395 10.5 ( 1) 14 u 34 z 4 / z 3 79/ 21 3.76 u12 z2/ z1 i/ u34 14/ 3.76 3.75 z 1 + z 2 2 acos m n 2 180 cos14 116.4 3

202 ( ) z 1 24.66,z 1 25 z + z 2 z 1 + 3.72 z 1 116.4 z 2 u 12 z 1 3.72 25 93 arccos m n ( z 1 + z 2 ) 2 a b2 ( 2) arccos 3 ( 25 + 93) 2 180 a a 0.3 180 54 mm, b1 10 28 31 59 mm H1 395 2 T 1 u 12 + 1 b 2 d 2 1 u12 395 2 T 1.72 + 1 2 3 54 (3 25/ cos10 28 31 ) 3.72 1.12 T 1 [ H ] H3 458 2 T 3 u 34 + 1 b 4 d 2 3 u 34 458 2 T 3.76 + 1 2 3 80 (4 21) 3.76 T 1max T 3max T1max T 3max 0.97 1.12 [ H ] 1.12 [ H ] 0.97 2 2 2 0.75 0.97 T 3 [ H ] H3 0.97 T 3 0.97 T 1 u 12 0.97 3.72 T 1 1.87 T 1 [ H ] 3,4,,

10 203 H 1.87 T 1, H1 1.12 T 1,, 3,4 10.5 10 1 10.6 ( ) 10.6 10 1 10.7 10.7 10 1 10 2 10.8, A, BC, : A 240 H BS, B 260 HBS, C 220 HBS B [ H ] [ F ] : ( 1) B (), A,C,K FN K HN 1 ; ( 2) B, A C,K FN K HN 1

204 ( ) 0.8 10 2 (1 ) A, B, B B A,, B C,,, S F 1.5, S H 1 10 21( d) 10 20(c) Hlim 610 M Pa F E 450 MPa Flim [ H ] [ F ] 0.7 FE 0.7 450 315 MPa K HN Hlim S H K FN Flim SF 1 610 1 1 315 1.5 610 MPa 210 MPa ( 2) B, A C, B A C, SF 1.5, SH 1 Flim Hlim 610 MPa F E 450 MPa

10 205 KHN H ] [ F ] K N H Hlim SH K FN Flim S F 1 610 1 1 450 1.5 610 MPa 300 MPa K FN, K H N, K FN, N N 60 nj Lh j, B,,,,, j 1; B,,,A C, j 2 10 3,??,, 0.7 10 4? ( ),, 8, 7,,,, 7, 6 5,, 8? 10 5 :,, ;, ; ;,, : ; ; ; ;, 10 6, P 1 7.5 kw, n 1 1 450 r/ min, z 1 26, z 2 54, L h 12 000 h,,

206 ( ) ( 1) 10 1, 45 250 HBS, 220 HBS 7 ( 2) T 1 9.55 10 6 P 1 : K t 1.8 n1 9.55 10 6 7.5 1 450 :, 10 49 397 Nmm 7 d 1.0 : 10 6 Z E 189.8 MPa :ZH 2.5 : u z 2 z 1 54 26 2.08 : N 1 60 n 1 jl h 60 1 450 1 12 000 1.04 10 9 N2 60 n2 jlh 60 1 450 26/ 54 1 12 000 5.03 10 8 10 10 19 1 21( d) Hlim1 SH 1.0 [ H1 ] [ H2 ] K H N1 1.0, K HN2 1.05 600 MPa, Hlim2 K H N1 Hlim1 S H KH N2 S H Hlim2 1.0 600 1.0 1.05 570 1.0 d 1t 2.32 : 3 KT 1 u + 1 d u Z E [ H ] 3 2.32 1.8 49 397 2.08 + 1 1.0 2.08 2 570 MPa 600 MPa 599 MPa 189.8 599 : 10 2 54.9 mm 2

10 207 K A 1.25 v d 1 t n 1 60 1 000 10 8 : K v 1.12 3.141 54.9 1 450 60 1 000 4.2 m/ s, KA Ft/ b < 100 N/ mm, 10 b/ h b 2.25 m t K H K F 1.2 b d d 1t 1.0 54.9 54.9 b 2.25 d 1t / z 1 54.9 2.25 54.9/ 26 11.5 3 10 4 K H 1.32, 10 13 : K F 1.28 : : K KA Kv KHK H 1.25 1.12 1.2 1.32 2.22 d 1 d 1t 3 m d1 z 1 K/ K t 54.9 3 2.22/ 1.8 58.9 mm 58.9 26 m 2.5 mm 11 : 12 : b 2 KT 1 d 2 1 2.27 mm d 1 mz 1 2.5 26 65 mm d 2 mz 2 2.5 54 135 mm a u + 1 u d1 + d2 2 2.5 Z E [ H ] 2 65 + 135 2 100 mm 2 2.22 49 397 2.08 + 1 2.5 189.8 65 2 2.08 590, b2 50 mm, b1 55 mm ( 3) : 2 49.7 mm

208 ( ) K K A K v K F K F 1.25 1.16 1.1 1.12 1.79 10 5 YFa1 2.6, YSa1 1.595, YFa2 2.3, YSa2 1.715 : 10 18 : KFN1 KFN2 1 10 20(c) FN1 S F 1.4 440 MPa, FN2 [ F1 ] 0.7 K FN1 SF [ F2 ] 0.7 KFN1 : F1 2 KT 1 bd 1 m Y Fa1 Y Sa1 F2 2 KT 1 bd1 m Y Fa2 Y Sa2 S F 425 MPa 0.7 1 440 1.4 0.7 1 425 1.4 220 MPa 213 MPa 2 1.79 49 397 2.6 1.595 108 MPa < [ F1 ] 50 65 2.5 2 1.79 49 397 2.3 1.715 103 MPa < [ F2 ] 50 65 2.5 10 7, n 1 750 r/ min, z 1 24, z 2 108, 9 22, m n 6 mm, b 160 mm,8, 38SiMnMo( ), 45 ( ), 20 (300 ),,, ( 1) 38SiMnMo,, 10 45, 10 :8 ( 2) 1 : 217 269 H BS 1 : 217 255 H BS : 10 2 : K A 1.25 d 1 z 1 m n cos 24 6 145.95 mm cos9 22

10 209 v d1 n1 60 1 000 10 8 : K v 1.21 3.141 145.95 750 60 1 000 5.73 m/ s K A F t / b 100 N/ mm, 10 3 : K F K H 1.1 b/ h d b d 1 b 2.25 mn b 160 mm 160 145.95 1.1 160 2.25 6 11.85 10 4 K H 1.34, 10 13 K F 1.40 K F K A K v K F K F 1.25 1.21 1.1 1.40 2.33 K H K A K v K H K H 1.25 1.21 1.1 1.34 2.23 ( 3) : z v1 zv2 z 1 cos 3 24 z2 cos 3 108 : 10 5 24.99 cos 3 9 22 cos 3 112.3 9 22 Y Fa1 2.62, Y Fa2 1.59, Y Sa1 2.17, Y Sa2 1.80 : 10 : 1 + 2 0.78 + 0.88 1.63 bsin 160 sin9 22 1.38 m n 3.14 6 26 1 0.75, 2 0.88,

210 ( ) 0 28 : Y 0.92 : 10 6 Z E 189.8 MPa : 10 30 Z H 2.47 ( 4) : N 1 60 n 1 jl h 60 750 1 20 300 2 5.4 10 8 N 2 60 n 2 jl h 60 750 24/ 108 1 20 300 2 1.2 10 8 : 10 10 18 20(c) FN1 K FN1 0.89, K FN2 0.91 S F 1.5 520 MPa, FN2 [ F1 ] K FN1 S F [ F2 ] K FN2 SF : 10 10 SH 19 1 21( d) Hlim1 [ H1 ] [ H2 ] 0.89 520 1.5 0.91 430 1.5 430 MPa KH N1 1.04, KH N2 1.1 740 MPa, Hlim2 1.0, KH N1 Hlim1 SH K H N2 Hlim2 S H ( 4) [ F1 ] YFa1 YSa1 [ F2 ] YFa2 YSa2 1.04 740 1.0 1.1 570 1.0 309 2.62 1.59 261 2.17 1.80 309 MPa 261 MPa 570 MPa 770 MPa 627 MPa 74.2 66.8

10 211 F ] Y Fa Y Sa min [ F1 YFa1 Y Sa1 ], [ F2 ] YFa2 Y Sa2 66.8 F 2 KT 1 Y Fa Y Sa Y [ F ] bd 1 m n T1 bd1 mn [ F ] 2 KY Y Fa Y Sa 160 145.95 6 1.63 66.8 3 558 490 Nmm 2 2.33 0.92 2 K T ( 5) H Z E Z 1 H u + 1 bd 2 1 u [ H ] T 1 bd2 1 u 2 K u + 1 [ H ] ZE ZH 160 145.95 2 1.63 2 2.23 1 827 280 Nmm 2 108 24 + 108 627 189.8 2.47 ( 6), P T 1 T1 n1 9.55 10 6 1 827 280 Nmm 1 827 280 750 9.55 10 6 143.5 kw 10 8, P 1 130 kw, n 1 11 640 r/ min, z 1 23, z 2 73, L h 100 h,, K A 1.25 ( 1) 10 1 20Cr MnTi, 62 H RC, 58 H RC,300 HBS 6 ( 2) : T1 9.55 10 6 P1 n 1 9.55 10 6 130 11 640 : K t 1.6 :, 10 2 106 658 Nmm 7 d 0.5

212 ( ) 14 : zv1 z1 cos 3 23 cos 3 14 25.2, zv2 z2 cos 3 73 cos 3 79.9 14 : 10 5 YFa1 2.62, YSa1 1.59, YFa2 2.22, YSa2 1.77 : 10 26 1 0.78, 2 0.88, 1 + 2 0.78 + 0.88 1.66 : N 1 60 n 1 jl h 60 11 640 1 100 7.0 10 7 N 2 60 n 2 jl h 60 11 640 23/ 73 1 100 2.2 10 7 10 10 18 20( d) FN1 K FN1 K FN2 1 S F 1.5 FN2 930 MPa [ F1 ] [ F2 ] 0.7 KFN1 Y Fa1 Y Sa1 1 S F 0.7 1 930 1.5 434 MPa > Y Fa2 Y Sa2, [ F1 ] [ F2 ], 3 2 K T 1 Ycos 2 m n t d z 2 YFa YSa 1 [ F ] 3 2 1.6 106 658 0.89 cos 2 142.62 1.59 0.5 23 2 1.66 434 1.84 mm m n 2 mm :

10 213 v d 1 n 1 60 1 000 d z 1 m n cos 10 8 : K v 1.16 23 2 47.4 mm cos14 3.141 47.4 11 640 60 1 000 KA Ft/ b 100 N/ mm, 10 b d d 1 b/ h K F K H 1.1 3 0.5 47.4 23.7 mm b 2.25 m n 23.7 2.25 2 5.3 28.9 m/ s 10 4 K H 1.15, 10 13 K F 1.12 K KA Kv KFK F 1.25 1.16 1.1 1.12 1.79 11 : m n m nt 3 mn 12 : : a z 1 + z 2 2 K/ K t 1.84 3 1.79/ 1.6 1.91 mm 2 mm a 99 mm, arccos ( z 1 13 : m n 23 + 73 2 98.94 mm cos 2 cos14 + z 2 ) m n 2 a d 1 z 1 m n cos d 2 z 2 m n cos b d d1 arccos ( 23 + 73) 2 2 99 23 2 47.437 mm cos14 28 73 2 150.562 mm cos14 28 0.5 47.437 23.7 mm : b 2 24 mm, b 1 28 mm ( 3) 14 28

214 ( ) K K A K v K F K F 1.25 1.16 1.1 1.15 1.83 : 10 10 21(e) : SH 1.0 [ H1 ] [ H2 ] Hlim1 Hlim2 19 2 1 500 MPa K H N1 1.0, K HN2 1.08 K HN1 Hlim1 S H K HN2 Hlim2 SH 1.0 1 500 1.0 1.08 1 500 1.0 1 500 MPa 1 620 MPa : 10 6 Z E 189.8 MPa : 10 30 Z H 2.43 : 2 K T H Z E Z 1 H u + 1 bd 2 1 u 189.8 2.43 1 104 MPa < [ H ], 2 1.83 106 658.17 + 1 24 47.437 2 3 1.66 3.17 10 9, 90, P 1 1.8 kw, n 1 250 r/ min, u 2.3,, 10 (300 ), ( 1) 10 1, 45 250 HBS, 220 HBS 8 ( 2) : z 1 18 z 2 42 z 2 uz 1 2.3 18 41.4

10 215 u : T 1 9.55 10 6 P 1 : K t 1.6 n1 : R 0.30 z 2 z1 42 18 2.33 9.55 10 6 1.8 250 68 760 Nmm : 10 6 ZE 189.8 MPa : ZH 2.5 : N 1 60 n 1 jl h 60 250 1 10 300 2 9.0 10 7 N2 60 n2 jlh N1/ u 9.0 10 7 / 2.3 3.9 10 7 10 10 19 1 21( d) Hlim1 : SH 1.0 [ H1 ] [ H2 ] K H N1 1.16, K H N2 1.20 600 MPa, Hlim2 K H N1 Hlim1 S H K H N2 Hlim2 SH 1.16 600 1.0 1.20 570 1.0 d 1 t 2.92 3 3 2.92 : ZE [ H ] 2 189.8 684 K T 1 R (1-0.5 R ) 2 u 570 MPa 696 MPa 684 MPa 2 1.6 68 760 0.3 ( 1-0.5 0.3) 2 2.3 : 10 d m1 KA 1.0 75.1 mm 2 d 1 ( 1-0.5 R ) 75.1 (1-0.5 0.3) 63.8 mm v d m1 n 1 60 1 000 3.141 63.8 250 60 1 000 0.84 m/ s

216 ( ) 0 8 : K v 1.10 K H K F 1.0,, 10 : K Hbe 1.25 K H K F 1.5 K Hbe 1.5 1.25 1.875 K KA Kv KHK H 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.875 2.06 d 1 d 1t 3 m d1 z 1 m 5 mm 11 : K/ K t 75.1 3 2.06/ 1.6 80.7 mm 80.7 18 4.48 mm d 1 mz 1 5 18 90 mm d 2 mz 2 5 42 210 mm R d 1 u 2 + 1 2 90 2.332 + 1 2 b R R 0.30 113.8 34.14 mm b 2 34 mm, b 1 38 mm 1 arccos 2 90-1 67 3 36 u u 2 + 1 arccos 2.33 2.33 2 + 1 ( 3) :: 113.8 mm 9 22.94 22 56 24 K K A K v K F K F 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.875 2.06 : 10 z v1 zv2 5 z 1 cos 2 z2 cos 2 18 19.5 cos22.94 42 107.8 cos67.06 YFa1 2.83, YSa1 1.545, YFa2 2.17, YSa2 1.80

10 217 10 10 18 20(c) FN1 KFN1 0.92, KFN2 0.95 SF 1.4 440 MPa, FN2, [ F1 ] [ F2 ] : KFN1 S F K FN2 S F 0.92 440 1.4 0.95 425 1.4 425 MPa 289 MPa 288.4 MPa F1 2 KT 1 Y Fa1 Y Sa1 bm 2 ( 1-0.5 R ) 2 z 1 2 2.06 68 760 2.83 1.545 34 5 2 (1-0.5 0.3 ) 2 18 112.1 MPa [ F1 ] F2 2 KT 1 Y Fa2 YSa2 bm 2 ( 1-0.5 R ) 2 z 1 2 2.06 68 760 2.17 1.80 34 5 2 ( 1-0.5 0.3 ) 2 18 100.1 MPa [ F2 ] 10.6 10.6.1 10 1 ( 1), A. B. C. D. ( 2) H BS 350,,

218 ( ) A, B., C. D., ( 3),, A. B. C. D. ( 4), A. B. C. D. ( 5), A. B. C. D. ( 6),,, A. B. C. D. ( 7),, A. B. C., D. ( 8) A. B. C. D. ( 9) ( ),

10 219 A C. B. D. ( 10 ), A. C. 10 2 B. D. ( 1),, ( 2),, H BS ( 3),,, ( 4), Y Fa,, ( 5), d b/ d 1, b,, d :, ;, ; 10 3 10.9,, n 1 120 r/ min, P 1 2 kw, z 1 25, z 2 39, m 2 mm, 10.9 10 3

220 ( ) 0 4,,?? z m b Y Fa Y Sa [ F ] [ H ] 20 2 mm 45 mm 2.8 2.2 490 MPa 570 MPa 50 2 mm 40 mm 2.4 2.3 400 MPa 470 MPa 10.6.2 10 1 (1 ) D; ( 2) C; ( 3) A,D ; (4 ) D; (5) C; (6 ) C, A ; (7 ) C; (8 ) C; (9 ) B; ( 10 ) A 10 2 (1), ( 2) 30 50 ( 3) ( 4),, z, zv ( 5),,,, 10 3 Ft1 - Ft2 6 366 N, Fr2 - Fr2 2 317 N ; 10.10 10.10 10 3 10 4 2

1 11.1 11.1.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) 11.1.2 1. 11.1 ( Z A ) ( ZI ) ( Z N ) ( Z K ) ( ZC ) 11.1 2. ( 1), ( 2),, ( 3),

222 ( ) 4), 11.1.3,,, 1. m,,, m a1 m t2 m a1 t2 ( 11.1) ZA, a 20 ;ZN, ZI, ZK, n 20 2. d 1 tan a tan n cos ( 11.2),,, d1, d1 mq mz1 q,m 3. z 1 z 1,,, z 1 4. tan z 1 q 1,2,4,6 ( 11.3) 90,, 5. i u i n 1 n 2, u z 2 z 1 ( 11.4)

11 223 i n 1 n2 z 2 z1 u d 2 d1 ( 11.5) 6. z 2 z2, z 2 iz 1 ( 11.6) : ( 1), z 2min 17 ( 2),, z 2 > 28 ( 3), (m ), z 2 80 7. a a 1 2 ( d 1 + d 2 ) 1 2 m( q + z 2 ) 1 2 m( z 1 + z 2 ) ( 11.7) 11.1.4,,, a a ( d1 + d2 + 2 x2 m)/ 2 ( 11.8), x2 ( z2 - z2 )/ 2 ( 11.9) 11 3 11 4, h * a 1, c * 0.2 11.1.5 1.,,,,,,,

224 ( ),,,, 2.,,, ( v s 3 m/ s )( v s 4 m/ s ) ( v s 11.1.6 < 2 m/ s ), F n P, : F t,f r F a, F t1 F a2, F r1 F r2, F a1 F t2 F t1,, F a1 () ( ),( ),, Fa1 :, T 1 T 2 Fn Fa1 cos n cos Ft1 Fa2 2 T 1 d 1 (11.10) F a1 F t2 2 T 2 d 2 (11.11) Fr1 Fr2 Ft2 tan (11.12) Ft2 cos n cos 2 T2 d 2 cos n cos (11.13) T 2 ( : Nmm), it 1, i d 1 d 2 ( : mm) 11.1.7,,,

11 225. H ZE Z K T 2/ a 3 [ H ] (11.14) 3 a KT 2 2 ZE Z [ H ] (11.15), Z E ( : MPa ) ; Z ; K ; a ( : mm) a, i, 11 2 a, 2.,, F 1.53 KT 2 d1 d2 m Y Fa2 Y [ F ] (11.16) m 2 d 1 1.53 KT 2 z2 [ F ], Y Fa2 ; Y, Y 1 - Y Fa2 Y (11.17) 140 ; F ( : MPa) ; [ F ] ( : MPa) m 2 d1 ( : mm 3 ),11 11.1.8 1. ( 1) ( 2), ( 3), ( 4), 2

226 ( ). ( 1) 0 :,,, 0 232 ( 2) x2 : x2 0.5 1.5 ( 3) :,,, ( 5 5.5) m 3.,, 0 232,,,11 S H 10, Hlim S Hlim (11.18) H, S H ; S Hlim ; Hlim ( : MPa) ; H ( : MPa) S F C Flim CFmax 1 (11.19), S F ; C F lim ( : MPa) ; C Fmax ( : MPa) 11.1.9 1.,,,,,,,, 1 2 3 (11.20), 1 ; 2 ; 3

11 227 1,, tan tan(+ v ) (11.21), v, v s v1 cos d1 n1 60 1 000cos (11.22) 1 v, v,, n 1 2. (0.95 0.96 ) tan tan (+ v ) (11.23),,,,,,,, ;, 1/ 3 3.,,,,,,, 60 70, 80 80, : ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) 11.1.10 1. ( 1) :

228 ( ) ;, ( 2) :, 2. ( 1) : ( 2) :,, ( 3) : ( 4) :, 11.2 : : i z 2 ( 28 80 ) z 1 ( 1 6 ) 5 80 : 1 2,, : 1 v v, v s 1 cos ta n : ( 0.95 0.96) ta n(+ v ) q : q d 1 t an z 1 m q : i n 1 z 2 u d 2 n 2 z 1 d 1 a 1 2 ( d 1 + d 2 ) 1 2 m( q + z 2 ) 1 2 m( z 1 + z 2 ) : : F t1 F a2 2 T 1, F a1 F t2 2 T 2, d 1 d 2 F r1 F r2 F t2 t an : : :

11 229,, : : :,, : : : : 11.3 11.3.1 ( 1) ( 2), ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6), 11.3.2 11.1 11.2(a), z4 n4 ( 1), ( 2) (1) z3 z4,,, F a3 F a4 11.2( b)

230 ( ) F a2 F a3 n 4 n 3 11.2( b), F t2,f a1 Ft1 Fa2, n1,, ( 2), 11.2( b) 11.2,,, ( ) 11.2 11.3( a),, T1 20 Nm, m 4 mm, z 1 2,d 1 50 mm, z 2 50, 0.75 ( 1) ; ( 2) (1) 11.3( a),f a1, 11.3( b) F t2 F a1, n 2 ( 2) 11.3( b) Ft1 Fa2 2 T1 d 1 2 20 000 50 800 N

11 231 F a F t2 2 T 2 d2 2 T 1 i z2 m 2 20 000 25 0.75 50 4 F r1 F r2 F t2 tan 3 750 tan20 1 364.9 N 3 750 N 11.3,,,, z1 11.3,, n 1 1 440 r/ min, 2, m 4 mm, q 10,, 45 H RC,,, 11 2 d1 40 mm, 11 18 36, v s 11 d 1 n 1 60 1 000cos 40 1 440 3.08 m/ s 60 1 000 cos11 18 36 18 v 1 36,

232 ( ) 11 tan tan(+ v ) tan11 18 36 tan( 11 18 36+ 1 36 ) 0.87 2,, a d 1, 11 2 11.4, 11.4 ( 1999 ), q A. B. C. D., D, m d 1, q d 1 / m, q, d 1,,, q, 11.5 ( 2000 ), A. i 1 / 2 B. i n 1 / n 2 C. i d 2 / d 1 D. i z 2 / z 1 C,,d1 qm: i n1/ n2 z2 / z1 d2/ d1, 11.6 ( 2000 ), A.,

11 233 B C. D. B,,,, 11.7 ( 2000 ), A. B. C. D. D,, 11.8 ( 2001 ), A. B. q, C. D. z 1, B, q d 1 / m, q,d 1, : i n 1 / n 2 z 2 / z 1 d2/ d1,,,, z 1,, B, A,C, D 11.9 ( 2000 ),,,,,,

234 ( ), 11.10 ( 2000 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 11.11 ( 2001 )???,,,,,,;,,,, 11.12 ( 1999 ) 11.4,1,2,3,4 1,4, 1 3,4 11.4 1 3,4 11.5 1

11 235 2 4 3 2, 11.5 1 2,,3 2,3,4,( ), 11.5 11.5 11 1 11.6 11.6 11 1

236 ( ) 11.7 2,4 11.7 11.7 11 1 11 2 11.8 :T2 405 Nm,i12 20, n1 480 r/ min,,8 h, 5 ( 300 ), 11.8 11 2 1V ; 2 ;3 ; 4 ( ) ; 5

11 237 (ZI),, 45,,45 55 H RC ZCuSn10 P1, ( 1) : 11 5 KA 1.15,K 1, Kv 1.1, K K A K K v 1.15 1 1.1 1.265, Z E 160 MPa d 1 / a 0.35, 11 18 Z 2.9 ZCuSn10P1,, > 45 H RC, 11 7 [ H ] 268 MPa Lh 53008 12 000 h, N 60 jn 2 L h 60 1 480 12 000/ 20 1.728 10 7 K H N 8 10 7 N 8 [ H ] 3 a KT 2 2 ZE Z [ H ] 10 7 1.728 10 7 0.933 9 K H N [ H ] 0.933 9 268 250 MPa 3 1602.9 1.265405 000 250 2 120.8 mm a 125 mm, i 12 20,11 2 m 5 mm, d 1 50 mm d 1 / a 0.4, 11 18 Z 2.74, Z < Z, ( 2) : 11 2 z1 2, q 10, 11 18 36 p a m 5 15.708 mm da1 d1 + 2 h * a m 50 + 2 1 5 60 mm

238 ( ) d f d 1-2 m( h * a + c * ) 50-2 5 ( 1 + 0.2) 38 mm s a 0.5m 7.853 9 mm z 2 41, x 2-0.5 i z2 z 1 41 2 20.5, 20.5-20 20 d 2 mz 2 5 41 205 mm d a2 d 2 + 2 m( h * a + x 2 ) 205 + 2 5 (1-0.5) 210 mm df2 d2-2 m( h * a - x2 + c * ) 205-2 5 ( 1 + 0.5 + 0.2 ) 188 mm r g2 a - 0.5 d a2 125-0.5 210 20 mm ( 3) : z v2 z 2 cos 3 41 ( cos11.31 ) 3 43.48 2.5 %, x 2-0.5 z v2 43.48, 11 19 Y Fa2 2.87 Y 1-11 [ F ] 56 MPa K FN 11.31 1-140 140 0.919 2 9 10 6 N 9 [ F ] [ F ] K FN 8 10 6 1.728 10 7 0.728 6 56 0.728 6 40.802 MPa

11 239 F 1.53 K T 2 d1 d2 m Y Fa2 Y 1.53 1.265 405 000 50 205 5 2.87 0.919 2 40.3 MPa < [ F ] ( 4) t0 80,ta 20, d 15 W/ ( m 2 ) vs 11 d1 n1 60 1 000cos 50 480 1.28 m/ s 60 1 000 cos11.31 18 v 2.42 2 tan 3 0.99 0.98 tan11.31 tan(+ v ) tan(11.31+ 2.42 ) 0.80 P T2 n1 9.55 10 6 i12 405 000 480 9.55 10 6 20 0.8 S 1 000 P(1 - ) d ( t0 - ta ) ( 5) ( ) 1 000 1.27 (1-0.80) 15 (80-20 ) 1.27 kw 0.28 m 2 11 3, P 1 5.0 kw, n 1 960 r/ min,i 23,, 20Cr,, 58 H RC ZCuSn10P1, 8 h,7 ( 300 ) (ZI) ( 1) : z 1 T2 9.55 10 6 P1 i 9.55 10 6 5 23 0.8 n 1 960 2 0.8, 915 208 Nmm 11 5 KA 1, K 1, Kv 1.1, K K A K K v 1 1 1.1 1.1, ZE 160 MPa d1/ a 0.4, 11 18 Z 2.75 ZCuSn10P1,,

240 ( ) 45 H RC, 11 7 [ H ] 268 MPa Lh 73008 16 800 h, N 60 jn 2 L h 60 1 960 16 800/ 23 4.2 10 7 KHN 8 10 7 N 8 [ H ] 3 a KT2 2 Z E Z [ H ] 10 7 4.2 10 7 0.835 8 K H N [ H ] 0.835 8 268 224 MPa 3 160 2.75 1.1 915 208 224 a 200 mm, i 23, 11 d 1 2 157.2 mm 2 m 8 mm, 80 mm d 1 / a 0.4,, ( 2) : 11 2 z1 2, q 10, 11 18 36 pa m 25.133 mm d a1 d 1 + 2 h a * m 96 mm df1 d1-2 m( h * a + c * ) 60.8 mm s a 0.5m 12.567 mm z2 47, x2-0.375 i z2 z 1 47 2 23.5, 23.5-23 23 d 2 mz 2 8 47 376 mm 2.2 %,

11 241 da d2 + 2 m( h a * + x2 ) 376 + 2 8 (1-0.375) 386 mm d f2 d 2-2 m( h * a - x 2 + c * ) 376-2 8 ( 1 + 0.375 + 0.2) 350.8 mm r g2 a - 0.5 d a2 200-0.5 386 7 mm ( 3) : zv2 z2 cos 3 47 ( cos11.31 ) 3 49.85 x 2-0.375 z v2 49.85, 11 19 Y Fa2 2.66 Y 1-11 [ F ] 56 MPa F KFN [ F ] [ F ] K FN 1.53 KT 2 d 1 d 2 m Y Fa2 Y 11.31 1-140 140 0.919 2 9 10 6 N 9 8 10 6 4.2 10 7 0.66 56 0.66 36.96 MPa 1.53 1.1 915 208 2.66 0.919 2 15.65 MPa < [ 80 376 8 F ] ( 4) t 0 80,t a 20, d 15 W/ ( m 2 ) v s 11 d 1 n 1 60 1 000cos 80 960 4.1 m/ s 60 1 000 cos11.31 18 v 1.36

242 ( ) tan tan11.31 2 3 0.95 0.95 tan(+ v ) tan(11.31+ 1.36 ) 0.80 S 1 000 P(1 - ) d ( t 0 - t a ) ( 5) ( ) 1 000 5 ( 1-0.80) 15 (80-20 ) 1.11 m 2 11 4,,,P1 10.3 kw, n1 1 460 r/ min, n2 120 r/ min,, 2 h, 10 (300 ) (ZI) n 1 1 460 r/ min, n 2 120 r/ min, i 12.17, 45,, 45 55 H RC ZCuSn10P1, ( 1) : z1 T 2 9.55 10 6 P 1 n1 i 9.55 10 6 10.3 12.17 0.8 1 460 2 0.8, 655 946 Nmm 11 5 K A 1.15, K 1.5, K v 1.1, K KA KKv 1.15 1.5 1.1 1.9 z 2 iz 1 12.17 2 24, 14 02 10, z v2 z 2 cos 3 24 26.29 ( cos14.04 ) 3 11 19 Y Fa2 2.64 Y 1-11 [ F ] 40 MPa L h 1-14.04 140 140 0.90 8 10 300 2 6 000 h, N 60 jn2 Lh 60 1 120 6 000 4.3 10 7

11 243 m 2 d1 K FN 9 10 6 N 9 [ F ] [ F ] K FN m 2 d 1 1.53 K T 2 Y Fa2 Y z2 [ F ] m 10 mm,d 1 10 6 4.3 10 7 0.66 40 0.66 26.4 MPa 1.531.9655 946 24 26.4 26.4 0.9 7 151 80 mm a 1 2 ( q + z 2 ) m 1 2 (8 + 24) 10 160 mm ( 2) : 11 2 z 1 2, q 8, 14 02 10 z2 i z 2 p a m 31.42 mm d a1 d 1 + 2 h a * m 100 mm df1 d1-2 m( h * a + c * ) 56 mm z1 d a2 d 2 + 2 m( h a * s a 0.5m 15.71 mm 24, 12-12.17 12, 12.17 d2 mz2 10 24 240 mm + x 2 ) 240 + 2 10 (1-0 ) 260 mm - 1.4%, d f2 d 2-2 m( h * a - x 2 + c * ) 240-2 10 (1 + 0.2) 216 mm rg2 a - 0.5 da2 160-0.5 260 30 mm

244 ( ) 3) ( ) 11 5, P 8.5 kw, n 1 1 460 r/ min,i 20,,,,, 15 000 h ( ZI) 20Cr,, 58 H RC ZCuSn10P1, ( 1) : z 1 T 2 9.5510 6 P 1 n1 i 9.55 10 6 8.5200.8 1 460 2 0.8, 889 589 Nmm 11 5 K A 1, K 1, K v 1.1, K K A K K v 1 1 1.1 1.1, Z E 160 MPa d 1 / a 0.4, 11 18 Z 2.75 ZCuSn10P1,, > 45 H RC, 11 7 [ H ] 268 MPa Lh 73008 15 000 h, N 60 jn 2 L h 60 1 1 460 15 000/ 20 6.57 10 7 K HN 8 10 7 N 8 [ H ] 3 a KT 2 2 ZE Z [ H ] 10 7 6.57 10 7 0.790 3 KH N [ H ] 0.790 3 268 212 MPa 3 160 2.75 1.1889 589 212 a 200 mm, i 20, 11 d1 2 161.5 mm 2 m 8 mm, 80 mm d1 / a 0.4,, ( 2) :

11 245 1 2 z 1 2, q 10, 11 18 36 p a 25.133 mm, d a1 96 mm,d f1 60.8 mm, s a 12.567 mm z 2 41, x 2-0.5 i z 2 z1 41 2 20.5, 20.5-20 20 d 2 mz 2 8 41 328 mm d a2 d 2 + 2 m( h * a + x 2 ) 328 + 2 8 (1-0.5) 336 mm d f2 d 2-2 m( h * a - x 2 + c * ) 328-2 8 ( 1 + 0.5 + 0.2 ) 300.8 mm rg2 a - 0.5 da2 200-0.5 336 32 mm ( 3) : z v2 z 2 cos 3 41 43.48 ( cos11.31 ) 3 2.5 %, x 2-0.5 z v2 43.48, 11 19 Y Fa2 2.88 Y 1-11 [ F ] 56 MPa K FN 1-11.31 140 140 0.919 2 9 10 6 N 9 [ F ] [ F ] K FN 8 10 6 6.57 10 7 0.63 56 0.63 35.28 MPa

246 ( ) F 1.53 KT 2 d1 d2 m Y Fa2 Y 1.53 1.1 889 589 2.88 0.919 2 18.88 MPa < [ F ] 80 328 8 ( 4) t 0 80,t a 20, d 15 W/ ( m 2 ) v s 11 d 1 n 1 60 1 000cos 80 1 460 6.2 m/ s 60 1 000 cos11.31 18 v 1.17 2 tan 3 0.95 0.94 tan11.31 tan(+ v ) tan(11.31+ 1.17 ) 0.80 S 1 000 P( 1 - ) d ( t 0 - t ) ( 5) ( ) 1 000 8.5 (1-0.80 ) 15 (80-20 ) 1.89 m 2 11 6 T 2 10 600 Nm, n 1 910 r/ min, n 2 18 r/ min,,,3 000 h 45,, GB/ T 100891988 6 ( 1) n 1 910 r/ min, n 2 18 r/ min, i 50.56 P1 T2 n1 9.55 10 6 i12 10 600 000 910 9.55 10 6 50.56 19.98 kw 11 20 a 250 mm11 10 z 1 1, z 2 50, m 8.2 mm, d 1 78.6 mm, x 2 0.695 d 2 2 a - d 1-2 x 2 m 2 250-78.6-2 0.695 8.2 410 mm i z 2 z1 q 9.59 50-50.56 50, 50.56-1.1%,

11 247 Yz f h 2) F t2 2 T 2 d 2 Zm 2 10 600 000 410 10 m d 1 10 8.2 78.6 51 707.3 N 1.02 b m2 0.45 ( d 1 + 6 m) 0.45 ( 78.6 + 6 8.2 ) 57.51 mm tan z 1 / q 1/ 9.59 0.1, 11 0.666 H F t2 Z m Y z b m2 ( d 2 + 2 x 2 m) 13 51 707.3 1.02 0.666 57.51 (410 + 2 0.695 8.2 ) 3 MPa 11 14 K 0 7.84, 3 12 000 Lh v s 3 12 000 3 000 1.6, d 1 n 1 60 1 000cos 78.6 910 3.8 m/ s 60 1 000 cos5.71 11 16 f n 0.395 f w 1 Hlim K 0 f h f n f w 7.84 1.6 0.395 1 5 MPa v2 d2 n2 60 1 000 410 18 60 1 000 0.39 m/ s 11 12 SHlim 1.6 S H Hlim 5 H 3 1.67 > S Hlim ( 3) d a2 d 2 + 2 m + 2 x 2 m 410 + 2 8.2 + 2 0.695 8.2 437.8 mm

248 ( ) F t max 2 T 2 da2 2 10 600 000 437.8 48 424 N b 2 58 mm, b 2 1.1 b2 1.158 63.8 mm, m n mcos 8.2cos5.71 8.16 mm C Fmax F t2max 48 424 8.16 63.8 M n b 2 29.6 MPa 11 17 C Flim 39.2 MPa S F C Flim CFmax ( 4) ( ) ( 5) ( ) 39.2 29.6 1.3 > 1 11.6 11.6.1 11 1 ( 1), A. B. C. ( 2),,, A., B., C. D. ( 3), m, q A.

11 249 B C. D. ( 4) 1,, A. C. n 1 B. D. ( 5),, [ H ] A. C. N B. D. v s ( 6),, A. C. B. ( 7), A. C. B. ( 8), A. B. C. ( 9),, v A. < B. > C. D. ( 10 ),,, A., B., C. D. ( 11 ), A. C. B. D. ( 12 ),, A. B.

250 ( ) C D. ( 13 ), A. B. C., ( 14 ), A. B. C. ( 15 ) f v A. vs B. C., v s 11 2 ( 1)?? ( 2) i z 1 z 2? ( 3)?? ( 4)?? ( 5) q? q?m,q? ( 6)?? ( 7),,,, ( 8)??,? ( 9)? ( 10 )?? 11 3 11.9 z 1 z 2 20, z 3 60, z 4 2, z 5 40, 1, D 136 mm : ( 1)? ( 2) 0.68,, 1 T1 10 Nm,?

11 251 1.9 11 3 11 4 i 20 z 1 2, d a1 60 mm, d a2 210 mm,n 1 1 124 r/ min,, 1 11 5 Q 5 000 N, D 180 mm, T1 ( z1 20 000 Nmm 1), m 5 mm, q 10, 0.4 z 2 a 11 6 11.10 ( ) 11.10 11 6

252 ( ) 1 7 11.11, : ( 1) ; ( 2), ; ( 3) 2, 4 11.11 11 7 11 8 11.12, m 8 mm, z1 1, d 1 80 mm, z 2 40, D 200 mm ( 1) Q 1 m, n 1? ( 2) f v 0.18,? ( 3) Q 5 kn,f 100 N, l? 11.12 11 8

11 253 1.6.2 11 1 (1 ) A ; ( 2) B; (3 ) B; ( 4) B; (5 ) D; (6) B; (7 ) B; ( 8) C; ( 9) A ; (10) C; ( 11) A ; ( 12) D; (13) B; (14) B; (15) C 11 2 (1 ) ( 4), (6 ) ( 9) ( 5), q,q m, q d 1, q,, ( 10 ),,,,,,,,, 11 3 (1) ; (2 ) W 8 000 N 11 4 1 0.88 11 5 z 2 56, a 165 mm 11 6 11.13 11.13 11 6

254 ( ) 1 7 11.14 11.14 11 7 11 8 (1) n 1 63.66( ) ; (2 ) ; ( 3) l 357.14 mm

2 12.1 12.1.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) 12.1.2 1.,,,,, 2. :, ;, ; ;, ;, ;, ;,

256 ( ) : ; ; ; ; ; 3. ; ; ; ; 12.1.3 ;, :,,,, 1. ( 1) p, p F db [ p] ( 12.1), F ( : N ) ; B, d ( : mm) ; [ p] ( : MPa), 12 2 ( 2) pv pv,, pv, pv F dn Bd 60 1 000 Fn [ pv] ( 12.2) 19 100 B, n ( : r/ min) ; [ pv] ( : MPam/ s ) ( 3) vp, p pv,, v dn [ v] ( 12.3) 60 1 000

12 257 v] ( : m/ s ) 2. 12.1.4 12.1, p x 6 v ( h - h h 3 0 ) ( 12.4),; v ; h, x ; h 0 p p max 12.1 12.2 12.1.5 1., :, 12.5(a) ;, 12.5 ( b) ;, 12.5( c) 2. 12.2, R

258 ( ) r, B, : ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) D - d ( 12.5) R - r / 2 ( 12.6) d r e OO ( 12.7) e ( 12.8) ( 6) h min ( 7) ( 8) ( 9) - e (1 - ) r(1 - ) ( 12.9) h (1 + xcos ) r(1 + xcos ) (12.10) h 0 (1 + xcos 0 ) (12.11) B/ d 12.3 12.3

12 259, Cp,12 C p F 2 db 3. h min F db 2 C p (12.12) 7 F 2 2 vb,, h min h min, [ h] r( 1 - ) [ h] (12.13) [ h] S( R z1 + R z2 ) (12.14), S, S 2; R z1, R z2 4. : ;,, t t o - t i f p c q v Bd + s v (12.15), f ; q ( : m 3 / s ) ; ( :kg/ m 3 ) ; c ( : J/ ( kg ) ) ; to :) ; t i ( ( :) ; s ( : W/ ( m 2 ) ) ; v ( : m/ s ) ;t,,

260 ( ) t m t i + t/ 2 (12.16), 75, ti 3545,,, 5. ( 1) B/ d,,, ;,,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, n ( : r/ min) 4/ 9 ( n/ 60) 10 31/ 9 (12.17) ( 3),,, ; 12.1.6,: ( ),

12 261. 2. 3. ( ),,,,,, ( ), 12.1.7 1. ( ),, :,, 2. : : ; : ;:

262 ( ) 2.2 : ( ) p F d B [ p] p 4 F a z( d 2 - d 2 [ p] 1 ) p v Fn 19 100 B [ p v] pv nf 1 [ pv ] 30 000 z ( d 2 - d 1 ) v dn 60 1 000 [ v] v n( d 1 + d 2 ) [ v] 60 1 000 2 :, p x 6 v h 3 ( h - h 0 ), F d B 2 C p B/ d h min r(1 - ) [ h] [ h] S( R z1 + R z2 ) ( f/ ) p t t o - t i : c q B d : : + s

12 263 2.3 12.3.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) 12.3.2 12.1, 12.4,,,, ;, 12.4, 12.2, 12.5 ( a) ;

264 ( ) b ), (c) ; (d ) 12.5,, : ( 1) n ( 2) d( ) ; B, B/ d, B/ d,,,,b/ d 0.5 1.5 ;, R - r, 0.03,,,,, 0.000 3 r d ( 3) n p C,,,, : h min ; f ; t;, 12.3 12.6, 12.6

12 265 ( 1) 12.6( a) :,, ( 2) 12.6( b) :,, ( 3) 12.6(c) :,,, ( 4) 12.6( d) :,,, ( 5) 12.6( e) : 1 > 2, 12.6 (a) ; 2 > 1, 12.6( b) 12.6,, :,, ;,,,,, 12.4, d 60 mm, B 60 mm,zqa194, : ( 1) F 36 000 N, n 150 r/ min, ; ( 2) F 36 000 N, n; ( 3) n 900 r/ min F r ; ( 4) n max ZQA194 [ p] 15 MPa, [ ] 4 m/ s, [ p ] 12 MPam/ s ( 1) Fr 36 000 N, n 150 r/ min, p v F Bd 36 000 60 60 dn 60 1 000 10 MPa < [ p] 15 MPa 3.14 60 150 60 1 000 0.471 m/ s < v 4 m/ s pv 10 0.471 4.7 Mpam/ s < [ pv] 12 MPam/ s

266 ( ) ( 2) F 36 000 N n pv 60 1 000 B[ pv] n F F dn [ pv] Bd 60 1 000 60 1 000 60 12 3.14 36 000 ( 3) n 900 r/ min F pv 60 1 000 B[ pv] F n ( 4) n max v 60 1 000[ v] nmax d F dn [ pv] Bd 60 1 000 60 1 000 60 12 3.14 900 dn [ v] 4 m/ s 60 1 000 60 1 000 4 3.14 60 382.2 r/ min 15 286.6 N 1 273.9 r/ min,, 12.7 12.7 [ p] 15 MPa (12.7 AB) : F rmax [ p] Bd 15 60 60 54 000 N ( 12.7 CD) [ v] 4 m/ s 1 273.9 r/ min [ pv] 12 MPam/ s (12.7 BC) F 60 1 000 B[ pv] n 60 60 1 000 12 n 1.376 107 n

12 267 F n,bc,, ABCD0 12.5, d 60 mm, n 1 500 r/ min, F 2 600 N, ZQSn663,, (, 48 mm)? ZQSn663 : [ p] 5 MPa, [ v] 3 m/ s, [ pv] 12 MPam/ s, B/ d 1, p v F Bd 2 600 60 60 dn 60 1 000 0.722 MPa 3.14 60 1 500 60 1 000 pv 0.722 4.71 3.40 MPam/ s 4.71 m/ s, ZQSn663 [ v], [ p], [ pv] : ( 1),v,d 48 mm, v dn 60 1 000 3.14 48 1 500 60 1 000 3.77 m/ s > [ v] 3 m/ s,, ( 2), ZCh PbSb15153, [ p] 5 MPa, [ v] 6 m/ s, [ pv] 5 MPam/ s,,d 50 mm, B 42 mm p v F Bd 2 600 50 42 dn 60 1 000 1.24 MPa < [ p] 3.14 50 1 500 60 1 000 pv 1.24 3.93 4.87 MPam/ s 3.93 m/ s < [ v] 6 m/ s : ZChPbSb15153 d 50 mm, B 42 mm,

268 ( ) 2.4 12.6 ( 1996 ),( ) B/ d 1, d 80 mm, [ p] 5 MPa, [ v] 5 m/ s, [ pv] 10 MPam/ s, n1 320 r/ min n 2 640 r/ min,? : ( 1) n 1 320 r/ min, F 1 [ p],f max1 F max1 [ pv] F max1, F max1 pv p F db [ p] [ p]db 32 000 N F d B dn 1 60 100 Fn 1 [ pv] 19 100 B F max1 [ pv] 19 100 B/ n 1 47 750 N ( v dn 1 60 32 000 N 0.08 320 60 1.34 m/ s < [ v] ) ( 2) n 2 640 r/ min, F 2 [ p] F max2 [ pv] Fmax2, Fmax2 Fmax2 32 000 N F max2 [ pv] 19 100 B/ n 2 23 875 N ( v dn2 60 23 875 N 0.08 640 60 2.68 m/ s < [ v] ) ( 1), (2 ),, 23 875 N, 12.7 ( 2000 ), F 100 kn, n 500 r/ min, d 200 mm, B/ d 1, R z1 0.003 2 mm, R z2 0.006 3 mm, 0.250 mm,50, 0.045 MPas,

12 269 S 2: ( 1) ( 2) e B/ d 0.5 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 C P 1.0 0.853 1.253 1.528 1.929 2.469 3.372 4.808 ( 1) 1 - S( Rz1 + Rz2 ) h min [ h] (1 - ) S( R z1 + R z2 ) 1-2 ( 0.003 2 + 0.006 3) 0.25/ 2 B/ d 1 0.848 : C P 4.75 F max dbc P / 2 0.045 2 500 60 d 0.25 200 286 513 N > F 100 kn ( 2) e 0.001 25 0.848 0.2 0.2 4.75/ 0.001 25 2 C P F 2 db 10 5 0.001 25 2 0.045 2 500 0.2 0.2 60 B/ d 1 C P 1.658 1.658 0.666, e 0.25 1 8 0.666 0.083,,

270 ( ) 2.8 ( 2001 ), 180, d 150 mm, B/ d 1, 0.067 5 mm, F 50 000 N, n 1 000 r/ min,,[ p] 15 MPa, [ v] 10 m/ s, [ pv] 20 MPam/ s, R z1 R z2 0.002 mm, 0.003 mm, 0.014 MPas ( 1) ; ( 2) : CP F 2 2dB, v dn 60 1 000 ( m/ s ) 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.925 C P 0.589 0.853 1.253 1.528 1.929 2.469 3.372 4.828 7.772 11.38 ( 1) :, S 2, hmin [ hmin ] (1 - ) S( Rz1 + Rz2 ) 1 - B/ d 1 0.85 C P F max F max dbc P / 2 S( R z1 + R z2 ) 0.85 4.828 0.009 r 2 1 000 0.014 5 0.15 0.15 0.482 8/ 0.009 2 60 203 639 N > F,,

12 271 p F B d 5 10 4 150 150 pv v F db 2.22 MPa < [ p] dn 60 1 000 Fn 19 100 B 5 10 4 10 3 19 100 150 dn 60 1 000 17.45 MPam/ s < [ pv] 3.14 150 103 60 1 000 7.85 m/ s < [ v] 10 m/ s, ( 2) (1),,, h min h min,, C P (, B/ d) 12.5 12 1, : d 200 mm, B 200 mm, n 300 r/ min, ZCu Al10 Fe3,? ZCuAl10Fe3, [ p] 15 MPa, [ pv] 12 MPam/ s ( 1) (12.1 ), F [ p] db 15 200 200 6 10 5 ( 2) pv (12.2 ), F [ pv] 19 100 B n 12 19 100 200 300 ( 1) ( 2),1.528 10 5 N 1.528 10 5 N N 12 2 F 100 000 N, d 90 mm, n 9 r/ min,, ( ) :, H4090 2CuSn10P1, [ p] 15 MPa, [ pv] 15 MPa, [ v] 10 m/ s

272 ( ) 1),,B/ d 1.5, B 1.5 d 135 mm ( 2) ( 12.1) p F db 1 105 90 135 8.23 MPa [ p] ( 3) v pv (12.2 ) ( 12.3) pv v F db dn 60 1 000 dn 60 1 000 8.23 0.042 0.346 [ pv] 3.14 90 9 60 1 000 0.042 m/ s [ v] ( 4) H 7 f6, H8 f7, H9 d9, H 9 d9 12 3, F 35 000 N, d 100 mm, B 100 mm, n 1 000 r/ min LAN32,tm 50 0.001, R z1 1.6 m, R z2 3.2 m, 50 LAN32, v 50 22cst,L AN32 50 50 v 50 10-6 900 22 10-6 0.019 8 Pas 2n 60 2 1 000 60 104.7 rad/ s,, 2( 12.9),(12.10) 1 - r( 1 - ) S( R z1 + R z2 ) S( R z1 + R z2 ) r B/ d 1 0.808 12 1-2 0.004 8 0.05 0.808 8

12 273 C P 3.372 F max dbc P / 2 0.019 8 104.7 0.1 0.1 3.372/ 0.001 2 70 000 N > 35 000 N, 12 4 : F 50 000 N, d 150 mm, n 1 000 r/ min ( 1),,,, ZQSn663, ZChSnSb116, [ p] 25 MPa, [ v] 80 m/ s, [ pv] 20 MPam/ s,,, ( 2),B/ d 1,B 0.15 m ( 3) p v F db 50 000 150 150 dn 60 1 000 2.22 MPa < [ p] 3.14 150 1 000 60 1 000 pv 2.22 7.852 17.43 MPam/ s < [ pv] 7.85 m/ s < [ v] ( 4), LAN22, 50 0.015 Pas ( 5) 0.8 10-3 v 0.25 0.8 10-3 7.85 0.25 1.34 10-3 ( 6) C p c r 75 1.34 10-3 0.100 5 mm C p F 2 50 000 0.001 342 v B 0.015 7.85 0.15 5.08 ( 7) C f C p B/ d 0.85, C f 1.0, q v Bd 0.135

274 ( ) 8) h min hmin R z2 h min c( 1 - ) 0.100 5 ( 1-0.85 ) 0.015 1 mm 15.1 m ( 9) [ h] R z1 3.2 m, 3.2 m, S 2 [ h] S( Rz1 + Rz2 ) 2 (3.2 + 3.2 ) 12.8 m > [ h], ( 10 ) q v Bd q 0.135vBd 0.135 0.135 0.001 34 7.85 0.15 0.15 3.19 10-5 m 3 / s ( 11 ) f f p + 0.55 0.015 1 000 2 60 1.34 10-3 2.22 10 6 + 0.55 1.34 10-3 1 1.73 10-3 ( 12 ) t t m C 2 000 J/ ( kg ), 900 kg/ m 3, s 80 W/ (m 2 ), d 0.15 m, (12.15) t f p c q v Bd + s v 1.7310-3 1.3410-3 2.2210 6 3.1910-5 2 000900 1.3410-3 7.85 0.150.15 + 80 1.3410-3 7.85 11.34 t m t j + t/ 2 ( 35 45 ) + 11.34 2 ( 40.67 50.67 ) ( 13 ) c 0.100 5 mm, 2 0.100 5 0.201 mm, GB180199, H9 + 0.01, 150 0, 150 - - 0 0.145.245 d9 max 0.1 - ( - 0.245) 0.345, min 0 - ( - 0.145) 0.145

12 275 ( 14 ) ( ) 12.6 12.6.1 12 1 ( 1), 12.8 12.8 12 1( 1 ) ( 2) pv A. B. C. D. ( 3), A. B. C. D. ( 4), hmin, hmin > [ hmin ], A. B. B/ d C. 12 2 ( 1) :,,, ( 2) : ( 3) :,,,,

276 ( ) 4) :,, 12 3 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3),,? 12 4, d 120 mm, B 120 mm, n 1 440 r/ min, F 20 k N, 0.05 mm, 180, 50 0.026 Pas, R z1 0.006 3mm, R z2 0.003 2mm,? 12.6.2 12 1 (1) (c) ; (2) B; ( 3) C; ( 4) A 12 2 (1),,, ( 2) h min [ h min ] t [t] ( 3),,,, ( 4) ( Pas) ; ( St) ; ( Et) 12 3 (1) :,,,,,,, ( 2) : ( ) ;,,,, ( 3) : ; ; ;,; ; ; 12 4 (1) C P B d 120 120 1

12 277 h min v 2 2 0.05 d 120 dn 60 1 000 60 1 440 60 1 000 0.000 83 9.05 m/ s CP F 2 20 000 0.000 832 Bv 0.12 0.026 9.05 0.488 ( 2) h min B/ d 1, C P 0.488, 0.2, h min d 2 120 (1 - ) 0.83 (1-0.2) 0.04 mm 2 [ h min ] S( R z1 + R z2 ) 2 (0.003 2 + 0.006 3) 0.001 9 mm > [ h min ],

3 13.1 13.1.1 ( 1), ( 2),, C C 0 ( 3), 13.1.2,,,,,, ; 1., 13.1 Fr Fa,(),,

13 279 2.,,,,,,, 0, 90 ( ),, 0< < 90 13.1,, GB/ T2721993,13.1 13.1 ( 1),, 10 480 mm 13.2, 10 mm 480 mm 13.3 13.4 ( 2)

280 ( ) 5,25 40, C, AC B / P2 / P4 / P5 / P6( P6x) P0 2 4 5 6 (6x) 0 / C1,/ C2,/ C3,/ C4,/ C5 1 2 0 3 4 5 0 0 13.2 00 01 02 03 04 96 (22, 28, 32 mm ) d/ mm 10 12 15 17 5 13.3 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 13.4 1 6 2 7 3 N 5 N A ( 3),1 3 3., : ( 1), ;, ;, ;, ;,,,,,, ( 2), ;,

13 281 3),,, ( 4), (, ),, 112,,,, 13.1.3 1.,,,,,,,,, 2. ( 1),,,,,,,, 10 %, 90 % ( 10 6 r () ),L10,,,

282 ( ) L 10 10 6 r,, C, 10 6 r 90%,,, C, C r ;, C ;, C, C a ( 2) : P L 10 L 10 L h 106 60 n f t C P f t C P ( 13.1) ( 13.2), L 10 ( :10 6 r ) ; L h ( : h) ; C ( : N ) ; P ( : N) ; n ( : r/ min) ;,, 3;, 10/ 3 P n, Lh, (13.2) C C P f t 60 nl h 10 6 ( 13.3) ( 3) C,,,, Fr, Fa P f P ( XF r + YF a ) ( 13.4) ; X, Y ; fp ( 4) F a,,f d,, P, F a

13 283, ;, Fai max( Fdi, Faei ) ( 13.5), F ai i ; F di i ; F aei F di, F di 13.2 ( a) ; ( b ), 13.2, F a1 max( F d1, F d2 + F ae ) F a2 max( F d2, F d1 - F ae ), 1,2, ;,, Faei ( 5) ( ) 90 %,, 90%,, L n a 1 L 10 ( 13.6), L 10 10 % ( 10 % ),, (13.1) ( 13.2) ; a 1 90%,

284 ( ) GB T6391 1995 (13.1) (13.2) ( 13.6), Ln ( :h), C 3. C P f t 60 nln 10 6 a 1 ( 13.7) C 0 S 0 P 0 ( 13.8), S 0,,, S 0 1 ;,,, S 0 1 1 S 0 C 0, ( GB/ T46621993), P 0,,, P0 X0 Fr + Y0 Fa ( 13.9), X 0 Y 0, 13.1.4,,,,,,,,,,,,

13 285 3.2 ( ) 1 2 3 5 6 7 N NA 20 d 480 d 5 : f t C L 10 P F re, F a e F r F d F ai max ( F d i, F a ei ) L h 106 f t C 60 n P P f P ( XF r + Y F a ) C P 60 nl h f t 10 6 C 0 S 0 P 0,,,

286 ( ) 3.3 13.3.1 ( 1) : ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) : (), ( 3), ( 4), (1 ) 13.3.2 13.1 51316, N316/ P6,30306, 6306/ P5,30206,7206AC,: ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) 13.5 ( 1) N316/ P6, 51316

13 287 2) 51316, N316/ P6 ( 3) 7206 AC; 51316 ( 4) 6306/ P5 ( 5) 30306 13.5 51316 N316/ P6 30306 6306/ P5 30206 7206A C d 80 mm 80 mm 30 mm 30 mm 30 mm 30 mm 13 03 03 03 02 02 0 6 0 5 0 0 25, 51316,, 51316,,, 51316,, 51316; N316/ P6,,, N316/ P6,,,, N316/ P6 ;,,,,7206 AC, 6306/ P5,, 6306/ P5, 7206 AC;,0,,,,, 6306/ P5 ;,,,, 30306

288 ( ) 3.2 60000,,L 10 5.4 10 7 r( Lh 2 000 h),, L10 Lh? ( 1) C, P,n 2 n, L 10 L h? ( 2) C, n, P 2 P, L10 Lh? ( 3) n, P,, C 2 C, L 10 L h? L 10 C P L h 106 60 n 3 C P 5.4 10 7 r 3 2 000 h ( 1) C, P,n 2 n L 10 L h C P 3 10 6 60 2 n 5.4 10 7 r C P 3 2 000 2 1 000 h ( 2) C, n, P 2 P L 10 C 2 P L h 106 60 n 3 C 2 P 3 5.4 107 8 2 000 8 6.75 10 6 r 250 h ( 3) n, P,,C 2 C L 10 2 C P L h 106 60 n 3 2 C P 8 5.4 10 7 4.32 10 8 r 3 8 2 000 16 000 h,,, 3;, 10/ 3 13.3 13.3 (a), rm 100 mm, F te 859.5 N, F re 300.7 N, F a e 86.2 N,, n 500 r/ min, 28 38 mm 60 000 h,

13 289 13.3 ( 1) 13.3( b), F r1h 400 300 F te 400 859.5 1 146 N 300 F r2h F te - F r1h 859.5-1 146-286.5 N F r2v (100 F ae - 100 F re )/ 300 (100 86.2-100 300.7)/ 300-71.5 N F r1v F re - F r2v 300.7 - ( - 71.5 ) 372.2 N F r1 F 2 r1h + F 2 r1v 1 146 2 + 372.2 2 1 204.9 N F r2 F 2 r2h + F 2 r2v 286.5 2 + 71.5 2 295.3 N ( 2) 30206, : Cr 43.2 k N, Y 1.6, e 0.37 13 7 F d F r / (2 Y ), F d1 F d2 F r1 / (2 Y ) 1 204.9/ (2 1.6 ) 376.5 N F r2 / (2 Y ) 295.3/ (2 1.6) 92.3 N F a1 max( F d1, F d2 - F ae ) max( 376.5,92.3-86.2) 376.5 N F a2 max( F d2, F d1 + F ae ) max( 92.3, 376.5 + 86.2) 462.7 N ( 3),f P 1 F a1 / F r1 376.5/ 1 204.9 0.32 < e F a2 / F r2 462.7/ 295.3 1.57 > e 13 5 X 1 1, Y 1 0, X 2 0.4, Y 2 Y 1.6

290 ( ) P f P ( X 1 F r1 + Y 1 F a1 ) 1 1 1 204.9 1 204.9 N P2 fp ( X2 Fr2 + Y 2 Fa2 ) 1 (0.4 295.3 + 1.6 462.7) 858.5 N ( 4) P 1 > P 2, P 1, (13.2 ) L h 106 60 n C P 10 6 60 500 43 200 1 204.9 10/ 3 5 065 876 h > 60 000 h :,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, P 4.5 kw 16,,, :,,,,,

13 291, F a1 max( F d1, F ae1 ), F a e1 F d2, 15 (70000C ), X, Y F a / F r, F a e, efa/ C0,, ef a, X, Y e, 0.38 e 0.56,e 0.5 e, 13 7 Fa, Fa/ C0 13.5 e X, Y, ee,x, Y ;,e Fa, Fa/ C0,eX, Y,,,, 30206 30207,, Y, e, Y 1.6, e 0.37 (13.7) C 11 416.49 N, 30206 Cr 43.2 kn,30207 C r 54.2 kn,30206, ;, 13.4 13.4 (, ) (, ) 13.4 13.5

292 ( ), 11,, 12, 13 14, 13.5,,,,,,,,

13 293 3.4,, 13.4.1,, 13.5 ( 2000 ) 6208/ P5,, mm,,, 40,,5,,,,, 13.6 ( 2002 ) 32208B/ DF, ; d mm ; ; ; ; ; B,40,,0 ( ),0, ( ),27 30 13.7 ( 2001 ),, A. N309/ P2 B. 6209 C. 30209l D. 6309 A, B,,

294 ( ) 3.8 ( 2002 ),, ( ), A. B. C. A ( ),,,,, 13.9 ( 2001 ),, 10 6, 90% 13.10 ( 2001 ),, ;,, ;,,, 13.11 ( 2000 ), A. B. C. D. B,,,,,,,,

13 295 3.4.2, 13.3, 13.12 ( 2001 ) 2 3( 13.6 ),2 ( E ),3 (D ) A, B 7208AC n 900 r/ min, : F t2 2 000 N, F t3 4 000 N ; F r2 200 N, F r3 1 500 N ;Fx2 700 N, Fx3 1 000 N ( 1) A B ( 2) L10 h 10 4 h,?( f d 1.2, f T 1.0) : 7208AC : Cr 35.2 kn,f d 0.68 F r, e 0.68, F a / F r e, X 1, Y 0 ;Fa/ Fr > e, X 0.41, Y 0.87 13.6 ( 1) 13.7,

296 ( ) F A H F t2 100 + F t3 200 300 2 000100 + 4 000 200 300 3 333.33 N F B H F t2 + F t3 - F A H 2 000 + 4 000-3 333.33 2 666.67 N F AV F r3 200 - F x3 50 - F x2 100 - F r2 100 300 1 500 200-1 000 50-700 100-200 100 300 F BV F r3 - F r2 - F A V 1 500-200 - 533.33 766.67 N F ra F 2 A H + F 2 A V 3 333.33 2 + 533.33 2 3 375.73 N F rb F 2 BH + F 2 BV 2 666.67 2 + 766.67 2 2 774.69 N 533.33 N 13.7 ( 2) : FdA 0.68 FrA 0.68 3 375.73 2 295.50 N F db 0.68 F rb 0.68 2 774.69 1 886.79 N F aa max ( F da, F db + F x2 - F x3 ) max (2 295.50, 1 886.79 + 700-1 000 ) 2 295.50 N F ab max ( F db, F da + F x3 - F x2 ) max (1 886.79, 2 295.50 + 1 000-700 ) 2 595.50 N ( 3) : FaA F ra F ab F rb 2 295.50 3 375.73 0.68 e 2 595.50 2 774.69 0.94 > e

13 297 X A 1, Y A 0, X B 0.41, Y B 0.87 P A f P ( X A F ra + Y A F aa ) 1.2 1 3 375.73 4 050.88 N PB fp ( XB FrB + YB FaB ) 1.2 (0.41 2 774.69 + 0.87 2 595.50) 4 074.85 N ( 4) B,B L h 106 60n f t C P B 10 6 60 900 135 200 4 074.85 3 119 371 h > 10 4 h, 13.3,,,,,,, 13.3 13.4.3,,, 15 13.4 13.5 13 1????? N307/ P4 6207/ P2 30207 51307/ P6 35 mm ;6207/ P2 ;6207/ P2 ; N307/ P4 ;51307/ P6 13 2 50,,n 2 000 r/ min

298 ( ) 8 20, 8 20 110 6 L (8 60 + 20) 2 000 1 10 6 10 %,50 10% 5 r,, 13 3 Fr 7 150 N, n 1 800 r/ min 3 800 hc ( 13.3), C P f t 60 nlh 7 150 10 6 1 3 60 1 800 3 800 53.134 k N 10 6 13 4,, d 35 mm, n 2 900 r/ min, Fr 1 810 N, Fa 740 N, L h 6 000 h,, 6207, C 25 500 N, C0 : f 0 15 200 N ( 1) e Y 13 5 1, 14.7, f 0 F a C 0 14.7 740 152 000 0.72 0.689 1.030,e 0.26 0.28 F a / F r 740/ 1 810 0.41,e, Y 1.71 1.55 ( 2) Y Y 1.55 + X 0.56, Y 1.70 ( 1.030-0.72) ( 1.71-1.55 ) 1.030-0.689 ( 3) Pf P 1.15, P fp ( XFr + Y Fa ) ( 4) 1.70 1.15 (0.56 1 810 + 1.70 740) 2 612.34 N L h 106 60 n C P 5 345.42 h < 6 000 h 10 6 25 500 60 2 900 2 612.34 3

13 299, : C 33 200 N, C0 f 0 F a C 0 Y 1.71 + 14.7 740 19 200 P f P ( XF r + Y F a ) 307, 19 200 N 0.57 ( 0.689-0.57) ( 1.99-1.71) 0.689-0.345 1.81 1.15 ( 0.56 1 810 + 1.81 740 ) 2 705.95 N L h 106 60n C P 10 6 33 200 60 2 900 2 705.95 6307 3 10 614.65 h > 6 000 h 13 5, 25, 13.2( b) d 35 mm,, n 1 800 r/ min, F r1 3 390 N, F r2 1 040 N, F a e 870 N, 1, ( 1) F d 13 7 ( 2) F d1 0.68 F r1 0.68 3 390 2 305.2 N F d2 0.68 F r2 0.68 1 040 707.2 N F a1 max( F d1, F ae + F d2 ) max(2 305.2, 870 + 707.2 ) 2 305.2 N F a2 max( F d2, F d1 - F ae ) max(707.2, 2 305.2-870 ) 1 435.2 N ( 3) X, Y 13 5, Fa1/ Fr1 2 305.2/ 3 390 0.68, X 1 1, Y 1 0 F a2 / F r2 1 435.2/ 870 1.65, X 2 0.41, Y 2 0.87 ( 4) Pf P 1.5, P1 fp ( X1 Fr1 + Y1 Fa1 ) 1.5 (1 3 390 + 0 2 305.2 ) 5 085 N P 2 f P ( X 2 F r2 + Y 2 F a2 )

300 ( ).5 (0.41 1 040 + 0.87 1 435.2) 2 512.54 N ( 5), C 0 7207 AC, C 29 000 N P 1 > P 2,P 1 Lh1 106 60 n C P1 10 6 000 29 60 1 800 5 080 3 1 722.58 h 13 6 13 34(a) 3020713 2, ( 1) F r1 F r2 ( 2) F a1 F a2 30207 e 0.37, Y 1.6, Cr 54 200 N13 7 F d1 F d2 F r1 / (2 Y ) 875.65/ ( 2 1.6) 273.64 N F r2 / (2 Y ) 1 512.62/ (2 1.6) 472.69 N F a1 max( F d1, F ae + F d2 ) max( 273.64, 870 + 472.69) 1 342.69 N Fa2 max( Fd2, Fd1 - Fae ) max( 472.69, 273.64-870) 472.69 N ( 3) P 1 P 2 13 1.5 F a1 F r1 Fa2 F r2 1 342.69 875.65 1.53 > e 472.69 1 512.62 0.31 < e 5 1 X 1 0.4, Y 1 1.6 2 X 2 1, Y 1 0, 13 6, f P 1.2 1.8,fP P 1 f P ( X 1 F r1 + Y 1 F a1 ) 1.5 ( 0.4 875.65 + 1.6 1 342.69) 3 747.85 N P 2 f P ( X 2 F r2 + Y 2 F a2 ) 1.5 1 1 512.62 2 268.93 N ( 4)

13 301 L h 106 60 n Lh2 106 60 n C P 1 C P 2 10 6 54 200 60 520 3 747.85 10 6 54 200 60 520 2 268.93 10/ 3 10/ 3 236 175.96 h 1 258 266.70 h 13 7 6308, 90 %, 99 %, 6308 C 40 800 N 99 %, 10 6 40 800 106 C L 60 n P 60 n P 1 3 C 40 800 1 L 1 3 40 800 1 0.21 68 641.55 N,6408 C 65 500 N,, 6408 13.6 13.6.1 13 1 ( 1) 53 000 r, A. B. C. ( 2),, ( 3) A. B. C. D. ( 4), A. n B. P

302 ( ) C v D. dn ( 5), ( 6), A. B. C. D. ( 7), r r1 A. r r 1 B. r > r 1 C. r < r 1 ( 8), A. B. C. D. 13 2 ( 1),? ( 2)? ( 3),? ( 4),? 13 3 ( 1) 13.8,,7209 AC Fte 8 100 N, F re 3 052 N,F ae 2 170 N, n 300 r/ min, f P 1.2 ( ) ( 2) 6215 F r 45.6 k N, Fa 6.3 kn,, P 10 6,? 13.8 13 3( 1 )

13 303 3 4 13.9 ( ), 13.9 13 4 13.6.2 13 1 (1 ) A ; ( 2),, ; ( 3) A ; (4 ) D; (5 )1/ 3 2/ 3 ; (6 ) D; (7) B; (8 ) B 13 3 (1 )12 710.21h,5 849.61 h; ( 2)98.26 % 13 4 13.10 13.10 13 4

4 14.1 14.1.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) 14.1.2,,,,,,,, x y,,,,, 14.1.3 1.

14 305 14.1 14.1,,, n < 250 r/ min,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

306 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 2. ( 1) : ; ; ; ; ( 2), Tca d n Tca KA T [ T ] ( 14.1) n nmax ( 14.2), Tca ( : Nmm) ; T ( : Nmm) ; KA n max ( : r/ min), ( 3),,, ( 14.1), P ( : MPa) b ( : MPa), P 2 T ca zdsd1 [ P ] ( 14.3)

14 307 b M W 2 Tca zd 1 L 2 (0.1 d 3 ) 10 T ca L z D 1 d 3 [ b ] ( 14.4), T c a ( : Nmm) ; z ; D 1 ( : mm) ; [ P ] ( : MPa), [ P ] 2 MPa ; [ b ] ( : MPa), [ b ] 0.25 S, S ( : MPa) ; d, s, L 14.1 14.1 14.1.4 1. :, ;;; ; ;,, ; ;, 2. ( 1),,,,,

308 ( ),,, ;,,,, ;,,, p 2 K A T D0 za [ p] ( 14.5) b KA Th W D 0 z [ b ] ( 14.6), A( : mm 2 ) ; D0 ( : mm) ; h ( : mm) ; z ; W ( : mm 4 ) ; [ p] ( : MPa),, [ p] 90 120 MPa ;, [ p] 50 70 MPa ;, [ p] 35 45 MPa; [ b ] ( : MPa),, [ b ] S / 1.5 MPa,, [ b ] S / (5 6) MPa ( 2),,,T max T max F f R ( 14.7), F ( : N ) ; f ; R, ( : mm) T max p T max z f F D 2 + D 1 4 K A T ( 14.8), D 1, D 2 p 4 F ( D 2 2 - D 2 1 ) [ p] ( 14.9) ( : mm) ; z

14 309 F ( : N) ; f ; [ p] ( : MPa), [ p] [ p 0 ] k a k b k c, [ p 0 ] ( : MPa), k a, k b, k c f, [ p 0 ], k a, k b, k c, :, ;, ; ;, : ;,,,, 14.1.5 :,,,,,, ;, d( : mm), d 8 K T D m z[ ] (14.10), T ( : Nmm) ; D m ( : mm) ; z ; [ ] ( : MPa), [ ] (0.7 0.8) B, B ( : MPa) ; K, ; ( ),, ;,,

310 ( ) 4.2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. T ca K A T [ T ] n n max : P 2 T ca [ zds D P ], b M 1 W 10 T ca L z D 1 d 3 [ b ] : : p 2 K A T [ p] D 0 za : b K A Th WD 0 z [ b ] : T max F f R T max z f F D 2 + D 1 K 4 A T 4 F p ( D 2 2 - [ p] D2 ) 1

14 311 4.3,, : ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) () ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) Tmax ( 1), (2 ), ( 3) 5 6,, 14.1 ( 2001 ), T ca,t ca T, A. B. C., D., B, 14.2 ( 2001 ), A. B. C. D D.

312 ( ), 14.3 ( 2001 ), A. B. C. A 14.4 ( 2000 ),, T ca, d, n, 14.4 14 1, P 4 kw, n 960 r/ min, d 32 mm, ( ) ( 1) T T 9 550 P n 9 550 4 960 39.79 Nm ( 2) T ca 14 1 K A 1.3,( 14.1) T ca K A T 1.3 39.79 51.73 Nm ( 3) GB/ T43231984 TL4 T n 63 Nm, [ n] 4 200 r/ min, [ n] 5 700 r/ min 20 28 mm,tl5 T n 125 Nm,[ n] 3 600 r/ min, [ n] 4 600 r/ min 25 35 mm, T L5 14 2,,

14 313 8 kw,300 r/ min,50 mm ;,? ( 1) T T 9 550 P n 9 550 38 300 1 209.67 Nm ( 2) T ca 14 1 K A 1.3,( 14.1) T ca K A T 1.3 1 209.67 1 572.57 Nm ( 3) GB/ T50141985 HL5 T n 2 000 Nm,[ n] 2 500 r/ min, [ n] 3 550 r/ min 50 75 mm, H L5, 14 1 KA, Tca,, H L5,, H L5, HL6, 14 3 14 20, 5, 4, D 1 D 2 60 mm, 110 mm, P 4.4 kw, n 1 214 r/ min,, F? ( 1) T T 9 550 P n ( 2) F (14.8 ),KA 14 9 550 4.4 1 214 F 4 KA T z f ( D 2 + D 1 ) 2 f 0.06 F 4 KA T z f ( D 2 + D 1 ) 34.61 Nm 1.5,z 8, 4 1.5 34.61 8 0.06 (0.060 + 0.11 ) 2 540 N 14 4 14 23 (a), T max

314 ( ) 50 N m, d 6 mm, 45, Dm 100 mm,z 2 [ ] 0.7 B, 15 1,45, B 590 MPa,[ ] 0.7, B 0.7590 413 MPa ( 14.9), K, T lim d2 Dm z[ ] 62 100 2 413 8 8 T T lim - T max Tmax 1 167 138-650 000 650 000 1 167 138 Nmm 100% 79.56% 79.56%, 14.5 14.5.1 14 1 ( 1), A. B. C. D. ( 2) A. B. C. D. ( 3) A. B. C. D. ( 4), A. B. C. D. ( 5)

14 315 A B. C. D. ( 6) A. B. C. D. ( 7), d 1, d 2, A. d 1 > d 2 B. d 1 < d 2 C. d 1 d 2 D. d 1, d 2 ( 8), A. B. C. D. ( 9), A. B. C. D. ( 10 ),, A. B. C. D. ( 11 ),,, A. B. C. D. ( 12 ), A. B. C. D. ( 13 ),,, A. B. C. D. ( 14 ),

316 ( ) A B. C. D. ( 15 ), : a. ; b. ; c. ; d., A. B. C. D. ( 16 ),,, A. B. C. D. ( ) ( 17 ),, A. B. C. ( 18 ), A. B. C. D. ( 19 ) A. B. C. D. 14 2 ( 1), ( ) ( 2), ( ) ( 3) ( ) ( 4), ( ) ( 5), ( ) ( 6),, ( )

14 317 7), ( ) ( 8),, ( ) 14.5.2 14 1 (1 ) D; ( 2) A ; (3 ) B; ( 4) C; ( 5) A ; (6 ) C; (7 ) D; (8 ) B; ( 9) C; ( 10 ) A ; ( 11) D; ( 12) B; ( 13) B; (14) D ; (15) c, C; ( 16) B; ( 17) B; ( 18) C; (19 ) C 14 2 (1 ) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; (4) ; (5 ) ; ( 6) ; ( 7) ; (8)

5 15.1 15.1.1 ( 1) ( 2),,, ( 3), ( 4) ( 5) 15.1.2 1.,, ( ),,,,,,

15 319,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 3. ( 1) ( 2),,,,,45 ( 3),, ( 4),,, ( 200),,,,, ;,,

320 ( ) 5.1.3 : ; ; ;,,,,, : ; ; 1.,,, 2.,,, :,, h h (0.07 0.1) d, d,,, r R C,, 1 2 mm ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,

15 321., 4.,,,,,, d min,,d min,,, ( ),,,, ;,,, 2 3 mm 5. ( 1), 15.1,, (a) T max T 2 + T 3 + T 4 ( b) T max T 3 + T 4 ( 2), 15.2, ( a) ( (b ) ),,, ( 3), :,,, ;,

322 ( ) 15.1 ( 4),,,, 15.2 6.,,,,, ;, 15.1.4 () : ; ; 15.1

15 323 5.1 ( ), 3, d A 0 T T W T 9.55 10 6 P/ n 0.2 d 3 [ T ] P n 3 9.55 10 6 P 0.2 [ T ] n (, ), T, ( P, n) e M e W M 2 + ( T ) 2 W [ - 1b ], 3 M e d 0.1[ - 1 b ] 10 7, S S, S S S S 2 + S 2-1 K a + m - 1 K a + m [ S],,

324 ( ) 1. 5.1.5, ;,, d v, dv 4 z L li, l i i ( : mm) ; d i i 1 d 4 i ( 15.1) i ( : mm) ; z ; L ( : mm), L l, l;, L l + k( k, : mm) y [ y] ( 15.2) [ ] ( 15.3), [ y] ( : mm) ; [ ] ( : rad) 2. [ ] ( 15.4), [ ] ( : ( )/ m) ( : ( )/ m) 5.73 10 4 T GI P ( 15.5) 5.73 10 4 1 z LG i 1 Ti li I P i ( 15.6), T ( : Nmm) ; G ( : MPa) ;, G 8.1 10 4 MPa ; IP ( : mm 4 ) ;, I P d4 32 ; L ( : mm) ; T i, l i, I P i i, ; z

15 325 5.2 :, : ; ; : ; : ( ) ; ( ) ; ; : : : ; ; ; : ; ; ;, ; : T T W T 9.55 106 P/ n 0.2 d 3 [ T ] : e M e W M 2 + ( T ) 2 W [ - 1b ] : S S S [ S] S+ 2 S 2 : 5.73 10 4 T [ ] G I P : 5.73 10 4 1 z LG i 1 T i l i I P i [ ] : y [ y], [ ]

326 ( ) 5.3 15.3.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) 15.3.2 15.1,P 10 kw, n 120 r/ min, (1 ) 45, d 100 mm, b 600 MPa, [ ] 35 MPa ( 2) d min 3 9.55 10 6 P/ n 0.2 [ ] d 50 mm 3 9.55 10 6 10 0.2 35 120 48.44 mm,,,, 15.2 15.3,, : ( 1) P 0.1 kw, n 100 r/ min,45, [ ] A0 118, dmin ; ( 2) (, ) ( 1) d min A 0 3 3 P n 118 0.1 100 11.8 mm ( 2) : ;

15 327, :,, :, 15.3,,, : ; ; ;, ( ), 15.4 15.3 ( ) 15.4 : P 4 kw, n1 750 r/ min,n2 130 r/ min, d 2 300 mm, B 2 90 mm, 12, n 20

328 ( ) 1) ; ( 2) ; (3) P2 ( 1) P 2 T 2 : P 4 0.97 3.88 kw T 2 9.55 10 6 P 2 9.55 10 6 3.88 n 2 130 ( 2) : Fr Fa Ft F t 2 T2 d 2 2 285 030 300 285 030 Nmm 1 900 N tan n.364 1 900 tan20 1 900 0 cos cos12 0.978 1 707 N Ft tan 1 900 tan12 1 900 0.212 6 404 N ( 3) 45,, 15 3 A0 110 d min A 0 3 P 2 n 2 3 110 3.88 130 34.1 mm, 3% d 1.03 dmin ( 4) 14 1 K A 1.5 T ca K A T 1.5 285 030 42 745 Nmm GB584386 YL9 J38 70 J 1 B38 70 35.14 mm ( 5) 15.5 (a),,d 2 d min, d 3, 36308,B 23 mm, D 90 mm, d 40 mm,l2 45 mm,90 mm,, l 2 88 mm,,, d4 52 mm, l4 15 mm,,,d 5 40 mm, l 5 23 mm

15 329 15.5 ( 6) :, 15.5 ( b)

330 ( ) R VA RVB F r R H A R HB F t 2 1 900 2 L 2 + F a L - F r L 2 + F a M H L 950 N d 2 2 707 71.5 + 404 150 143 d 2 2-707 71.5 + 404 150 143, 15.5 (c) 777 N 70 N M HC R HB L 2 950 71.5 67 930 Nmm M V C, 15.5 ( d) MVC RV A L 2 777 71.5 55 555 Nmm C M VC R VB L 2 70 71.5 5 005 Nmm M,, 15.5( e) C M C M 2 HC + M 2 VC 67 930 2 + 55 555 2 87 754 Nmm C MC M 2 HC + M 2 VC 67 930 2 + 5 005 2 68 114 Nmm T, 15.5 (f) M ca, 0.59 C M cac C T2 285 030 Nmm, M C 2 + ( T ) 2 87 754 2 + ( 0.59 0 ) 2 87 754 Nmm

15 331 M cac M 2 C + ( T ) 2 68 114 2 + ( 0.59 285 030 ) 2 181 438 Nmm C D c ac cad M cac 0.1 d 3 McaD 0.1 d 3 181 438 0.1 45 3 19.9 MPa 0.59 285 030 0.1 38 3 30.6 MPa 45, 15 1, B 640 MPa, - 1 275 MPa, - 1 155 MPa, [ - 1b ] 60 MPa, 3 ( 7) : C 3 M c 0.1 d 3 T 0.2 d 3 68 114 0.1 45 3 7.47 MPa 285 030 0.2 45 3 15.64 MPa 4, C k 1.65, k 1.55 2 0.74, 0.85 ;, 3 4, 0.92 : K K : k + 1-1 1.65 0.74 + 1 0.92-1 2.31 k + 1-1 1.55 0.85 + 1 0.92-1 1.91 0.1 0.2, 0.15 0.01 0.1, 0.08 S S S c a - 1 K a + m - 1 K a + S S S 2 + S 2 m 275 2.31 7.47 + 0.15 0 15.94 155 15.64 15.64 1.91 + 0.05 2 2 15.94 10.1 15.94 2 + 10.1 2 8.53 10.1

332 ( ) S ca S] 1.5 1.8, C D, T 0.2 d 3 285 030 0.2 38 3 25.97 MPa 3 2, r d 2 38 0.052, D d 40 38 1.05, D T 1.18, 3 1 q T 0.83, k 1 + q ( - 1) 1 + 0.83 (1.18-1) 1.15, 3 3 0.87,, 3 4 0.88, K 1 1.45, 0.08 ; E S ca - 1 K a + m [ S] 1.5 1.8, S ca k + 155 1.45 25.97 + 0.08 25.97 2 2 > [ S], D 1-1 1.15 0.87 + 1 0.88-7.8,,,, 15.4 15.6,, 15.6 : ( 1) 1 2 mm ;

15 333 2) ; ( 3),; ( 4) ; ( 5) (, ) ; ( 6), ; ( 7), ; ( 8) 1 2 mm ; ( 9) ; ( 10 ) ; ( 11 ) ; ( 12 ) 15.7 15.7,,

334 ( ) ( ), ; ; ( ) ; ( ), ( ) ;, ( ),,, ; ; ( ),, ( ) ; ; ; () (,) 15.4,,, 15.5 ( 2000 ),,,,,,, 6 : ( ) ( ), ( ),,,,,

15 335 5.6 ( 2001 ) Me M 2 + ( T ) 2, M T A. C. C B. D., 15.7 ( 1998 ),, ( ) ( ), 15.8 ( 1998 ),r, C( R, a : r > C > a,r > R > a ( ) (),a > C;,, C > r, a > C > r 15.9 ( 2000 ), ( ) (),,,: E,, E, 15.10 ( 2000 ) 15.8, n 320 r/ min, P 7.6 kw,, : m 2, z 50, 45,45 [ ] T 35 MPa, A0 110

336 ( ) 1) (, P ) ; ( 2) 15.8 (1) Ft 2 T d P ; Fr 2 950 000 P/ n mz 4 536 N, P, Ft tan 4 536 tan20 1 651 N,P ( 2) d A 0 3 3 P n 110 7.6 320 31.62 mm, 3%, d 35 mm, 15.11 ( 1998 ) 15.9,, () 15.9

15 337 ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ; ( 5) ; ( 6) 1 2 mm ; ( 7), ; ( 8), ; ( 9),; ( 10 ),; ( 11 ), ; ( 12 ), ; ( 13 ) ; ( 14 ), ; ( 15 ),, 15.10 15.10

338 ( ),,,,,, 15.5 15 1,?, ; ; ; ; ; ;,; 15 2,,? 15 3??,,, 15 4 15.11,, 15.11 15 4

15 339 15.12 ; ; ;, ; ; ; 15.12 15 4 15 5,, P 3 kw, n 960 r/ min,45, 45, 15 3, A0 112, d 18 mm d min A 0 3 3 P n 112 3 960 16.37 mm 15 6 ( ), 15.4 : P 4 kw, n 1 750 r/ min, n 2 130 r/ min,d2 300 mm, B2 90 mm, 12, n 20 : (1) ; ( 2) ; (3) 15.2 15 7, 15.13 :n 2 180 r/ min, P 5.5 kw,

340 ( ) mn mm n z 2 3 20 112 10 44 3 4 20 23 9 22 A, D 45 ( ), 15.13 15 7 ( 1) : T 9.55 10 6 P n 9.55 106 5.5 180 291 800 Nmm 291.8 k Nm d 2 m n z 2 3 112 341.99 mm cos 2 cos10 44 d 3 m n z 3 4 23 93.24 mm cos 3 cos9 22 Ft2 F t3 2 T d 2 2 T d3 2 291 800 341.99 2 291 800 93.24 1 706.5 N 6 259 N tan F r2 F n t2 1 706.5 tan20 cos 2 cos10 44 632 N

15 341 tan F r F n t3 6 259 tan20 cos 3 cos9 22 2 309 N F a2 F a3 F t2 tan 2 1 706.5 tan10 44 323.5 N F t3 tan 3 6 259 tan9 22 1 032 N ( 2), 15.14( a) ( 3) M V, 15.14 (b ) RVA Ft3 BD + Ft2 CD AD 6 259 210 + 1 706 80 310 R VD F t3 + F t2 - R V A 6 259 + 1 706-4 680 3 285 N MVB MVC 4 680 N RVA AB 4 680 100 468 000 Nmm 468 Nm RVD CD 3 285 80 262 800 Nmm 262.8 Nm ( 4) M H, 15.14(c) R H D F r3 AB - F r2 AC + F a2 d 2 2 + F a3 d 3 2 AD 341.99 2 309 100-632 230 + 323.5 2 310 610 N 93.24 + 1 032 2 RH A - F r3 BD + F r2 CD + F a2 d 2 2 + F a3 d 3 2 AD 341.99-2 309 210 + 632 80 + 323.5 2 310-1 067 N M HB R H A AB - 1 067 100-106 700 Nmm - 106.7 Nm MHB RH A AB - Fa3 d3 2-154 800 Nmm - 154.8 Nm 93.24 + 1 032 2-1 067 100-1 032 93.24 2 MHC RH DCD - 610 80-44 800 Nmm - 48.8 Nm M HC F a2 d2 2 - R H D CD 323.5 341.99 2-610 80 6 516.88 Nmm 6.52 Nm

342 ( ) 5.14 15 7

15 343 ( 5), 15.14 (d ) M B M 2 VB + M 2 HB 468 2 + 106.7 2 480 Nm M B M 2 VB + M 2 HB 468 2 + 154.8 2 493 Nm M C M 2 VC + M 2 HC 262.8 2 + 48.8 2 267.3 Nm MC M 2 VC + M 2 HC 262.8 2 + 6.52 2 262.9 Nm ( 6), 15.14 (e) T 291.8 Nmm ( 7), 15.14 (f), 0.6, 45, H BS 200, B 560 MPa, [ - 1b ] 51 MPa M ca (B) M B 480 Nmm ( T 0) Mca (B) ( MB ) 2 + (T ) 2 493 2 + ( 0.6 291.8) 2 523.16 Nm M ca (C) M C 267.3 Nm ( T 0) M ca (C) ( M C ) 2 + (T ) 2 ( 8), 262.9 2 + (0.6 291.8) 2 315.86 Nm (B )d 50 mm,, W B ( B) M ca ( B) WB 523 160 10 750 48.7 MPa < [ - 1 b ] (C ) d 45 mm,, W C (C) : M ca ( C) WC 315 860 7 610 41.5 MPa < [ - 1b ] 10 750 mm 3 7 610 mm 3 15 8 15.15, d V d V 4 z L 1 l i d 4 i 4 228 2 10 50 4 + 2 32 44 4 + 120 44.8 4 + 2 12 40 4 44.27 mm

344 ( ) 5.15 15 8 15.6 15.6.1 15 1 ( 1),,,, A. B. ( 2),,, ( 3),, ( 4), mm ( 5), : r, r, r ( 6) ( 7), M 6 10 5 N mm, T 4 10 5 Nmm,W 20 000 mm 3, W T 40 000 m 3,

15 345 0.8, MPa 15 2 15.16, A, 1 T1, 2 T2,T1 > T2,? 15.16 15 2 15 3 15.17,,, : (1) ( a), ( b),??(2 ),? ( (a) V i ( b) i ) 15.17 15 3

346 ( ) 5 4,, (1 ) 15.18( a),,,?(2 ) 15.18( b),,,? 15.18 15 4 15 5, M 200 Nm, T - 80 80 Nm 45, : s 480 MPa, - 1 270 MPa, 0 400 MPa, s 300 MPa, - 1 156 MPa, 0 250 MPa d 30 mm, K 1.78, K 1.45, 0.90, 0.93, 0. 91, 0.95 S, 15 6 15.19,, 6209, d min 35 mm,, ( ),6209 B 20 mm, d 52 mm, 50 mm

15 347 5.19 15 6 15.6.2 15 1 (1) A,B; ( 2),, ; ( 3) ; ; ; ( 4),2 3; ( 5) - 1,0,1 ; (6 ) ; ( 7) 34 15 2 15.20(a), T max T 1 ; 15.20 ( b), T max T 1 + T 2 15.20 15 2 15 3 (1) ( b) ; ( 2), 15 4 (1 ) ; ( 2) 15 5 S 1.664 15 6 15.21

348 ( ) 5.21 15 6

6 16.1 16.1.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) 16.1.2, : ; ; ; 16.1 16.1 16.1.3 1. ( 1),

350 ( ),,,, Y ; (,) Y; Y, Y ( 2),,,,, L L LV LV L L,, d 10 mm LV LV, ( 3),, : N N N N 2., < 8 10 mm,, ;,,,, 3.,,, ; ;,

16 351 1. 6.1.4,,, 2. ( ) CD d, C D/ d, C,,,, C,, C 4 16, 5 8 3. kf, k F F Gd 8 C 3 n Gd4 8 D 3 n, n ; G ( : MPa) ( 16.1),, ; ( 16.1), k F C,C k F,C, k F G, d, n kf, 16.1.5 :, ;, ; ( ),,, d;,n;, 1. : D 2 D D 1 p d ( ) H0,

352 ( ). ( ) ( 1) F,,, K 8CF max d 2 [ ] ( 16.2) d 1.6 F max KC [ ] ( 16.3), F max ( : N ) ; [ ] ( : MPa) ; K, K 4 C - 1 4 C - 4 + 0.615 C ( 16.4) ( 2) F, ( ) max max 8 F max C 3 n Gd max 8 ( Fmax - F0 ) C3 n Gd ( 16.5) ( 16.6), n ; G ( : MPa) ; F 0 ( : N) F0 d3 0, 0 ( : MPa) 8 KD ( 16.5) ( 16.6) n: n n Gd max 8 Fmax C 3 ( 16.7) Gd max 8( Fmax - F0 ) C 3 ( 16.8) ( 3)

16 353 b H 0 / D, b < 5.3;,,b < 3.7 ;,b < 2.6b, F c C u k p H 0 > F max ( 16.9), F c ( : N) ; C u ; F max ( : N ), ( 4), F1 F2,, S ca 0 + 0.75 min S F (16.10) max, min ( : MPa) ; max ( : MPa) ; 0 ( : MPa) ; SF ( 5),,, () f b f w ( : Hz) 15 20, 3. ( 1) T, M, M T, max K 1 T max [ 0.1 d 3 b ] (16.11) 3 d K 1 T max 0.1 [ b ] (16.12), T max ( : Nm) ; K 1 ; [ b ] ( : MPa)

354 ( ) 2) T, 180 TDn EI kt n EI 180 Dn EI 180 TD (16.13) (16.14) (16.15), I ( : mm 4 ),, I d 4 / 64 ; E ( : MPa) 16.1.6, ( ) : ( 1), ( 2) C, (16.4 ) K ( 3), D, C d, ( 4) (16.3 ) d, d d,, D Cd D, ;,d, d, D ( 5) (16.7 ) (16.8 ) n ( 6), ( 7), ;,;, ( 8), ( 9)

16 355,, d,,,, d, D, C,,,,, 16.2,, Y Y ( ) Y L L L V L V N N N N : ( ) : : 1. : 2. ( ) : C D d, C D/ d 3. : k F k F F Gd 8C 3 n Gd4 EI 8 D 3 k n T 180 Dn

356 ( ),, ; ; ( ), C, K 4C - 1 4C - 4 + 0.615 C K 1 4C - 1 4C - 4 ; D, d, n n n d d 1.6 3 d Gd max 8 F max C 3 n Gd max 8 ( F max - F 0 ) C 3 E I 180 T D F max K C [ ] K 1 T max 0.1 [ b ] 16.3 16.3.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) C ( 4) d ( 5) n ( 6) b ( 7) ( 8),,, ( 2) ( 8)

16 357 6.3.2 16.1,, H 0 90 mm :, F1 25 N, H1 110 mm ; F2 35 N, H2 130 mm 16.1 : ( 1) F0 kf ( 2) F 2 35 N H 2 16.1 ( 1) 16.1, F 0 F1 F2 kf 1 2 1 H 1 - H 0 110-90 20 mm 2 H 2 - H 0 130-90 40 mm k F F 2 - F 0 F 1 - F 0 2 1,, F 0 F 1 2 - F 2 1 2-1 k F F 2 - F 0 2 25 40-35 20 40-20 35-15 40, 0.5 N/ mm 15 N

358 ( ) 2) 16.1 x,,, F2, 2 F 2 35 k F 0.5 70 mm H2 H0 + 2 90 + 70 150 mm,,,,,, 16.2, 16.2(a) ( b) k F1 20 N/ mm, k F2 30 N/ mm F 600 N : ( 1) ( 2) 16.2 ( 1),, F, F 1 F 2 F 600 N,, 1 2, 1 + 2 F 1 kf1 + F 2 kf2 600 20 + 600 30 50 mm ( 2),,,

16 359, 1 F 1 kf1 2 F 2 kf2, ( a) (a) F F 1 + F 2 600 N ( b) F 1 k F1 kf2 F 2 ( b) F 2 k F2 k F2 + k F1 F 2 F 2 kf2 30 600 30 + 20 360 N 360 30 12 mm,, 16.3 16.3, : F max,, d 1 3 000 N, max 30 mm, 10 mm, d 2 6 mm,, k F1 k F2 16.3

360 ( ) F max,,,, (16.2 ) F 1max d2 1 [ ] 8 CK, F 2max d2 2 [ ] 8CK F 1max d2 1 F 2max d 2 2 F max F 1max + F 2max 1 + d2 1 d 2 2 F 2max 3 000 N F 2max F max d 2 2 d 2 1 + d 2 2 3 000 62 10 2 + 6 2 794.12 N F 1max F max - F 2max 3 000-794.12 2 205.88 N, k F1 k F2 F 1max max F2max max 2 205.88 30 794.12 30 73.53 N/ mm 26.47 N/ mm,, 16.4,,,, 16.4 ( 2001 ) C A. B. C. A C D/ d,,, C

16 361 C,;,,,, C D d D d, T,, ; D d,,, ;, C,,, 16.5 ( 2001 ), A. B. C. D. B : ( ),F, F T FD/ 2 ;, T, M,M T 16.6 ( 2000 ) d, D n?, d,, ; D,, ; n,, 16.7 ( 2000 ), A. B. C. B 16.8 ( 2000 ) : a. ; b. ; c.; d.; e. A. a b c d e B. a e c d b C. a c e b d D. a e b d c B 16.9 ( 1996 ) 16.4,P

362 ( ) D 1 2 D 2 ( D 1 ), 1 2 D 2 ),, ( 1 a )? : KFC d 2, 8 FC3 n Gd 16.4 C D/ d, F 1 C 1 C 2 b a + b P, F 2 a a + b P D 1/ d D 2 / d D 1 D 2 2, 1 2, F2 8 F 1 C 3 1 n Gd 8 F 2 C 3 2 n, Gd F 1 F 2 C3 2 C 3 1 1 8 a a + b P 8 F1 8 b P, a 8 b, a + b 360, a + b a 320 mm, b 40 mm 1 2,,, : d DC n kf K,

16 363,, 16.5 16 1 : F max 220 N, F min 150 N, h 5 mm, 16 mm,, (1),, C ( 2) 2.5 mm, D D 2 - d 16-2.5 13.5 mm, 16 5 D 12 mm, C D/ d 12/ 2.5 4.8, K 4 C - 1 4 C - 4 + 0.615 C 2.5 mm 16 16 2 [ ] 0.5 B 830 MPa, d 1.6 F max KC [ ] 1.6 4 4.8-1 4 4.8-4 + 0.615 4.8 1.33 3 B 1 660 MPa, 220 1.33 4.8 830 2.08 mm, C, d 2.2 mm, D D 2 - d 16-2.2 13.8 mm, 16 5 D 12 mm, C D/ d 12/ 2.2 5.45, 16 d 1.6 K 4C - 1 4C - 4 + 0.615 C 3 B,[ ], Fmax KC [ ] 1.6,2.2 mm, D2 < 16 mm, 4 5.45-1 4 5.45-4 + 0.615 5.45 1.28 220 1.28 5.45 830 ( 3) n ( 16.1) 16 k F F 220-150 5 2.18 mm D + d 12 + 2.2 14.2 mm 14 N/ mm 2 G 82 000 MPa,n

364 ( ) n Gd 4 8 D 3 kf n 10 k F Gd4 8 D 3 n 82 000 2.24 8 12 3 10 ( 4) h0 min max max ( 5) : F min kf F max k F - min 82 00 2.24 8 12 3 14 9.93 9.93 14 10 150 13.90 220 13.90 10.79 mm 15.83 mm 13.90 N/ mm 15.83-10.79 5.04 mm p (0.28 0.5) D 3.36 6 mm, p 4mm n 1 n + (2 2.5) 12 12.5, n 1 12.5 (, ) H 0 p n ( 6) + (1.5 2) d 53.3 56.6 mm arctan p D arctan 4 12 6.30 L Dn1 12 12.5 474.10 mm cos cos6.30 b H 0 D ( 7) ( ) 56.6 12 4.72 < 5.3 16 2, T 1 2 Nm, T 2 max - min 40 6 Nm,

16 365 ( 1),, C, d 4.5 mm 16 3 B 1 520 MPa, 16 2 [ b ] 0.5 B 760 MPa, E 200 000 MPa ( 2) C 5 8,D Cd 22.5 36 mm D 35 mm, C D/ d 35/ 4.5 7.78 K 1 4 C - 1 4 C - 4 4 7.78-1 4 7.78-4 1.11 ( 3) (16.13) 3 d K 1 T max 0.1 [ b ] 3 1.11 6 10 3, d 4.5 ( 4) : 0.1 760 D 2 D + d 35 + 4.5 39.5 mm D1 D - d 35-4.5 30.5 mm 0 0.5 mm, p d + 0 4.5 + 0.5 5 mm 4.44 mm arctan p D arctan 5 35 2.60 ( 5) ( 16.16 ) n n 6.5 I d4 64 4.54 64 20.13 mm 4 EI 180 TD 200 000 20.13 40 180 ( 6 10 3-2 10 3 ) 35 ( 6) ( 16.15 ) kt EI 180 Dn 200 000 20.13 180 35 6.5 ( 7) 6.39( ) 98.32 Nmm/ ( ) max T max kt 6 103 98.32 61.03

366 ( ) min max - 61.03-40 21.03 ( 8) H 0 H h 40 mm, H0 n( d + 0 ) + Hh 6.5 ( 4.5 + 0.5) + 40 72.5 mm ( 9) LL h H h 40 mm, L Dn + L h ( 10 ) () 35 4.5 + 40 534.8 mm 16 3 ( 16 6 ) : D 2 F max max ( 16.2) 36 mm, d 3 mm, n 5, (C ), 100 N,,, ( 1) max D D 2 16 - d 36-3 33 mm C D/ d 33/ 3 11 K 4 C - 1 4 C - 4 + 0.615 C K 8 CF max d 2 4 11-1 4 11-4 + 0.615 11 8 11 100 1.13 3 2 1.13 351.70 MPa 3 B 1 570 MPa, 16 2 [ ] 0.5 B 785 MPa, G 82 140 MPa max < [ ], ( 2) max 8 F max C 3 n Gd 8 100 113 5 82 140 64.82 mm 16 4 (16 7 (c) ) : D10 mm, D 2 160 N ; 15 mm, 320 N < 15 mm :6 mm, (1), 65M n D 2 - D 15-10 5 mm, 3 mm 16 3 B 1 600 MPa, 16 2 [ ] 0.8 0.4 B 512 MPa, lim 0.5 B 800 MPa ( 2) D 10 mm, D2 < 15 mm d 3 mm, D 12 mm, C D/ d 12/ 3

16 367 K 4 C - 1 4 C - 4 + 0.615 C 4 4-1 4 4-4 + 0.615 4 1.40 d 1.6 F max KC [ ] d 3 mm 1.6 320 1.40 4 512 ( 3) n ( 16.1) 16 n k F F 320-160 15-6 17.78 N/ mm 2 G 82 000 MPa,n Gd 4 8 D 3 kf n 28 k F Gd4 8 D 3 n ( 4) : 16 82 000 34 8 12 3 28 82 000 3 4 8 12 3 17.78 27.02 17.78 28 27.02 () 2.99 mm 17.16 N/ mm F 0 F 1 - k F 1 160-17.16 6 57.04 N/ mm 0 8 KD F0 d 3 8 1.4 12 57.04 3 3 90.38 MPa 9,C 4, 90 185 MPa, Flim ( 5) d3 lim 8 KD 33 800 8 1.4 1.2 504.90 MPa 16 5 760 mm, 16.5, 4.5 N F ; 180, 13.5 N, [ b ] 1 100 MPa,: ( 1) d D ; ( 2) n; ( 3) min ( 1) T min Tmax 4.5 760 3 420 Nmm 13.5 760 10 260 Nmm

368 ( ) C 6 ( 16.12 ) 3 d K 1 4 C - 1 4 C - 4 4 6-1 4 6-4 1.15 K1 Tmax 0.1[ b ] 3 1.15 10 260 0.1 1 100 4.75 mm d 5 mm,d Cd 6 5 30 mm 16.5 ( 2) 16 2, I d 4 / 64 5 4 / 64 30.68 mm 4 ; E 200 000 MPa (16.15) n n 30 EI 180 TD 200 000 30.68 180 180 ( 10 260-3 420) 30 ( 3) (16.14) kt EI 180 Dn max T max kt min max 200 000 30.68 180 30 30 10 260 37.88 270.86 29.90() 37.88 Nmm/ ( ) - 180 270.86-180 90.86 16.6 16.6.1 16 1 ( 1) A. B. C. D.

16 369 2) A. B. C. D. ( 3) A. B. C. D. ( 4), A. B. C. D. ( 5), A. B. C. D. ( 6), A. B. C. D. ( 7), A. B. C. D. ( 8) ( ) A. d D B. H 0 d C. D d D. D 2 d ( 9) A. B. C. D. ( 10 ), A. B. C. D. ( 11 ) A. B. C. D. ( 12 ),F d, D 1/ 1.5,n A. 1.50 B. 2.25 C. 2.755 D. 3.375 ( 13 ), ;, ( 14 ) A. 70 B. 65M n C. H T150 D. 50Cr VA

370 ( ) 15 ), ( 16 ), A. B. C. D. 16 2 ( 1) ( ) ( 2) ( ) (), () ( ) ( 3),Dd n,p, ( ) ( 4),,, ( ) ( 5) ( ) ( 6), ( ) ( 7), ( ) 16.6.2 16 1 (1 ) A ; ( 2) B; (3 ) D; ( 4) B; (5 ) C; (6 ) A; ( 7) B; (8 ) C; (9 ) C; (10) C; ( 11) C; (12 ) D; (13), ; (14) C; ( 15), ; (16) A 16 2 (1 ) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; (4 ); ( 5) ; ( 6) ; (7 )

7 17.1 17.1.1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) 17.1.2 ;, ( 1) ( ) ( ), : ( 17.1 (a), (b ), ( c), ( d) ) ( 17.1 (e), (f), (g ) ) ( 17.1( h ) ) ( 17.1( i), (j) ),; ( 2),,,,,,, 17.1.3 ( 1), (),

372 ( ) 7 1 ( 2), 17 2 17.1 17.1.4, ;,,,,,

17 373 7.2, 17.3 1.? 2.? 3.,? 4.,?

8 18.1 18.1.1 ( 1), ( 2) ( ),, ( 3) 18.1.2,,,,, 18.1,, 18.1.3 ( ) 1. : ( 1) :,,,

18 375 2) :,,,, ( 3) :,,,,,, ( 4) :,, 18.1,, i max 5 8 ; i 8 50 a 250 4 000 mm, ; i 50 500 a 5 000 mm, 90 i 1 5 ;, ( i 6 35 ) ( i 35 208 ),,,, i 10 70, ;, i 100 4 000 (, i 150 ) (, i 50 130 ), ( 96 % 99 % ),, 12 W 50 000 kw, 2.,,

376 ( ) V i max i min, ;, ( ),, 18.1.4,, i 12 n 1 / n 2 D 2 / D 1, n1, n2 ( : r/ min) ; D1, D2 ( : mm),,(),,, ( ), 18.2 : :

18 377 V 8.3 18.3.1 18 1 ( 1) ( ),, ( 2), 18 2 ( 1)?? ( 2),?? ( 3),?? ( 4),?? ( 5)? ( 6)??

378 ( ) 7)?,? ( 8)? 18.3.2 18 1 (1), ; ( 2), 18 2 (1), ( 2), ( 3), 4 5 m/ s,, ;,,, ( 4),;, ( 5) ( 6),, ( 7) ; ( 8)

A A.1 1. ( 2, 20 ) ( 1) V,, v 2 < v 1, v 1 - v 2 v 1 A. B. C. 100%, ( 2) H BS 350,, A., C., B., D., ( 3),,, A. B. C. D. ( 4) pv A. C. B. D. ( 5),,,, A. B. C. D. ( 6)

380 ( ) A C. B. D. ( 7),, A. B. C. ( 8), A. B. C. ( 9),, A. B. C. ( 10 ), A. C. 2. ( 2, 20 ) B. D. ( 1),,, ( 2),, ; ; ( 3), 2 3 mm ( 4),, ( 5),, ( 6), : ( 7), ; ( 8) 7118 mm

A 381 9),, ( 10 ), 3. ( 1, 10 ) ( 1), ( ) ( 2),,, ( ) ( 3) i z 2 / z 1, z 1, i d2/ d1 ( ) ( 4) ( ) ( 5), ( ) ( 6),, ( ) ( 7), ( ) ( 8), ( ) ( 9) ( ) ( 10 ), ( ) 4. ( 5, 10 ) ( 1) ( 2)? 5. ( 15 ) A.1 30204 ( r 40 mm, l 1 100 mm, l 2 50 mm), n 1 000 r/ min, F re 1 000 N, F a e 300 N C 15.8 k N, f P 1.2,F d F r / 3.4: ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3)

382 ( ) e F a F r e F a / F r > e 0.38 X Y X Y 1 0 0.4 1.7 A.1 1.5 6. ( 12 ) A.2 ( ), Q,D 200 mm, 4 i12 3, i34 50, 0.4, ( 1) 3, ; ( 2), ; ( 3) 2 3, 1,2 ; ( 4), 3 ; ( 5) Q 21 kn,, F? A.2 1.6

A 383. ( 13 ) A.3 6 D 0 195 mm, T 2 600 Nmm : d0 ( 1) M16, [ P1 ] 100 MPa 17 mm,45 ; [ ] 195 MPa ; 300 MPa ; H T250, [ P2 ] ( 2) M16, f 0.15, 45, [ ] 240 MPa d 1 13.835 mm, KS 1.2 A.3 1.7 A.2 1. ( 2, 30 ) ( 1), ( 2), ( 3), T,T 1, T 2, T 3, T 4, T1, T

384 ( ) 4),,,, ( 5),,, ( 6),,, ( 7),, ( 8),,,,,, ( 9),1,2, 3, 4,z 1 z 3, z 2 z 4, z 1 < z 2,,,, ;, ( 10 ),,, z, ;, z, ( 11 ),, ( 12 ), M,,,,, ( 13 ),,,,,,, ( 14 ),, ( 15 ),, 2. ( ( 1), (2 ) 6,(3 ) 8, 20 ) ( 1) V : 300 r/ min

A 385 00 r/ min,, :?? ( 2) () ( 3) A.4,? A.4 2.2 (3 ) 3. (15 ) A.5, : ( 1) F a4 F a3, ( 2) ( F a, F r, F t ) ( 3), A.5 2.3

386 ( ). (20 ) A.6 ( n ),,7210 ACB F te 1 200 N,F re 415 N,F ae 135 N, : fp 1.2, e 0.68, Fd 0.7 Fr Fa F r e, X 1, Y 0; Fa F r > e, X 0.41, Y 0.87? A.6 2.4 5. (15 ) A.7 (,, ), A.7 2.5

A 387 A 3 1. ( 1,24 ) ( 1),, ( 2) ; ( ) ( 3), ( ) A./ P0 B. / P2 C./ P5 D. / P6X ( 4), ( ) A. r - 1 B. r 1 C. r 0 D. 0 < r < 1 ( 5), p [ p] A. B. C. D. ( 6) M v M 2 + (T ) 2, M T ( ) ( ) A. C. ( 7) ( ) B. D. A. 1 B. F 0 C. D. ( 8), ( ) A. C. B. D. ( 9) z2 > z1, b1 > b2,( ) A. H1 < H2 C. H1 H2 B. H1 > H2 D., ( 10 ),, A. v 2 B. z 1

388 ( ) C z 1 D. q ( 11 ) ( v 2 > 6 m/ s), ( ) A. C. B. D. ( 12 ), ( ) A. C. B. D. ( 13 ),, ( ) A. C. ( 14 ) ( ) B. D. A. zv z/ cos 3 B. zv z/ cos 2 C. z v z/ cos D. z v z/ sin ( 15 ),,[ ] H1 > [ ] H2,( ) A. [ ] H1 B. [ ] H2 C. 0.7[ ] H2 D. ( [ ] H1 + [ ] H2 )/ 2 ( 16 ),( ) A. C. B. D. ( 17 ), ( ) A. C. B. D. ( 18 ),( ) A. C. B. ( 19 ),( ) A. C. D. B. D. ( 20 ) ( ) A. B.,

A 389 C D., ( 21 ), 1, ( ) A. 1 B. 2 C. D. 4 2. ( 5, 20 ) ( 1),, A.8, A.8 3.2 ( 2),, ( 3) ( 4) A.9 3.3 3. ( 13 ) A.9,,1,2

390 ( ) 3,4,5,6, 6 W W, ( 1), ( 2) 3, 4,5,6 ( 3) 4. ( 15 ) C b 400 000 N/ mm, C m 1 600 000 N/ mm, F 0 8 000 N, F 4 000 N : ( 1) F 2 F 1 ; ( 2) 0 4 000 N,A 96.6 mm 2, a m ; ( 3)? 5. ( 10 ) 7208AC, A.10 Fr1 1 000 N, Fr2 2 060 N, F A 880 N, F d F r F d 0.68 F r, Fa1 Fa2 A.10 3.5 6. ( 8 ) V P 4.82 kw, D 1 180 mm, D2 400 mm, n1 1 450 r/ min, 1 152, f v 0.25, F F 1 F 0

A 391. ( 10 ) A.11 (, ), A.11 3.7 A.4 1. (,,1,10 ) ( 1),,, ( ) ( 2) ( ) ( 3) ( ) ( 4) ( ) ( 5) V ( ) ( 6) ( ) ( 7), q ( ) ( 8),, ( ) ( 9) ( ) ( 10 ) ( ) 2. ( 2, 12 ) ( 1), A. B. C. D. ( 2),

392 ( ) A C. B. D. ( 3), ; A. B. C. ( 4) ( ), A. C. B. D. ( 5), n B/ d,,, A. C. B. D. ( 6), A. - 1 0 K B. S 0 C. - 1 0 3. ( 1, 13 ) D. S - 1 K ( 1) ( 2), Y Fa1, Y Fa2, Y Sa1, Y Sa2, [ F1 ], [ F2 ], ( 3), T ca, T ca T, ( 4),, () ( 5) 6214,, mm ( 6),,,, ( 7) ;,

A 393. ( 5, 20 ) ( 1),? ( 2),? ( 3)? ( 4) A.12 i 8, d1 20 mm,d 2 60 mm,,,,,?: d A0 3 P/ n A.12 4.4 (4 ) 5. ( 10 ) A.13 12 mm, P 6 000 N,[ ] 120 MPa, [ ] 95 MPa, [ P ] 150 MPa, f c ( 1) ; ( 2),?( KS 1.2 ) 0.2 A.13 4.5

394 ( ). A.14, z 1 28, z 2 70, z 3 126, m n 4 mm, n 20, a 1 200 mm, a 2 400 mm,p 1 10 kw, n1 1 000 r/ min, ( 1) ; ( 2) A.14 4.6 7. ( 15 ), A.15, F te 2 200 N,F re 900 N, F ae 400 N, d 314 mm, n 520 r/ min,, L h 15 000 h 7207AC, A.15 4.7

A 395,, : ( 1) 7207AC C 22 500 N, C 0 16 500 N ( 2) X Y A/ C 0 A/ R e A/ R e X Y X Y e 0.015 1.47 0.38 0.029 1.40 0.40 0.058 1.30 0.43 70000C 0.087 0.120 0.170 0.290 0.440 1 0 0.44 1.23 1.19 1.12 1.02 1.00 0.46 0.47 0.50 0.55 0.56 0.580 1.00 0.56 70000 A C 1 0 0.41 0.87 0.68 70000B 1 0 0.35 0.57 1.14 ( 3) S 70000C ( 15 ) 70000AC( 25 ) 70000B( 40 ) S er S 0.68 R S 1.14 R ( 4), fp 1.2 1.8 8. (10 ) A.16, ( ),

396 ( ) A 16 4.8

B B.1 1. ( 1) B; (2) C; ( 3) B; (4) C; ( 5) A ; ( 6) D ; (7) C; ( 8) B; (9) C; (10 )C 2. ( 1), ( 2) ; ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ; ;; ( 5) ; ( 6) ; ; ; ( 7) ;( ) ( 8) 90 ( 9) ; ( 10 ) ; 3. ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) (6) ( 7) ( 8) ( 9) (10 ) 4. ( 1),,, ;,,, ;,,, ;,

398 ( ) ;,, ( 2),,,,, 5. ( 1) : Fr1 ( l1 + l2 ) + Fae r Fre l2, Fr1 + Fr2 Fre, F r1 253 N, F r2 747 N ( 2) : Fd1 Fr1/ 3.4, Fd2 Fr2/ 3.4, F d1 74 N, F d2 220 N F d1 + F ae > F d2, 2, 1 F a1 F r1 74 253 F a2 Fr2 374 747 ( 3) : F a1 F d1 74 N, F a2 F ae + F d1 374 N 0.29 < e,x 1, Y 0, P 1 f P R 1 303.6 N 0.5 > e, X 0.4, Y 1.7, P 2 f P ( XR 2 + Y A 2 ) 1 122 N L h 106 60 n ft C P 10/ 3,,L h 6. ( 1), ( 2),, ; 112 390 h ( 3), 2,2, 1 ( 4), F t3, F r3, F a3 ( B.1) ( 5) P P, n i 12 i 34 n, P 1 lfn, P D 2 Q n F 175 N B.1 1.6

B 399 6. ( 1) F: : F d 2 0 4 i 1 F D 0 2, 19.8 MPa, < [] T,F 4444.44 N : P F, d 0 l P 9.68 MPa, P < [ P ] min, 6 ( 2) F0 :f F0 i 1 D 0 2 KS T,F0 35 555.56 N : ca 1.3 F0 d 2 1 4,, ca 307.43 MPa, ca > [ ] B.2 1. ( 1),;,, ( 2) ; m, a, ( 3) T 3 + T 4 ; T 1 + T 2 max, min, r ( 4) 1.3 4 F2 d 2 1 ; 2-1 + ( K- ) min ( K + ) (2 a + min ) S; ; ( 5) ; ; ; ( 6) ;,,,; ( 7), ; ( 8) ; ;8 20 ; a ( 9) 2; 3 ; 2 ; 3 ( 10 ) tan ; ; v ; tan(+ v )

400 ( ) 11 ) m; d 1 ; z 1 z 2 ;a ( 12 ) M 2 + ( T ) 2 ; ;0.3 ;1 ( 13 ) p [ p] ; pv [ pv] ; v [ v] ; ; ; ( 14 ) ;; ; ( 15 ) 10 6 ; 90% 2. ( 1) P F e v, F e1 F e2 V,,,,,,,, ( 2) B.2 B.2 2.2 ( 2 ) ( 3) B, :,,,,,,,,,, B 3. ( 1) 1: 4, 5, 3, 2

B 401 : 4, 5, 3 : 2 ( 2) (3) :B.3 (a) 1 ; B.3( b) 2 B.3 2.3 4. B.4 B.4 2.4 F r2v F re 100 - F ae 50 300 415 100-135 50 300 115.83 N Fr1V Fr2V + Fre 115.83 + 415 530.83 N Fr2H Fte 100 300 1 200 100 300 400 N F r1h F te + F r2h 1 200 + 400 1 600 N

402 ( ) F r F 2 r1v + F 2 r1 H 530.83 2 + 1 600 2 1 685.76 N F r2 F 2 r2v + F 2 r2 H 115.83 2 + 400 2 416.43 N F d1 0.7 F r1 0.7 1 685.76 1 180.03 N F d2 0.7 F r2 0.7 416.43 291.5 N F d1 + F ae 1 180.03 + 135 1 315.03 > F d2, 2 ; 1 ; F a1 F d1 1 180.03 N Fa2 Fd1 + Fae 1 180.03 + 135 1 315.03 N Fa1 F r1 1 180.03 1 685.76 0.70 > e F a2 F r2 1 315.03 416.43 3.16 > e P 1 f P ( X 1 F r1 + Y 1 F a1 ) 1.2 ( 0.41 1 685.76 + 0.87 1 180.03 ) 2 061.34 N P 2 f P ( X 2 F r2 + Y 2 F r2 ) 1.2 ( 0.41 416.43 + 0.87 1 315.03) 1 577.53 N P 1 > P 2, 1 5. B.5 B.5 2.5

B 403 B 3 1. ( 1) () ( 2) ; ; ; ( 3) B; (4) C; ( 5) A; ( 6) C; ( 7) C; (8 ) D; (9 )C ; ( 10 )C; ( 11 ) A ; (12) A; (13 ) D; ( 14) A ; (15)B; ( 16 ) D; ( 17 ) A ; (18) B; (19 )B; ( 20) A ; (21) A 2. ( 1), ( 2),, 1 F 1 A MPa, 2 F 2 A MPa, 1 > 2, 1 2,,, c qv2 A MPa,,, b E h D MPa ( 3),,,,,, ( 4),,, 30 50 H BS,,

404 ( ) 3. B.6 B.6 3.3 4. ( 1) F 2 F 0 + C b C b + C m F 8 000 + 4 10 5 5 4 000 8 000 N ( 4 + 16) 10 F 1 F 0 - ( 2) min F 0 A 8 000 96.6 max F2 A 8 800 96.6 a max - min 2 m max + min 2 Cm C b + C m F 8 000-82.8 N/ mm2 91.1 N/ mm2 4.15 N/ mm 2 86.95 N/ mm 2 16 10 5 ( 4 + 16) 10 5 4 000 4 800 N ( 3), 5. ( 1) B.7, ; B.7, F d1 0.68 F r1 0.68 1 000 680 N F d2 0.68 F r2 0.68 2 060 1 400 N

B 405 F d + F A 1 400 + 880 2 280 > F d1 1, 2, F a1 F d2 + F A 2 280 N F a2 F d2 1 400 N B.7 3.5 6. v D 1 n 1 60 P Fv 1000 P F 1 000 v F 2 F 0 e f v - 1 e f v + 1 F 0 F 2 e f v + 1 e f v - 1 13.666 m/ s 352.7 N 551.6 N F 1 F 0 + F 2 727.95 N, F 2 F 0-7. B.8, F 375.25 N 2 5 8 mm

406 ( ), B.8 3.7 B.4 1. (10 ) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 2. ( 1) B; (2) B; (3 )B, A ; ( 4) B; ( 5) A ; (6) B 3. ( 1), ( 2) [ F1 ] YFa1 YSa1 [ F2 ] YFa2 YSa2 ( 3), ( 4), ( 5),70 ( 6), ( 7),

B 407. ( 1),,,, F 1 F 2,,,,, : ; ;, ; ( 2), z 1, z1 20 40, z1 17 25,,,, m > 1.5 mm ;, ;, ( 3) B :,,,,,,,,,,, B ( 4) i 8, n 1 8 n 2, P 1 P 2, d 1 A 0 3 P/ n 1 1 2 A 0 3 P/ n 2 1 2 d 2 d 1 20 < 1 2 d 2 30 mm, 5. ( 1) R2, RT ( B.9 ), FA, FB, FC, : R,, F R z 6 000 3 2 000 N T,

408 ( ) FA FC F A F C T ( z - 1) 50 6 000 ( 120 + 30 + 50) (3-1) 50 F A - F 12 000-2 000 10 000 N F C + F 12 000 + 2 000 14 000 N 12 000 N F B F 2 000 N F max F C 14 000 N F max 4 d2 01 [ ] d 01 4 F max [ ] 4 14 000 95 13.69 mm d 02 P F max [ P ] L min Fmax [ d 02 L P ] min 14 000 150 8.5 10.98 mm,17 mm, M16 B.9 4.5 ( 2),

B 409 f c F K S F max F 0 K S F max 3 3 fc F 2 F 0 84 000 N 1.2 14 000 0.2 84 000 N d1 4 1.3 F 2 [ ] 4 1.3 84 000 120 34.04 mm M36 6. B.10 B.10 4.6 ( 1) T 1 9 550 P n 1 9 550 10 1 000 95.5 Nm T 2 0 T3 T1 i 95.5 126 28 429.75 Nm ( 2) a 1 mn ( z1 + z2 ) mn ( z1 + z2 ) cos 2cos 2 a1 4 ( 28 + 70) 2 200 0.98 d 1 m n z 1 cos 4 28 0.98 114.29 mm Ft2 2 T1 d 1 2 95.5 103 114.29 1 671 N Ft2 tan n F r2 F t2 1 671 tan20 cos 0.98 621 N F r2 F a2 F t2 tan 1 671 tan( arccos0.98) 339 N F a2 7. B.11 ( 1) F r1 F r2 :

410 ( ) F r V Fre 200 - Fae d 2 200 + 320 900 200-400 314 2 520 F r2v F re - F r1v 900-225.38 674.62 N F r1h 200 F te 200 + 320 200 2 200 520 846.15 N F r2h F te - F r1h 2 200-846.15 1 353.85 N 225.38 N F r1 F 2 r1v + F 2 r1 H 225.38 2 + 846.15 2 875.65 N F r2 F 2 r2v + F 2 r2 H 674.62 2 + 1 353.85 2 1 512.62 N B.11 4.7 ( 2) Fa1 Fa2 : 70000AC, A.11 Fd1 0.68 Fr1 0.68 875.65 595.44 N Fd2 0.68 Fr2 0.68 1 512.62 1 028.58 N Fd2 + Fae 1 028.58 + 400 1 428.58 N > Fd1 595.44 N 1, 2

B 411 P 1 ( 3) P 1, P 2 : Fa1 F r1 1 428.58 875.65 F a F d2 + F ae 1 428.58 N Fa2 Fd1 595.44 N 1.63 > e, Fa2 F r2 595.44 1 512.62 0.393 < e X 1 0.41, Y 1 0.87, X 2 1, Y 2 0 P 1 f P ( X 1 F r1 + Y 1 F a1 ) 1.2 ( 0.41 875.65 + 0.87 1 428.58) 1 534.56 N P 2 f P ( X 2 F r2 + Y 2 F a2 ) 1.2 ( 1 1 512.62 + 0 595.44 ) 1 815.14 N < P 2, 2 ( 4) L h 106 60 n C P 2 8. B.12 10 6 22 500 60 520 1 815.14 3 61 046.79 h > L h B.12 4.8 ( 1) 1 2 mm,,

412 ( ) 2), ( 3) D d,, ( 4),,, ( 5) ( ), ( 6),( 2 ) ( 7) (2 ) ( 8),, ( ),, 1 2 mm ( 9), ( 10 ) 1 2 mm, ( 11 ),,2/ 3 ( 12 ) ( 13 ), ;

,... :,2001 2... :,1997 3,,.. :, 2002 4... :,2001 5,.. :,2000 6,... :, 2001 7... :, 2001 8,.. :,2003 9,... :, 2002 10. :. :, 2002 11,.. :,2002 12.. :, 2003 13.. :,2003 14.. :,2002 15. ( 1) ( 2).. :, 2001