1. 2. 3. 4. 1
1.1 () 1601 (The Poor Law) 1832 Edwin Chadwick 1842 Chadwick Report on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain Edwin Chadwick Chadwick Chadwick () : 1. 2. 3. 4. 2
1. 2. 1.1 1.2 91 6 1.3 BOD. %(13/40). 21% 70% 3
1.2 1948 1971 40 57 68 76 4
1.1 5
1.2 6
1.3 ( :91 6 ) (%) (%) (1) (2) (10)= (12) (7)= (8)= (9)= (7)+(8)+(9) (11) 2,635,678 658,920 1,504,061 376,015 18,250,535 4,562,634 3,625,669 906,417 1,777,100 443,557 449,416 121,184 560,722 140,181 1,506,242 376,561 1,315,075 328,769 541,385 135,346 743,415 185,854 562,606 140,652 1,107,082 276,771 (3) (4) (5) (3)/(2) (6)= (3)+(4) +(5) (4)/(2) (5)/(2) 363,747 22,239 4,633 390,619 55.2 3.4 0.7 59.3 - - 50.60 4.6 87,549 12,030 3,090 102,669 23.3 3.2 0.8 27.3 251,490 66.9 17.20 6.1 36,162 423,451 184,171 643,784 0.8 9.3 4.0 14.1 251,094 5.5 0.40 0.4 15,533 259,908 55,353 330,794 1.7 28.7 6.1 36.5 173,600 19.2 1.20 0.5 4,962 42,883 30,082 77,927 1.1 9.7 6.8 17.6 0 0.0 0.60 0.5 0 13,851 4,808 18,659 0.0 11.4 4.0 15.4 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 2,780 4,050 6,830 0.0 2.0 2.9 4.9 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 3,053 14,451 18,878 36,382 0.8 3.8 5.0 9.7 0 0.0 0.00 0.8 0 4,839 3,821 8,660 0.0 1.5 1.2 2.6 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 212 1,323 5,131 6,666 0.2 1.0 3.8 4.9 0 0.0 0.00 0.2 0 3,076 4,614 7,690 0.0 1.7 2.5 4.1 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 3,159 0 3,159 0.0 2.2 0.0 2.2 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 7,302 5,998 13,300 0.0 2.6 2.2 4.8 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 (13) (14) 7
1,232,847 308,212 907,479 226,870 465,150 116,288 352,459 88,115 244,631 61,158 92,424 23,106 390,764 97,691 375,862 93,966 990,041 247,510 267,592 66,898 742,574 185,644 67,302 16,826 57,892 14,473 9,410 2,353 22,457,576 5,614,394 0 16,511 10,608 27,119 0.0 5.4 3.4 8.8 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 1,169 10,648 11,817 0.0 0.5 4.7 5.2 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 4,050 5,735 9,785 0.0 3.5 4.9 8.4 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 1,088 2,403 3,491 0.0 1.2 2.7 4.0 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 246 1,835 2,081 0.0 0.4 3.0 3.4 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 194 637 831 0.0 0.8 2.8 3.6 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0 6,995 3,889 10,884 0.0 7.2 4.0 11.1 5,393 5.5 0.00 0.0 0 9,633 5,015 14,648 0.0 10.3 5.3 15.6 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 5,202 18,485 3,942 27,629 2.1 7.5 1.6 11.2 0 0.0 0.70 1.4 0 2,729 4,134 6,863 0.0 4.1 6.2 10.3 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 7,200 8,779 2,590 18,569 3.9 4.7 1.4 10.0 72,101 38.8 3.00 0.9 1,528 0 0 1,528 9.1 0.0 0.0 9.1 0 0.0 5.20 3.9 1,528 0 0 1,528 10.6 0.0 0.0 10.6 0 0.0 5.90 4.7 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 488,986 435,481 187,261 1,138,600 8.7 7.8 3.3 19.8 502,584 9.0 7.50 1.2 8
9
2.1 () (temperature) () (color) (turbidity) (1)JTU (2) NTU (electrical conductance) 1000 (micromhos/cm) / (micromhos/cm) 150500 1000 (total solidsts) (suspended solidsss) (nonfiltrable residue) (dissolved solidsds) (filtrable residue 110 () ph ( ) ph=-log 10 [H + ]=log 10 (1/[H + ])ph<7 ph>7 ph 7.0 ph 7.0 (hardness) 10
( ) ( ) (odor) (dissolved oxygendo) DO DO DO 3ppm (biochemical oxygen demandbod) CO 2 H 2 O 20 7~10 5 BOD 20 20100 BOD (chemical oxygen demandcod) BOD (K 2 CrO 7 ) (KMnO 4 ) (SO 2-3 S 2- Fe 2+ ) 2 BOD (acidity) (alkalinity) CO 2 CO 2 HCO - 3 CO 2-3 OH - (sulfate) (chloride) NaMg SO 2-4 250mg/l 960mg/l Cl - (Fe) (Mn) Mn Mn 2+ MnO - 4 Mn 11
( ) MPN(Maximum Possible Number) () (grease) DO (phenols) COD (detergents) (Alkyl Benzene SulfonateABS) (Linera Alkyl Sul-fonateLAS) ABS LAS DDT PCB DDTDichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane DDT PCB Poly Chlorinated Biphenyl ( ) () (Arsenic As) 0.2ppm (Cadmium Cd) 20ppb (Chromium Cr) 12
(Mercury Hg) (minamata disease) (Lead Pb) 0.01ppm [(C 2 H 5 ) 4 Pb] 0.5mg (Fluoride F-) 3ppm 115ppm (Cyanide CN-) 0.20.3 g (KCN) HCN 50100 mg(nacn) 0.10.2 g 13
2.2 1. (SO 2 NONO 2 ) ( ) 2. 3. 4. 5. ( ) 6. 2.1 7. 8. 2.1 B.O.D. C.O.D. ph B.O.D. A.B.S. ( ) B.O.D. B.O.D. 14 B.O.D.
( )B.O.D. ph B.O.D. ( ) B.O.D. ( ) ph B.O.D. B.O.D. - ph C.O.D. ( ) 烟 ph B.O.D. C.O.D. B.O.D. ph B.O.D.C.O.D. C.O.D.B.O.D.p C.O.D.B.O.D. C.O.D.B.O.D. 15
B.O.Dp p B.O.D. B.O.D. P.V.T ( ) T.N.T (24-D D.D.T) ph P 4 SiF B.O.D HCHO ph H 2 SO 4 FeSO 4 2.1 16
( ) 17
3.1 1970-18 18
3.2 1 2 3 3.1 1 2 BOD 19
3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 CO 2 H 2 ONO 3 SO 4 ( ) CO 2 H 2 ONH 3 H 2 CO 2 CH 4 H 2 S 20
(BOD) : (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) SS BOD ( ) ( ) 21
RBC ( )RBC 40% 0.5-2mm ( ) RBC 22
3.1 0.2mm 2.02.5 1) 2) 3) 4) ( ) 23
3.2 SSBOD ph NH 4 ph ph 24
3.3 BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD SS BOD BOD 25
3.4 ( ) ( ) RBC ( ) 26
3.5 (%) SS BOD520 2-20 5-10 10-20 25-35 30-40 25-75 70-80 60-70 40-80 70-80 75-85 90-95 70-80 80-85 80-95 75-85 85-90 80-95 80-90 85-95 90-98 80-90 80-90 90-95 27
3.1 ph ( ) ( ) 28 RBC
30
31
3.2 32
() 33
34
3.3 35
3.3 68 19.6 12.6 92 93 30 35 36
3.4 37
4.1 ( ) 63 91 5 22 ( ) 90 8 8 () 88 9 22 ( ) () () ()() () () () () () () () () () () ()() () () 38
() () () () ( ) () () () 1. 2. 3. 4. 4.1 4.1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 39
( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) () 1. 2. 3. 4. 4.2 4.2 40
41
4.2 500 100 42
1. 2. (1992 3. 4. 5. 6. (2002) 7. http://www.epa.gov.tw 8. 9. http://www.cpami.gov.tw 10. http://www.kcg.gov.tw 11. 12. http://www.kscg.gov.tw 13. Qasin, S. R., Wastewater Treatment Plants, Technomic Publishing Company, Inc., U.S.A. (1994). 14. Hammer, M. J., Water and Wastewater Technology, 4 th Ed, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey (2001). 43