1 2 m v e 2 ö

e m e m e m e m e e m m 1 1840 e m e m

2 v r Å

Å Å 9999 10000

2 n λ = b( 2 2 ) n 2 Å 1 1854 1919 λ 1 1 1 2 2 λ = R ( Z H n ) 1 1 1 2 2 λ R H ( ) n f ni Z Z

E ν = h mvr = n h 2π mvr = nh 2 mv e = 2 2π r r r = n 2 2 h 2 n 2 2 r n = n r1 r1 4π me

E = 1 n E n 2 1 E 1 2π 2 me 4 1 1 ν = 3 ( 2 2 ) h n n i f 2 4 2π me n 2 i 1 1 1 2 2 λ = R 2 H ( ) n f n h 3 f

2 c / v h h λ = 2 = = mc / h mv p h mv = h / ( ) 2 r = nh 2 r = n λ

ö

2πx ϕ = A sin λ dϕ 2π 2πx = A cos dx λ λ 2 d ϕ π = 2 4 2 2 ϕ dx λ 2 1 2 1 T mv m p 2 1 h = = = 2 2 2 2m λ 2 2 d ϕ 8π m 2 = 2 T ϕ dx h 2 2 d ϕ 8π m 2 + 2 ( E V) ϕ = 0 dx h 2 2 2 2 ϕ ϕ ϕ 8π m 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 ( E V) ϕ = 0 x y z h 2 2 8π m ϕ + 2 ( E V) ϕ = 0 h 2 2 2 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 ϕ = ϕ( x y z) x y z

V ze r 2 2 2 2 8π m ϕ + 2 ( E ze ) ϕ = 0 h r 1 m s = 2 2 ( z σ) e Ei = 13595. 2 n

é

14 7 N + He 4 2 17 8 1 O + Ho 1 7 Li 3

1 1 7 4 H+ Li He + He 3 4 2 2 é 9 4 12 1 Be + He C + n 4 2 6 0

1 10 12

4 27 30 1 He + Al P + n 2 13 30 30 P Si + e + 15 14 15 0 30 15PH 3 13 N 27 Si 14 7

27 4 30 0 Al + He P + n 1

235 92 U 1 99 238 U 92 235 U 235 0.711 U 92 92 235 U 92

238 92 U + n U + e 1 0 239 239 92 93 238 92 239 92 239 U( n γ ) U Np β 93 94 238 92 239 93 239 U( D n ) Np Pu β 94 239 Pu 244 22400 Pu 94

ü 208 58 265 α 261 α 257 α 253 Pb( Fe n) 108 106 104 No 209 58 266 α 262 α 258 EC 258 Bi( Fe n ) 109 107 105 104 SF

208 82 Pb + Ni 110 + n 62 269 28 1 0 209 64 272 1 Bi + Ni 111+ n 83 28 0

Å Å

Å Å Å Å

ü

1 1 1 1 1 1 V = + + r r r r r R a1 a b b 2 1 2 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Hϕ = { ( 1 + 2) + + } ϕ = Eϕ ( 1) 2 r r r r r R a a b b 1 2 1 2 12 1 1 1 Ha1 Hb 2 (1) r r r a 1 b1 12 1 R 1 r a1 ϕa ( 1) = e π 1 ( 3) rb 2 ϕ b ( 2) = e π b 1 H H (1) a b 2 1 1 1 1 1 r r r R a 1 b 2 12

ϕ ( 2) = ϕ a b ( 1) = 1 r a 2 e π 1 ( 4) rb 1 e π (1) H a Hb H a H 1 b 2 2 1 Å Å

3 Z Zr ϕa e a1 ( 1) = ( 6) π Z 3 (4) Z Å ϕ a Zr a 1 a 1 ( 1) = C{ e + λx e } a1 Zr Å

e 1.849 r 1 +r 2 1 + 0.364r 12 * =

v = f p p c

d S dt 0 2 d S 0 2 dt

a N N e q = = RT 0 q

Z N N d K T m m 2 A + B AB = A B AB ( 8π B ) 1 2 m m A B K Ld K T m m 1 A + 2 B E RT = 2 / AB ( 8π B ) e m m A B A1 4+ 2B 4 3C A 1 4 2 B 43 C A1 4 2B 4+ 3C

1 d A K = K A dt K q A + M A * +M A * A d A K1K3 A M = dt K M + K 2 3 K d ln A K1K3 M = dt K M + K 2 3 K 1K 3 K2 M >> K 3 K M K 2

Z1 E0 E S 1 0 K1 =!( ) exp( ) ( S 1) KT RT

2 α 1888 = ( 1 α) V µ µ α µ µ V V 1 = µ 2 α ( 1 α) V = K 3/ 2 α ( 1 α) V

λ λ 0

3 fµ = 1 K c a 3 f = 1 ET c 0 ü

Λ 0 ΛC K1 K2 = 3/ 2 W1 + 1 W2 b 2C ( 1) Λ 0 ( DT) 2 ( DT) = x C (2) C 0 6 0 986 10 2 58 0 1 ΛC = Λ 0 [.. 3/ 2 ( 2 2 ) Z Λ 0 + 1/ 2 Z] 2ZC ( DT) ( DT) η logf ± = A Z 1 Z 2 I 1 A = 1.8246 10 5 / DT 3/2 2 ( ) I ΣCi Zi i 2

n 1 U = Uij ( r) n i= 1 j= i+ 1 Z V T n n = 1 U/ KT 1 n n e dr1 dr V V n

U/ KT ninj e dr dr V 3 n gij( r) = ( 2) U/ KT e dr dr dr V 1 2 n P = 1+ B2( T) ρ + B3 ( T) ρ + B4 ( T) ρ + ρkt

ü

ö

ü 2 log fi = AZ i I log f ± = A Z+ Z I ü 2 AZi I log fi = 1 + Ba I 2 AZi C 2 log fi = + BC + DC 1 + Ba C

ü

ISC

hν H 2O H + OH M H + O 2 HO2 M H + HO 2 H 2O 2 OH + HO 2 H 2O + O2 HO + HO H O + O 2 2 2 2 2

NO 2 NO + O M O + O 2 O 3 NO +O NO +O 3 2 2

Ag + Br Ag + + Br 0 + e + 0 + 0 + 0 Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag 2 2 3 3 4 4

Ag 0 4 AgBr Ag 0 4 Ag 0 4

ö

di = a dx I

Å Å Å Å

ö

ö

é é

ö

147 3.7 Nd 147 Nd 61 60

Å Å

R3m BaB2O4 Na 2B2O4

ö

á

* C abcd a b c d * a b c d C d d a b c

t BuOOH Ti OP r i 4

C H P CH 6 5 3 + 2

+ 3 3 3 6 5 3 3 ( CH3) 3 N + CH 2 ( CH ) NCH Cl + C H Li ( CH ) N CH + LiCl + C H 2 6 6 + 3 3 CH P CH C H P CH 2 6 5 3 + 2

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ä

ä

ä

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ä

6CO 2 + 6H2O + 688 C6H12O 6 + 6O2 + + 6CO 2 +18ATP + 24NADPH +12H +12H2O + C6H12O 6 +18ADP +12NADP +18H PO 3 4

Å

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3mm 1 8

ü