Maurer(1966) Brent(1977/1978) Grollman(1977) 44% 1
Fredlund(1977) Hargrove(1979) 8% Wass Shaak(1976) Anthony(1972) Kastenbaum Aisenburg(1972) 83 (Lamers, 1995) (Bluebond-Langner, 1989; Orbach, et al., 1994/1995) 2
1930 Speece Brent(1984) 1930 1984 Neimeyer(1991) 1977 1991 Death Studies 78 80 74 76 77 75 80 75 81 86 87 78 85 80 78 86 78 85 77 87 78 85 80 86 Tamm & Granqvist, 1995; 86 Neimeyer(1994) 3
Wenestam(1982) Wenestam Wass (1987)Tamm Granqvist(1993, 1995) (Buck, 1948; Harris, 1963; Koppittz, 1968; Machover, 1949) 85 4
5
6
1930 7
Wenestam(1982)Wenestam Wass(1987)Tamm Granqvist(1993,1995) Neimeyer(1983)Holcomb Neimeyer (1993) 84 8
78 (children) (adolescent) (death concept) (sub -concepts) (components) Kane, 1979; Speece & Brent, 1984; 85 Tamm Granqvist(1995) 9
(biological death concept) (violent death) (moment of death) (state of death) (psychological death concept) (sorrow) (mental imageries) (emptiness) (metaphysical death concept) (tunnel phenomenon) (mystery of death) (personification) (perceptions of heaven and hell) (phenomenography) phainomenon appearance graphein description (Hasselgren & Beach, 1997) Sonneman(1954) Marton (1988) Tamm & Granqvist, 1995 10
11
(Mahon, Goldberg, & Washington, 1999) 1980 1930 1990 12
Dordland Whaley 1982 (medical death) (clinical death) 76 (The Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School)1968 (unreceptivity) (unresponsivity) (movements) 3 15 (no reflexes) (EEG) 32.2 24 72 76 (functional death) (brain death) (EEG) 13
(cellular death) (spiritual death) (clinical death) (medical death) (somatic death) (cardiac death) (biological death) (legal death) Braun(1997) 2-1 14
2-1, Obon Thanh Minh Vu Lan Hawaii "Death and dying in four Asian American cultures: A descriptive study " by K. Braun, 1997, Death Studies, 21, p.332-335 15
83 16
17
83 -- 83 83 1. 2. 18
3. (sublimation) 87 1. 2. 19
3. -- 83 Kaerney(1986) 86 20
86 (death concept) (sub-concept) (component) (Kane, 1979; Speece & Brent, 1984) 1980 21
Kane(1979) (realization ) (separation) (immobility) (irrevocability) (causality) (dysfunctionality) (universality) (insensitivity) (appearance) 78 86 Kane(1979) (realization) (personification) (separation) (immobility) (irrevocability) (causality) (dysfunctionality) (universality) (insensitivity) 22
(appearance) Hoffman Strauss(1985) 3 5 Kane(1979) 78 (death as cessation) (necessity of death) (irreversibility of death) (causality) (universality) Guy(1993) Kane(1979) Speece Brent(1984) 1930 1980 (irreversibility) (Gartley & Bernasconi, 1967) (Childers & Wimmer, 1971) (Koocher, 1973) (nonfunctionality) (Kane, 1977, 1979) (Nagy, 1948) 23
(universality) (Gartley & Bernasconi, 1967) (Swain, 1976, 1979) (Bolduc, 1972) Florian Kravetz(1985)Orbach (1985) Sonneman(1954) Tamm & Granqvist, 1995 Morton(1988) (Wenestam, 1982; Wenestam & Wass, 1987) 1980 Wenestam(1982)112 4 18 24
Wenestam Wass(1987)316 4 19 1. 2. 1. 25
2. 1. (grim reaper) (the scythe man) 2. 3. Wenestam Wass(1987) Wenestam(1982) Wass(1987) Wenestam 1982 Wenestam Wass 1987 2-2 26
2-2 Wenestam(1982)Wenestam & Wass(1987) Wenestam(1982) Wenestam & Wass(1987) 1990 Tamm Granqvist(1993) Wenestam(1984) 6 9 76 (violent death) (the dead body) (the final rest) (emotions at death) (personification of death) (afterlife) Tamm Granqvist(1995) 431 9 19 (biological death concept) 27
(violent death) (moment of death) (state of death) 1. 2. 3. (psychological death concept) (sorrow) (mental imageries) (emptiness) 1. 2. 3. (metaphysical death concept) (tunnel phenomenon) (mystery of death) (personification) (perceptions of heaven and hell) 1. 2. 3. 4. 28
Tamm Granqvist(1993, 1995)WenestamWass(1987) Wenestam Wass(1987) Tamm Granqvist(1993, 1995) 1980 1990 2-1 Wenestam (1982) Wenestam & Wass (1987) Tamm & Granqvist (1993) Tamm & Granqvist (1995) 1. 1. 1.1. 2. 2. 3. 4. 3. 2. 3. 5. 6. 4. 5. 6. 3. 2-1 29
(Wainwright, 1987) (Kastenbaum & Costa, 1977) 1930 (Raphael, 1984) 1960 1960 1980 1980 1980 --1960 85 Schilder Wechsler(1934) 26 5 15 30
Anthony(1940)117 3 13 13 50% (oedipal complex) (law of the talion) Anthony(1940) Nagy(1948) 378 3 10 Nagy (Wenestam, 1982; Wainwright, 1987; 85) Nagy (separation of anxiety) 5 9 31
(death person ) Nagy 1960 Nagy(1948) --1960 1980 1960 Safier(1964)30 4 11 4 7 7 8 10 11 Safier(1964)Nagy(1948) 9 10 32
Hug-Hellmuth(1965) 3 4 5 Gartley Bernasconi(1967) 5 14 7 7 8 8 10 10 14 10 Gartley Bernasconi(1967) Nagy(1948) Nagy(1948) 9 Nagy(1948) 1970 (Orbach & Glauman, 1978; Weiniger, 1979) 1970 Childers Wimmer(1971) 75 4 10 9 9 Orbach Glauman (1978) Kane(1979) 122 3 12 33
3 5 5 8 8 (Wenestam,1982) Weiniger(1979) 60 Weiniger(1979) Koocher(1973) 8 9 1960 1980 Nagy(1948) (Wenestam, 1982; Wenestam & Wass, 1987; Tamm & Granqvist, 1993, 1995; Mahon, Goldberg, & Washington, 1999 ) --1980 1980 Hoffman Strauss(1985) 78 LazarTorney-Purta(1991) 34
Wenestam(1982)112 4 18 Wenestam Wass(1987) 316 4 19 Tamm Granqvist(1995) 431 9 19 9 12 MahonGoldberg Washington(1999) 22 5 12 (CODA) 35
(finality) Kane(1979) (Kane, 1979; Speece & Brent, 1984; Tamm & Granqvist, 1995; Mahon, Goldberg, & Washington, 1999) Piaget(1970) 2 7 (semilogical stage) 7 12 12 (Kane, 1979; Wenestam & Wass, 1987; Wass, 1995) 2-3 36
2-3 (2-7 ) (7-12 ) (12 ) "Death in the lives of children and adolescents" by N. Wass, 1995. In H. Wass, & R. Neimeyer (Eds.), Dying-facing the facts (pp.271). Bristol: Taylor & Francis Publishers. 1980 2-4 2-4 37
38 2-4 (77) 4 7 78 1. 2. 3. (78) ( ) 1-6 144 473 617 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.73% 83% (80) 637 1. cessation necessity 2. 3. 4. (82) 51 1. 2., 3.
39 (85) ( ) ( ) 53 723 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. (86) 9-12 23 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (87) ( ) ( ),639 1. 2. 2. 3. 4. 5. 86 87 78 82 85 80 77
(Moody & Moody, 1991; Wass, 1995; Tamm & Granqvist, 1993 78 85) (Childers & Wimmer, 1971; Kane, 1979; Speece & Brent, 1984; Wainwright, 1987; Mahon et al., 1999) Kane(1979)Florian(1985)Hoffman Strauss(1985)Mahon (1999) Wenestam Wass (1987)Tamm Granqvist(1995) Childers Wimmer 1971 75 4 10 9 9 Brent Speece(1993)165 18 50 40
77 78 82 85 87 Gartley Bernasconi(1967)60 5 14 9 10 78 Tamm Granqvist(1993)6 9 Tamm Granqvist (1995) 9 19 WhiteElsom Pramat(1978) ( 85)Lee(1987) 56 6 12 41
Tamm Granqvist(1995) (Schilder & Wechsler, 1934; Koocher, 1973; Weiniger, 1979; Florian, 1985) (77) 78 87 (Raphael, 1984; Matter & Matter, 1982)Wainwright(1987) 7 12 Anthony(1971) Anthony (1971) Matter (1982) Tallmer(1974) 199 3 12 42
78 Hargrove(1979) (Beauchamp, 1974; Binks, 1982; Swain, 1976; Jenkins, & Cavanaugh, 1986) (Speece, 1984; Speece & Brent, 1992; Brent & Speece, 1993; Tamm & Granqvist, 1993; Tamm & Granqvist, 1995; Mahon et al., 1999) 78 87 (Bowlby, 1980; Florian & Kpavetz, 1985; Webb, 1993) Florian Kpavetz(1985) 337 10 Gartley Bernasconi (1976) 60 5 14 43
78 Kaplan Joslin(1993) (Childers & Wimmer, 1971; Lonetto, 1980; Weiniger, 1979) 87 78 80 Hargrove(1979) 78 44
Bluebond-Langner(1989) 40 18 14 3 Wainwright(1987) Bowlby(1980) Normand Mishara(1992) Grenier(1986) (Gartley & Bernasconi, 1967; Bolduc, 1972; Kane, 1979; Hargrove, 1979; Stambrook & Parker, 1987) (Childers & Wimmer, 1971; McIntire et al.,1972) 78 87 Lamers(1995) Gartley Bernasconi(1967) 45
Wass(1984) Wenestam Wass(1987)4 19 78 82 80 87 46
3-1 3-1 47
48
(critical case sampling) (Jick, 1983) 4 24 Marton(1988) Wenestam(1982)Wenestam Wass (1987)Tamm Granqvist(1993, 1995) Marton 49
(Prichard & Epting, 1992; Tamm & Granqvist, 1995)Prichard Epting(1992) Wenestam(1982)Wenestam Wass (1987) Tamm Granqvist(1995) 61 50
2-1 Tamm Granqvist (1995) 3-1 3-1 51
42 3-2 0.76 3-2 --- 0.81 0.74 --- --- 0.74 --- --- --- =0.76 Neimeyer(1983)Holcomb Neimeyer (1993) 84 84. 52
61 61 30% 53
Neimeyer(1983)Holcomb Neimeyer (1993) 84 3-3 54
3-3 3-4 55
56 3-4
258 0.77 3-5 3-5 --- 0.77 0.76 --- --- 0.77 --- --- --- =0.77 57
58 3-2 88.06 88.07 88.08 88.09 88.10 88.11 88.12 89.01 89.02 89.03 89.04 89.05 89.06 3-2
61 59
10-20 3-6 Wenestam(1982, 1984)Tamm Granqvist(1995) 60
3-6 9101~ 8101~ 7101~ 6101~ 5101~ 4101~ 9101~ 8101~ 7101~ 6101~ 5101~ 4101~ 9101~ 8101~ 7101~ 6101~ 5101~ 4101~ 3-6 Neimeyer(1983)Holcomb Neimeyer (1993) 84 3-6 61
SPSS for Windows SPSS for Windows 2 á<.05 2 SPSS for Windows 2 á<.05 2 62