,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 189
2002 3,, 3000,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1881 1933),, 1898, ;1904,,;, 2, 1980,393 399, ( 1995 1 ) ( 2001 2 ) ( 2001 3 ) ( 2001 2 ) ( 1996 2 ),,,, ;,,,,, 2 ( 1974 ),, 190
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1912,,,,,,, 1912 10,,,,,, :,1982,26,1 10, (: 1913 3,,,) :,:,1912 :,1 1 191
2002 3 : 1912 10 7 ( 1913 1917) () (1913 ) 1913 9 27 () 1913 12 11 1920 4 3 ( 1913 1916) ( 1916 1930) 1920 7 10 ( ), 12 12,, : 2,30 192
12 23 1 7,,,,,, 1913 7,( ) 8 15,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1913 9,, 19,,,, :,,,,1 12,,1923 1 :,1 6, :,1 9, 193
2002 3,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,( ),,,,1913 12 27, :,(1911 1949), 1985,50 :,: ( ), (498),, 1966,5148 :,1 1,,1922 1 194
,,,,, :,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, The Chinese Recorder,Vol. 43, November 1913, pp. 687 692. J. G. Lutz, Chinese Politics and Christian Missions (Cross Cultural Publications Inc.,1988), pp. 27 30. :, :, 1977, 688 693 :,,697 :, ( ), (498),5142 5145 195
2002 3 1913 10 31,,,, :,,,,,,, 1914, 1916 6 6,,8 9 5,, 1913,, 19 ( ), 11 12,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1,1989,715,1 1, 196
,,, : (1) ; (2),, ; (3),,,,,,,,, ; (4),, :,,,?,,,,,?,,,,, (1911 1949),53 :,: 1, 1993,230 237 :, 1,215 :, 1,214 :, 1,336 :, 1,320 :, :2, 1984,136 :, 1,224 225 197
2002 3,, : :,,;, :,,,, ;,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, :,1 8, :,1 8, :,1 6, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:, 1981, 847 848 198
,,,, :,,,,,,!,,,,,,,,:,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,1 1, :,1 6, : ;: ;:, ( ), (498),5140 5151 199
2002 3,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ;,,;,,,?,, :,1 1, :,,279 : :;; M., 1996,1264 200
,,,,,,,,,, 1917 5 14,,1913 19 2,11,,,,,,,,,, 1917 7,,,,,,,,,, :, (1911 1949),63 :,1 1, ;,1 1, ;, 2 1,,1923 2 201
2002 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,50 56 :,1 1 :,1 1 202
,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,1 9, :,1 1 :,1 8, :,1 1 ;,1 2,,1922 2 203
2002 3,,,,,,,,,, :,? :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), :,1 3, :,50 56 :,1 3,,1922 3 :,1 2, :,1 7,,1922 7 :,1 4,,1922 4 :,1 12, 204
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (Max Weber), :,, C. Z. Y:, 1 6,1915 6 10,2 205
2002 3 :,,, ( ) ;,,,,,,,,,?,,,, ( ),,,,,800,, 32,, Max Weber, The Religion of China : Confucianism and Taoism (Macmilliam Publishing Co., 1964),pp. 246 248. :,50 56 Chen Huan2chang, The Economical Principles of Confucius and His School (Columbia University Press,1911) 206
:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,4 2, 1992,:,,, 207
2002 3,,, evolution,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 9,7,8, :, 4 2 208
,, 9,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Chen Huan2chang, The Economical Principle of Confucius and His School,chapter18Labor2 Population,pp. 316 319. :, ( 1985,17 ) :,,,,,,,,,,, 209
2002 3,,,, :,,,,,,: ; ; ; ;,, :,,,,,, 2,3 4 :,2,32 210
,,,,,,,,,,,1913,,,,,,,,, (1912 1915),,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,, :,2 5,,1923 6 : 1913,, 35,89 90 (1912 1915), 21 (),,1986,41 42 211
2002 3 1917, 13 1913,,,, 1914 6,,,,, 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ),: (626),, 1971,20 :, : 4, 1985,267 :1917, : : ( ), (626),21 22 (),1999,325 1, (),325, 2,46 91,2,7 8 212
,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,3 2,1917 4 1 213
2002 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,, 1913 :,1 1 :,1 1 :,, 2,359 :, 1 3,1913 7 214
,, 1916 :,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,,,,,,,,,,?, :,,,,, :,,1916 ( ), 35,87 88, 1 5,1912 10 215
2002 3, ;,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2,107,,2,36 216
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,:,,,,,, 1912,,,,,, 1915,,,, :,1 9 :, 1913 6 23, (),312 1,1913 12 : (1841 1919),1, 1974,29 217
2002 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2,8 218
, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :(), 1 3,1914 7 10,20 :,1997,2 ::,1997,89 :,1 1, 219
2002 3,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, Mary Clabaugh Wright, The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism : the Tung2chih Restoration, 1862 1874 (New York : Atheneum,1966, rev. ed. ). :, 64,1928 7 220
( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1922,,,,, 1931,,,,, (,, ), 610064 :,1 5,,1922 5 221