A Study on the Impacts of Grid Connection Wind Power Generations
() ()A Study on the Impacts of Grid Connection Wind Power Generations 9131646 () ()Zhi-Yuan Kuo () ()Chan-Nan Lu ()
() Wind power generations have increased impacts on the electric utility power systems. When the wind power is placed into service in an electric system, it becomes a functioning part of the system, which may require other design changes to the system and special practices to integrate it to the system. The presence of the wind power generation units will directly affect voltage profiles along a feeder by changing the direction and magnitude of active/reactive power flows. A number of coordination issues including safety issue, protection, voltages and frequency control presently require study in order to understand technical limits to the penetration of wind power or distributed generation on a given system. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the impacts of wind generators connected to a distribution system. To take load uncertainty and wind power generation uncertainty due to wind speed variation in the analysis, Monte Carlo simulation technique is used. A number of cases are tested to assess the impacts of wind power generations in various scenarios for the studied network. Test results have shown that the when wind power generators are connected to distribution network, it would not only reduce the probability of occurrence of undervoltage but also decrease the feeder losses. The analytical models proposed in this thesis can provide the utility useful information in placing the wind power generators.
I
Abstract Wind power generations have increased impacts on the electric utility power systems. When the wind power is placed into service in an electric system, it becomes a functioning part of the system, which may require other design changes to the system and special practices to integrate it to the system. The presence of the wind power generation units will directly affect voltage profiles along a feeder by changing the direction and magnitude of active/reactive power flows. A number of coordination issues including safety issue, protection, voltages and frequency control presently require study in order to understand technical limits to the penetration of wind power or distributed generation on a given system. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the impacts of wind generators connected to a distribution system. To take load uncertainty and wind power generation uncertainty due to wind speed variation in the analysis, Monte Carlo simulation technique is used. A number of cases are tested to assess the impacts of wind power generations in various scenarios for the studied network. Test results have shown that the when wind power generators are connected to distribution network, it would not only reduce the probability of occurrence of undervoltage but also decrease the feeder losses. The analytical models proposed in this thesis can provide the utility useful information in placing the wind power generators. Keyword Wind power generations, Monte Carlo simulation II
----------------------------------------------------------------------- I ---------------------------------------------------------------------- II --------------------------------------------------------------------------- III ------------------------------------------------------------------------ VI ------------------------------------------------------------------------- X ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1-1 ------------------------------------------------------ 1 1-2 --------------------------------------------------------- 2 1-3 --------------------------------------------------------------- 5 -------6 2-1 ------------------------------------------------ 6 2-2 ----------------------------------------------------- 11 2-3 ----------------------------------------------- 12 2-4 -------------------------------------------- 19 2-5 ----------------------------- 20 III
2-6 ----------------------------------------- 25 2-7 IEEE --------------------------- 32 -------------------------- 38 3-1 ----------------------------------------- 38 3-2 ----------------------------------------- 41 3-3 -------------------------- 43 3-3-1 -------------------------------------------- 44 3-3-2 -------------------------------------------- 45 3-4 ----------------------------------------------- 47 3-4-1 ----------------------------------------------------- 47 3-4-2 ----------------------------------------------------------- 47 3-5 48 3-6 P st P lt ----- 55 -------------------------- 63 4-1 -----------------------------------------------------64 4-2 ----------------------------------------------- 67 4-2-1 --------------------------- 67 IV
4-2-2 --------------------------------- 70 4-2-3 --------------------------------- 72 4-2-4 P st P lt --------76 4-2-5 ------------------------ 79 4-2-6 ----------------------------------------------- 82 ------------------------------------------- 98 5-1 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 98 5-2 ------------------------------------------------------ 101 -------------------------------------------------------------------- 102 V
2-1 ----------------------------------- 6 2-2 --------------------------------------------- 16 2-3 --------------------------------------------- 18 2-4 Cp- ------------------------------------------------------- 19 2-5 --------------------------------------------------- 20 2-6 ------------------------------------------------ 22 2-7 ------------------------------------------------ 22 2-8 ----------------------------------------------------------- 23 2-9 ------------------------------------- 34 3-1 --------------------------------------------------- 38 3-2 --------------------------------------------------- 38 3-3 d(%)( φ + θ) ------40 3-4 d(%)r --------------40 3-5 ------------------------------------------------ 42 3-6 ------------------------------------------------ 48 3-7 --------------------------------------- 50 VI
3-8 ------------------- 52 3-9 ------------------------------------ 52 3-10 ------------------------------------------ 54 3-11 ------------------------ 56 4-1 ------- 64 4-2 --------------------------------- 66 4-3 ------------------- 69 4-4 ------------- 71 4-5 ------------- 72 4-6 ------------------------------ 73 4-7 ---------------------- 73 4-8 CB -------------------------- 75 4-9 CB ----------------------- 75 4-10 P st P lt -------------------------------78 4-11 ( )P st P lt ---------------78 4-12 ( )P st P lt ---------------79 4-13 ----------- 80 VII
4-14 24 ( )----------------------------- 82 4-15 24 ( )-------------------------- 82 4-16 24 ( )-------------------------- 83 4-17 24 ( )------------------------ 83 4-18 (BK0) ( 1000 )------- 84 4-19 (BK0) ( 1000 )------- 84 4-20 (BK0) ---------- 85 4-21 (BK0) ---------- 86 4-22 ----------- 86 4-23 (BK0) ---- 87 4-24 -------- 87 4-25 --- 88 4-26 ------------------------------------------- 89 4-27 ------------------------------------------- 89 4-28 -------------------------------------- 90 4-29 24 ( )----------------------------- 90 4-30 24 ( )-------------------------- 91 VIII
4-31 ( )--------- 92 4-32 ( )------ 92 4-33 --------------------------- 93 4-34 -------------------------- 93 4-35 IEEE (30 BUS)------------------------------- 94 4-36 -------------------- 96 4-37 -------------------- 96 4-38 24 ---------------- 97 IX
2-1 1998~2003 ------------------------------7 2-2 --------------------- 13 2-3 ---------------------------------------14 2-4 IEEE-519,1992 --------------------29 3-1 ------------------------------------------------56 3-2 ---------------------------------------57 3-3 ----------------------------------------------------- 60 3-4 ( )---------------------------------- 61 3-5 ( )---------------------------------- 61 4-1 ----------------------------------------------------- 65 4-2 ---------------------------------------------------66 4-3 ---------------------------------------------68 5-1 IEEE (30 BUS) ---------------95 X
1-1 [1] 20 2000 1000 3 4 [2] 750 200 1500 204 0 0.1 [2] 50 70 1
200 [2] 1-2 IEEE 1988 IEEE 1001-1988 (Guide for Interfacing Dispersed Storage and Generation Facilities with Electric Utility Systems) IEEE 1001-1988 2
IEEE IEEE Std. 929-1988IEEE ( 2000 ) ANSI/IEEE Std. 1021-1988IEEE IEEE Std. 1094-1991IEEE IEEE Std. C37.95-1989IEEE / IEEE WG C-5 500kW 1992 10 IEEE 519-1992IEEE IEEE Std. 1035-1989 IEEE (Recommended Practice) 1990 IEEE 3
IEEE SCC21 P-1547 JEAG 9701-2001 3 [3]-[4] 4
1-3 P st P lt P st P lt 5
2-1 2003 40,000 MW 800 2,200 2-1 5 31.8% 2-1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 (GW) 2-1 [5] 6
2-1 1998~2003 [5] MW MW % % 1998 2,597 10,235 1999 3,922 51% 13,932 37% 2000 4,495 15% 18,449 32% 2001 6,824 52% 24,927 35% 2002 7,227 6% 32,037 29% 2003 8,344 15% 40,301 26% 27.8% 31.8% 80 80 90 10 14,000 2000 1990 1,743MW 2000 18,449MW 370 20% 2003 39,151MW 2006 79,497MW (Grid connection) (Hybrid System) 7
(Wind Farm) ( Altamont Pass Tehachapi ) LNG 25 (2MW ) 80 1,000MW 89 (Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act) 20%30%2000 12,822MW 2006 54,000MW 150-250 1.1-4.5MW( EnerconE112 4.5MW) 2010 6 12% 8
340MW 2006 1,706MW 2001 1,456MW 2006 4,256MW 1998 31MW2001 357MW 2010 3,000MW( 3% ) (2.64 (3.5MW) (2.4MW) MW) 10MW 0.03% 18% 4.7%[6] 2010 500MW[7] 10MW USW 12.7 / 100 5.8 / 19.4 / 9
90 11 4 600 Enercon E40 11.4KV 2.5 / 13 600 25 / 89 12 4 / 15 / 660 25 / 11.4kV 1.15 10
4 / 16 / 1.75 25 / MW 85 10 2-2 [8] 59% 30~50% 20%~45% 11
2.5~4m/s 12~15m/s 20~25m/s (pitch regulation) (stall control) 600kW 45m1000kW 55m 2000kW 75m (1~3 ) 2 3 2-3 [9] 12
(Stall Regulator) (Pitch Regulator) 2-2 2-2 [10] (Stall Regulator) (Pitch Regulator) 19 80 100 ( 60%) 2000 2000 ( 97~99%) 2005 3000 ( 98~99%) 2-3 13
2-3 [11] 1980 2000 2005 <100 600~1000 1000~3000 60% 97~99% 98~99% 500 / 2 /1100 / 2 /1250 / 2 / 4,000 / 1,000 / < 1,000 / 40 / 5~6 / 3~4 / 60 0 (Synchronous generator, SG) (Permanent-magnet generator, PMG) (Asynchronous induction generator, IG) (IG) Converter/Inverter 22.51 1/3 14
( >2.51) Vestas 660kW ( ) (Opti-Slip system) ( 10% ) (Opti-Speed system) 60% Converter Inverter Enercon E40 (PMG) (Rectifier) / (Inverter) 15
660kW 2000kW MWT-S MWT-S600 MWT-S2000 (SG) (Pitch Control) 2-2 2-2 [9] 16
( ) 20~30rpm 3600rpm (Rectifier) (Inverter) Enercon EN 230kW280kW600kW1500kW 1800kW Lagerway 750kW (IG) ( ) 2~4%( ) 17
2-3 2-3 [9] Vestas NEG-MiconBonusNordexJacobsFuhrlanderDewind Mitsubisi Lagerway GE( )Nzond 18
2-4 [12] (F) F=0.5*Cp**A*V 2 A ( m 2 ) ( kg/m 3 Cp V ( m/s) F 3 P=0.5*Cp**A*V (kw) (2-1) Cp =R/V R (rad/s) Cp- 2-4 2-4 Cp- [12] 19
2-5 ( ) 2-5 2-5 [12] 20
[13] ( ) ( ) [14]2-6 10kW 21
2-6 2-7 10kW 10kW 2-7 22
2-8 2-8 23
24
2-6 [15] ( 11.4kV22.8kV 0kA69kV40kA161kV50kA345kV63kA) ±5% ±10% ±2.5% ±2.5% 1 25
22.8kV( )±5% 10% (1) (2) (101V 6V (3) ( 1 2% 101V6V202V20V) (4) ( (101V6V202V20 V ) 2kVA 6kVA 15kVA 202V20V ) ) ( 2% 10% ) 26
(5) ( 2% 10% ) (6) ( ) 161kV ( ) 85% 100 27
0.9( ) 85% ( 80%) 85% 95% IEEE/Std 519-1992 (peak) (ture rms voltmeters) IEEE/Std 519-1992 ULIEEEIEC 85% 95% 85% k- 28
(Area Electric Power System, Area EPS) (PCC) IEEE 519-1992 2-4 2-4 IEEE-519,1992 [16] h < 11 11 < h < 17 17 < h < 23 23 < h < 35 35 < h TDD IEEE-519 10.3 I SC /I 1 < 20 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0 25 IEEE P1547 (type testing) IEEE 519-1992 IEEE 519-1992 20 (THD) 3% I L 25% 50%75% 50% 25%50% IEEE 519-1992 THD 40 29
IEEE 519-1992 ( I SC /I L 20 ) IEEE 519 ( ) 35kV ( ) ( ) 30
60kV (1) (2) a. b. (a) (b) (c) (3) 31
(4) 2-7 IEEE [17] ) ( ) (A,B,C1,2,3 ( ) 32
( ) () ( ) / 33
( 2-10) H 2-9 [17] 34
(Y- -YY-YZig-Zag ) : ( ) (Basic Impulse Insulation Level, BIL ) BIL BIL ( ) 35
Isokeraunic ( -/) ( BEL ) ( ) 36
/ Islanding (0.1Hz) 37
3-1 Z L I V S V R Load 3-1 V S XI I V R a b c RI d e 3-2 38
3-1 V S =V R +Z L I (3-1) Z L =R+jX (3-2) V S V S V S = V R +ab+de= V R + I Rcos+ I Xsin (3-3) P= V R I cos Q= V R I si n I V S = V R + R Pφ+ X Q φ (3-4) V R I I=I p +ji q (3-5) d = Z I = (R + = V S k 2 L S V n jx) ( I (cosφcosθ sin φsin θ) + p + j I ) = Z q L (cosφ + S j... S k n jsin φ) I (cosθ + cos( φ + θ) jsin θ) cos( ) 100 cos( ) S S n d(%) 100 φ + θ = φ + θ (3-6) R k S k S n R(R=S k /S n ) 39
d φ 3-3 d(%)( φ + θ) [18] 3-4 d(%)r [18] 40
3-3 3-4 0.95 0.95 3-2 [19] ( ) MVA sc 3-5 MVA (1) ()( ) MVA SC 2 (kv) 2 = = (kv) Y (3-7) Z (2) (pu)( ) MVA r MVA SC = (3-8) Zpu Y (S) Z () Z pu (p.u.) 41
MVA r (MVA) kv (kv) MVA sc (MVA) 3-5 MVA MVA sc =(kv) 2 Y MVA sc Y MVA Y MVA = MVA MVA 1 2 1,2 MVA1 + MVA 2 (3-9) MVA = + 1+ MVA MVA 2 1 2 (3-10) MVA (1) (2) MVA sc MVA (3) MVA MVA sc 42
(4) I sc I sc = MVA sc 3 kv r (3-11) 3-3 [20] ( ) (Wind Turbine Power Curve) (Bus Data) - (Swing)(Load) - - - 43
- (Branch Data) - - (System Data) - - - 3-3-1 - (Gauss-Seidel Method) - (Newton-Raphson Method) (De-coupled) - - - - Pk Q k P = θ Q θ P V θ Q V V k k (3-12) V k+ 1 = V k + V, θ k k+ 1 = θ k + θ k k k 44
3-3-2 PQ RX PQ RX (3-13) (3-14) P = f (U) (3-13) U P = I 2 R R R 1 s s (3-14) I R R R s PQ PQ (3-15)(3-16)(3-17) 2 2 2 2 2 X X 2 2 V 2RP (V 2RP) 4P (R X ) c + + = V + X + X (3-15) 2 2 2 X X 2(R + X ) 2(R + X ) Q 2 c V P X X c 45
R Q = Q 0 2 Q P Q P (3-16) 1 2 (3-16)Q, Q, Q 0 1 2 (3-15)(3-16) 2 X X c 2 Q = V + X P (3-17) 2 X X V c PQ ASPEN PSSE 46
Aspen PSSE 3-4 [21] 3-4-1 (1) (2) (3) (4) 3-4-2 (Unsymmetrical Faults) (Single Line-to-Ground Fault) (Double Line-to-Ground Fault) (Line-to-Line Fault) (Three Line-to-Ground Fault) (Sequence Network) 47
(Symmetrical Component) k 3-6 ( Z f ) 3-6 I ( + ) k, fa Pos.-Seq.-Network I I ( ) k, fa Neg.-Seq.-Network ( 0 ) k, fa Zero.-Seq.-Network 3Z f 3-6 [21] 3-5 48
(Random Sampling) [22] [22] 1. 2. [22] 1. 2. [23] 1. 2. P Wi =E(P W )i + (randn)i Wi i 49
3. P l n=e(p l )n +(randn)n l n n bus E(P W ) W E(P l ) l randn : 0 1 (normal probability distribution) f (x ) = ( x ) 2 / 2 2 1 µ σ 2πσ e (3-18) =, = =3.14159, e =2.71828 3-7 [24] 50
[24] 3-7 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 3-8 6. 1( ) 7. 1 68.26% 2 95.44% 3 99.72% 3-9 (a)(b)(c) 51
σ=5 σ=10 3-8 [24] 99.72% 95.44% 68.26% -3-2 -1 +1 +2 +3 3-9 [24] 52
3-10 ABC 1000 53
>24 = +1 >1000 = +1 STOP 3-10 54
3-6 P st P lt (1) (Short term flicker severity, P st ) P st 10 P st P = 0.0314P + 0.0525P + 0.0657P + 0.28P + 0.08P (3-19) st 0.1 1.0 3.0 10 50 P 0.1 0.1%S f 0.1%S f 10 ( 3-11) 0.1% S f (2) (Long term flicker indicator, P lt ) P lt P st 2 P lt P lt N 3 1 3 = N Pst (3-20) k k= 1 55
N=12 P st 10 2 12 P st P st N 12 3-11 3-1 V 10 3-1 IEC 61000-3-3/5 IEC 61000-3-7 (a) P st =1.25, P lt =1.0 (a)132kv (b)p 1.0, P =0.8 (b)132k P st P st =1.0, P lt =0.65 P lt st= lt V P st =1.0, P lt =0.8 10 Hz V 10 0.45-220~250V 35kV 56
P st <E Psti (3-21) P lt <E Plti (3-22) P st P lt E Psti E Plti PCC IEC 61000-3-7 3-2 IEC Std. 61000-3-7 (Indicative planning levels) 3-2 Indicative values of planning levels MV HV-EHV P st 0.9 0.8 P lt 0.7 0.6 P st S n = P = c( Ψ,V ) (3-23) lt k a Sk 57
c( k, V a ) k V a S n S k k V a k V a P = P = S 1 stσ ltσ k i= 1 N wt (c ( Ψ,V ) S i k a n,i ) 2 (3-24) S k c i ( k,v a ) S n,i N wt 58
P st S 0.31 n = 18 N10 k f ( Ψk ) (3-25) S k P 0.31 = 8 N k ( Ψ ) lt 120 f k S n S k (3-26) k f ( k ) k P stσ = 18 ( S k N wt i=1 N Ψ 3.2 10,i (k f,i ( k ) Sn.i ) ) 0.31 (3-27) P ltσ = S 8 k ( N wt i= 1 N 120,i (k, i f ( Ψ k ) S n,i ) 3.2 ) 0. 31 (3-28) N 10,i N 12 0,i 10 2 k f,i ( k ) S n,i IEC61400-21-2 [25] 59
P n = 600kW S n = 607kVA U n = 690V I n = 508A P 60 = 645kW Q 60 = 645kvar [25] V a = 7.2 m/s S = 25MVA k k = 55 N = 3 c( k,v a ) k = 30 o 50 o 70 o 85 o a 10kV V = 6m/s7.5m/s8.5m/s 10m/s 3-3 3-3 [25] k 30 50 70 85 Va (m/s), c(,v ) k a 6.0 m/s 7.1 5.9 5.1 6.4 7.5 m/s 7.4 6.0 5.2 6.6 8.5 m/s 7.8 6.5 5.6 7.2 10.0 m/s 7.9 6.6 5.7 7.3 60
k f ( k ) 85 o k =30 o 50 o 70 o 10 N 10 2 N 120 3-4 3-5 3-4 ( ) [25] 10 3 N 10 2 N 120 k 30 50 70 85 k f ( k ) 0.35 0.34 0.38 0.43 k u ( k) 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 30 3-5 ( ) [25] 10 1 N 10 2 8 N 120 k 30 50 70 85 k f ( k ) 0.35 0. 34 0.38 0.43 k u ( k ) 1.30 0.85 1.05 1.60 7.2 m/s 55 o 3-3 5.8 607 kva 25MVA 3-23 3-24 61
607 P lt = 3 5.8 = 0.244 251000 IEC 61000-3-7 P lt =0.8 IEC 55 o 3-4 3-5 3-25 3-28 N* N 120 =330 =90( ) k f (55 o )=0.35 0.31 607 P = 8 (3 30) 0.35 = 0.27 lt 251000 N*N 120 =38=24 () k f (55 o )=0.62 0.31 607 P lt = 8 (3 8) 0.62 = 0.32 251000 IEC 61000-3-7 P =0.8 IEC lt 62
( 3-6) 4-2-2 4-2-3 MVA ( 3-73-8) 4-2-4 IEC61400-21-2 ( 600kW) ( 3-3 3-5) 3-23 3-28 IEC 61000-3-7 63
4-1 4-1 64
4-1 ( ) 4-1 69kV 12.55kA 4-1 #1 #2 ( )P(kW) Q(kVAR) ( )P(kW) Q(kVAR) AA0 1449.5 288.4 BA0 137.1 27.2 AAa0 1364.4 271.5 BAa0 1320.4 262.7 AB0 381.1 75.8 BB0 17.2 3.4 ABa0 164.8 32.7 BBa0 44.6 8.8 AC0 152.4 30.3 BC0 68.7 136.7 ACa0 249.8 49.7 BCa0 137.2 273.0 AD0 198.6 39.5 BD0 103.0 205.0 ADa0 1045.4 208.0 BDa0 68.7 13.6 SUM 5006 995.9 BE0 145.7 28.9 BEa0 34.2 6.8 BF0 68.5 13.6 BFa0 291.6 58.0 BG0 77.1 15.3 BGa0 68.5 13.6 BH0 51.5 10.2 BHa0 34.2 6.8 BI0 34.2 6.8 BIa0 600.2 119.4 BJ0 60.0 11.9 BJa0 114.1 22.7 BK0 25.7 5.1 SUM 3502.4 1249.5 65
A1 A2 B1B2B3 600kW 4-2 4-2 600 690V 0.15 p.u. 11.4/0.69 kv 0.69 kv BUS G*2 G*2 G*2 G*2 4-2 66
4-2 4.8MW 4-2 4-2-1 67
1.0 4-3 1.0 0.95 0.95 ( BK0) 4-3 PQ PSSE ASPEN 4-3 1.0 0.95 0.95 (MW) (MW) (MVAR) (MW) (MVAR) (MW) (MVAR) 1.2 (2 ) 1.2 0 1.2-0.394 1.2 0.394 1.2 (2) 1.2 0 1.2-0.394 1.2 0.394 1.2 (2) 1.2 0 1.2-0.394 1.2 0.394 1.2 (2) 1.2 0 1.2-0.394 1.2 0.394 68
8 PF=0.95 lead PF=1.0 PF=0.95 lag 7 6 5 d(%) 4 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Short circuit ratio(r) 4-3 4-3 4-3 BK0 R=10203040 50 4-3 0.95 0.95 69
( 3-6) PF=1.0 R=10 BK0 30.4MVA 71.87 o 3.04MVA 3% 3% ) cos(71.87 3.04 100 (BK0) d = 30.4 o 4-3 4-2-2 70
4-4 4-4 4-4 4-5 4-5 ( ) (kw) 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 (km) 4-4 71
200 300 600 (kw) BA0 BG0 BK0 BA0+BG0+BK0 0 100 400 500 4-5 4-2-3 SS2 BK0 4-6 4-6 72
1000 2 3000 4 5 6 7 8000 9 SS2 BA0 BB0 BC0 BD0 BE0 BF0 BG0 BH0 BI0 BJ0 BK0 (bus name) (A) 0 000 000 000 000 000 000 4-6 10 20 30 40 4-7 50 60 (%) 0 SS2 BA0 BB0 BC0 BD0 BE0 BF0 BG0 BH0 BI0 BJ0 BK0 (bus name) 73
4-7 4-6 ( 3-7 3-11) BA0 4 (1.2*4=4.8MVA) BA0 96.7MVAS base =100MVA 0.15p.u. = 100 0.15 100 4 =32 (MVA) 1.2 (0.69 =>11.4kV) = 6 0.15 =40 (MVA) = 32 40 + 96.7 =114.48 (MVA) 32+ 40 11.4kV I sc = 114.48 =5.80 (ka) 3 11.4 4-6 74
6800 7600 8000 8600 SS2 BA0 BB0 BC0 BD0 BE0 BF0 BG0 BH0 BI0 BJ0 BK0 ) (A) 8200 8400 7000 7200 7400 7800 (bus name 4-8 CB 0 2 4 6 8 10 14 (%) 4-9 CB 12 SS2 BA0 BB0 BC0 BD0 BE0 BF0 BG0 BH0 BI0 BJ0 BK0 (bus name) 75
4-8 CB ( ) 4-9 4-8 4-8 4-9 CB 4-2-4 P st P lt 76
倂 倂 (PCC) ( 3%) IEC (P st ) (P lt )( P lt =0.46, P st =0.6) IEC61400/21/2 P st P lt IEC 61000-3-7 4-10 10 m/s () P st P lt IEC 77
Pst (P lt) 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 6 m/s 7.5 m/s 8.5 m/s 10 m/s 0 5 10 15 20 25 SCR 4-10 P st P lt 4-10 4-11 ( )P st P lt 78
4-12 ( )P st P lt 4-11 4-12 4-11 4-12 4-11 4-12 ( ) P st P lt IEC 4-2-5 ( ) 79
( ) 22.8kV() 5% (11.4kV 22.8kV 10kA) (km) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 (5% ) 4-13 80
4-13 5% 4-13 BA0( 1.25 ) BA0 96.7MVA 82.68 1.2MVA 5% 37.97MVA S wt = ( 1.2 96.7 0.05 1.2 = 37.97 ) cos(82.68 ) (MVA) -5% ( 1.2 ) 96.7 cos( 82.68 o ) BA0 (96.7 + 37.97)MVA = BA0 3 11.4kV = 6.82(kA) - 81
4-2-6 (BK0) Load Variation(p.u.) 1.2 1 0.8 0. 6 0.4 0.2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 (hour) 4-14 24 ( ) Load Variation(p.u.) 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 (hour) 4-15 24 ( ) 82
4-14 4-15 (kw) (kw) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 (hour) 4-16 24 ( ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 (hour) 4-17 24 ( ) 83
4-16 4-17 ( BK0) 4-18 (BK0) ( 1000 ) 4-19 (BK0) ( 1000 ) 84
4-18 4-19 1000 4-20 4-21 (BK0)24 1.00 max min mean (p.u.) 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 (hour) 4-20 (BK0) 85
1.00 max min mean 0.99 (p.u.) 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324 (hour) 4-21 (BK0) 4-22 4-23 24 250 max min mean 200 (kw) 150 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 (hour) 4-22 86
250 max min mean (kw) 200 150 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 (hour) 4-23 (BK0) 4-24 4-25 1.00 max min mean 0.99 (p.u.) 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 SS2 BA0 BB0 BC0 BD0 BE0 BF0 BG0 BH0 BI0 BJ0 BK0 (bus name) 4-24 87
1.00 max min mean 0.99 (p.u.) 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 SS2 BA0 BB0 BC0 BD0 BE0 BF0 BG0 BH0 BI0 BJ0 BK0 (bus name) 4-25 4-26 25 / 4-27 88
4-28 4-26 4-27 89
4-28 4 0.6MVA (BK0) (m/s) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 (hour) 4-29 24 ( ) 90
(m/s) 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 (hour) 4-30 24 ( ) 4-29 4-30 () 4-14 4-15 2-4 ( 2-1) (BK0) 4-31 4-32 24 4-31 4-32 4-20( ) 91
(p.u.) 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 max min mean 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 (hour) 4-31 ( ) 1.01 max min mean (p.u.) 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 (hour) 4-32 ( ) 92
4-33 4-34 24 (kw) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 max min mean 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 (hour) 4-33 (kw) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 max min mean 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 (hour) 23 4-34 93
IEEE 30 BUS 4-35 ( ) 5-1 4-35 IEEE (30 BUS) 94
5-1 IEEE (30 BUS) Bus Number Bus Type Load Generator Wind Generator P(MW) Q(MVAR) P(MW) Q(MVAR) P(MW) Q(MVAR) 1 1 0 0 260.2-16.1 0 0 2 2 21.7 12.7 40 50 0 0 3 0 2.4 1.2 0 0 0 0 4 0 7.6 1.6 0 0 0 0 5 2 94.2 19 0 37 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 22.8 10.9 0 0 2.4 0 8 2 30 30 0 37.3 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 5.8 2 0 0 0 0 11 2 0 0 0 16.2 0 0 12 0 11.2 7.5 0 0 0 0 13 2 0 0 0 10.6 0 0 14 0 6.2 1.6 0 0 0 0 15 0 8.2 2.5 0 0 0 0 16 0 3.5 1.8 0 0 0 0 17 0 9 5.8 0 0 0 0 18 0 3.2 0.9 0 0 0 0 19 0 9.5 3.4 0 0 0 0 20 0 2.2 0.7 0 0 0 0 21 0 17.5 11.2 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 3.2 1.6 0 0 2.4 0 24 0 8.7 6.7 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 3.5 2.3 0 0 2.4 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 0 2.4 0.9 0 0 0 0 30 0 10.6 1.9 0 0 0 0 SUM 283.4 126.2 300.2 135 7.2 0 95
(p.u.) 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.01 1 0.99 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 (bus number) 4-36 1.08 1.06 (p.u.) 1.04 1.02 1 0.98 0.96 0.94 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 (bus number) 4-37 4-36 4-37 BUS7BUS23 BUS26 BUS 96
(kw) 20000 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 (hour) 4-38 24 4-38 BUS 97
5-1 75%~90% ASPEN PSSE 98
1. 2. 3. 99
4. 倂 () ( ) 倂 5. 100
5-2 1. 2. ( ) 3. 4. 101
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