Project Management f or Surveying Engineering

,,, ( ) ( ) 9 1,, 2 3 4,2,3, 4 5 6,,,, FIDIC ;,,, 7 8,,, 9,2002,,,,,,, 1

20 80,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1995 A, -,,,, ( )1999,,,,,,,, ( ) ( )9, 1 2

,,,, 2 3 4, 2, ; 3, ; 4,,,,, 5 6,,,, F IDIC ;,, 7, 8,,, 9, 2002,,,,,, : 1.,,, 2.,,,, 3.,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,,! 2004 10 3

1 1 1. 1 1 1.1.1 1 1.1.2 1 1.1.3 2 1.1.4 2 1.1.5 2 1. 2 7 1.2.1 7 1.2.2 9 1.2.3 10 1.2.4 11 1. 3 14 1.3.1 14 1.3.2 15 1. 4 18 1.4.1 18 1.4.2 19 1.4.3 19 1.4.4 20 1. 5 : 21 1.5.1 21 1.5.2 23 1.5.3 23 1.5.4 24 1. 6 25 1.6.1 25 1.6.2 26 1.6.3 28 1.6.4 29 1.6.5 31 1. 7 32 1

36 1. 9 38 1. 10 40 1.10.1 40 1.10.2 41 2 43 2. 1 43 2.1.1 43 2.1.2 43 2. 2 46 2.2.1 46 2.2.2 47 2. 3 48 2.3.1 48 2.3.2 48 2. 4 49 2.4.1 49 2.4.2 50 2.4.3 56 2.4.4 57 2. 5 58 2.5.1 58 2.5.2 58 3 61 3. 1 61 3.1.1 61 3.1.2 61 3. 2 62 3. 3 62 3.3.1 62 3.3.2 62 3.3.3 63 3. 4 63 3.4.1 63 3.4.2 64 3. 5 65 2 3.5.1 65

65 3.5.3 66 3. 6 67 3.6.1 67 3.6.2 68 3.6.3 69 3. 7 69 3.7.1 69 3.7.2 69 3.7.3 70 3.7.4 71 3. 8 72 3.8.1 72 3.8.2 73 3.8.3 73 3.8.4 [ 21 ] 78 4 81 4. 1 81 4.1.1 81 4.1.2 83 4. 2 84 4.2.1 84 4.2.2 84 4. 3 86 4.3.1 86 4.3.2 86 4.3.3 87 4.3.4 88 4.3.5 88 4.3.6 90 4. 4 90 4.4.1 90 4.4.2 92 4.4.3 92 4. 5 93 4.5.1 93 4.5.2 94 4.5.3 94 3

94 4. 6 95 4.6.1 95 4.6.2 96 4.6.3 96 4. 7 99 4.7.1 ( ) 99 4.7.2 99 4.7.3 101 4. 8 102 4.8.1 102 4.8.2 104 4.8.3 112 4. 9 119 4.9.1 119 4.9.2 ISO 9000 123 4.9.3 1994 ISO 9000 125 4.9.4 ISO 9000 2000 ISO 9000 127 4. 10 140 4.10.1 140 4.10.2 141 4.10.3 142 5 147 5. 1 147 5.1.1 147 5.1.2 147 5.1.3 148 5. 2 149 5.2.1 149 5.2.2 149 5.2.3 150 5.2.4 159 5.2.5 160 5.2.6 ( ) 162 5. 3 175 4 5.3.1 175 5.3.2 176 5.3.3 176

177 5.3.5 177 5.3.6 177 5. 4 177 5. 5 180 5.5.1 180 5.5.2 181 5. 6 182 5.6.1 182 5.6.2 183 5.6.3 183 5.6.4 183 5.6.5 184 5.6.6 184 5. 7 184 5.7.1 184 5.7.2 186 5.7.3 187 5.7.4 188 5.7.5 189 5. 8 191 5.8.1 191 5.8.2 192 5.8.3 192 5.8.4 192 5. 9 192 5.9.1 192 5.9.2 193 5.9.3 194 5.9.4 194 5.9.5 195 5.9.6 196 5. 10 197 5.10.1 197 5.10.2 (DRB) 200 5. 11 F IDIC FIDIC 202 5.11.1 FIDIC 202 5.11.2 FIDIC 203 5. 12 204 5

207 6. 1 207 6.1.1 207 6.1.2 207 6.1.3 208 6.1.4 209 6.1.5 210 6. 2 211 6.2.1 211 6.2.2 212 6.2.3 216 7 226 7. 1 226 7. 2 227 7. 3 227 7. 4 228 7.4.1 228 7.4.2 229 7.4.3 229 7. 5 230 7.5.1 230 7.5.2 231 7.5.3 233 8 234 8. 1 234 8.1.1 234 8.1.2 236 8.1.3 237 8.1.4 240 8.1.5 242 8.1.6 244 8.1.7 246 8. 2 249 8.2.1 249 8.2.2 252 8.2.3 I&B 256 8. 3 261 6

261 8.3.2 263 8.3.3 GPS 265 8. 4 268 8.4.1 268 8.4.2 268 8.4.3 271 8. 5 277 8.5.1 277 8.5.2 279 9 282 9. 1 282 9. 2 288 9. 3 291 9. 4 293 9. 5 299 1 317 2 358 364 7

1. 1 1. 1. 1,,, : (1 ) (2 ), (3 ), 1. 1. 2,,,,,,, : (1 ), (2 ) (3 ),, (4 ),,, (5 ),, (6 ),,, (7 ) :,,,,, 1

, (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) 1. 1. 4, : (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ),, 1. 1. 5,,,, ( ) : () ( ): 1. (1 ) : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 2

7) (2 ) : 1), 2), 3),, 4),, : 1) 2) 3), 4) 5) 6) 7), 8) (3 ) : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) : 1) 2), 3),,, ( U NIDO) A. 3

,,,,, : : : :, : : :, ; 4

B. 1. : (1 )( ), (2 ) 2. : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ),,, (4 ) 3. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) 4. : (1 ) (,,, ; ) (2 ) (3 ) 5. : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) 6.,, 7. () 8. 9. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), 10., 5

11 : (1 ) :,, (2 ):,, (3 ):,,,, (4 ):,, (5 ) :,,,, (6 ):,,,,,, (7 ):, (8 ) :,, (9 ):,, (10) :,,,, (11) :,, 2. (1 ) 1) : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 2) : ; ; ; 3) : ; ; ; ; ; (2 ), ; ; 3. (1 ) ;, ; ;, ; ; ;, (2 ) : ; ; 6

;, :,, 4. ;,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,, 1. 2,, 1. 2. 1 (1 ),,,,, : :, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,, (3 )1958,,,,,,, ;,,,, (4 ),,, () ( )( ),,,,, 7

,,,,,, (5 ),,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ( ),, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 20 80 1992, 1995 9 28 2010, :,, :,,,, 1996 4 6,,, 8

,,,, 2. 1981,, 1999 11,, 2001 1,,,,,,, 1991 11,,,, 3.,,,,,,,, 1999 3 15, 1999 10 1,, 4.,,,, 1. 2. 2, 9

QS Quantity Surveying), QS, ;, ; ;,, QS QS ( RICS), QS :,,,,,,,,,, CM( Construction Management),,, CM CM,,,, CM,,,, CM,, ;,,,,,, 20 50 60, PMC ( Project Management),,,,,,,, ( FIDIC),, 1. 2. 3,,, 1. (1 ),, (2 ),,, (3 ),,, 10

(1 ) ( ),, (2 ), (3 ), (4 ), 3., ;,, ( ), ;,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 1. 2. 4 1. 1983 3 ( ),,,,, 11

:,,,, : (1 ), (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ), (6 ) (7 ) (8 ),,, :,, : (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) (5 ),, (6 ), (7 ) (8 ) (9 ) (10),,, 3., (1 ),, 1),,,,,,, 12 2)

,, ;,,,, ; ;,, (2 ),, : 1),, 2),,,,,,,,,,, 3),,,,,,, 4),,,, 5),,,,,, 13

,,,, :,,, ( ),,, 7), ;, 8), ;,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),, ;,,,,,,,, 1. 3 1. 3. 1 1988,,, 14

,,,,,,,,, 1. 3. 2 1.,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,, ( ) ;,,,,,,,, 3., (1 ) 1),, 2),,, 3), 15

1),,,,,,,,,,, 2),,, (3 ),,,, ; ;, ; ; : (1 ), (2 ), (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) : (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ) (4 ), : (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ) 16

4.,,,,,, : (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,, : 1), :,,, 2),,, 3),,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,, 17

5. (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 4,, 1. 4. 1 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ); (5 ), (6 ) 18

(8 ) ; (9 ) (10) 1. 4. 2 1. (1 ) (2 ) 2. (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ) 3. (1 ),, (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ), (6 ) 4. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), (4 ),, (5 ) (6 ), (7 ) 5.,, 1. 4. 3 1. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) 19

(1 ) (2 ) (3 ), (4 ), (5 ) (6 ) 3. (1 ), (2 ) (3 ) (4 ); ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) (8 ) 4. (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ) 1. 4. 4 1.,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 2.,,,,, 3., ( ),, 20

,,,,,,,, 1.5 :, :, : ; : ;, 1. 5. 1 1.,,, : (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ),,,, (5 ),,, (6 ) ( ) 2.,,, ; ; ;,, ; 3.,,, ;,, 21

,,,, 4.,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, 22

,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 1. 5. 2 1.,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,, ; ;, ;, 1. 5. 3,,,,,, 23

,,,,, 1.,, ; ;, 2.,,,,,, P D C A, PDCA P, ( Plan),, D (Do),, C ( Check ), ( Control),, A ( Action),,,,, 1-1 1-1 PDCA,,,,,,, 24

, ;,, 1. 6 1. 6. 1,,,,, 1.,, 1-2 1-2 2.,, 1-3, 3.,,, 1-4 25

1-4 4., 1-5,,, 1-5 26 1. 6. 2,

:, ;, ;, ; ;,, ;,,, ;, 2. 100 50 10 3. : (1 ),,,,, 50, 10, 3 30 10, 5 2, 2 1 (2 ) 1) 2) GPS, 3) 4), 4., 5.,,,,, 5 27

1. 6. 3 1.,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ) (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ), (5 ),,, (6 ) (7 ) (8 ), (9 ) (10), (11), (12), (13) (14) (15) (16) 2.,,,, 28

: (1 ), (2 ),,,,, (3 ) (4 ),, (5 ) (6 ),,, (7 ) (8 ), (9 ) (10) ( ) (11) (12) (13), (14), (15) (16) 3.,, : (1 ) (2 ), (3 ) (4 ),, (5 ), (6 ) 1. 6. 4, : 1. (1 ), (2 ), 29

(3 ) 2. (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ), (4 ) (5 ) (6 ), 3.,, 4., [ 1992 ]479 :,,,,,,,, : (1 )( ): ( ) M ( ), ( ) a ( % ), ( ) b ( % ) M < 5000.2 < a, 2.50 < b; 500M < 1000: 0.15 < a0.20, 2.00 < b2.50 ; 1000M < 5000: 0.10 < a0.15, 1.4 < b2.00 ; 5000M < 10000: 0.08 < a0.10, 1.2 < b1.4 ; 10000M < 50000: 0.05 < a0.08, 0.08 < b1.2 ; 50000M < 100000: 0.03 < a0.05, 0.60 < b0.80 ; 100000M : a0.03, b0.60 (2 ): 3. 55 / () (3 ), (4 ), (5 ), 30

, (7 ), (8 ),, 1. 6. 5 1., : (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ),,,, ;,, ;,,,,,, ( FIDIC) ( IGRA1990PM), :,, F IDIC, 2.,, : (1 ) (2 ), (3 ) (4 ),, (5 ),, 31

; ; ;, : ; ; (7 ),,,,,,, (8 ) ; ;, ;, ;, ;, (9 ),, (10),,, 1. 7 1988,,, 1988,, : :19881992 1988 7,,,,,,, :,,, 1988 7 25,,, 1988,, 1989 31, 47, 262 1990 11 12,, 19901992 1989 10 1990 12 1992 3,,,, 32 :19931995

,,,, :, 1988, :,, 1996 1,, 2002 2 21, 2000 12 7,,,,,,,,,,,, 1992 28 12 10, 500, 2. 5, 1 800, 3 000m 2, 5 000, 2 000 kw, 1 900,,, ( ), :1996 33

, 1997 12,,,, ;,,,, 1996 1 30, :, 400 ;,, ;, : ( GB 503192000 ) (2001 5 1 ),,,,,,,, 1988,,, 1979 1988, 1020,,,,,,,,,, 17,,,,, 1.,,,, (1 ), : ; ;, 34

, :,,,, (3 ), ;, ;,, (4 ),,,, 2.,,, 22, 95, 56, 5,,, 26, 18,,,,,,,, 70 %,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 35

,,,,,,, 32 ; AAA 2003,,,, 1. 8,,, 1., :,,,,,, 2.,,,, 3., 4., 5.,, 36

,,,,,, 7.,,, : (1 ),,,,, (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ), : (1 ), ( 0-1 ),,,,, (2 ), ( ),, (3 ),,,,,, 8., ( CPM ) ( PERT ) 20 60,,,,,, 1991, 37

, 10. 11., 12.,,, 1. 9,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,, :Construction Management,Contract Management,Construction P roject Management andconstruction Administration,,,,,,, 20,,,,, : 1. 38,,

,,, 2. PDCA PDCA,,, 3.,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,,, 6.,,,,, 7., ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 39

1. 10.1, ( ),,,,, ; ; ( ) ; ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,, 2., 40

3.,,,,, 4. 80%,,, 1. 10.2 :,, ; ;,,, 2003,,,,,,,,, ( 2004 11 5 ) 70 3 000 :,,,,,, 6 :,,,,, ; ;,,, ;,, 41

; ;, 1.,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, 42

2. 1 2. 1. 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (,, ),,,,,,,,,, 2. 1. 2 1.,,,, 43

,,,,,,,, : (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),, 75% 95%, 35% 75%, 5% 35%,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, (4 ),, 2.,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 2-1 3.,,,,, 44

, : (1 ),,, (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ),,,,,,,, : (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,,,, ( ),,, 45

,,,,, ;,,,,, 2. 2 2. 2. 1, (1 ), 30% (2 ),,, 30% (3 ), 20% (4 ),, 10% (5 ),,, 10%,,, :,,,,,, : (1 ),,, (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) 46

(6 ) 2. 2. 2, 1. (1 ) 1) : 2) : ; ; ; ; ; ; (2 ) 1) 2) : ( ) (3 ) (4 ) : (5 ) : 2. ( ), : (1 )a = ^E( ) (2 )b = a (3 )c = ( a + b) (4 )d = a + b + c (5 ) e = ( 1 + ) + (6 )f = d + e (7 ) g: 1) = f 2) (8 )h = ( f + g ) (9 )= f + g + h 3.,,, 47

,,,,, 2. 3 2. 3. 1,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), (4 ), 2. 3. 2 1., ( ),,,, 2.,,,,,, 3.,, 4.,,,, 48

, 5.,,,,, 6.,, 7.,,,,,, 2. 4 2. 4. 1,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ) (2 ), ; ( ) (3 )( ), (4 ): 1), 2), 3) 4), 5) (5 ): 1) 2) (6 ), : 49

2), 2. 4. 2 1.,,,,,, : ; ;,,,,,,,,,,, 2. : (1 ), (2 ) (3 ), (4 ) (5 ) (6 ), : (1 ),, 3, 24,,,,, 3,,,,,,, (2 ),, 50

(3 ),,,,,, : ( ) + ( ) = ( ),, ;,,,,,,, 3. ( ) () (), 4., ( ),,,,,,,, (1 ) 1) ( ) 2-2,, ( -, + ) ( 2-2), c, x 51

ix y iy i zi zic + xi ix + yi iy, zi, hi hi = z i- z i = c + xi ix + yi iy - z i ( i = 1, 2,, n) ( 2.1) hi, : H = h1 h2, A = hn 1 x1 y1 1 x2 y2 1 x n yn, X = c i x iy, Z = z1 z2 z n ( 2.2) H = A X + Z ( 2.3) P, H T PH = min, X,, : : X ( 2. 1), hi (2.1 ),, ix A T PA X + A T PZ = 0 ( 2.4) X = - ( A T PA) - 1 A T PZ ( 2.5) = iy = 0, ( 2.5 ) ; c, i x, iy ; ix (iy ), (2.5 ) () c i x (iy ) 2) ( ),,, 2-3 (a), () : V = a 2 ( H1 + H2 + H3 + H4 ) 4 =,, 2-3( b), : V = a 2 H, a, H 2 4 2 i = 1 4H, V = a 2 H Hi 4 ( 2.6) 2 4H ( 2.7) 2-3 52

( ), 2-4( a), V = 3 a 2 Hi/ 6 ( 2.8) i = 1, 2-4( b),, V = a 2 H 3 [6 ( H1 + H3 ) ( H2 + H3 ) ] ( 2.9) V = a 2 { H 3 3 [ ( H1 + H3 ) ( H2 + H3 ) - H3 + H2 + H4 ]} 6 (2.10), 2-4 (2 ) 1) (2-5 (a) ) : V = H( F1 + F2 + 4 F0 )/ 6 2) ( 2-5( b) ) : V = L ( F1 + F2 + 4 F0 )/ 6 (2.11) V = V i : H ; L ; F1 F2 ; F0 4 i = 1 2-5 3) (2-6 ) : V = h ( AB + ab + 4 M )/ 6 (2.12) 53

AB ; a b ; h ; M 4) 2-7( a), : V = 2-7( b), : h [ ab - h( a + b - 4 h/ 3tan)/ tan ] (2.13) V = ah( 3 c - 2 h/ tan)/ 6 (2.14), ab ; h ;, 2-1 2-6 2-7 2-1 3035 32 40 2830 35 25 30 35 3545 35 40 3540 35, V1,2 5), : : S1/ S2 > 40 %, V1, 2 = h( S1 + S2 )/ 2 ; S1/ S2 < 40 % = h[ S1 + S2 + ( S1 S2 ) 1/ 2 ]/ 3 : V0 = kh0 S0, k = 2/ 3;, k = 1/ 3, V = V ij + V 0, S1, S2, S1 < S2, X- PLAN360C ; h, ; S0 ; h0, h0 < h 6), ( x, y, z ) i ( i = 1, 2, 3 ), : A = [ P( P - S12 ) ( P - S23 ) ( P - S31 ) ] 1/ 2 (2.15), P = ( S12 + S23 + S31 )/ 2; Sij = [ ( xj - xi ) 2 + ( yj - yi ) 2 + ( zj - zi ) 2 ] 1/ 2 ( ) 54

3 ),,, 1) :,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 2-8 2-8,,,,,,, 1996 2) 55

, ; ;, ;,,, ( ), 2. 4. 3,,,,,,,, (1 ): ; ; ; ;, (2 ), (3 ), (4 ), (5 ) (6 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,,, 56

1.,,,,,, : P = P0 V (2.16) V = bi ( Mi1 - M i0 )/ Mi0 = bi Ki (2.17) P = P0 bi Ki (2.18) a + bi = 1 (2.19), : P = P0 ( a + bi M i1/ M i0-1) (2.20) P0,, V, a,,, ( 0. 150. 35 ) bi,, n M i0 FIDIC, 28 M i1, Ki = ( Mi1 - Mi0 )/ Mi0 ( Mi1 - Mi0 ), (2.17) (2.20 ), ;, 2.,, : : p = p0 ( a0 + a1 A1/ A0 + a2 B1/ B0 + ) (2.21) p ; p0 ; a0, ; a1 a2 a3 a4 : 57

a + a2 + a3 + = 1; A0 B0 C0 D0 a1 a2 a3 a4 ; A1 B1 C1 D1 a1 a2 a3 a4,, 2. 5 2. 5. 1,, 90%,,,,, : 1. (, ), 2.,, ;, 3.,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,, 2. 5. 2, 58

: = - = - = -,,,, : (1 ),,,,, -,,,,,, ; (2 ) 4 : = - = - = (- ),,,,,,, (3 ),, 2. 3. -,,,,,,, - 59

( ), -, 4.,,,,,,,, 1.,,, : ;, ;, ; 2.,,,,, 60

3. 1 3. 1. 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,, 3. 1. 2,,,,, : (1 ) (2 ), (3 ), ( ) 61

,, (3 ) (4 ),, 1992 7 1 JGJ/ T 100191( ) 3. 2 1992 12 30,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3. 3,, : 3. 3. 1,,,,, (,, ),, - -, 3. 3. 2,,,,,,,,,,, 62

,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ; ; ; ;,,,, ;,,, ;,, 3. 3. 3, (),, 3. 4 3. 4. 1,,,, : 63

; ; ; ( ) ( ) ;,,, () 3. 4. 2, : 1. ;, ; ;,,, ; 2., ;,,, ;, ;, : ; ; ; 3. ; ; ;, ; ;, :,,,,, 64,,

,,, 3. 5 3. 5. 1,,,, ;,,,,, 3-1 3-1 3. 5. 2, 1. ;, ;,,,, 2.,,,,, :,,,,, 65

,,,,,, : ; ; ; ; ;, 3. 5. 3,, (),,, : 1.,, ( ),,, : (1 ),, ( ),,, ;,,, (2 ),,,,,,,, 2. (1 ) ( ),,, 3-2 (2 ) 3-2 : 1) TF, FF, FF < < T F,,,,, 66

2), > T F, : -,,,, -,, 3),,,,,,,,, 3. 6 3. 6. 1,20 50, 60 (), 67

, CPM( Crifical Path Method),, D,,, P ERT( Program Evaluation and Review Technique) GER T :,, D,,,, :,,,, D,,,, CPM PERT GER T,,,, GERT PER T ;, PERT CPM ( ), 3. 6. 2 : 1.,,,,, 2.,, ;, 3.,,,,, 4., 5., D = Q/ RS : D, ; Q, ; R, ; S, 6.,,,, 68

7., 3. 6. 3, P ERT 3-1 3-1 PERT E T LT ET j = max{e T i + D l, i - j } 2 ( ET j ) = 2 (E T i ) + 2 ( D l, i - j ) LT i = min{lt j - Dl, i - j } 2 (L T i ) = 2 ( LT j ) + 2 ( D l, i - j ) SL i = LT i - ET i 2 ( SL i ) = 2 ( LT i ) + 2 (E T i ) z i = PT i - ET i ( ET i ),, SL, SL = 0 PT i i, z i Pi : : D l = ( a + 4 m + b)/ 6a ; b ; m 3. 7 3. 7. 1,,,,,,,, 3. 7. 2, 3 69

-,,, ;,, 3. 7. 3 1.,,,,, : (1 ) (2 ) T : : T 0 ; Tr T = T 0 - Tr (3 ): (4 ),,, (5 ),, (6 ),,,, 3-3 2.,, ;,,, 70 : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 )t

(5 ),, ;, ;, 3-4 3., 2 : - - (1 ) -,, (2 ) -,, 3. 7. 4 ; 71

,, ;, ;,, ; ;,,,,,, 3. 8 3. 8. 1,, : 72

,,,,,,,, 3. 8. 2,,,, : (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ),,,,,, (5 ),,,,, (6 ), (7 ) :, 3-5 3-5 3. 8. 3 1., ( ), 3-6 73

3-7 ( 1), ( ),, (2), (, 3-7 ),,,,, (3 ),,, (4 ),,,,,,, (5 ),,, : - 2. () 3., 74

, 3-8 3-8 4.,, : (1 ),, (2 ) S S,,, 75

SS S S,,, S, : ; ; ; (3 ) S,, S, Es ; S, Ls,, Es Ls,, (4 ) ( ), () 3-9,,,, (1 ),,, (2 ), (3 ) ( ),,, ;,,,,,,,,, 3-10 5. : (1 ), 76 (2 ),

, (3 ),, (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) S 77

3. 8. 4 [ 21 ] : 4,,,,,, 3-11, 2 3,, 3 2,,,, 78

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (),,,,,,, ;,, ;,, 3-12 ( ) 6, G 2, H 1, C I, J l, C, G 2, 1, G 1 ( 2-1 = 1),, K G, ( G C) H,,,, 3-13 n, D 2, 13, 12, 1,, D 0, 1 ;, M 3, 1, M 2 ; K L,, 79

3-13, ; J ; E F,, 2, 1.,, 2. ( ) ( ) (, )( ) ( )( ),, 80

4. 1 4. 1. 1,,, ( ) :,, :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, :,,,,,, : (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ),,,, ( ),, ;, 81

,,,, : (1 ),, (2 ),,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,, 4-1 4-1 82

,,,,, 4. 1. 2 1. (, ),,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),,,, ;, ;, (2 ),,,, (3 ),, ; ;,,,, (4 ),,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 83

4. 2. 1,,,, 1999, ; 2000,,,,,,,, 4. 2. 2,,, : 1. : (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,, 2., ( ),,,, 84

,, () ( ) ( ),,,,, 3.,,,,,, ;,, 4., ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 5.,,,,, ; ;,, ;,, ; ;,,, 6.,,,,, ISO9000( 1994 ) : ISO 9000( 1994 85

, ISO 9000 ( 1994 ) GB/ T 10300, GB/ T 1900 2000 12 28 ISO 9000: 2000, ISO 9001: 2000, ISO 9004: 2000, 2001 6 1 4. 3 4. 3. 1,,,,,,,, : 1., 2.,,, 3.,,,, 4. 3. 2,,,,, : ; 1. (1 )( ), (2 ), (3 ), : (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ), (),, 86

(3 ),,,,, (4 ),,,,,,, 2.,,,,, : (1 ),, ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ; (4 )( 1990 ) ; (5 ),, ; (6 ); (7 ); (8 ),,,,,, ; (9 ), ; (10),,,, ; (11),, ; (12), ; (13) ; (14) 4. 3. 3 :,,,,, 87

,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4. 3. 5, ( ),, ;,, 1.,, ;,, ;,, GPS,,,, : (1 ),,,, (2 ), 88

(3 ),,, (4 ),,, ( ), 2.,, ; :,,,, 3.,,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) 4.,,,,, : (1 )( ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 )( ) 5.,,, : (1 ), (2 ) (3 ) 89

, : (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) 4. 4 4. 4. 1 1. (1 ) 1),,, 2),,,,,,,,, 3),,,,,, 4),,,,,,,,, (2 ) 1), 2),, 3),,, 2., 90

,, : 1) 2),, 3), 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9), 10 ), (2 ) ( ), : 1),, 2),, 3) 4),,, 5),, 6),, (3 ), 1),,, : ; ;, ; ; ;, ;, 2),, 3), 91

,,,,,, 3.,, (1 ),, 1), 2), 3),,, 4),,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,, :,,,,,,,, 4. 4. 2 : (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) 4. 4. 3, : (1 ): ;, ;, ;,, 92

,,,, (3 ),,, : (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ),,, 4. 5,,,,,,,,,,,, 4. 5. 1,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,, 93

,, ;, ; ; ; ;, :,,,,,,,, :, ;,,,,,,,,, ; 4. 5. 3, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4. 5. 4,,,,,, : ; ; ; ; 4-2 94

4. 6,,,,,,, 4. 6. 1 1. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ),,,,,, 2., (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),, ; 95

(4 ),,, (5 ),, 4. 6. 2 : (1 ),,,,,,, ( ), (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,,, ; ;, (4 ), ; ;, ; 4. 6. 3, ;,,,,, : 1.,,,, 96 (1 ): 1) (, ) 2) (, )

(,, ) :,,,,,, (2 ),,, : 1), ( ) ( ) 2) 3),,, 4),,,, 5), :? :, (3 ),,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,, 2. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), (4 ),, (5 ), (6 ), (7 ) (8 ) (9 ), (10) (11) 97

(13) (14),, (15),, (16) 3. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ),, (5 ),, 4.,, : (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ),,,,, 5. (1 ) (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ), (5 ) ( ), 98

( ) (6 ) (7 ),,, (8 ), 4. 7 4. 7. 1 ( ),,,,, : 1., ;,,, 2.,, ;,,,,,,, 4. 7. 2 2000 67, : (2000) 142, (2000) 151,,,,,,,, 99

(1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1985, 20,?,,,,,,,, ;,, ;, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,, : 1),,,,,,,,,,,, 2),,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, 100

; ;,,,,,,, 4. 7. 3 :,, ; ;,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, ISO 9000,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 101

,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), (),,,,,,,,,,, ISO 9000,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 4. 8 4. 8. 1 1.,,,, 102

,,,, n, n Xi ( i = 1, 2,, n ), n,,, Xi ( i = 1, 2,, n ),, n n, Xi ( i = 1, 2,, n ) xi ( i = 1, 2,, n), n, Xi ( i = 1,2,, n )n, xi ( i = 1, 2,, n ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),,,, (2 ) ( ),, (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 103

> 0,, ( ),, ( ),,,,,, (), 0. 10, 0.05, 0. 01 2. (1 ), H0 H1, H0 : = 0, H1 : 0 H0 H1 H0, H0, H1 ;, H0, H0, H1 (2 ) T ( X), T ( X) (3 )( ) (0 < < 1 ) : P( T 1 < T ( X ) < T2 ) = 1 - P( T ( X)T 1 ( T ( X )T2 ) ) = T ( X), T 1 T 2, T ( X )T 1 ( T ( X) T 2 ) (4 ) xi ( i = 1, 2,, n )T ( X) T ( x ) (5 ) : T ( x ) H0, H0, H1 ; T ( x ) H0, H0 3.,, : (1 ) ( ), H0, H1, H0, T ( x) H0, H0 H1,, (2 ) ( ), H1 H0 H0,, T ( x) H0, H0 H1,,,, ( H1 ) 4. 8. 2 1., = {},, X, X, 104

,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ) (2 ) 1,,, (1 ), : : X, i = 1 X : xipi, i = 1 x1, x2,, xn, P: p1, p2,, pn, xi pi X,, E( X) : E( X) = xi pi ( 4.1) i = 1 + : X, f ( x), x f ( x) d x, - X : + E( X ) =x f ( x) d x ( 4.2) - 1) ab, X = ax+ b, E( X) = ae( X ) + b n n 2) X1, X2,, Xn, X = Xi, E( X ) = i = 1 i = 1 E( Xi ) 3) XY,, E ( X Y ) = E ( X ) E ( Y ), X1, n X2,, Xn, E( i = 1 n Xi ) = i = 1 E ( Xi ) 105

) ab, axb, ae( X )b (2 )X X - E( X )X X X X Var( X) D( X) 2 x, Var( X) X, X, : Var( X) = E ( ( X - E ( X ) ) 2 ) ( 4.3) Var( X ) = ( xi - E( X ) ) 2 pi ( 4.4) i = 1 + Var ( X) = ( x - E( X ) ) 2 f( x ) d x ( 4.5) - 1), Var( C) = 0 ( C ) 2) Var( X + C) = Var( X ) ( C ) 3) Var( CX) = C 2 Var( X ) ( C ) 4) XY, Var( XY ) = Var( X) + Var( Y ) n, Xi ( i = 1, 2,, n ), Var ( i = 1 5) Var( X ) = EX 2 - E( X ) 2 n Xi ) =, EX 2 ( EX) 2 (3 ) 1) ( X, Y ) i = 1 Var( Xi ) E( X - EX) ( Y - E Y ) ( 4.6) X Y, Cov( X, Y )DX Y X Y 106 ( X, Y ), Cov( X, Y ) = ( Xi - EX ) ( Y j - E Y ) P( X = xi, Y = yj ) ( 4.7) ( X, Y ), : i j + + Cov( X, Y ) = ( x - EX) ( y - E Y ) f( x, y) d xd y ( 4. 8) - - Cov( X, Y ) = Cov( Y, X) Cov( ax, by ) = abcov( X, Y ), a b Cov( X1 + X2, Y ) = Cov( X1, Y ) + Cov( X2, Y ) 2) ( X, Y ), DX, DY, x, y = Cov( X, Y )/ DXDY ( 4.9)

X Y X Y x, y 1; x, y = 1 X Y 1, a b > 0, P{ Y = a + bx} = 1 x, y = - 1 X Y 1, a b < 0, P{ Y = a + bx} = 1 x, y = 0 X Y 1 D( XY ) = DX + D Y 2Cov( X, Y ) DX = DY = 1, x, y = 0, D( XY ) = 2 (1 x, y ) D( XY ) = DX + D Y X Y, XY, x, y XY (4 ) X k 1) X, k : Xk pi X, k +, x k f ( x ) d x - k = 0, E( X k ) = E( X 0 ) = E(1 ) = 1 ; k = 1, E( X 1 ) = E( X), ; k > 2, 2) X, k : ( x i E( X k ) = Xk pi (4.10) + E( X k ) = x k f ( x) d x (4.11) - E( X - E( X ) ) k = ( xi - E( X ) ) k pi (4.12) i = 1 - E ( X) ) k pi X, k + E( X - E( X ) ) k = ( x - E( X ) ) k f ( x) d x (4.13) - 107

+ ( x - E ( X ) ) k f ( x) d x -, k = 1, E ( X - E( X ) ) k = E ( X - E( X ) ) = 0; k = 2, E ( X - E( X ) ) k = E ( X - E( X ) ) 2 2.,,, t 2 F n, (1 ) X f ( x) = 1 2 exp{ - 1 2 2 x -, - < x < + (4.14) X, XN (, 2 ):, 2, = 0, 2 = 1, f ( x ) = 1 2 exp - x 2 2, XN ( 0, 1) : F( x) = P( X x ) =, - < x < +. (4.15) 1 x 2 2 y - ) - e( 2 2 d y (4.16) 1) f ( x)x =, f( x ) X = 2) X = +, X = - f ( x) 3) XN (, 2 ), Y = ( X - )/, Y N ( 0, 1) ;, XN ( 0, 1 ), Y = + X, YN (, 2 ),,,,, 108 4) XN (0,1 ), ( x ), ( - x ) = 1 - ( x ) 5) X1 N ( 1, 2 1 ), X2 N ( 2, 2 2 ), X1 X2, X = ( X1 + X2 ) N ( 1 + 2, 2 1 + 2 2 ) 6) ab, XN (, 2 ), ( ax + b)n ( a+ b, a 2 2 ) 7) Xi N ( i, 2 i ), X1,, Xn, n Y = aixi i = 1

n Y N ai i 1 n Y - ai i i = 1 n a 2 i 2 i i = 1 n i, i = 1 2 i a 2 i N ( 0, 1) 8) X1,, Xn N (, 2 ), X = 1 n Xi N (, n 2 / n) ; i = 1 X - N (0,1 ) / n N (0, 1 )4-3 4-3 (2 ) 2 X1, X2,, Xn, 2 n 2, 2 2 ( n ) 2 ( n ) : f ( x ) = 2 = X 2 1 + X 2 2 + + X 2 n (4.17) 1 2 n 2 n 2 x n 2-1 e - x 2 ( x > 0 ) 0 ( x 0) : ( x ) = + t x - 1 e - t d t( x > 0 ) 0 2 f ( x) 4-4 (4.18) 4-4 2 109

: 1) X1 2 ( n1 ), X2 2 ( n2 ),, X1 + X2 2 ( n1 + n2 ) 2, k 2, X1 2 ( n1 ), X2 2 ( n2 ),, Xk ( nk ),, X1 + X2 + + Xk 2 ( n1 + n2 + + nk ) 2) X 2 ( n), E( X ) = n, Var( X) = 2 n 3) 2 n n, 2 ; n, 2 n 4) X1, X2,, Xn, N ( 0, 1 ), Q1 + Q2 + + Qk = X 2 i, i = 1 Qi ( i = 1, 2,, k) ni, Q1, Q2,, Q k, ni 2 n1 + n2 + + nk = n, 2, (3 ) t X Y, XN ( 0, 1 ), Y 2 ( n ), T = t, t( n ) t( n ) f n 2 = n + 1 2 n n 2 1 + t2 n f ( t)4-5 - n + 1 2 X n Y/ n, - < t < + (4.19) 4-5 t, t : 1) t, t t = 0 n 2) E( t( n ) ) = 0, D( t( n) ) = n - 2, n > 2 3) n, t( n) N (0, 1 ) 110 4) X1,, Xn N (, 2 ), X S T = X - t( n - 1 ) (4.20) S/ n

S = 1 n - 1 n i = 1 ( Xi - X ) 2 5 ) X1,, Xn Y 1,, Y n N ( 1, 2 ) N ( 2, 2 ), T = : S 2 1 = X - Y - ( 1-2 ) ( n1-1) S 2 1 + ( n2-1) S 2 2 n1 + n2-2 n1 1 n 1-1 i = 1. 1 n1 ( Xi - X ) 2, S 2 2 = t (4 ) F + 1 n2 n2 1 t( n1 + n2-2 ) (4.21) n 2-1 j = 1 XY, X 2 ( n1 ), Y 2 ( n2 ), F = X/ n 1 Y/ n2 ( Y j - Y ) 2 F( n1, n2 ) (4.22), F( n1, n2 )n1 n2 F F( n1, n2 ) : f( x ) = n 1 + n2 2 n 1 2 n 2 2 f ( x)4-6 n1 n2 n 1 2 n 1 x 2-1 1 + n1 n2 x - n 1 + n 2 2, x > 0 0, x 0 (4.23) 4-6 F N ( 2, 2 2 ), : X1,, Xn Y 1,, Y n N ( 1, 2 1 ) : S 2 1 = n1 1 F = n 1-1 i = 1 S2 1/ 2 1 S 2 2/ 2 F( n1-1, n2-1) (4.24) 2 ( Xi - X ) 2, S 2 2 = n2 1 n 2-1 i = 1 ( Y i - Y ) 2 F (5 ),, 111

EXCEL, X N (, 2 ), P ( X x ), NORMSDIST ( x,,, T RUE) XN ( 1, 0 ), P ( Xx ), NORMSDIST ( x) 2, X 2 ( n ), P( X > x), CHIDIST ( x, n ) 2 p n, CHIINV( p, n ) x t, TDIST (,, ( 1 ) ( 2) ) TINV(, ) F, FDIST, F INV 4. 8. 3,,,,,,, 1. (1 ) Xi ( i = 1,2,, n ), 2, XS 2,, 1) 2) H0 : = 0, H1 : 0 H0 : = 0, H1 : > 0 H0 : = 0, H1 : < 0 X XN (, 2 ), 2, U = x - 0 N (0, 1 ) ( H0 ) 0/ n, 1 - / 2 C = ( x - ) / n > 1-2 ( x - ) n > 1-2, H 0 ; ( x - ) u 112 X XN (, 2 ), 2, n < 1 -, H 0 2

: S 2 = 1 n - 1 n i = 1 t T x - 0 S/ n t( n - 1 ) ( H 0 ) ( xi - x ) 2 C = ( x - 0 ) n S (2 ) > t1 - ( n - 1 ) 2 XY, x, y ; 2 x, 2 y ; nx, ny X1, X2,, Xn x ; Y 1, Y 2,, Y n y, : : X = Y = n x 1 Xi nx i = 1 n y 1 Y j ny j = 1 S 2 x = nx 1 n x - 1 i = 1 ( Xi - X ) 2 S 2 y = 1) x, y x, y 2) ny 1 n y - 1 j = 1 ( Yj - Y ) 2 H0 : x = y, H1 : x y H0 : x = y, H1 : x > y H0 : x = y, H1 : x < y XN ( x, 2 x ), Y N ( y, 2 y ), 2 x, 2 y, U = X - Y + N (0,1 ) ( 2 H0 ) y 2 x nx ny,,, 1 - / 2, C = X - Y 2 x nx 2 y + ny > 1-2 113

XN ( x, 2 x ), Y N ( y, 2 y ), 2 x, 2 y, 2 x = 2 y, : S w = T = Sw X - Y 1 + 1 nx ny ( nx - 1 ) S 2 x + ( ny - 1 ) S 2 y nx + ny - 2 t( n x + ny - 2 ) ( H0 ) nx, ny,, U = X - Y S 2 x nx + S2 y ny N (0,1 ) u t 4-1 4-2 4-1 u H0 H1 u 2 = 0 0 > 1 - / 2 0 > 0 > 1-0 < 0 < 1 = 2 1 2 > 1 - / 2 1 2 1 > 2 > 1-1 2 1 < 2 < 4-2 t H 0 H 1 2 t = X - 0 S/ n t( n - 1 ) = 0 0 t > t 1 - ( n - 1) 2 0 > 0 t > t 1 - ( n - 1) 0 < 0 t < t ( n - 1) t 2 1 = 2 2 = 2 ( n 1 n 2 ) t = X - Y S w 1 n 1 + 1 n 2 t( n 1 + n 2-2) 1 = 2 1 2 t > t 1 - ( n 1 + n 2-2 ) 2 1 2 1 > 2 t > t 1 - ( n 1 + n 2-2) 1 2 1 < 2 t < t ( n 1 + n 2-2) 2 1 2 2 ( n 1 = n 2 = n) t = d - 0 S/ n t( n - 1) d = 0 d 0 d 0 d 0 t > t 1 - ( n - 1) 2 d > 0 t > t 1 - ( n - 1) d < 0 t < t ( n - 1) 1, 400 11 000, 1.14%, 0. 2%, 1.1%, 114

= 0.05 )?,,, 1.1% : H0 = 1.1%,, ; H11.1%,, u : = x - 0 1.14% - 1.1% = / n 0.2%/ 400 = 0.05, : 1 - = 2 1-0.05 = 1.96 2 > 1-0.05, H0, H1,, 2, 2 DS3 A DS3 XN ( 1, 95 2 ), B Y N ( 2, 120 2 ), 100 75, 1 180 1 220, = 0.05,?, :, : = x - y 2 1 n1 + = 2 2 n2 H0 1 = 2 H1 1 2 1 180-1 220 95 2 100 + 1202 75 = 0.05, : 1-2 = 0.975 = 1.96 = 4 = - 2.38 > 1 -,, H 0, H1, 2 3, C ( VC ), VC 21 17, VC x = 23, S 2 = 3.98 2 VC? :, : t = H0 : 21 H1 : < 21 X - 0 S/ n = 23-21 3.98/ 17 = 2.07 115

= 0.05, t t( n - 1 ) = t0.05 (16) = 1.745 9 t > t( n - 1 ),, VC 2. (1 ) 1) N (, 2 ) 2 H0 : 2 = 2 0, H1 : 2 2 0, 2 0 N (, 2 ) 2 H0 : 2 = 2 0, H1 : 2 > 2 0, 2 0 H0 : 2 = 2 0, H1 : 2 < 2 0, 2 0 2) X N ( 0, 2 ), 0, 2 1 = 1 n 2 0 i = 1 ( xi - 0 ) 2 2 ( n ) ( H0 ) X N (, 2 ),, 2 2 = ( n - 1) S2 2 0 2 ( n - 1 ) ( H0 ) : S 2 = 1 n - 1 n i = 1 ( Xi - X ) 2 (2 ) 1) XN ( x, 2 x ), Y N ( y, 2 y ),, S 2 x, S 2 y, 2 x/ 2 y H0 : 2 x = 2 y, H1 : 2 x 2 y H0 : 2 x = 2 y, H1 : 2 x > 2 y H0 : 2 x = 2 y, H1 : 2 x < 2 y 2) x, y, S 2 x = nx 1 n x i = 1 ( xi - S 2 x/ S 2 y F( ny, nx ) x ) 2, S 2 y = ny 1 n y F F 2 ( n y, nx ), F1-2 ( n y, nx ), : j = 1 ( yj - y ) 2 2 x 2 y C = S 2 x S 2 y < F 2 ( n y, n x ) S2 x S 2 y > F1-2 ( n y, nx ) 116 x, y, S 2 x = nx 1 n x - 1 i = 1 ( Xi - X ) 2, S 2 y = ny 1 n y - 1 j = 1 ( Y j - Y ) 2

x 2 y S 2 x/ S 2 y F( ny - 1, nx - 1) F F 2 ( n y - 1, nx - 1), F1-2 ( n y - 1, nx - 1 ), : C = S 2 x S 2 y < F 2 ( n y - 1, nx - 1 ) S2 x S 2 y > F1-2 ( n y - 1, nx - 1 ) 2 F 4-3 4-4 4-3 2 H 0 H 1 2 2 = 2 = ( n - 1) S2 2 0 2 ( n - 1 ) n ( xi - 0 ) 2 i = 1 2 0 2 ( n) 2 = 2 0 2 2 0 2 < 2 ( n - 1) 2 > 2 ( n - 1) 2 2 2 2 0 2 > 2 0 2 > 2 1 - ( n - 1) 2 2 0 2 < 2 0 2 < 2 ( n - 1 ) 2 = 2 0 2 2 0 2 < 2 2 2 0 2 > 2 0 2 ( n ) 2 > 2 1 - ( n ) 2 2 0 2 < 2 0 2 < 2 ( n) 2 > 2 1 - ( n) 2 4-4 F F H 0 H 1 xn( 1, 2 1 ) yn ( 2, 2 2 ) 1, 2 F = S2 1 S 2 2 F( n1-1, n2-1 ) 2 1 = 2 2 2 1 2 2 F < F 2 ( n 1-1, n 2-1 ) F > F 1-2 ( n 1-1, n 2-1 ) 2 1 2 2 2 1 > 2 2 F > F 1 - ( n 1-1, n 2-1) 2 1 2 2 2 1 < 2 2 F < F ( n 1-1, n 2-1) 4 X ( : mm ),, 25, S 2 0 = 0.08, ( = 0.05 )? 2,, 2 : : = 0.113, XN (, 2 ), H0 : 2 = 0.08 H1 : 2 > 0.08 2 = ( n - 1) S2 2 0 S 2 = 0.113 117

2 = 24 0.113 0.08 = 33.9 = 0.05, P( 2 > 2 (24) ) = = 0.05, 2 2 0.05 (24) = 36.4 2 = 33.9 < 36.4, H0, 5 7, S1 = 3.9kg/ cm 2 ; 8, S2 = 4.7kg/ cm 2, = 0.05,?, F : : H0 : 2 1 = 2 2 H1 : 2 1 2 2 F = S2 1 S 2 2 F( n1-1, n2-1) : S 2 1 = 3.9 2, S 2 2 = 4.7 2 F = 3.92 4.7 2 = 0.689 = 0.05, F F 2 ( n 1-1, n2-1 ) = F0.025 (6,7 ) = 0.1953 F1 - ( n1-1, n2-1) = F0.975 (6, 7 ) = 5.12 2 F 2 ( n 1-1, n2-1 ) < F < F1-2 ( n 1-1, n2-1 ),, H0, 6 A B, A 25, 48, B 17, 20,,, 118 H0 : 2 1 = 2 2 H1 : 2 1 2 2, :

F S 2 1 S 2 2, F = S2 1 S 2 2 = 48 20 = 2.4 = 0.1, F F 2 ( n 1-1, n2-1 ) = F0.05 ( 24, 16) = F1 - ( n1-1, n2-1) = F0.95 (24, 16 ) = 2. 24 2 1 2.09 = 0.4785 F > F1-2 ( n 1-1, n2-1 ),, H0, H1,, B 4. 9 4. 9. 1,,,, 20, 20 50,,,,,,,,, 1. (20 2040 ),, 20 20 40,,,,,,, 2. (20 4050 ),, 19411942,, Z1. 1 Z1.2 Z1. 3, 119

,,,,,,,, 3. (20 60 ) 20 50,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1961,,,,,, 20 60,,,,,,, :,,, (, ),,,,,,,,, ISO ISO9000 4.,,,, 120

,,,, 1947 :, ; ;,,,,, : (1 ), (2 ),,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ) :, :,,, :,,, : 1),,,,, 2), 3),, 121

,,,,,,, ; ; ; ;, : 1) :,, ( 0-1 ),,,,,, 2), ( ),,,,,,, :,,,,,, 3),,,, :,, ;,,,,,, (2 ) 20 50, ( CPM) ( PERT ) 122

, 20%, 10% 20 60,,,,,, 1991, (3 ), (4 ) (5 ), (6 ),,,,, 4. 9. 2 ISO 9000 ISO International Organization for Standardization, ISO 1947,, ISO ( P) 1979, ( BSI ) ( ISO), ISO, ISO BSI, ( TC176 ) ISO ( ISO/ TC197 ) 1987, ISO9000,,,, 123

ISO 9000 ISO 9000, 20 50,,,,,,,,, PDCA, ( PLAN ) ( DO ) ( CHECK) ( ACT ION), PDCA, 1987 ISO 9000,,, TC176 1990 90 ( 2000 ), ISO 9000 :, ISO 9001/ 2/ 3/ 4, 1994 1994 ISO 9000-1,, PDCA ( ISO 9000 ), ISO 9000, 2000 ISO 9000,, : 2000 12 1, 2000 ISO 9000 ISO 9000, 80,, ISO 9000 ISO 9000,,,,,,,, ISO 9000,,,,,,,, ISO 9000 ISO 9000,,, ISO 9000,,, 124

,,, ISO 9000, ISO 9000,, ISO 9000, ISO 9000,,, 1993 ISO 9000, 10 000,, ISO 9000, ISO 9000,,,,,,, ISO 9000 1994 2000, ISO 9000 : ISO9000, 2000 6 1, ISO 9000: 1994 GB/ T10300, GB/ T 19000, ISO 9000: 2000 GB/ T 190002000, ISO 9001: 2000 GB/ T 190012000, ISO 9004 : 2000 GB/ T 190042000 4. 9. 3 1994 ISO 9000 1. (1 ) ISO 9000 :1994 : (9000) ISO 9001 :1994, ISO 9002 : 1994 ISO 9003: 1994, : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5), : ISO 9001: 1994, ISO 9002: 1994, ISO 9003: 1994, ISO 9000-2: 1994 ISO 9004-1: 1994 (: : 1: ; 2: ; 3: ; 4: ; 4 4.14. 20, ) (2 ) ISO 9001 :1994 125

,, (3 ) ISO 9002 :1994,, ( ) (4 ) ISO 9003 :1994, ( ) ISO 9003 4 : ; ; ; ISO 9001, ISO 9003 : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (5 ) ISO 90041: 1994 1994,, (6 ) ISO 8402 :1994 ISO 9001 ISO 9002 ISO 9003 ISO 9004-1, 2., 17 :, ( :,, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3. (QS ) (1 ) QS 126 (2 )QS 4. (QS ) (1 ): (2 ) :

ISO 9000 2000 ISO 9000 1. ISO 9000: 2000 (1 )2000 ISO 9000, 2000, ISO 9000 :, (2 ) 2000 ISO 9000 ISO/ DIS 9001 1.1,, ;, ISO/ DIS 9000,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2000 ISO 9000, (3 )2000 ISO 9001 1994 1994 ISO 9001 20, ISO/ DIS 9001/ 4 20,, PDCA,,,,, (4 ),,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ISO 9001 ISO 9004, ISO 9004, (5 )2000 ISO 9000 2000 ISO 9000 ( ISO 9000 ISO 9001 ISO 9004 ISO 19011 ), ( ISO 10012 ), ( ISO 10006 ISO 10007 ISO 10013 ISO 10014 ISO 10015 ISO/ TR 10017 ),, ISO 9001 1994 ISO 9001/ 2/ 3, 127

ISO,, 2000 ISO 9000 ;,,,,, ;,, 2. (1 ) ISO 9000 : ( ),,,, : 1),, 2) 3), 4), 5), 6) 7) 8), GB/ T 19000 (2 ), 4-7 4-7, :,,, 1) 128

,, :,,,, 2) : 3),, : 129

,,, :,, :, ;,, 130,,,

, :,,,, :,, :, :,,,,,,,,, :, 131

:,,,,,, 4) :,,, ;,,,,,,, : : 132

,,, :,, : ;,,,, : ;, 133

, ;,,,,, :,,,,,,, :,,, :, 134

:,, :, :, :, :,, :, 5),,,,,,,,,,, :, 135

,,, :,,,,,,,,, 6),,, : ;,,,,,, : 7),,,, 136

,,,,, : ;,,,,, :,,,,, :,,, : ; 137

3. ISO 9001 :,, :, :, ISO 9000,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,, ISO 9000,,,, 138

,,,,, ISO 9000, :,,,,, (2 ) ISO 9000,, ISO 9000,,, : 1),, ISO 9000,,, ISO 9000,,,,,,,, 2),,, : A,, B,, A C,,,,,,,,, (3 ), 139

,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,, (4 ) ISO 9000,,,, ISO 9000,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,, ISO 9000,, ISO 9000,, ISO 9000 4. 10 4. 10.1,,,, 20 80,,,, 3S 4D,,,, 140

,, 60% 70%,,,,,, ; ;, ( ),,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,,, : (1 )(), (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ),,,,,, ISO 9000,, 4. 10.2 ( [1997] 28 ) :,, :, (1991 5 ), : (1 ) ( ) (2 )( ) 141

( ) (4 ) ( ),,, CH100295(), : (1 ) (2),, (3 ) (4 ) (5 ),, ;, (6 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),, (2),,,,,, (3 ),,,, 4. 10.3 4-5 142

4-5 / 1 1974.6 / : 1. CH100295/ 2 GB1289791/ 3 GB1289791/ 4 1958 / 2. CH100295/ 5 ZBA7600187/ 6 ZBA7600287/ : 7 GB1252690/ ( 1991 ) 107 8 GPS CH200192/ ( GPS) / ( 58 ) 1109 / 9 10 ( ) 11 1500 12000 GB696286/ 150012000 12 15001100000 13 14 1500 12000 GB/ T156611995/ 15000 1100000 GB793187/ 150012000 ; GB79291995/ 150012000 1500 12000 GB793087/ 150012000 ; GB79291995/ 150012000 15 15000110000 GB1397791/ 15000110000 : GB579193/ 15000110000 1. CH100295 16 15000110000 GB1397791/ 15000110000 2. CH100395 : GB579193/ 15000110000 ( 1991 ) 107 / 1250001 GB1234190/ 125000 1100000 17 100000 GB1234190/ 1250001100000 ( ) 1250001 GB1234190/ 125000 1100000 18 100000 GB1234190/ 1250001100000 19 1500 12000 GB/ T59761995/ 150012000 GB79291995 20 GB159681995/ 21 CJJ899/ GB5002693/ 143

23 CJJ899 GB5002693 24 22 25 26 27 28 29 30 33 34 35 31 32 12500150000 CJJ899/ GB5002693/ CJJ899 GB5002693 CJJ899 GB5002693 CJJ899 GB5002693 CJJ899 GB5002693 CH500294/ CH500394/ CH500294 CH500394 CH500294 CH500394 CH500294 CH500394 : 1. CH100295 2. CH100395 : ( ) 1. CH100295 2. CH100395 : ( ) GB1234290/ 125000150000 1100000 GB1234490/ 1100000 : 1. CH100295 1250000 2. CH100395 GB159441995/ 1250000 a : 11000000 GB1451293/ 11000000 36 GB1451193/ GB1405193/ ( 1991 ) 107 / ( ) 37 GB1451093/ GB1450193 4-6 144

4-6 1. () ZW02-02 CWO5 4. 5 2. ZW05-02 3. ZW05-03 ZW06-06 4. 6 1. 2. 3. ( ) ZW06-01 1., 4.10 ZW10-01 2., ZW01-03 3. ZW10-01 4.12 4., ZW10-02 1., ZW13 4.13 2., ZW14 4.14 3. 4., 5. 1. ( ),,,,,,,,, 2., ( ),,, ( ), 145

,,, ( ),, 146

5. 1 5. 1. 1 :, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 5. 1. 2, ( ), ( ),,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 147

,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (2 )( 5), : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ), : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ),,,, 2 5. 1. 3, : (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,, 148

,,, (4 ),,,, 5. 2 5. 2. 1 : (1 ),,, (2 ) :,, (3 ), (4 ) (5 ) (6 ), (7 ) (8 ), (9 ), (10), (11), (12) (13) 5. 2. 2, : (1 ),,, (2 ) 149

(4 ) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) (8 ) (9 ) (10) (11) :, ; ;,,,,,,,,, : ( ),,,,,,,, 5. 2. 3 12000 1 1. 1 : 12000 1. 2 : 1. 3 : 1. 4 1. 4. 1 :,,,, ( ), ( 150

( ),, km 2 km 2,,,,, km, 5003000m, :,, 50%,, m, 3m, :,,,, 16. 118. 2, 11001200mm 9 12 1. 4. 2 1250000 150000 110000 1. 4. 3, :,,,,,, B=, B=, L=, L= ; km 2, 1. 4. 4 : (1 )1: 8000, ( ) 12000 : ( DOM) (DEM) (DLG) (2 )25m (3 ),,,, 2 2. 1 2. 1. 1, 2. 1. 2 2. 1. 3 ( 1% ),, 2. 1. 4 2. 2 2. 3 2. 3. 1 151

,, 2. 4 2. 5,, 2. 6 1 1. 1, 2002 12 1 1. 2, 1999 10 1 1. 3, 2000 1 1 1. 4 GB/ T69621500 11000 12000 1. 5 GB/ T 192942003 2, ( 1. 4. 4 ), 2. 1 2. 1. 1 18000, 150000 125000,, 2. 1. 2,,,,,,,, 2. 1. 3,,,, GPS 2. 1. 4 :,, ;, 20, 3 ;, 30, 2 ;, 45, 1 ;, 30, 2 2. 1. 5 45006800K 2. 1. 6 :,,,, GPS 152 2. 2 2. 2. 1, :23cm23cm 152mm,

0.015mm 2. 2. 2 2 20000 : ( 0. 01mm ) ( 0.01mm ) ( 0. 003mm) (0.01mm)(0.01mm ) 2. 2. 3 2444,,, 2. 2. 4, 3, GB/ T6962 3. 1 3. 1. 1 60% 65%, 75%, 56% 3. 1. 2 30% 35%, 13% 3. 2 2, 3 3. 3 6, 8 ( 3 ) 3. 4 3%, 30m, 50m 5% 3. 5 50 %,,, ;, 30% 3. 6,, 4,,,,,,, 4. 1 4. 1. 1 ( D0 )0. 2 4. 1. 2 ( Dmin )D0 + 0.2 4. 1. 3 ( Dm ax ) 1. 2-1.6;, 2.0 ;, 1.0 4. 1. 4 (D)0.61. 4, 1.0 153

4. 1. 6 4. 2,, 0. 02mm 4. 3 4. 4 5,, GB/ T6962 5. 1 5. 1. 1 5. 1. 2 5. 1. 3 5. 1. 4 5. 1. 5 5. 1. 6 5. 1. 7 5. 1. 8 5. 1. 9 5. 1. 10 5. 1. 11 5. 1. 12, 5. 2 5. 2. 1 25cm30cm,,, 5. 2. 2, 4mm6mm,,,,,,,, 5. 3 GB/ T 6962 6 6. 1 154

,, : 6. 1. 1 ( ) 6. 1. 2 ( ) 6. 1. 3 6. 1. 4 6. 1. 5 6. 1. 6 6. 1. 7 6. 2, : 6. 2. 1 6. 2. 2, 6. 2. 3 6. 2. 4 6. 2. 5 : : ( ) 6. 2. 6 :,,,, 6. 2. 7,,, 7 8,,, 155

1. 1, 1. 2 1. 3 1. 3. 1 12000, : ( ) ( ) ( ) 1. 3. 2 1. 3. 3 ( ) 1. 3. 4 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) 1) 2) () 3) ( ) ( ) 4) () 5) () 6) ( ) 1. 4 (, ),, 2, : 156

2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5,, ; ( ) 1 1. 1 1. 2, 1. 3, ;,,, 1. 4, 2 2. 1,, 2. 2 : 2. 3 : (1 ) (2 )( ) (3 ) ( ), (4 )2 (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) (8 ),,,, 157

15, 2. 4 2. 4. 1,,, : (1 )( : ) (2 )( : ) (3 ) ( : ) (4 ) ( :,, ) (5 )( : ) (6 ) (7 ) 2. 4. 2 :,,,, 2. 4. 3 : (1 ), (2 ), :, (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) 2. 4. 4 2. 5 2. 5. 1,,, 2. 5. 2 2. 5. 3,, 2. 6 2. 6. 1 : 2. 6. 2,,,,, 158

,, 3 3. 1 : 3. 1. 1 3. 1. 2,, 3. 2,, 5,, 4 4. 1 4. 2 : 4. 2. 1, (),, 4. 2. 2, 4. 2. 3, 4. 2. 4 4. 2. 5 4. 2. 6 1 A4, 10,, 2 5. 2. 4 : (1 ) (2 ), (3 ), (4 ),,,,,, 159

1.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2. (1 ),,, (2 ): 1) 2), 3), : 1) ; 2) ; 3), ; 4) (3 ) (4 ),, : 1) 2) 3) 4), 160

,, (5 ),, : 1),,,,, 2),, :,,, 3) 30 30, 3.,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) (8 ) (9 ) (10), 161

(1 ) (2 ),, 4.,,, 30,, 5, 5. 2. 6 ( ) 1. (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) : 1),,, 2),,, 3),,,,, 162

(3 ) 1), 2) 3) :, 4),,, 5),, 6), 2. (1 ),, : 1),,,, 2),, 3),, 4),,, 5),, 163

, (2 ), 1),, 2),,,,,,,, 3), 4),,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,, :,,, ;,,, : m Ai ( 1im) ; n fj ( 1jn) ; 164

m n m n X = ( xij ), ( xij )i Ai j fj ; X mn R = ( Rij ) (1 ) 1), 1im, x j = max xij > 0 ( 1jn ) : Rij = xij/ x j ( 5. 1), 1im, x j = max xij (1jn) : Rij = x j / xij ( 5. 2) : 0Rij 1 (1im,1jn ) ; ; 2), 1im, f j = max( xij ), f j = min( xij ) Rij = ( xij - f i )/ ( f i - f i ) ( 1im, 1jn ) ( 5. 3), 1im f j = min( xij ), f j = max ( xij ) Rij = ( f i - xij )/ ( f i - f i ) (1im, 1jn) ( 5. 4) : 0Rij 1 (1im,1jn ) ; fj, R ij = 1, R ij = 0 (2 ),,,,,,, 10. 0, 0: 1) 0 1. 0 3. 0 5. 0 7. 0 9. 0 10.0 2) 4. 0 1. 0 3. 0 5. 0 7. 0 9. 0 10.0,, ;,, 0 1, 1 5.,, (1 ) mn R = ( Rij ), R ij : E = ( E1, E2,, En ) T = ( 1, 1,, 1 ) T ; 165

B ( B1, B2,, Bn ) T = ( 0, 0,, 0) T,, W = ( W1, W 2,, W n ) T, W j = 1u + i i, i u - i = 1 - u + i : i i S + i = u + i (( W j ( Ej - Rij ) ) 2 ) 1/ 2 = u + i (( W j ( 1 - Rij ) ) 2 ) 1/ 2 ( 5. 5) S ī = u ī ( ( W j ( Rij - Bj ) ) 2 ) 1/ 2 i u + i = (1 - u + i ) ( ( W jrij ) 2 ) 1/ 2 ( 5. 6), : i, min{ Z( ui ) } = ( S + i ) 2 + ( S ī ) 2, 0, = u + i ( W j ( 1 - R ij ) ) 2 + (1 - u + i )( W j Rij ) 2 u + i = (1 + d 2 ) - 1 ( 5. 7) : d 2 = ( d + i / d - i ) 2 ( 5. 8) (2 ) (5.7 ): d + i = (( W j (1 - Rij ) ) 2 ) 1/ 2 ( 5. 9) d ī = ( ( W j Rij ) 2 ) 1/ 2 (5.10) i, d + i < d ī, i u + i > 0.5, u ī < 0.5 i, d + i = d ī, u + i = u - i = 0. 5 i, d + i > d ī, u + i < 0.5, u - i > 0. 5 i 0, i,, u + i = 1, u ī = 0 i 0, i,, u + i = 0, u ī = 1,, ( 5. 7), u + i u + i 6., 1, A1 A2 A3, 6, : 166 f 1 : ( / )min

f : ( kw) max f 3 : () max f 4 : (, 5 )max f 5 : ( / )min f 6 : (15,5 4 3 2 1,,,, )max X : f 1 f 2 f 3 f 4 f 5 f 6 A1 30 88 5. 0 12 2 3 A2 34 104 5. 5 14 3 4 A3 36 96 6. 0 18 2.5 5 W = (0.4,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.15, 0. 05 ) T (5.3 ) (5.4 )R : R = 1 0 0 0 1 0 0. 333 1 0. 5 0.333 0 0.5 0 0.5 1 1 0. 5 1 (5.10) ( 5. 9) ( 5. 8), ( 5. 7),, u + 1 = 0.745 u + 2 = 0.266 u + 3 = 0.265 A1 2,, A1 A2 A3, 6, : f 1 : ( ) min f 2 : ( 15, 5 4 3 2 1,,,, )max max max f 3 : () min f 4 : (15, 5 4 3 2 1,,,, ) f 5 : (15, 5 4 3 2 1,,,, ) f 6 : ( ) max X : f 1 f 2 f 3 f4 f 5 f 6 A1 130 4 3. 0 4 4 10 A2 120 5 2. 5 3 5 5 A3 100 3 2. 5 3 4 2 W = (0.25, 0. 25, 0.2, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1 ) T (5.3 ) (5.4 )R : 167

R (5.10) ( 5. 9) ( 5. 8), 0 0. 5 0 1 0 1 0.333 1 1 0 1 0. 375 1 0 1 0 0 0 ( d + 1 ) 2 = 0. 120625 ( d + 2 ) 2 = 0. 039211812 ( d + 3 ) 2 = 0.120625 ( d - 1 ) 2 = 0. 035625 ( d - 2 ) 2 = 0. 29 ( d - 3 ) 2 = 0.1025 (5.7 ), : u + 1 = 0.228 u + 2 = 0.956 u + 3 = 0.526 A2 3 1, A : A = 7 9 3 3 7 5 5 9 5 5 5 7 4 7 6 9 6 9 W = (0.4, 0.1, 0.2, 0.1, 0.15, 0. 05 ) T, A W = [5.9 5. 5 5.75] T A1 2, A : A = 3 7 6 7 7 9 5 9 7 5 9 5 9 5 7 5 7 3 W = (0.25, 0. 25, 0.2, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1 ) T, A2 A W = [6.0 6. 8 6.4 ] T,, 3 7. 12000 1. (2001. 08.02),,,, 2. : (1 ) (2 ) 168

, (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) 3.,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) 1. 2., 3.,,,, 4., ( 5-1) : 1., 2. ( ), 3. 4. 5. 6., ( ), 7. 2 8.,,,,,,, 169

,,,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), (4 ), 5-1 : : 1 2 () 3, 4 2 5 6 7 8 : ( ) : 1. ( 0. 50 ) (1 )( 0.24),,, 3, : 1) ( 0.10), 2) ( 0. 07 ), 170

( 0.07 ), (2 ) ( 0. 24 ) 5, : 1) ( 0.03) 2) () ( 0. 10 ) ; RC-30(LMK-2000 RMK + TOP ) > RC-20 ( LMK LMK-1000 RMK + CC24 ) > RC- 10 (MRB RMK) 3) ( 0.04)( Ultra Scan-5000 ) 4) ( 0.04),, : 5) () ( 0.03) (3 )( 0. 02 ) 2, 1) ( 0.01) 2) ;, ( 0.01) 2. (, 0.35) (1 ),,,,, ;,, (2 ), (3 ) : : 5 (5 ) : = 65 + : Di = Bi - Bm : Bi ; Bm := [ ( 2 Di )/ ( n - 1 ) ] 1/ 2 : n Di 0 0Di = 0 < Di 2 = - 10 2< Di 3 = - 20 171

Di = - 35 Di < 0, +, + 10, + 20, + 35 : = 65 + 35 : = ( Bm ax - Bi )/ ( Bm ax - Bmin ) : Bm a xbmin, 3. ( 0. 15 ) = 65 +, : = 10M 1 + 5M2 + 2.5M3 : M 1 ( )/ 4000 (), 2; M 2 ( )/ 4000 (), 2; M 3, 2 1.,, 2.,,,,, 3. ( ) 4., 1.,,, 5-2 5-3 5-4 2. A + A A - B + B B - C + C C - D + D D - E + E E - 15, A + 100, A 95, B 80, C 65, D 50, E 35, E - 30 5 172

, 4., 2 1., ( 5-4 ), 2, 2.,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) (8 ) (9 ) (10),, 1. 2., 1. 2., : (1 ) 173

,, 3., 4., 5-2 5-2 : : ( ) ( 1) 0.24 0.10 0.07 0.07 1 ( 2) 0.24 ( 3) 0.02 0.03 0.10 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.01 5-3 5-3 : : ( ) 2 0.35 0.35 5-4 5-4 : : ( ) 3 0.15 0.15 174

5-5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 : 5. 3 : 5. 3. 1,, : 175

(2 ), (3 ),, (4 ) 5. 3. 2 : 1. 2. 3. 5. 3. 3 :,,,, 1. ; ; ; ;, 2.,,,,, 3.,, ;, ;,,,,, : (1 ), (2 ),, ;, (3 ), F IDIC 176

,,,, 5. 3. 5,,,, : (1 ), (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) :,,,,, ;,, 5. 3. 6 : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ), 5. 4, 177

(1 ) 1) () 2) 3) 4) ( ) (2 ), 2. (1 ), (2 ) : 1) : () 2) 3) 4),,, (3 ),, : 1) 2) ( ) 3) ( ) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) () 10 ) 11 ) 12 ) 13 ) 14 ) (4 ), 178

(1 ) : 1) 2), 3), (2 ), : 1) () 2) 3) (3 ) (4 ),, 4. (1 ), 1),, : A. B. C. D., 2), ( 4 ) (2 ),, : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) (3 ): 1), 2),, 3),, 5. (1 ),, 179

), (2 ) :,, (3 ) :,, (4 ) (5 ),, (,, ) (6 ),,, (7 ),,,, (8 ), : 1) 2) 3) ( ) 4) 5) 6. (1 ),,, (2 ), (3 ), 5. 5 5. 5. 1 1.,,, 180

, 2.,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,, 4.,,, 5.,,,, 6.,, ; ;,,,, 5. 5. 2 1.,,,,,,,,,,,, 181

,,,,,,,,, ( ), 3. 12 :,,,,, (, ), 5. 6,,,,, 5. 6. 1,, 1981 12, 1985 3, 1987 6, 1993 3, 3,,,,, 1999, 3,,, 14 182

,,,, : (1 ), (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ),, 5. 6. 3, :,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ) (2 ),,,, 3 : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), 5. 6. 4, 183

,,, 5. 6. 5,,,,,,,,,,, 5. 6. 6,,,,,,,,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) (8 ) (9 ),,,, 5. 7 5. 7. 1 1., 184

,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) (8 ) 2.,,, ( ) 3. : (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,,,, (4 ), (5 ) 185

4. F IDIC,,,,,,, : (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ),,, (4 ),, 5. 7. 2,, 1999 3 15, 1999 10 1,, ( ) ( ) (, ), 186

1999 10 1, 5. 7. 3,,,, :,, ; :,,,, 1. (1 ) (2 ),,,, (3 ) ( ),, 30 % ;, 20% (4 ),,, ;, 2. (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),, 187

,,, (3 ),,,,, 5. 7. 4 ( ) ( ),, :,,, ;,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 188

1.,,,,,, : (1 ),, () (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 189

,, 3.,,, :,,,,, 15 39,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 190

, 23 :,, :, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;,, 5. 8,,,,,,, 5. 8. 1 (1 ),,, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ), : 1), 2) 3) (4 ),,,,,,,,, ( )( ), ( ),,,, 191

,,, 5. 8. 2,,,,,,, 20, 5. 8. 3 (1 ), 20, ( ),, (2 ),, : ;, ;, ; 5. 8. 4,,, 5. 9 5. 9. 1,,,,,,,,,,,,, 192,

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7% 8%,,, 5. 9. 2 1. (1 ), (2 ) (3 ), (4 ) (5 ), (6 ), (7 ), ( ) (8 ),,, 2. (1 ) (2 ), ( ) (3 ) 193

, 5. 9. 3,, : 1., : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) 2. (1 ),,,, (2 ),, 3.,,,,,, : 4.,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, 5. 9. 4 : 194

,, (2 ), (3 ) (4 ),, (5 ),,, (6 ), :,,, 5. 9. 5,,,,,,,,,,,, 1., : (1 ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),, ( ): ( ),,,,,,,, 195

,,,, 2. : (1 ),, :,,,, (2 ), (3 ),, ;, (4 ),,,,,,, (5 ),, (6 ),,, 4, 28,, WTO,,,,,,,,, 5. 9. 6,,, : (1 ), (2 ) 196

28 ), ; ( 28 ), () (28 ),, ;, ;,, (3 ) 1), ( ), 2) (1428 ), : 14 ; 1428, 28 ; 14 3), ; (4 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5. 10 5. 10.1,,,,,,,, 197

(1 ) :,, ;, ;,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, 2. (1 ) :,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) ( Dispute of Adjudication Board, DAB),, :,,,,,, 198

,, 16 18,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,, (5 ),,,,,,,,,, (6 ),,,,,,,,,, 199

,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, (7 ),,,, 5. 10.2 (DRB) 1. (Dispute Review Board DRB), DRB,,,,, ( ),, DRB, 1994, 60 DRB, 90 DRB, 200 DRB 220 DRB, DRB, 2. DRB 1997 5, 5 A. DRB DRB, 35 200

, 13 :,, ;,,, 700,, 700, DRB 1992 DRB,,, DRB DRB, DRB,, DRB 1998 4 22 DRB, 1999, DRB DRB 3. DRB (1 )DRB DRB, DRB,,,, : DRB ;, (2 ) ( ), DRB,,,,, 14 7,, DRB DRB, DRB,,, 201

DRB, DRB (56 ) DRB,, DRB 14,,,, DRB,, 14, DRB, DRB,,, DRB, 5. 11 FIDIC FIDIC,, F IDIC,, FIDIC FIDIC 5. 11.1 FIDIC F IDIC( )( Federation Internationale des Ingenieurs Conserls), l913, F IDIC,,,,,, F IDIC, 70, F IDIC,, FIDIC, F IDIC, 5500, 225000, 3500 40 000 202

FIDIC (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) 5. 11.2 FIDIC F IDIC, FIDIC,, F IDIC, F IDIC 1957 ( ) 1, 1963 1977 2 3 FIDIC 1987 4 3,,, F IDIC, ICE 1999, F IDIC,, 1999 1,, 72 20, F IDIC, EPC,,, FIDIC, 3 4, 1999 1 ( ),,,,, ( ),,,, ( E PC)(), ;,, ;,,, (), 3 20, (), ( ),,,, 203

4,, ( F IDIC) ( FIDIC), 3,,,,, F IDIC,,,,,, F IDIC,, FIDIC,,,,, FIDIC,,,,,, F IDIC,, F IDIC F IDIC, 20 80, FIDIC,,,,, FIDIC 4 FIDIC, FIDIC,,, 1991, 1994,, 2001, 7 13,,,, 2000, 5. 12 2004 8 28,, 2005 4 1, 204

, CA,, CA,,,, CA, :,,,,,, 2004,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,, :,,,, 2.,,,, 205

,,, :,, 206

6. 1 6. 1. 1,, ;, ;, 6. 1. 2 : ( ),,,,,, : 1. (,, ) (,, ) (,, ) (,, ) 2. ( ) (,,,, ) (,,, ) 3. (,,, )(,, ), 207

,,, 6-1 6-1 :,, ;,,, ;,,,, 3,,, ;,,,, ;,,, 6. 1. 3, 6-2,, ;,, 208 6-2

,, ;,,, ;,,,,, 6. 1. 4,,,,,, :,, ;,, ;, ;, ;,, :,, (6-3) 6-3 209

1.,,,,,,,, :, ; :,,, ; :,,,, ; :,, 2.,,,, : (),, ; : ; :,,, ; :, 3.,,,,,, ;,, :,,, ; :,,, ; :,, ; :,,, ; :, ; : 4.,, 210

,, ; :,,, ; :,,, ; :,,, 5., : ; : ( ) ; : ; : 6.,,,,,,,,,,, 20,, 10,,,,,, 10,,,,,, 6. 2 6. 2. 1,, 211

,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ( )( Windows) ( ), ( CAD),,,, 6. 2. 2 Office 2000 Office 2000 32 Windows95/ 98 Windows NT Word 2000, Excel 2000, Power Point 2000, Access 2000, Office 2000 Outlook 2000 1. Microsoft Word 2000 Microsoft Word 2000,,,, Word 2000 Word 2000 Internet,,,, Word,, :,,, ;, ;, ; ; ; ;, WPSWrite Excel Word ; ; ; ; ; 212

Internet ;, ; ; ; ; ;, ; ; 2. Excel 2000 Excel 2000,, Excel 2000, 3. Power Point 2000 Power Point 2000 Power Point 2000, 4. Access 2000 Access 2000 Access 2000, Access 2000,, OLE5.0, Access 2000 Word 2000 Excel 2000 5. Outlook 2000 Outlook 2000 Office 2000, Outlook 2000 Internet www Outlook 2000, Outlook 2000 Office 2000, Office 2000 Office 2000,, Outlook 2000, Outlook 2000 Office 2000 Office 2000, : WPS, SPDOS, SPT, CCED,,,,,, : HarvadGraphic(, ), TableCuve(), 213

PointBrush() Windows,, Windows,, AutodBASE( ), FIDIC ASOC( ), Letter Lotus 1-2-3-4-5,,,,, ( ), : Lotus 1-2-3 DOS Windows,1 ;2 ;3,, IBM PCXT/ AT Symphony, Lotus 1-2-3-4-5, 6. Microsoft Word 2003 Word 2003,,, Word 2003,, (1 )Word 2003,, /, Microsoft Windows SharePoint T M Microsoft Windows R Server TM 2003 (2 ) ( IRM),,, I RM Microsoft Windows Rights Management Services ( RMS )Windows Server 2003 : Microsoft Office 2003, Word IRM, IRM Microsoft Office 2003, IRM ;, (3 ),,,, ;, (4 ) Word 2003,, 214

Word ( IM) Word 2003 IM, IM (5 ) Tablet PC, Word, ( ), Word 2003,, XML : Word 2003 (XML), ( ) : Office 2003, Word 2003 XML, XML Microsoft Office P rofessional 2003, XML : Word 2003 XML, Word XML : Word 2003,,,,, : Word Research ( ) Word,, Research ( ) Internet : Microsoft Office Online Web,, Word Office Online Internet Office Online Microsoft Office : Getting Started ( ) Help ( ), Microsoft Office Online Assistance ( Microsoft Office ) Internet : Reading Layout ( ), Microsoft ClearType R 7. Office XP, Office XP, Office XP Microsoft,,, 215

, Office XP 6 : Word Excel PowerPointAccess F rontpage Outlook, 8. Office Office,,, Office, Office Java, Windows 98/ NT/ 2000, Linux Office,,, Office Office;,,, Office Office, Excel, Word, PowerPoint ; R TF HTML XML Office Office,,,,, Office, 9.,,,, ;, ; ; ;, ( ) ;,,, 6. 2. 3 20 80, Microsoft DOS Project V4. 01990 Windows 3.0, Microsoft P roject V1.0 for Windows,,, Windows 3.0, Windows,,,,, ; 216 ME/

Windows, Windows ( Windows ),, ( ) 1. (1 ) PrimaveraProjectPlanner( P3 )5.1,,, ;,, 10,, ASC Lotus 1-2-3 P3, P3, P3 P3, 1995 P3,, P3, : 1) P3,,,,, P3,,, 2) P3,,,,, 3) P3,,, P3, 4) 5), P3,,, (2 ) SureTrak SureTrak P3, P3 80%, 217

P P3 SureTrak,, P3 SureTrak, P3 SureTrak (3 ) Expedition Expedition P3, F IDIC,,, :,, (4 ) ESBOP BPBE ESBOP, C,,,,, BPBE,,,,,, BPBE,,, 2h (5 ) Project NJTU Project NJ TU 1. 0,, Project NJTU 1.0 6-4 : 1), ( ) () 2) 3),, 4), 218

Project NJT U1.0 5),, 2. (1 ),,,,, 6 : Computer Assocoates International Inc. CASuper Project V 3.0 for Windows and OS/ 2; Microsoft Corp. Microsoft Project V 4.0 for Windows; Scitor Corp.Project Schedule V 1. 5 for Windows; P rimavera Systems Inc. Sure Trak Project Manager V 1. 0 for Windows; Welcome Software Technology Texim Project V 2. 0 for Windows; Symantec Crop. Time Linc V 6. 1 for Windows,, Microsoft Project 98 (2 ) Microsoft Project 98 Microsoft Project 98, : : 219

, :, :,, :,, ( ) 1) Project,, :,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 2),,, :,, 3) Project 98,,, :,,,,, 220

,,,, 4) ( ) ( ), :,,,,, MS Project 98, Project 98 Office, Excel Word Power Point MS Project 98 Office, OLE( ), MS Project 98, CPM ( ) CPM,,, MS Project 98, Web MS Project 98,,, MS P roject, MS Project 2000, MS Project 2003, : (1 ), Project Standard 2003, (2 ) ( ),, (3 ), 221

, (4 ) Project Standard 2003,, (5 ),, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Power Point R, Microsoft Visio R (6 ) Project Standard 2003 Microsoft Office System Microsoft Office Excel Microsoft Office Outlook R Microsoft Active Directory R Microsoft Exchange Server (7 ) Microsoft Office 2003 P roject Standard 2003, Project Standard (8 ) Project Standard 2003 P roject Standard 2003, (9 ) Project Standard 2003,,, (XML) Microsoft Visual Basic R for Applications ( VBA) ( COM), (10) Microsoft Office P roject, Project 2003 3. [ 20 ],,,,, 30,, 222

3 :, COM( Component Object Model ) COM Project NJTU Project 2000,, (1 ) Project NJTU 1.0 MS P roject 2000 MS Project 2000,,,,, MS Project 2000,,, ( ), MS P roject 2000,, Project NJ TU 1. 0 Project NJ TU1. 0 MS P roject 2000,,,,,, Project NJ TU 1.0 MS Project 2000, MS P roject 2000 Project NJTU 1.0, P roject NJ TU 1.0 MS Project 2000,,,,, Project NJTU 1. 0 MS P roject 2000 (2 ),, Project NJTU 1. 0 MS P roject 2000,, Project NJTU 1. 0 MS Access (. mdb), MS P roject 2000 MS Project (. mpp),, MS P roject 2000, VBA, MS P roject 2000, MS P roject 2000, MS Project 2000 Project NJTU 1. 0, Project NJTU 1. 0, Project NJ TU 1. 0 MS Project 2000 MS Project 2000 MS Projec (. mpp) MS Access, MS Access, Project NJTU 1.0 MS Access,, Project NJ TU 1. 0, MS Project 2000 MS Access MS Project 2000, 223

MS P roject,, Project NJTU 1.0 Project NJTU 1. 0, Project NJTU 1. 0 MS Project 2000 ( MS Access ),. mdb MS Project (. mpp )P roject NJTU 1.0 MS Project 2000, 6-5 6-5, MS Project 2000 Project NJTU1. 0,,, (3 ) COM Project NJTU 1.0 MS Project 2000, MS Project 2000 VBA,, MS P roject 2000,,,, MS Project 2000, VBA,, ; Project NJTU 1. 0,,, MS Project 2000, COM, COM,, ( ), (COM), COM ( Component), COM,, COM, Windows DNA3 C + +, C + + COM, P roject NJTU 1. 0 Visual C + + 6. 0, C + +, C + + Project NJTU 1. 0 COM,, 224

Project NJTU COM, COM, COM,, COM, COM API,,, COM,,,,,,,,,,,,,, COM,, ActiveX COM,,,, COM,, 1.,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,, 3.,, CAD,,,, 225

7. 1,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),,,, (2 ),, (3 )( ),,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,, (5 ),,,, (6 ),,,,,,,,,,, : 226

2) 3) 7. 2 : 1., 2. 3., 4., 5., 7. 3 7-1, 1. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) 2. (1 ),,,,, (2 ),, 227

7. 4, 7. 4. 1,,,,,,,, (1 ), (2 ),, : 1),,, 2),,, 3),,,, 4),, 228

,,,, (3 ),,, (4 ),,,, 7. 4. 2, (1 ),, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),,,, (4 ), (5 ),,,,,,,, 7. 4. 3 (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),, 229

,, : 1),,,,, 2),,,,,, 3),, 4),, (4 ),,,,,, (5 ),, (6 ),,,,,,,, 7. 5 7. 5. 1,, : ; ; ;,,,,,,,,, 230

1.,, : ;, ;,,,,,,,, 2., (1 ),, :,,,,,, ;,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,, (3 ) 2 :,,,,,,,,, 231

,,,,,,,,,,, 1) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2),,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3),,,,,,, 232

,,,,,,, (5 ) 7. 5. 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 233

8. 1 8. 1. 1 1.,, 130km, 128km, :, 69.4 km 2, 92. 3% 126. 5 m 3, 51 m 3, 20 m 3, 60, ;, 75. 5 m 3 78 t, 20 ; 20 m 3, ; 180 kw, 51 kwh, 154m, 1667m, 15m, 864m, 5185 m 3 1.2m, 80m, 10 ; 3 3 ( ) 3 ;, 356m, 210m, 25m, 6 1 1 1 3 61.44m26. 2m251.5m,,,,,,, 346.75 ; 254. 48, 27. 23, 227.96 234

11. 09, 8. 9, 1.1, 1. 09 1991 9, 1994 9, 1997 10 28, 1999, 2001 12 31, 11 2.,, ; ; ; VOITH, ; FF T,, ;,, ;, 27,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;, ;,,,,,,,, 3. :,,, 126.5 m 3, 51 m 3, 20 m 3, 60, ;, 75.5 m 3, 78 t, 20, ; 20 235

m, ; 180 kw, 51 kwh 4.,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) GIN (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) (8 ) (9 ) (10) (11), : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) GPS (4 ) F UKO (5 ) (6 )70MPa 8. 1. 2, FIDIC,,,,, 1 2 3,,,,, : (1 ),, K R, 236 (2 )

, (4 ),, : ;,, 8. 1. 3 1.,, 3,3, 3, 1 6, 6,,,,,,,,,, : 2., : (1 ),,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,, 237

3, 1 100m, 12cm,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,, AMT3000 AMT4000,,,,,, 1100,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 238

,, AMT4000,,,, 5.,,,,,,,,, 40m, 28m, 23.4m,, 6.3m40m14m,,,,,,,,,,, 23m, AMT3000 AMT4000,,, 1200,,, ( 50 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6.,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 239

,, (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ),, (5 ),, 8. 1. 4 1. (1 ) : 1 2 34,,, 4. 0km, ( 15 ) (24 ),,,,, 24, 7,,,, (2 ) 33, ( 6 ),, 14, 12, 11km,, 4km 40km, 4, (3 ) 1993, 1993 11, 1996 12 1997 1 T3000 ( 0.5 ) ME5000 Ni002A, : 0.4, 0. 7mm, 1/ 705, 0. 38mm,, 240

1),,, 112m, 270. 7m, 1 # 2 # 3 # ( ),, 250m 13 ( ) 255.4m 14, 190m, 26,,, 2),,, 8, (5 ), 9,, EL150 1 # 5 #, 120. 7m 121.4m (19 ), 121. 4m 1 2 3 4 5 6, (6 ),,, 2. (1 ),,,,, 1996 3 13 12 14, 18,,,,, EL185 720m,, 13,, EL230 EL260 (2 ), 120m,, EL205 230 250 265 50 110 EL250, 306m, 14, 241

2 1997 9 25, 20,, 9. 4mm,,, (3 ),,,,, EL150 1 # 5 #, EL133 1 3 5 NET2B EL150 1997 1 12 10 5 35, 14.3mmEL133 1997 7 13 10 5 12, 6.3mm, 8. 1. 5 1. F IDIC,, ( F IDIC ) F IDIC 56.1 :, 60,, : : (1 ) (2 ) (1 ),, (2 ),, 2.,, FIDIC 55.1,,,, (, ),,, 242

,,, FIDIC 56. 1 :,,,, : (1 ),, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,, :,,, : (1 ),,,, 243

(2 ),,,,, (3 ), (4 ),,,, (5 ), (6 ),,,, 21,,, 27,,,,, 4.,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 8. 1. 6,, 244

,,,,,, 2.,,,,, 3. (1 ),, 1),,,,,,, 1200,, 100cm50cm 111 50cm50cm 169 2),,,, 3),,,, 1200 1100,,,,, 245

,, Vab = 1/ 2( Sa + Sb) Lab( Sa Sb, L ab a b, Vaba b ),,,, 1520m, 5 10m,,,,,,, (3 ),, (4 ),,, ; AMT ;, (5 ),,,,,,,,, 4. (1 ),,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),,,,,, 246 8. 1. 7 1. ( ),