( C I P) 2008 / 2008. :, 2008. 4 ISBN 978-7 - 114-07064 - 8 I. 2 II. 2 III. - IV. D993. 5-53 CIP ( 2008) 043312 : 2008 ( ) : 2008 : : : ( 100011) 3 : http: / / www. chinasybook. com( ) : ( 010) 64981400, 64960094 : : : : 880 1230 1 /16 : 28. 5 : 710 : 2008 4 1 : 2008 4 1 : ISBN 978-7-114-07064-8 : 0001 1200 : 120. 00 ( )
2008 2008,,,,,,,,,,,, 2008 2008 4 1
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2008
( ), :,,,,,,,,, 2020, : ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2
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,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 15
,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ILO),,, STCW 78 /95,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 16
,,,,,,, 21, IMO,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 17
( ),, STCW 1995 1978 ( STCW 78 /95 ), STCW 78 /95,,,,, STCW 78 /95,, ( 1977-) :,,, PSCO, STCW STCW, : 20-34298892-238, E-mail: pscowjh@ 126. com ( 1973-) :,,,, : 756-3330166, E- mail: zhshyu_zh@ gdmsa. gov. cn 18
( ), 95%,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, : 1.,,,,,, 2.,,,,,, 3.,,,,, 4., 19
, 5.,,, 12 4, 6.,,, 7.,,,,, ( ) BIMCO/ ISF 2005, 2005 1,,, : 1.,,,,, 2., 2%, 3%,, 50%, 20% 3. ( 2004 6 ),, 20
, STCW78 /95,,, ( ),,,,, : 1. 20 80,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,, STCW 78 /95,,,, 21
( ), 1996, 2007 9 1,,, ;,,, ;,,, 1.,,, ( 1),, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,, ( JT 2025 93),,,, ( 3),,,,, ISM 22
, ( 4), ;,, ;,,, 2.,,,,,,, 3., ( ),,,,,,,, ( ), 20 90,,,,,,,,, ( ), STCW 78 /95,,,,, 23
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,, ;,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,?,,,,, ( ), WTO,,,,,, 2007,,,, 24
,,, 2006,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1].., 2007( 5) : 38 39 [ 2]. STCW., 2000 ( 10) : 21 26 [ 3]. 2006., 2006( 4) : 8 11 [ 4].. [ ]., 2002 [ 5],.., 2007 ( 4) : 153 154 25
, ( ),,,,,,,, 2008 50,,,,, 2003,,,,, ( ) ( ),, ( 1963-) :,,, : 025-83279678, 025-83520233, 13951739785, E-mail: jameshan2007@ 126. com 26
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,,,,,,,,,, 6000 30000,,,,,,,,,, 5. 07,,,,,,,, 6.,,,,,,,, 8,,,, 8 7.,,, 8, 8.,,, : 2, 9. 28
, 2007, 500, 75%, 120,,,,,,,, 10.,,,, 11.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 29
,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, -, 3.,,,,,,, ( ) 1.,, 30
10,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,, 4.,, ;, ( ) 1. 2006,,,,,,, 2.,,, 3., 31
,,,,,,,,, 3 1, ( ) 4 1,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3, 3 6 ( ),, 12 ; 12 12 18, 30,,, 5.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5,, 3,,,, ( ) 1., 2006,,, 32
2.,,,,, 3.,,,,,,, 4.,, 2,,, 2, ;,,,, ( ) 1.,, 2.,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 33
( ; ),,, 90%,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 1972-) :,,, :, E-mail: liuguiyun@ nbu. edu. cn, : 13957425055 ( 1971-) :,, 34
,,,,,, 1,, 50%, 20%, 2010 4. 6 16 : 17%, 25%, 45%, 83%,,,,, 1998,,,,,,, 1996 2005 1 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 1325 1521 1560 1912 2067 2637 2855 2955 2869 3271 1211 1353 1563 1933 2813 2225 3453 5280 6401 7959 1910 1544 1590 1381 1373 1051 1387 1468 1153 1462 4446 4418 4713 5226 6253 5913 7695 9703 10423 12692,,,,,,,, 1. 0,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 35
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 36
;, ;,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, GMDSS 12,,,,, PSC,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,, 37
,,,,,,,, : ; ;,,,,,,,,,, [ 1].. 2006 [ 2],.., 2006. 4 [ 3]. 21., 2005. 4 [ 4],.., 2003. 2 [ 5].., 2006. 4 [ 6].., 2003. 3 [ 7]. ( )., 2006. 4 [ 8].., 2005. 4 38
( ),,,,,, 60% 70%, 93%,,,,, 3 5,, ( ), ( ) 151, 50, 17 5000, 5000 4000, 4000,, 39
,,, 76, 22, 22 2006, 2007 1 1. 2, 1 1. 2, 1 5 1 2003 1904 1884 33 3821 2004 1898 1526 761 4185 2005 2531 2383 480 5394 2006 2807 3766 719 7292 2007 3032 5319 412 8763 12 172 14 878 2 405 29 455,, 8000,,,,,,,,, : 50%, 27%, 16%, 5%,,,,,, 4,,, ( 42% ) ( 7. 3% ) ( 6. 8% ), ( ),,,,, 40
,,,,, 2%, 3% ( ),, 6000, 8000,,,, 6000, ( ),, :,,,,, STCW 78 /95,,,, IMO,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5 ( ) 20 80,, :, ;, 41
,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 20 60 80,,,,,,, 42
( ),,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,, ( ), 2007 9,,, ;, ( ) 2007 9,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ; ;,,, ; ; ; ; ;,, 43
, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,, ;,, ;, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ;,,,,, ; 44
;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, [ 1], 2007 [ 2],,.. 2004, 2004 [ 3] BIMCO/ ISF Manpower 2005 update 45
( ),,,, ( IMO) ( STCW ),,, STCW,,,,,,,,,, 90 %,,, : : 0755-83797112 ; 13902940371, 0755-83797172 ; 13924663540; 229 0710,. 518032, E-mail: lsf@ szmsa. gov. cn, Ttjia82@ 163. com 46
,,,,,,,,, 2400,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1. 50, 17, A 10000,,,, 10000,,, 50%,, 20%,,,,,,, 2. STCW,,,, 47
,,,, 3., 9418, 8106, 2987, 827,,,,,,, 2007 : 15741 ; 13278, 84. 4% ; 13000, 6330 ; 1202, 1134 ; 99% ; 4764, 30% ; 3646, 23% 2004, :,, ; 50,, ;, ;, ;, 13000 4. 2005,, 42%, ( 7. 3% ), ( 6. 8% ), ( 4% ),, 17,,,,,, ( ),,, : 1.,, ( ), ( ),, 48
,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,,, 2. STCW,,,,,, 3. ( ),, 20,,, 13000,, 4.,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 49
,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ), ; ( ),,,, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 50
,, ( ),,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ), 2006,,,,,,,,, ( ) 2006,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 51
( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 50%, 20%, 10 85%,,,,,,, ( 1964-) :,,, 311112, : 0571-81882722, 0571-88481666, E-mail: hzdxm@ yahoo. com. cn ( 1962-) :,,,, 311112 : 0571-88481788, 13958182812 E-mail: jiyq@ zjvtit. edu. cn 52
,,,,,, : ( 1),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 70,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ),,,, :,,, 53
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,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 2006,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),, 55
,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1],. 2006 [ J]., 2007( 3) : 49 53 56
[ 2],. [ J]., 2006( 7) : 28 30 [ 3]. 2006 [ J]., 2007( 2) : 2 3 [ 4],. [ J]., 2007( 3) : 54 55 [ 5],. [ M]. :, 1999: 261 263 57
( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1993, 1993 2004,, 2004 2007 DPA( ) 2007 10 : 0411-82622716, 82622342, 82622230( ), 13390516910 ; E-mail: kang_weimin01@ yahoo. com. cn 58
, :,, : ( ) ( 1) ;,,,,,,,,, ( 2) ;,,, ( 3) ;,,,,,, ( ) ( 1) ;,,,,,,,,, ( 2) ;,,,, ( 3) ;,,,,,, 59
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 1),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,, ( 3),,, 2007 4 14,,,,,,,,,, 60
,, : ( 1) :, :,,,,,, :,, ( 2) :,,, :,,,, ( 3) :,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1].., 2006 29 5 41 [ 2]. ( 2007) 494 61
( ), ;,,,, 5, ;,,,,,, [ 1 ] 21,,, [ 2], :,,,,, ; 62
,,,,,,,,,, ( ), [ 3 ],, : :, ; :, ; :,,, ; :,,, ;, ;, ;,,,,,,, ( A) ( B) ( C) ( D),,, 1 ( ), 63
,,, 1 ( A) ( B) ( C) ( D),,, ;,, ( ),,,,,,, 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, [ 4], 64
( ),,,,,,,,,,, [ 5], 31,,, ( ),, ;,,,,,,,, [ 6],,,, ( ), O = ( A, B, C, D), A = (, ), ( ), 65
W O = [ O A, O B, O C, O D ], W A = [ A 1, A 2 ], ; W A1 = [ M 1, M 2 ],,, ( ),,, P = { },, [ 7, 5, 3, 1] ( ) X = P* W,, X = 7, ; 5 X <7, ; 3 X < 5, ; 1 X < 3, ; X < 1, ( ) :, ( ), : W O = [ 0. 25, 0. 35, 0. 25, 0. 15], W A = W B = W C = W D = [ 0. 4, 0. 6], W A1 = [ 0. 5, 0. 5], W A2 = [ 1], W B1 = [ 0. 3, 0. 3, 0. 4], W B2 = [ 0. 4, 0. 56], W C1 = [ 1], W C2 = [ 1], W D1 = [ 1], W D2 = [ 1] [ 7, 5, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 5, 5] = 5. 268,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 66
[ 1].., 2006. 10 12 [ 2] 21 21. :, 1994. 14 [ 3],.. 2004. 23. 17 [ 4].., 2007. 2. 70 71 [ 5],.., 2006 [ 6].., 2005 67
( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2000 3. 7, 27,, : :, 7, 510700; : 020-82354097, 13925163097 68
,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 150, 100, 50,, ( ) 6,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( IMO),,,, STCW 78 /95 ;, ;, ;,,,, 69
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2000, 2 4, 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, ;,,, : ( ),,, : 70
,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,, SOLAS STCW 78 /95 ISM MARPOL ;,, ( 2007 9 1 ) ( ), GPS ECDIS, ARPA, GMDSS, VTS, ALS, VDR,,,,,,, ;,,,, ( ), :,, 71
, [ 1].., 2003. 4 [ 2].., 2005. 4 [ 3].., 2006. 5 72
( ),,, IMO( ) Efthimios Mitropoulos 2006,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 73
,,,,,, STCW ( ),, 1977 10,,,, 50%, 20%,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 74
,,,,,, ( ),,,, :,,,, ( ),, : ; ;,,,,,,,,,, : : ;, ;, ;,,,, ;,,,,,, 75
,,,,,,,, VTS,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;, ( 80% ),, ;, : ( ),,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 76
, ;,, ;,, : ( ),,,,,, 1.,,,, 2.,,,,, GMDSS 12,,,, ;, 3.,,,,,,, ( ) 1., 77
,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,, ;, ;, ;,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ; ; ;,,,,,,, 78
, 90%,,.,, [ 1]. [ S] 2006 : 63 64 [ 2],. [ J]., 2005 ( 2) : 18 21 [ 3],. [ J]., 2005 ( 3) : 9 11 [ 4],. [ J]., 2003, ( 5) : 24 25 79
, ( ),,,,,,, ; ;,, 93%, 46%,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ( 1973-) :,, 16, 528437, : ( 0760) 5310255, : ( 0760) 8281660, E-mail: jinhehuang@ 163. com ( 1974-) :,, 16, 528437, : ( 0760 ) 5310055, : ( 0760) 5310886 80
,,,,,, 2006, 1. 7, 93%,,,,, 10 : GDP 3000,, GDP 3000,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 85% 2006 98 2007 4,,,, 81
,,,,,,,,,, 2006 2006,,,,,,,,,,, 155, 51, 40%, 104 2007, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 82
,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( 1),,,,,,,, 2006 11,,,,,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,, 8 10,,, 2004,,,,, 4, 3,, ( 3),,,,,,,,,,, ;, 83
, ( ),,, 8 10,,,,, PSC FSC,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1],.. :, 2007 6 1 [ 2]. 2020 :., 2008 1 [ 3].., 2006 5 [ 4].., 2006 5 [ 5].., 2007 9 84
( ),,,,,,,,,, 2007, 92%, 20,, 1000 2800,,,,,,, :, : : :, Tel/ Fax: 0411-84726138 85
,, ( BIMCO) ( ISF) 2005 [ 2], 2005 106. 2, 47. 6, 58. 6, 46. 6, 72. 1, 1, 13. 5 1%, 5, 2010 4. 6, 25. 5,,,,, 10, 2015 27000 20 70, 20,, 2005, 60, 4, 2004 41736, 2005 43140, 3%, 4 5,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1 27 2002 2006 27 86
2338, / 2258, / 1345, / 1472, 2003, 3989, 3014, 75. 6% ; 2006, 6417, 5425, 84. 5% ( : ) 1 / / 2002 1367 980 558 72 446 2003 1782 1133 975 72 616 2004 1734 947 1012 101 372 2005 2233 1501 1231 236 771 2006 2338 2258 1345 501 971 9454 6819 5121 982 3176 ( ),, 68. 59%, 59. 47%, 81. 11%, 62. 41%, 51. 49% ( ),, ( ) ( 10% ),, ( 90 ),,,,,, 28% ;,, 25%, ( 15% ) 575 : 79. 83% ( ), 87
,,, ( ), ;, ;, ;,,, 20 50 20, 500, 21, 2007 1300 2008 2000 20, 1 7 21,, 81, 15, / 13, / 3, 50, 2007 4070, / 5799 [ 9],, 2006 636,,,,,, /, 2007 3 2007, 540 2008,,,, 2006,,, 60,,, 88
, DMI ( ),,,,, 4,, 16,,, 2006 11 15, 1. 72,,,,,,,, 196,,,,,,, 2004,, ; 60% ; 3,,,, STCW,,, 89
,,,,,,,,,, 2003, 3989, 3014, 75. 6% ; 2006, 6417, 5425, 84. 5% 1 1 2003 2006,,,, ( IMO) ( ILO) ( IMLA) ( IAMU) ( AMETIAP) ( APEC) ( ISF) ( IACS) ;,,,, 90
( ),,,,, ( ),,, ;, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),, ( ) ( ),,,, 91
( ),,, ( ),,, 8863, 1 2,, 2007,,,,,,, ;,,, [ 1].., 2006 3 [ 2] 2015. 2000, 12 [ 3].. 2000. [ 4].., 2004. 2 [ 5].., 2007. 1 [ 6].., 2007. 2 [ 7].., 2003. 5 [ 8] BIMCO/ ISF Manpower 2005 update. Dec 2005 [ 9],, 2007 10 92
( ),,,,,,,, IMO( ) Efthimios Mitropoulos 2006,,,,,, ( ) :, 1999 7,, 93
:,,,, : 17,,, :,,,,, :,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, :,,, CEO ( Ron Yang) :,,,,,,,, ( Sustainable Development) 20 80,,,,,,,, /, 94
, ( ),,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,,, ( ) : ; 95
,,,, ; ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,, 96
,,,,, web2. 0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1].. 2005( 11) : 232 [ 2],,.., 2002( 11) : 57 58 [ 3],,.., 2005( 7) : 10 11 [ 4].. 2006. 4 [ 5],.. 2006. 06( 07) : 176 178 [ 6],.. 2006( 05) 97
( ) ;, ;,,,,,,, ;,,, 500, ;,,, 75% ;, ;,,, 98
,,,,, : ISM NSM,,, SMS, ; SMS ISM, SMS,, ;,, SMS, SMS,, ;,, ( ),,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,, ;, : SMS ; ; ; ; ( ),, ;, 99
,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, : MARPOL,, ;,,, ;,,, 100
( ), 2006,,,, 7300 2450,,,?,?,,, 106. 2, 1% 5, 2015 2. 7 A 18, A 11, 000, 10, 000 101
,, 10, 000,,,,,,, :,,, 73%, 27%, 13%, 87%, 58. 85%,,, 30,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 102
;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 20,,,,,,,,,,,, 21,,, 2006,,,, 103
( ), MMEC,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 40, VLCC 20, ( GP ), ( 1970-) :,,,, 3000,, E-mail: zimcwyb@ 126. com, 268,, : 316021, : 13857220688, 0580-2095092 104
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 11, 2 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ISM ISPS),,,,,,,,, ( PSC),,,,, 80%, ( USCG), 16% 33%,,,,,, 5 20, 71. 8%, 30. 2%, 44. 3%,,,,,,, 105
,, STCW78 /95 ISM,, MMEC( M-Man, M-Machine, E-Environment, C-Control ), : ( ) M ( 1) ; ( 2),, ; ( 3),,, ; ( 4),,,,, ; ( 5),, ; ( 6),, ; ( 7),, ( ) M ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ( ) E ( 1), ; ( 2),, ; ( 3),,,,, CO 2 ; ( 4),,,,,, 106
, ( ) C ( 1), ; ( 2) ; ( 3),,, ; ( 4) ; ( 5) ; ( 6) ( ) ( 1), ; ( 2),, ; ( 3), ; ( 4) ( ),, : ; ; ; ; 1. 1999 11 25 IMO A. 890( 21),, IMO,,, STCW, 107
,, ILO 2006, : 2. 7-,,,,,, 2. IMO STCW 78 /95,,, IMO STCW 78 /95,,,, 3., ( IMO) ( ILO), STCW A- / : 24 10 ; 2, 6 ; 10 6, 2, 7 70 ; ; STCW B- /, :,,, ;,,,, ; 24 ; 24 ILO 2006 STCW, 108
2006, : 24 14 ; 7 72 ; : 24 10 ; 7 77, STCW, 2006 4. IMO SOLAS :, ( ISM ), ISM,,,, 5., IMO 1995,,, ;,,,, ISM SMS PSC ( ) 1.,, STCW78 /95, 30,,,, IMO ILO ITU WHO, 2006,,,, : ; ; 109
;, 2. PSC PSC, IMO ILO PSC,,,, :, ;,,,,, IMO ILO,, ( Paris MOU),,,,, 6, 3.,,,,,,,, 6 6 4 4,,,,,,,,,,, 110
E-MAIL,, ( 1) ; ;, ; ( 2) ; ;, ; ; 24 ; DVD ;,,, ( 3),, ; ; ;,,,,, ; ;, 4. ( 1),,,,,,, ( 2),, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,! 111
[ 1],. [ A]. [ C]. 2002 [ 2], [ J]., 2001 1 [ 3] IMO. Res. A. 772( 18) Fatigue Factors in Manning and Safety, October 1993 [ 4] ILO. the Maritime Labour Convention. 2006 [ 5] IMO. International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978, as amended in 1995 112
( ),,,,,, 2 /3, 90%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, IMO( ) Efthimios Mitropoulos,, ;,,,,, 50, 113
13. 5,,,, ;, 1. 3, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 80%, 90%, 95%,,,,,,, 90%, 114
120 A,? : ( 1),, 2007 9 1,,,,,, 155,, 80%,,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,,,,, ( 3),,,,,,, ( 4),,,,, ( 5),,, 115
,,,,,,,,! 116
( ; ),,,,, 30,,,,, 3700,, 120,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 8000, 117
4000 ;, ( ),, 50%,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 80, ; 90,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 118
,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 7 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 8,,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,, 3,,,,,,,,, 119
,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1]. : [ 2]. : [ 3] : : 120
( ; ; ) 2007 9 1,, ( ) 2007 3 28 172, 2007 4 14, 2007 9 1,,,, ( ),, ( 1958-) :,,, 11, 100736, : 010-65292477 121
( ),,,,,, ;,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ( [ 2002] 14 ) ( [ 2003] 5 ),,,,, ( IMO) ( STCW ) I/8,,,, IMO, IMO A, STCW,,,,,,,,,, 122
,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 3, 123
,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ;,,, ( ) 124
,,,,,, ; ( ILO) ( IMO), 2006 (, ) ( STCW ), ( ),, ( ),,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 125
,,,,,, ( ) STCW 78,, ;,,, : ; ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ),, 126
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1]. 1995 1978. :, 1997 [ 2]. :, 2003 [ 3]. :, 2007 [ 4]. :, 2000 [ 5],.. :, 2007 127
( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 128
( ),, 2010, 4. 6,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ;,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, : 17%, 25%, 45%, 13%, ;, 2006, 129
,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ( ),,, ( ),,,, STCW,,, :,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,, 130
,, 44 25%, 55. 9%, 45 58. 3%, 46. 7%,, ;, STCW,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( 1),, ISM NSM,,,, ( 2),,,,,, ( 3),,,,,,, ;,,,, 15 ; 131
,,,,,,,,, ( 4),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1].. :. 2004. 835 849 [ 2].., 2006. 5. 8 10 [ 3],.., 2007. 5. 68 70 132
( ),, 2007 4 30 494, ( ), 2007 9 1, 2007 6 29 65, ( ), 2008 1 1,,,,,, 155,,,,, 133
( ) ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ( ) ( 1),,,, ; ( 2),, ; ( 3),, ;,,,,,,, ; ( 4),,,,, : ( 1), ( 134
, ) ( 2),, ( 3),,, ( 4),,, ( 5) ( 6) ( 7), ( 8) ( ), ( 9), 2 5, ( 10),,, : ( 1) SOLAS, IMO,,, 135
,,, ( 2),,,,,,,, ( 3),, STCW 2006 6 IMO,,,,,,, ( 4), ( 5), ( ) ; / ;, ; ;,, ;,, 136
( ; ) 80%, 521, : ( ),, ( Man) ( Machine) ( Environment) ( Manage), ( MMEM) [ 1 ],,,,,,,,,, ( Efthimios Mitropoulos) :, 80% [ 2],,, ( ) 1. 521 137
,,,,,,, ( ),, 521 1 [ 3 ] 521 24 ; 1 24 ; 2 24 (,, 0100 1 2 ) 1 0 1 17 3. 30% 1 2 25 4. 80% 2 3 42 8. 10% 3 4 50 9. 60% 4 5 8 1. 50% 5 6 16 3. 10% 6 7 28 5. 40% 7 8 16 3. 10% 8 9 8 1. 50% 9 10 16 3. 10% 10 11 12 2. 30% 11 12 27 5. 20% 12 13 33 6. 30 % 13 14 33 6. 30 % 14 15 31 6. 00 % 15 16 18 3. 50 % 16 17 12 2. 30 % 17 18 11 2. 10 % 18 19 15 2. 90 % 19 20 22 4. 20 % 20 21 7 1. 30 % 21 22 22 4. 20 % 22 23 22 4. 20 % 23 24 30 5. 80 % 1 2. 521 2 ( ),,,, 3 4 138
2, 3 4 ; 6 7, ; 13 14 22 23,, 0 4, 22 23 5 6 9 10 18 19, 22 23 5 6 9 10 18 19, 24, ( ) 1. 2 [ 3 ] 521, 3 4 2 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 87 125 153 156 16. 70% 24% 29. 30% 30 % 2. 2 [ 3], 521, 1, 87, 16. 70% ; 2, 125, 24% ; 3, 3, 156, 30% ; 139
156 30% 4, 4,,,,, 4, 2 2 20, 40%, 60%, ( 4),,,, ( 4 ), 2 3, 3 4, 30%, 17% 1. 7 4 ( 5 ),,,,,,, ( ) 1. 1948 IMO, 0 4 4 8 8 12, : 0000 0400 1200 1600 ; : 0400 0800 1600 2000, : 0800 1200 2000 2400 8,,,, 4,,,,, 521 3 [ 3] 521, 3 131 245 145 25. 14% 47. 03 % 27. 83 % 140
2. 3,,,,,,,, STCW 78 /95,,,, ; 12,, 12,,, :,,,, 521 25. 14% 27. 83%,,, 47. 03% 27. 83%,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 24,, ( ),, 4 [ 4] 141
4 0 1,, 3. 30 % 1 2, 4. 80 % 2 3, 8. 10 % 3 4,, 9. 60 % 4 5, 1. 50 % 5 6, 3. 10 % 6 7 5. 40 % 7 8, 3. 10 % 8 9,, 1. 50 % 9 10, 3. 10 % 10 11, 2. 30 % 11 12 5. 20 % 12 13,,,, 6. 30 % 13 14 24,, 6. 30 % 14 15 6. 00 % 15 16, 3. 50 % 16 17, 2. 30 % 17 18, 2. 10 % 18 19,, 2. 90 % 19 20, 4. 20 % 20 21, 1. 30 % 21 22 5000 8000, 12000,, 4. 20 % 22 23, 4. 20 % 23 24 1, 5. 80 %,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, : 3% : 0004 0005 0008 0009 1000 1600 1700 2000 2100, 142
,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, :, 2 3, 8. 10% ;,, 3 4, 9. 60% ; 6. 30% : 12 13 13 14,,,,, 24,,,, ( ),,, 80%,,,,,,,, 2 3 4 ;, 13 14 15,,,, ; ; ;,,,,,,, 4 ( 5 ),,,, 90, 90 120,,, 2, 143
,, 0 4 12 16,,,,,,,, 8 12 20 24,,,,,,,, 4 8 16 20,,,, ( ), 1948 IMO 60,,,,,, 3, 3 4, 30%, 17% 1. 7 1 2 : t 3. 3i ( i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), 3. 3, 3. 3,, 3,, 4 3,,,,,,,, 5,, 3,,, 5 144
5 0200 0500 0500 0800 0800 1100 1100 1400 1400 1700 1700 2000 2000 2300 2300 0200 11. 76% 4. 78% 2. 21% 3. 68 % 6. 25% 3. 31% 1. 84 % 5. 80% 5. 88 % 2. 57% 1. 84% 6. 25 % 4. 78% 5. 15% 3. 31 % 5. 15% 2. 57 % 3. 68% 1. 84% 4. 41 % 1. 47% 2. 57% 4. 78 % 4. 04%, 3, 5, : 0800 1100, 1100 1400, 1400 1700, 1700 2000, 2000 2300, 2300 0200, 0200 0500, 0500 0800 ( ), 3 6 6 1 2 0800 1100 1100 1400 1400 1700 1700 2000 2000 2300 2300 0200 0200 0500 0500 0800 15. 82 % 29. 33% 32. 71% 22. 06% :,,,, ( 7),, 1 ; 7 0800 1200 1200 1600 1600 2000 2000 2400 0000 0400 0400 0800 27. 83% 47. 03% 25. 14% : 521,,,, 2 ( ), 3000 1, 3, 145
, 1, 2 3, 12, 12, : 18, 18,, ( ),,,, : ( 3 4 ), ( ), ; 6,, ; ; ; ; ;,,, : ( 1) ( ), 3. 3 ( 2), ( 3) ( 4), : 4 3, : 0800 1100, 1100 1400, 1400 1700, 1700 2000, 2000 2300, 2300 0200, 0200 0500, 0500 0800 ( ) 20,,,, 3 8 146
8 1 2 0800 1100 1100 1400 1400 1700 1700 2000 2000 2300 2300 0200 0200 0500 0500 0800 [ 1].., 2002. 9 [ 2]. 2006., 2006 [ 3].. :, 2000. 10 [ 4]. 24., 2004. 9 147
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WebServices : ( ID ), IntPerIDA 3 UML, IntPerIDA, 4 5 : :, : ( ) : IntPerIDA : ID : : 3 IntPerIDA 4 IntPerIDA ( ) 160
5 IntPerIDA, Borland Together UML,, IntPerIDA [ 1],. [ M]. :, 2000 [ 2] C. C. Chang, C. S. Laih, Correspondence for remote password authentication with smartcards[ J]. IEE Proc. E, 1992 [ 3] Fiat A, Shamir A. How to Prove Yourself: Practical Solutions to Identification and Signature Problems[ C]. In Advances in Crypto-logy-Proceedings of CRYPTO 86, LNCS263 Berlin: Springer- Verlag, 1997 [ 4],. [ J]., 2000, ( 4) [ 5] Harris, J. A. ; OPA: a one-time password system Parallel Processing Workshops[ J], International Conference on, 2002 [ 6]. [ M]. : 2003 [ 7] M. S. Hwang and L. H. Li. A new remote user authentication scheme[ J]. IEEE Transaction on Consumer Electronics, 2000 [ 8]. [ J]., 2004( 2) [ 9],. [ J]., 2001( 12) [ 10],,,. [ J], 2000, ( 9) 161
( ),,,,,, :,, 90%,,, 120, 2007 150, 50, 100, 500 [ 1],, 2006 2 7 23 ILO 94 10 2006, 2007 9 1,,,,,, :,, ; E-mail: hm@ whut. edu. cn :,,, ; E-mail: xpyan@ whut. edu. cn 162
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Study, HAZOP) ( Risk Rank, RR), ( Failure Mode Effects Analysis, FMEA) [ 4-6],,,,,,, ( ) ( Risk Analysis),,,,,, ( Preliminary Hazard Analysis, PHA) ( Human Reliability Analysis, HRA) ( Health Worsening Estimate, HWE) ( Event Tree Analysis, ETA) ( Fault Tree Analysis, FTA) [ 4-6 ], : R ; n R = P i C i i ( 2) i = 1 P ; C ; ( ) 1. ( Risk Acceptance Criteria),,,,,,, 165
, [ 7-8 ] 2. ( Risk Evaluation),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1].., 2007 [ 2],,.., 2005 [ 3],,.,, 2007 [ 4].., 2007 [ 5],.., 2006 [ 6] Tan ZR, Wang WL, Huang M, Yan Xinping. Formal Safety Assessment and its application to 166
maritime[ C]. Progress in Safety Science and Technology, PTS A and B, 2004, 4: ( 2252-2257) [ 7] GB 6441 1986 [ 8],,.., 2007 167
( ),,,,,, [ 1 ],,,, ( ),, [ 2],, ;, : ; : ( ) : ; : 168
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,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, [ 8],,,,,,,, ( ) [ 9 10 ],,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, [ 1 1],,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 171
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,,,, ;, ;,,,, ( ),, : ( ), [ 8], ( ),,,,,, :,,, ( ) ;,,,,,,,,, [ 1],.., 2005. 12. p1100 1102 175
[ 2]. -., 1999,. p131 [ 3].., 1999,. p128 [ 4].. 2006. p87 [ 5],,. 2006, 2007. 2. [ 6],,,.., 2005. 9. p72 77 [ 7].. 2006. p42 [ 8]. ( ). :, 2007. 6. p98 103 [ 9].,., 2003. 11 [ 10].,., 2007. 10 [ 11],.., 2006. 2, p157 159 176
( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( 1),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 177
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,,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 3),,,,,, 2000,,,,,,,,,,, 179
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( ),,, 2006, 1. 7, 93%, A 2006, 155, 51, [ 1 ],,,,, 85%,,,,, :,,, ( ) : 075583797061, 13902919931 :,,, : 075529653641, 15818696469 :,,, : 075529653641, 13723736075 182
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) : [ 2 ],,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) :, ( ),, [ 3 ] :,,,, ;, [ 2 ] 183
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,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1] : [ 2] [ 3] ( ) [ 4].. :, 2006( 1), 193 [ 5],.. :, 2007( 1), 7 186
2006 ( ) 2006,, 2006 90% [ 1 ],,,,,,,, ( ILO) 70,,,,, ILO 5, 2006 2 23, 94 314 0 2006 ( MLC 2006 ) ( 1973-) :,,,, : 756-3330166, E- mail: zhshyu-zh@ gdmsa. gov. cn ( 1977-) :,,, PSC0, STCW STCW, : 20-34298892-238, E-mail: pscowjh@ 126. com 187
MLC 2006 : ; ;, MLC 2006,,, MLC 2006,, [ 2 ], 33% 30 12 2008 2, [ 3], [ 4] [ 5 ], ILO, 2006 2011, 2011, 2012,,,,, MLC 2006, MLC 2006,,, MLC 2006,,, MLC 2006 20 70 80,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,, [ 6 ] 1997,, : ( 1) ; ( 2), ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ; ( 5) [ 7 ] MLC 2006 188
,, MLC 2006,,,, MLC 2006,, A ; A,, MLC 2006,,,, MLC 2006, MLC 2006, ; ;,, MLC 2006,, MLC 2006,, 3184 ( 1870, 1314 ), 7040, [ 8 ] 50, 13. 5, 20, 12000 [ 9], 4, 256, 314, 120 14000 14. 5 [ 10 ], 120 20% 28% [ 1 1],,,, ;,, [ 1 2],,, 10,,,?,, : ; ; 189
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,,,,,, MLC 2006, ; ;,,,,, 2006, [ 27 ], MLC 2006,,, [ 1] LO. A Brief Introduction to International Labour Standards, 2005: 64 [ 2] ILO. Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 Action Plan 2006-2011: 2 [ 3] www. ilo. org/ilolex/ english/ newratframee. htm [ 4] ww. europarl. europa. eu/ sides/ getdoc. do? type = REPORT&reference = A6-2007-0019&lan guage = EN&mode = XML#title2 [ 5]. 2006., 2007( 2) [ 6],.. http: / / www. wiapp. org [ 7]. E... :, 2004: 118 [ 8] UNCTAD. Review of Maritime Transport 2007. http: / /www. unctad. org/ Templates/ Webflyer. asp? intitemid = 4398 [ 9]., 2005 [ 10].. ( ), 2005 ( 12) [ 11]. 2006., 2007( 2) [ 12] http: / / www. msa. gov. cn/ Zwgg/ Zwggview. aspx? ID = 117 [ 13].. ( ), 2005 ( 12) 195
[ 14].., 2003( 4) [ 15]. 2006., 2007( 3) [ 16],.., 2005( 4) [ 17], http: / / www. gov. cn/ [ 18]., http: / / www. chinaelections. org/ NewsInfo. asp? NewsID = 97468 [ 19].. :, 2004: 145 [ 20].. :, 2004: p146 147 [ 21] United Nations: UNCLOS. 94 ( 1) ( 3) ( 4) [ 22], J. Wonham.. :, 2001: p193 [ 23], J. Wonham.. :, 2001: 201 [ 24] United Nations: UNCLOS. 217 [ 25]. :. :, 2005: 132 139 [ 26], J. Wonham.. :, 2001: 205 206 [ 27] ttp: / / www. moc. gov. cn/2006 /06buzhangwy/ xuzuyf /buzhanghd_1 /200710 / t20071019_437 463. html 196
2006 ( ) 2006 2006, 51,,,,,, 2006 2006 2 27, ( ILO) 2006 5, 80 65, ( SOLAS) ( STCW) ( MARPOL), ILO 120,,, ILO 33% 30 :, 1977, 2003,, 2004, 25, : 0411-82625625, 13889566466, FAX: 0411-82622230, E-mail: yinshaozhou@ sohu. com 197
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2 [ 5], 5 : 1: ; 2: ; 3: ; 4: ; 5:,, 2006,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 203
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,,,,,,, ( ), ( PSC) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, B, A,,,,, 207
,,,,,, 80%,,,,,, 2006,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 208
[ 1]. 2006., 2007 [ 2] 2006. : 2007 [ 3].. :, 2005 [ 4].. :, 2005 [ 5].. :, 2005 209
2006 ( ) 2006,,,, 2006 2 23 94 ( ), 2006 ( MARITIME LABOUR CONVEN- TION 2006, ) 314, 0 4, : 30, 33%, 12,,, 120,, ( No More Favorable Treatment),,, 210
,,,,,,,,,,, 2007 4 494,, 2007 9 1,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1. A1. 4 2 6,,,,, 2., A1. 4 5 B1. 4-2( d) ( f),, 3.,, 211
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( 1),,, ;,,,, ;, ( 2),,,, ( 3),,,,,, ( 4),,,,,, :,, ( 5),,,,, ( 6),,,,,,,,, 4800 /,,,,,, 20%,, : ( 1 ) ; ( 2), 216
, [ 1] : http: / / www. shippingchina. com/? package = newfashion&modu le = zwgkzs&act = setpage [ 2]., : http: / / www. ccelaws. com/ int/artpage /3 / art_7887. htm [ 3] : http: / / www. chinanews. com. cn/ sh/ news/2007 /06-18 /960040. shtml [ 4] : http: / /www. cnss. com. cn/ cms/features/ root/07 /0701 /070103 / 07010301 /07010301X0704161 [ 5].., 2007 10, 19 217
2006 ( ) 2006,,, 2006,, 2006 2 7, ( International Labour Organization, ILO) 94, ILO106 1000 314 0 4 2006 ( the Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, MLC 2006) MLC 2006 ILO 1920 68 ( 71 15 108 185 ),, MLC 2006 ( International Maritime Organization, IMO),, ( 1972-) :,, ;, 25, 116001, 0411-82622289( Tel), 0411-82625234( Fax), E-mail: gunjin@ sina. com 218
MLC 2006,,,,,,,, MLC 2006,,,, ( ), MLC 2006,, MLC 2006 MLC 2006, 5 ( five titles) ( ) MLC 2006 1. 1 A1. 1 16, 18 ; 3. 2 A3. 2 18 ( ) 18, 16 ; 20,,, MLC 2006 ( ) MLC 2006 1. 2 A 1. 2 ( Medical Certificate),,,, ( JT 2025 93) 219
,,, ( 1 ) ( ) ( Health Certificate), 12,,,,,, MLC 2006 ( ) MLC 2006 1. 3 A 1. 3,, IMO, 1978,, STCW, MLC 2006 ( ) MLC 2006 1. 4 A 1. 4 ( Seafarer recruitment and placement service), MLC 2006 A 1. 4, A 1. 4,, MLC 2006,, ;, ;, MLC 2006 1. 4 A 1. 4,,,, 220
MLC 2006,,, ( ) MLC 2006 2. 1 A 2. 1 ( ), MLC 2006 A2. 1, MLC 2006 MLC 2006 ( ) MLC 2006 2. 2 A 2. 2 MLC 2006 A 2. 2,,,, MLC 2006 ( ) MLC 2006 2. 3 A 2. 3,,,, 1995 1978,, MLC 2006 ( ) MLC 2006 2. 4 A 2. 4 2. 5, 221
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,,,,,,, MLC 2006,, MLC 2006,,,,,,,,, MLC 2006,,,,,,, [ 1]. 2006. :, 2007 [ 2],.. :, 2007 [ 3]. 2006., 2006 ( 4) : 8-11 [ 4]. :, 2007 [ 5]. 1995 1978. :, 1997 [ 6].. :, 1995( 10) [ 7] International Labour Organization Maritime Labour Convention Frequently Asked Questions, International Labour Organization. 2006 223
2006 ( ) 2006,,, 2006 2 7 23, ( ILO) 94 10, 314 0 4, 2006 ( ),,, ;, 93%,,,,,,, : 1987,, ; 2006 2007,, ( 190 1505, 200086, : 021-53931544, 13701787916, E-mail: yueming_z@ sohu. com) 224
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,,,,, ;,,, 1919, 1945,,,, 178,,, 2006, 2001 1 ILO,, 60 2005 2006 ILO 5 : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ; ( 5), A ; A,,,,, 5 : ( 1), ; ( 2), ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ; ( 5),, 230
( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1., :,,,,,,,,,, 85%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 231
,, 2. :,,,,, ;,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,, 2006,,,, ( ),,,,, : ;,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 232
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ( ),,, 10,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1] LO. International Maritime Labor Convention[ S]. Geneva. ILO. 2006 233
[ 2]. [ J]. ( ), 2004, 3( 3), 25-28 [ 3]. ( ) [ D]., 2005 [ 4]. [ J]., 2006, ( 3) : 1-3 [ 5]. 2006 [ R]., 2006 234
( ( ) ),,, 90%,,,,,,,,,,, 100 8, 100 120, : ( ), 219 1601 : 0411-83780219 235
,,,, 10, 16 1990, ( ISF) ( BIMCO), 2000 89000, 2005 104000,, 4 5,,, 2004 1, ( ) 55930, 13025, 42905 42%, 2. 9%,,,,,,, ( ),,,, A,, : 2001 22, 15, 9 : ( ),,,, ( ), 236
( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ITF( ), ITF,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 2, 10,,,,,,,, : 237
; ; ( ) ; ;,,,,, ( POEA),,,,,,,,, POEA,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 238
( ),,,,,,,, 20 70,,,,,,,, ; ( 1976-) :,, : 13967867139, E-mail: zhangzhifeng@ nbmsa. gov. cn ( 1975-) :,, : 13586524461, E-mail: cliff3324@ hotmail. com Lloyd s Register of Shipping World Fleet Statistics WTO World merchandise export volume, 1950-2002, 0. 9034 0. 9270 239
,,, ( ) 1.,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2. ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 240
,,,, ;,,, ( ) 1.,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,, ( 1), ( 2), ( 3),,, ( ) BIMCO/ ISF 1990 2000 2005, 2005 241
, 466000, 2%, 721000, 24. 3% 2004, 10. 4% 3. 2% OECD ( ) 49. 8%, 66. 5% 2002 OECD, OECD, ( ),, ( GDP) 3000,, 3000, 20 ( ),,, ( ), 5 10, 1. OECD, 2000 OECD 50 41. 8%, 22. 9% OECD 1 OECD 1 20 20 25 26 30 31 40 41 50 51 55 55 0. 4 5. 7 9. 4 18. 8 27. 5 24. 0 17. 8 3. 1 9. 5 12. 3 20. 5 31. 8 15. 8 7. 1 : recious Associates Limited prepared for the OECD Maritime Transport Committee: Availability and Training of Seafarers, 2003 1995 1978 ( International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for seafarers, 1978, as amended in 1995, STCW78 /95), OECD 242
46. 5, 41. 1, 1 2,, OECD, 50 1990 5800 2000 26000, 3 10, OECD,, 1 OECD : BIMCO/ISF Manpower Update Summary Reports April. 2000 2 : BIMCO/ISF Manpower Update Summary Reports April. 2000 2., 1995 1978, 16, 18 20 19 ( ),,,,, 55 60, OECD 46. 5, 41. 1, 243
,,,, OECD 3 3 OECD : PAL 3.,,, 1996 400, 1, 6, 2, 80 4, 400,,, OECD, 1979 1 1986 12 8, 451, 378, 277, 66, 46, 46 ; 613, 430, 423, 56, 33, 34 2 BIMCO/ISF Manpower Update Summary Reports April. 2000 :,, 1998. 12,, 244
1979 1986 2 / ( ) / ( ) / / ( ) / / ( ) / / ( ) 451 378 /83. 8 % 277 /73. 3% 66 /23. 8% 46 /16. 6 % 46 /16. 6% 613 430 /70. 1 % 423 /98. 4% 56 /13. 2% 33 /7. 8% 34 /8. 0% : :,, 1998. 12,, 2,, OECD,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ) 1.,,,, 245
,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1.,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, ( 1),,,,, WTO,,,, 246
,, ( 2),,,,, 3.,,, ;,,,, OECD,,, OECD,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,, ;,,,,, 247
;,, [ 1] ichael L. Wachter and Randall Wright, The Economics of Internal Labor Markets, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 29, Spring 1990, 240 262 [ 2].. :, 2000, 23 [ 3] Precious Associates Limited prepared for the OECD Maritime Transport Committee: Availability and Training of Seafarers, 2003, 6 [ 4].., 2002( 2), 1 4 [ 5].., 2003( 2), 86 88 [ 6] U. S. Department of Transport, Maritime Administration: A Review of Crewing Practices in U. S. Foreign Ocean Cargo Shipping, Nov, 2006, 3-4 [ 7] BIMCO, ISF: BIMCO/ ISF MANPOWER UPDATE 2005 248
( ),,,,,,,,,, BIMCO ISF1990, 2000 89, 167, 2005 104, 543, 2005 4. 3,,,,,,,,, ( 1979-) :,,, 25, 16001 : 13940863225, E - mail: laocucumber@ yahoo. com. cn 249
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( 1), ( ) ( 2), ( ) ( 3), ( 4), ILO. 2006., 2006,, 2007 9 1,, 2006,,,,, [ 1].., 2007 [ 2].. :, 2002 [ 3].., 1999 252
( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 1990,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 253
,,,,,,, ( ) 155, 51, 4,,,, 2 3 WTO,,,,,,, ;,,, SEAS- PAN, ( MAERSK),,, ( ) 1. STCW78 /95,,,,,,,, 254
14,, 51,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ; 80,, ; 255
,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 2006,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 80%,,,,,, ;,,, ;, : 2007, ; 2008,, 256
( ),,, 8 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ( ),,,,,,, VTS CCTV, : ( 1),, ( 2) FSC PSC,, ( 3),, 257
( 4),, ( 5), ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1]. [ J].. 1990 [ 2] 2006. :. 2007 [ 3]. 2007 258
( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1 ], [ 2 ],, [ 3 ] ( 1967-) :,,,, 259
,,,, [ 4], [ 5 ],,,,, ( ), 1.,, STCW78 /95,,,,, 2., STCW78 /95,,,,,, 3.,, 260
,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ),,,, ( ) 2006, ( European Maritime Safety Agency),, 261
,, : V = { v 1, v 2, v 3, v 4, v 5 } = { - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2}, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2,,,, 1 1 0. 3003 0. 2449 0. 4 0. 1999 0. 3571 0. 1499 0. 1000 0. 2666 0. 6429 0. 3571 0. 2 0. 2999 0. 1334 0. 2667 0. 2334 0. 1999 0. 4975 0. 2142 0. 335 0. 1675 0. 5263 0. 2857 0. 2105 0. 2632 0. 4387 0. 1429 0. 3232 0. 2382, B = ( b 1, b 2,, b n ), ( 2), 72. 0720, 83. 4800, 76. 2020,, ; 262
, ;,, 2 84. 876 < n < 90. 814 68. 963 < n < 84. 876 48. 742 < n < 68. 963 31. 64 < n < 48. 742 24. 73 < n < 31. 64,,,,, STCW,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 263
( ),, :,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 264
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1],.., 2006, 8: 55-58 [ 2],.., 2007, 5: 68-70 [ 3]... 2007, 5: 45 [ 4].., 2006. 5: 68-69 [ 5].. ( ), 2007, 1: 118-121 265
( ),,,,,,,,,, 2007, 4. 9%, 7. 6%, 90%,,,,, 6000,,, 2015, 2. 75,, 2005 : 466, 000, 721, 000,, : 476, 000, 586, 000, :, 266
;, ( ),,,,, : 50%, 27%, 16%, 5%, 2% : ( 42% ) ( 16. 6% ) ( 6. 8% ) ( 6. 8% ) ( 6. 2% ) : BIM- CO SIRC : ( ), 20, 15,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 12%,,,,,,,,, 267
,,,,, STCW95,,,,,,, 4,,,,,,,, :,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, - ZODIAC ( 168 ) 25, 3300,,, 5,, 2007 300, 40 ( ),,, 20 70,,, 268
,, ;,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ( ),,, 50 ;,,,,,,,,, ( ),, :,,,, 8 10,,,,,,,, ;, 269
,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 76, 8 22, 22,,,,,,,, ( ) ;,,, :,,, ( ),,,,, :, ( 13000 /, 9800 / ) ( / 600 700, ),, 2, 270
, 7,, ( ) ( ), (, 2007 750 / ),,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, :, GNP( ),,,,,, 20,, ( ),,,, ;,,,,, : ( ) 1.,,, 271
,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( 1600 / ),,,, ;, 3.,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ;, 4.,,, 272
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2004, 2005 19%, 86%, 86%, 2. 2% ( ) 1.,,, 22 8000,, 3000( GT/ KW) 5000,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 273
3.,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ) 1.,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 2.,,,, ;,, ;,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 274
,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,! [ 1]. :., 2007. 11, 54 58 [ 2].., 2006. 1, 16 18 [ 3].., 2006. 1, 19 22 [ 4].., 2007. 1, 23 25 [ 5].. 2006-2007. 2007, 69 73 275
( ),,,,,,,, :,, BIMCO/ ISF( ), 2010, 35% ( 4. 5 ),,, 100,, ( ILO),,,,,,, 2006 2, 94 ( ) 2006 ( ),, :, : 13964516091, 0535-6740792,, : PSC FSC 276
, ( ),,,, :,,, 20,, ( ),,, 40, 4, 12, 25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ;, 5%,,,, WTO, 277
,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2007 9 1,,,,, ( ),,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ) ; ( ) 278
,,, ;,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1],. - [ 2] : 279
( ),,,, 20 70,,,,,, 1979 3, 1979 11, 29, 20 80,, 1984 8 -, 1989,, 80, ( 1953-) :,, : 010-59639377, 13311108487, E-mail: chengrx@ coscoman. com 280
,, 2006 39300, 16000, 40%, 13000, 29000,, 60, 10,, : ( 1),, ( 2),,,,,, ( 3), ISO ISM ( 4),,,,,, ( 5),, :,,,,,,, :,, ;, ;,,,, : ; 281
2% 4%, 8% 10%, ;,,,,, 282
( ),, ( ),,,,, :,,, ;,, ;,,,,,, :, :,, 361021, E - mail: wuyuanhe618 @ 163. com, : 13950049365 : 283
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 122,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 284
, 68 :,,,,,, 248 :,,,, 23 :, : ( ) ; ( ),,,,,,, ;,,,,, : 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 285
( [ 1992] 16 ),,,,,,,, 1996,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 8 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 2001 3 10 286
( ) ( ),,,, :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1],,. [ M]. :, 2002. 31 [ 2]. [ M]. :, 2001. 20-21 [ 3]. [ M]. :, 1999. 667 [ 4]. [ M]. :, 2000. 432 [ 5]. [ J].. [ M]. :, 2004. 305 287
( ) 2006 ( MARITIME LABOUR CONVENTION, 2006),,,, 2006,,,,,,,, : ; :,, : ( 1979-) :,, : 07722631300, 20, 545006, E-mail: hailuegui@ sina. com 288
( ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ),,,,,,, 2007 9 1,, 2006,,, 2008 1 1 :,,, 289
: :,,,,,, :,,,,,, 2006,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 2006,,,,,,, 290
,,,, 2006,,,, ( ),,,,, ( 1) 1. ( 1) 1, ( 2) 2006, 500, 2. 291
( 1) ; ( 2) (, ) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ( ) ; ( 5) ; ( 6) ; ( 7) ; ( 8) 3. ( 1) : 500 ; ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) 4.,, ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) 5. ( 1) (, ) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ; ( 5) ( ) ; ( 6) ; ( 7) ; 292
( 8) ; ( 9) 6. ( 1) ( ) ; ( 2) ( ) 7. ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ; ( 5) 8. PSC ( 1) : ; ; ; ; ; ; ( 2) PSC : 2006, 9. PSC,,,, 2006 2006, 293
94 ( ),,, 2006, [ 1].. 94 ( ) [ 2]. 2006., 2007 2 [ 3],. 2006. 2007 1 [ 4]. 2006., 2007 06 [ 5],. ( 2006)., 2007 4 [ 6] 2006. [ 7]. J 2EE., 2007 23 4-3, [ 8] [ 9] 294
2006 ( ) 2006,,,, ( ILO) 2001, 5, 20 20 ILO 60,, 2006 2 23 94 314 0 4 30 33% 12,, 2006 ( ),, :, 07 ; : 15940969175, E-mail: Pierre8461@ yahoo. com. cn :, 07 ; : 13889570459, E-mail: aiai102007 @ 163. com, 12 295
:, ;, ( ) 1. A2. 1-4 :,, 2.,,,,, 3., A5. 1. 5-,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 296
,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 2007 ( ) 2006, :,,,,, : 1.,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,, 100 297
120,,,,,, 4, 5,,,,,, : ( 1),,,, ( 2),,, ITF,,, ( 3),,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,, 298
,,,,,,, ;,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 299
,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2007,,,,, ( 2006 ),,,, 4. 2006,,,,, 300
, ;,,,,,,,,, 2006,,, 2007 9 1 2006,, [ 1].. [ 2]. 2006. [ 3].. [ 4].. [ 5].. law-lib [ 6].., 2007 2 16 [ 7],. 2006.. 2007 [ 8],. WTO. e-law [ 9].. : 301
( ) 2006,,, 2006, 2006 6 7 2006, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, :, : :, :, / : 0411-84726138, E - mail: surelizhen @ yahoo. com. cn 302
,,, ( ),,,,, ( ) ( Regulations) 2. 6 ( injury) ( loss) ( unemployment), A B, A, ( Standard) ; B, ( Guideline) A2. 6,,,, A, B2. 6 B,,, A, B,, :,, 4. 2,, A4. 2,,, : ; ; 303
ILO,, IMO ( International Chamber of Shipping, ICS) ( International Transport Workers ' Federation, ITF), IMO ILO, IMO/ILO, 2001,,, IMO ILO IMO 2001 11 931,,,,,,,,,, ( a model receipt and release form),,,, IMO ILO, 2002 1 1,,, ICS ITF,, IMO/ILO 2008,,,, IMO Draft guidelines on abandonment, personal injury and death of seafarers developed by IMO/ILO Working Group, 8 /5 /2001 IMO news. 304
,,, IMO 92,, 2008 10 20 94,, 1999 1992 2004, : ( ) 22,, 169,,,,, 208,, ( ) 25,, ( ) 6,, ; ( ) 2001,,, 305
, ( ) 8,,, ( ) 1992 ( ) 8, 2003,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 306
,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,, :, 107,,, ;,,,, ;, ;,,, ;, 1992 ( ), 80,, ( ), ( ( ) 1 ),,,,,,, ;,,,,, ( ),,, 307
:,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( 2003 2 ),,,, 2006,,,,,,,,, [ 1],.., 2004 3 [ 2].. ( ), 2007 2 :,,,,,,,,, ( 2001 7 ) 4 : 308
( ) 2006,,,,,,,,, :, ( ILO) ( IMO),,,,,, ;, ; 2006,,,,, :,,, 17-1 -502, 116023, : 0411-84740611, 0411-84723370 ( ) ; E-mail: wangzan9@ sina. com : < ( ) >,, 2007-3 - 3, http: / / www. fjgh. gov. cn/ article_show. asp? ArticleID = 3586 309
,,,,, ;, ( ),, (,,, ), 52 73,, ( ),,,, 31 42,,,,,, ( ),, ( 179 ) ( 186 ),... : 1, -, 2004, 5,............ 90 -. -....,..,.. :,, 2006, 22. 310
( 2 ),, ;,, ( ), ;, ;,,, ( ) : ( 1),,,, ; ( 2) ( ),, ; ( 3),,, ; ( 4), : ( 1),,, ( ), ; ( 2),,,, ( ), :, :,,...,..,.. :,, 2006, 23....,..,.. :,, 2006, 23. 311
,,,, ;, ( ),,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,...,..,.. :,, 2006, 24. :, 2007-11 - 23 11: 20: 12,, http: / /www. hebei. com. cn/node2 / jingji /rcsc /userobject1ai639629. html, :, 2007-3 - 22 20: 11 : 09,, http: / /www. ccelaws. com/int/ artpage /3 / art_7887. htm 312
( ), 1996 2 20 11,,, ; ; ; ;,,, : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; : ;,, : ;, ; ; ; ; ; ;,, ( ),, 8, 40,, : ( 65 45, 41 160 ) 7. 2, 36, ;, 6, 36,,,...,..,.. :,, 2006, 26. 313
,, : (,,, ) (,, ), 8, 12 /,,, (,,,, ),, ( ) 120,,,, 150, (,, ) ( ), 48 12, ( ), :, ; ; ;, 12 24 8,, ;,,,,,, 314
,,,,,, ( ) :, : ( 1),,, ; ( 2) :,, ; ( 3), ; ( 4) : ( 1), ; ( 2) :,,,, ; ( 3) ; ( 4), ; ( 5) ; ( 6), ( ), 30,,, 2 5, 315
,, : ( 1) 24 10,, 6 ( 2) 10 6, 2,, 70 ( 3), ( 4) 12, ( 5),, ( STCW ), 2,, 2 ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, < > :, 2007-3 - 13, http: / /www. simic. net. cn /news / detail. jsp? id =8592 : 2007-9 - 24 16 : 38 : 55,, http: / /www. zybw. net/newsdetails. aspx? infoid = 2891 &type = 41 316
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, : [ 1]... 1, -, 2004, 283-292. [ 2]..,..,.. :,, 2006, 21-36 [ 3],. - /. :, 2007 4, 305 344 [ 4].. :, 2007 3, 112 143 [ 5],.., 2006 6 [ 6].., 317
2007 14 [ 7].., 2006 3 [ 8].., 2006 8 4 [ 9].., 2007-8-15, http: / /www. zgsyb. com/ Article /ArticleShow. asp? ArticleID = 33121 [ 10] 2006 ( ) :, 2006-09-23 10: 01: 56, http: / / www. cncshipping. com [ 11]. ( )., 2007-3-3, http: / / www. fjgh. gov. cn/ article_show. asp? ArticleID = 3586 [ 12].., 2007-11-23 11: 20: 12, http: / / www. hebei. com. cn/ node2 / jingji/ rcsc /userobject1ai639629. html [ 13].., 2007-3-22 20: 11: 09, http: / / www. ccelaws. com/ int/artpage /3 /art_7887. htm [ 14]., 2007-3-13, http: / / www. simic. net. cn/ news/detail. jsp? id =8592 [ 15]., 2007-9-24 16: 38: 55, http: / / www. zybw. net/ NewsDetails. aspx? infoid = 2891&type = 41 [ 16]. 2006., 2007-8-4 20: 55, http: / / www. zghylm. com/ archiver/? tid-8752. html [ 17] [ 18] [ 19] [ 20] [ 21] 318
( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 90%,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, MBA,,, 69 2705, ( ), : 027-82766515 13971352160 319
, 93%, 46%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 80%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 320
,, 2003,,,,,,,, 2006,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2001, ( ILO),,, ILO, ILO,,,,,, ILO, 2006 2 2006 1920 68 ( ), 2006, 321
,, ( IMO), 1974 ( SOLAS), 1978 ( STCW) 1973 /1978 ( MARPOL),,,,, 2006 68,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, 90%,,, 93%, 99% 120,,, 50, 40%,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ILO,, 322
, 2006 2, 2006,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,, ;,,, ( ),, ( IMO), 323
, IMO,, 2006, 1995 1978,, SOLAS ( ISMC),,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 324
( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; :,, ; : ( ) E-mail: qmczx@ 163. com, : 0532-85752010; 13573883555 325
,, ;,,, 1., : ( 1),,,,,,,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ( stress),,,, 326
( 3),,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( 4),,,,,,,,,, 2., : ( 1),,,,,,,, ( 2),,,, 327
;,, ;,, ;,, ;,,, ; ( ),, ( ), ( 3),,,,, 3., : ( 1) (,, ) ( ), ;, ( SOLAS STCW MARPOL MLC ) ; ;, ; ; ( ) ; ; ;, ; ( 2),, 328
, : PSC, ( 3),,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,, 3,,,,,, 17,, ;, 5,, 16, 8,,,, STCW,,,,,,, 329
, 2.,,,, ( 1),,, (,, ),,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ; ; ;,,, ( 2) 330
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 3),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3., : ( 1),,, 331
( 2),,, ( 3),,,,,,, ( 4),, STCW,,,, ( ),,,,,, ( 5),,,,,,,,, ( 6),, 332
, ( ), ( 7),,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, [ 1].. :, 2002. 9 [ 2],.. :, 2008. 3 [ 3].. :, 2006. 1 [ 4] 333
( ),,,,,,,, ( ),, 90%,,,, ;,, 2008 1 1, 6900, 4,,,,,,, 334
( ) BIMCO2005, 2015, 2. 7 155, 55,, 20,,, 2020, ( ),,, : 1999 11 24,,,,, 282 2007 5 12,,, 16,,, ( ) 1.,,,,, ;,,,,, 2., :,,,, 2009,,,,,, 335
,,,, ( ) 1. ( 1997) ( 14, 97 ),,,, : ( 1) 97,,,,,,,,, ( 2),,,,,, ( 3),,,,,,, ( 4),,,,, ( 5),,,,, 2. 336
( 1) STCW STCW 78 /95, ( ),,, ( 2) 2006 2006 2 23 94 2006 ( MARITIME LABOUR CONVENTION, 2006),, ( 3) PSC FSC PSC FSC,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( MPA),,, 1. MPA 2002,,, : 337
( 1) 360 :,,, ( 2) 240 :, ( 3) :, ( 4) : IMO 1. 27, ( 5) GMDSS : GMDSS, ( 6) ( VTS ) : VTS, VTS ( 7) :, MAN B&W 5L90MC, MAN B&W ( 8) : VLCC/ Product Tanker /Chemical Tanker/ LNG Tanker, ( 9) : IMO,,,, ( 10), 2., 3 2 2 ( 360 150 1 ) 1,,,, 338
3. 欧美等国实训与评估 美国和加拿大海岸警卫队采购多套全任务 型和桌 面型 系统, 不 仅对其 所辖 船员 进行培 训, 还利用模拟器的评估系统进行各项考核, 既节省了大量经费, 有提高了船员的素质, 还没 有任何 生命风险 荷兰政府非常重视对海运教学设施的投入和更新, 其评估中心具有世界第一流的各 种教学 模拟器, 有港口的集装箱 海上引航 航道疏浚 船舶轮机 驾驶 海上平台以及各种物流链 等等 在教师的指导下学员在模拟器上操作, 具有在船舶现场操作一样的感觉和效果 4. 中挪合作中海船员评估中心 1998 年, 挪威船东协会( NSA) 决定, 在中国和波罗的海建立长期的海员 招募基 地 1999 年 4 月, NSA 与中国海运集团签订了 在上 海海事 职业 技术学 院挑 选学 员的合 作项 目 的指 导协 议 2002 年, 中 海集 团 和挪 威船 东协 会于 建 立了 杨林 海船 船员 基 本安 全培 训评 估基 地, 其 培 训模 式 培训设备全部参考国 际海 事组 织 示范 教程 和中 挪两 国 主管 机关 的要 求, 培训 高 标准 严要 求, 实操培训人人必须通过所有的项目 在抢 救伤 病员, 模拟 身体 被甲 板异物 插入 和机舱 锅炉 蒸汽烫伤训练中, 模拟伤员化装真假难辨, 现场触目惊心, 记忆难忘( 图 1) 在防火和灭火训练中, 演习露天火场油池火焰有近 20 米高( 图 2) 图1 模拟 身体被 甲板 异物插 入 图2 模拟 甲板 火场 碰到风助火势, 高倍泡沫, 消防水雾全上, 真刀真枪训练, 那火势, 没有丰富的实战经 验是消 灭不了的 这样利用培训评估基地对船员开展有针对 性, 实战性 的安 全训练, 使船员 能对 船舶应 急机 制和预案有进一步深化了解, 弥补船舶安全培训 项目( 不 能设置真 正火警) 的缺陷, 使船员 真正 感受和体验到事故现场的真实气氛, 提高船员应急操作能力, 增强船员应对灾难的信心 5. 其他 目前我国部分航海院校已经建立了航海 轮机 模拟器, 在 船员 适任 评估培 训上 发挥了 重要 作用 利用航海模拟器对船员进行 特定 水域的 船舶 航行 值班( 进出 港 狭水 道 复 杂航 区 VTS 区域) 以及各种紧急情况下的应急处 理与 操纵 ( 碰 撞 油 污 搁浅 主 机 与舵 机失 控 弃 船 人员 339
),,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( 1), ( STCW),,,,, 2020,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,,,,, ( 3),, / /,,,,,,,,,,, 3D 340
: GIS ; ( Oil Spill model and management system, OILMAP) ; ( ) ( Chemical ( marine and atmospheric) spill model and management system, CHEMMAP) ; ( Search & Rescue model and management system, SARMAP) ; ( Marine Emergency Management system, MEMS), ( 4),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 5),,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 6),,,,,,,, 341
,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1] BIMCO2005 [ 2] STCW. :, 2003. 12 [ 3]. 2006 [ 4]., 2006. 01 342
( ),,,,,,,, 1999 11 24, 282 ; 2006 2 2, SALAM98, 1000,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 343
,,,, :, ;, ;, ;, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ISM,,, SALAM98 1000, 344
, SALAM98 2,,,,, 200 1400,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,,,, ;,,,,, 345
, :,, ( ) U, : U = { u 1, u 2,, u n }, u i ( i = 1, 2,, n),,, : U = { u 1, u 2, u 3, u 4 } u 1 = { u 11, u 1 2, u 1 3, u 14 } u 2 = { u 21, u 2 2, u 2 3 } u 3 = { u 31, u 3 2, u 3 3 } u 4 = { u 41, u 4 2, u 4 3 },,, V = { v 1, v 2,, v n }, V = { v 1, v 2, v 3, v 4, v 5 } = { - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2}, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, {,,,, }, 1 1-2 - 1 0 + 1 + 2 ( ),,,,,,, 2 346
2-2 - 1 0 1 2 0. 8 0. 2 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 1 0. 4 0. 4 0. 1 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 1 0. 8 0. 1 0 0 0 0. 1 0. 9 12 ( ) ( ), ( ) 100, 70, 40,,,,, : m, m a ij = m a ( k) ij 1. ( 3) 3 k = 1 1 1 7 5 1 1 7 5 1 /7 1 /7 1 1 /2 1 /5 1 /5 2 1, : 0. 427 0. 427 0. 412 0. 435 0. 427 0. 427 0. 412 0. 435 0. 061 0. 061 0. 059 0. 043 0. 085 0. 085 0. 118 0. 087 347
CI/RI =0. 01 < 0. 1, W = A = [ 0. 425 0. 425 0. 056 0. 094 ], max = 4. 018, CR = 2. ( 4) 4 1 1 /2 1 /3 1 /5 2 1 1 /2 1 /4 3 2 1 1 /3 5 4 3 1, : 0. 091 0. 067 0. 069 0. 112 0. 182 0. 133 0. 103 0. 14 0. 273 0. 267 0. 207 0. 187 0. 455 0. 533 0. 621 0. 561 W = A 1 = [ 0. 085 0. 139 0. 233 0. 542], max = 4. 054, CR = CI/RI = 0. 020 < 0. 1, 3. ( 5) 5 1 2 5 1 /2 1 3 1 /5 1 /3 1, : 0. 588 0. 600 0. 556 0. 294 0. 300 0. 333 0. 118 0. 100 0. 111 W = A 2 = [ 0. 581 0. 309 0. 110], max = 3. 007, CR = CI/ RI = 0. 006 <0. 1, 4. ( 6) 348
6 1 2 4 1 /2 1 2 1 /4 1 /2 1, : 0. 571 0. 571 0. 571 0. 286 0. 286 0. 286 0. 143 0. 143 0. 143 W = A 3 = [ 0. 571 0. 286 0. 143], max = 3. 001, CR = CI/RI = 0. 001 <0. 1, 5. ( 7) 7 1 5 3 1 /5 1 2 1 /3 1 /2 1, : 0. 632 0. 727 0. 5 0. 158 0. 182 0. 333 0. 21 0. 091 0. 167 W = A 4 = [ 0. 62 0. 224 0. 156], max = 3. 108, CR = CI/RI = 0. 093 <0. 1, ( ), : A 1 R 1 A 2 R 2 B = A R = A ( 1) A 3 R 3 A 4 R 4 349
A = [ 0. 425 0. 425 0. 056 0. 094] A 1 = [ 0. 085 0. 139 0. 233 0. 542] A 2 = [ 0. 581 0. 309 0. 111] A 3 = [ 0. 571 0. 286 0. 143] A 4 = [ 0. 620 0. 224 0. 156] R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4,,,, ( 1) B,,,,,,, ( 8) 8 5 3-5 1-3 1 : ( ) 1. U 1 U 1 350
,, : 0. 8 0. 2 0 0 0 A 1 = [ 0. 085 0. 139 0. 233 0. 542], R 1 = 0. 8 0. 2 0 0 0 0. 1 0. 4 0. 4 0. 1 0 0 0 0. 1 0. 8 0. 1 B 1 = A 1 R 1 = [ 0. 202 0. 138 0. 147 0. 457 0. 054] 2. B 2 = A 2 R 2 = [ 0. 800 0. 200 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000] B 3 = A 3 R 3 = [ 0. 300 0. 342 0. 285 0. 071 0. 000] B 4 = A 4 R 4 = [ 0. 488 0. 278 0. 190 0. 045 0. 000] ( ) B = A R = [ 0. 489 0. 189 0. 096 0. 202 0. 023] ( ) v = m b j v j j = 1 m b j j = 1 = - 0. 919 < 0, :,, ( ),,,,, 351
( ),,,,, ( ),,, - 0. 919, ;, - 1, - 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1] 1978 ( 1995 ) [ 2] [ 3],.. [ 4]. AHP., 2004( 1) [ 5]., :, 2003 352
( ),,,,, ;,, 1994, 45, 44,,, ( ) ( examination wash-back effect),, :,, ;, Bachman 353
, ( ) :,,, ( ), : 1.,,,, ;, ;, ; 2.,,,,,,,,, 3.,,, ;,, ;,, ;, ( criterion-referenced test),, ( criterion) 354
( Hughes) ( Bachman),,,,,,, ( ),,,, : ( ),,? :,,, :,,,,,,,,, :,,, ;, ( ),,, 355
,,,,,,, ( ),,,, : 1. ; 2. ; 3.,, ( ),, : 1., 09,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,, 356
3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1] achman, L. F. & A. S. Palmer, Language Testing in Practice, Oxford: Oxford University Press [ 2] Bachman, L. F. ( 1990), Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing, Oxford: Oxford U- niversity Press [ 3] Hughes, A. ( 1989), Testing for Language Teachers, Cambridge: Cambridge University press 357
( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ( 1979-7) :,, 47, 510260, : 020-89028100, E-mail: lhyan@ gdmsa. gov. cn 358
, ( Motivation),,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, [ 1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 2],, ;,,,,,,,,, 359
, ( ),,, [ 3],, :, ;,, ;,, ;, ( ),,. 1. ( Two-Factor Theory),, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 2.. ( Equity Theory),,,,,,,, 360
3.. ( Expectancy Theory) : = :,,, : ; ; ; ( ),,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 361
,, ; PSC,,,, ;, ;,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,.,,,, ( ),,,,,, [ 4] ( ),,,, 362
,,, ( ),,,,,, [ 5],,,,,,,,, [ 1],.., 2005, 6, 34 35 [ 2],., 2003, 6, 40 41 [ 3].., 2003. 7 [ 4],.., 2006, 4, 255 [ 5].. :, 2003. 7 363
( ),,, :, 3. 5, [ 1 ],,,,, ;, ( IMO), STCW 95 ;,?, ;,,, ( 1963-),,,,, :,, 268, 316021, E-mail: wangjie@ zimc. cn, : 0580-2095666, : 0580-2095003 ( 1982-),,, : 364
, ( ) 2001 STCW 95, IMO [ 2] : ; ;, ;, ;, ;, ;,,, ;,,, 1 /3,,, ( ), 60% ( 1) 2007, 2007 4 1 2006 2007 2008 40 41 42 43 44 45 68% 18% 70% 75 % 64% 40% : ( ) 365
,,,, [ 3, 4 ] ( ),,,, STCW 95 sufficient adequate, [ 5]?,,, ( ) 6,?,,,,,,, 50-60,,, ( ),,,, ( ) :,, ; : 366
,,, ;,, ; :, [ 6 ],,, ( ), [ 7, 9], ( ) (,,,,, ),?, IMO,,,, [ 6], STCW 95,, : ( ) [ 6],,, ; ( PBL),, [ 9] Ridvan : PBL, [ 9 ] Brown and Atkins,,,,,,, [ 10 ] 367
,,,, ( ),,,,, ;, 2 4, [ 6 ], 2005 10 [ 5] ( ) PBL : ( 1) ( ),, [ 11 ] ( 2) ( SMCP) 2001 11 22 A. 918 ( 22) ( ) SMCP [ 8] ( 3) ( IMLP), Mr Van Kluijven,,,,,,,,,, STCW 95, 2002 [ 12 ] ( 4) ( Marlins) 1994,,, ( 5) ( MEITC) 10 368
2002 10, 2003, 2004 6 ( 6) VIDEOTEL,,,,, : ( Lloyd s Register Marine Training Services) : www. lr. org/marine-training, ( IMAREST) : www. imarest. org., www. books. elsevier. com,,,,,, [ 6],,,,,,,, [ 1].,, [ J]., 2004 20 [ 2] Cole. Clive ( 2002). A comment on Asia. Retrieved April 5, 2004, from http: / / home. planet. nl / kluijven/ [ 3]. [ J]. ( ), 2006 10 [ 4]., 2003 2 [ 5] Weeks. F. ( 2000). Language Training for Non-Native English Speaking Mariners. Maritime Education and Training. The Nautical Institute [ 6]. ( 2001). Report on the Implementation of the STCW 95 Upgrading and Revision of Training Programmes and Maritime English Syllabi ( PRC). London: IMO [ 7] Cole. Clive ( 2000). SWOT-analysis of IMEC. Retrieved April 5, 2004, from http: / /home. planet. nl/ kluijven/ 369
[ 8]. [ M]. :, 2000 [ 9] ATILLA. Ridvan, ( 2003). Practices and Professional Skills in PBL, In A. Guldem Cerit ( Editor), Problem Based Learning in Maritime Education and Training ( pp. 117-122), Izmir. Turkey: DOKUZ EYLUL Publications [ 10] rown, G. and Atkins, M. ( 1994). Effective Teaching In Higher Education, London: Routledge [ 11]. ( 2000). Model course 3. 17: Maritime English. London: MO [ 12] Van Kluijven, P. C. ( 2003). The International Maritime Language Programme, ALK & Heijnen Publishers, Alkmaar, The Netherlands 370
( ) ; ;,, 20, 4400, 85% 54%,,, 1978 ( STCW ), STCW STCW,, STCW,, :,, E-mail: baojunzhong@ yahoo. com,, 371
12,, 2006 5849, 623 ; 2007 9869, 6000,, 40, 13. 5,, ;,,,,,, : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3), ; ( 4) ( ) ( ) STCW 75,, 14, 13, 3, 40 1 2002 2007, 1, 2006 2005 ; 2007 2006, 2007 8 2005 2007, :,, 2007 372
2002-2007 ( : ) 1 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 4 1984 2136 2287 2491 2553 4070 3 1062 2511 2884 2893 3296 5799 3 702 1045 560 606 623 N/A 3748 5692 5731 5990 6472 9869 1 2002 2007 1726, 737, 910, 784 11,,, ( AR- PA GMDSS ), ( ), 19, 38 GMDSS, 42, 18 22,, 10, 2, 3 4 2008 3 373
1992 2004 2 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 9733 13349 17637 23574 38164 42000 41736,,,,, 4 5, ( ), :, : ( ) STCW,,,,,, ( ), STCW, : 2004 374
,,,, ( ), 16,, 19, 3-1 3-2 3-1 ( ) ( ) ( ) 21 22 19. 5 22 3-2 ( ) ( ) ( ) 22 16 19 16 ( ) 1.,,,,,,,,, 375
, 2. 4 2 ( ),,,,, ;, ;, ;,,,,,, 376
; 2, 7,,, ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ;,,,, ( ),,,,,, STCW 377
,,,,,,,,, [ 1] orrison, W. S. G. ( 1997). Competent Crews Safer Ships: An aid to understanding STCW 95. Malmo: WMU Publications [ 2] BIMCO/ ISF, ( 2000), Manpower update: the world-wide demand for and supply of seafarers: main report. Institute for Employment Research, University of Warwick, 2000 [ 3] IMO. ( 2001). STCW Convention and STCW Code. London: Author [ 4] Wu B. Participation in global labour market: experience and response of Chinese seafarers. Maritime Policy and Management, 2004 [ 5] China Maritime Safety Administration. ( 2006). Chinese Seafarers Examination, Assessment and Certification. Dalian: Author [ 6] IMO. ( 2006). STW 37 / WP. 6-Draft Report to the Maritime Safety Committee. London: Author [ 7].., 2005 [ 8],.., 2005( 4) [ 9].., 2006( 1) [ 10].., 2006( 1) [ 11].., 2007 378
( ), 4,,,,,,, 1995 1978 [ 1 ],,,,,,, [ 2],, ; [ 3],,, [ 4 ],,,, [ 5], ( 1978-) :,,,,,, 311112, : 0571-8848166 013067822242, E - mail: honin@ zjvtit. edu. cn 379
, ( ) [ 6], [ 7, 8 ],, : ( 1), ; ( 2), ; ( 3),, ; ( 4) ( ), [ 2, 3, 6, 9, 10],,,,, 4,, 1 1 380
( ),, 25,,, 4, 21, [ 7],,,, : U x ( x =1, 2) A = ( a 1, a 2 ) = ( 0. 284, 0. 716) U 1i ( i =1, 2, 3) A 1 = ( a 11, a 12, a 13 ) = ( 0. 196, 0. 485, 0. 319) U 2i ( i =1, 2) A 2 = ( a 21, a 22 ) = ( 0. 465, 0. 535) U 11j ( j = 1, 2, 3, 4) A 11 = ( a 1111, a 11 12, a 11 3, a 114 ) = ( 0. 271, 0. 35, 0. 143, 0. 236) U 12 j ( j = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ) A 12 = ( a 121, a 12 2, a 1 23, a 124, a 125 ) = ( 0. 139, 0. 155, 0. 278, 0. 23, 0. 198) U 13j ( j = 1, 2) A 13 = ( a 13 1, a 132 ) = ( 0. 444, 0. 556) U 21j ( j = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) A 21 = ( a 211, a 212, a 213, a 214, a 215 ) = ( 0. 069, 0. 17, 0. 342, 0. 218, 0. 201) ( ) U 2 1j ( j = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) A 21 = ( a 211, a 212, a 2 13, a 214, a 215 ) = ( 0. 104, 0. 432, 0. 13, 0. 088, 0. 246) ( ) U 2 2j ( j = 1, 2, 3) A 2 2 = ( a 22 1, a 2 22, a 223 ) = ( 0. 103, 0. 66, 0. 237) ( ) U 22j ( j = 1, 2, 3) A 22 = ( a 22 1, a 222, a 223 ) = ( 0. 339, 0. 383, 0. 278) ( ) ( ),,,,,,, 381
4 3 2 1,, 3. 5 2. 5 1. 5 ( ) n, n = 1, 2,, k, k, D d 111 d 112 d 111 k D = d 1121 d 1122 d 112 k d 2231 d 2232 d 223 k ( 1) ( ) g = 4, e =1, 2, 3, 4, 4,, [ 5] : 1 ( e =1), 1 [ 4, ), f 1 2 ( e =2), 2 [ 0, 3, 6], f 2 3 ( e =3), 3 [ 0, 2, 4], f 3 4 ( e =4), 1 [ 0, 1, 2], f 4 ( ) U xij, e, X xij e, X xije k = f e ( d xij n ) ( 2) n = 1 U xij,, X xij, X xij g = ( X xije ) ( 3) e = 1 ( ) U xij, e r xije, r xije = X xij e X xij ( 4) r xij = ( r xij1, r xij 2, r xij3, r xij4 ) R xi = [ r xi1 r xi2 r xij ] T ( 5) 382
( ) U xi U x Z xi = A xi R xi ( 6) Z x = A x R x ( 7) ( ) Z = A R = [ a 1 a 2 ] Z 1 Z 2 ( 8) ( ) Z, C ( C = { 4, 3, 2, 1} ), W = Z C T ( 9) ( ),,, 1 1 2. 969 1. 960 3. 095 2. 871 2. 585 3. 104 2. 806 3. 247 2. 905 2. 264 3. 121 2. 731 2. 136 3. 026 2. 662 3. 328 2. 996 1. 839 3. 084 2. 926 2. 763 3. 315 2. 863 3. 215,,,,,, 6,, 383
,, ( ) ( 1),,,,, ( 2),,,,,, ( 3),, ( ),,,,,,, : ( 1),, ( 2),,,,,,,,,,, 384
, [ 1]. [ J]., 2006, ( 3) : 32-34 [ 2],. [ J]., 2004, ( 4) : 30-33 [ 3]. [ D]. :, 2004 [ 4]. [ J]., 2006, ( 1) : 33-36 [ 5],,. [ J]., 2001, ( 1) : 44-49 [ 6]. [ J]., 2004, ( 4) : 23-26 [ 7],,. [ J]., 2005, ( 2) : 5-7 [ 8],,. [ J]., 2001, ( 1) : 95-98 [ 9]. [ J]., 2006, ( 1) : 56-60 [ 10] ilipowicz W. Vessel traffic control problems[ J]. The Journal of Navigation, 2004, 57( 1) : 15-24 385
( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 1995 1978,, 2007,, :, E-mail: LJY@ szmsa. gov. cn 386
, ISM,,,,,, STCW,,, ( ARPA GMDSS ), ( ),,, : ( 1), 2004,,,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,, 387
,, ;, ( 3),,,,, ( 4),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 5), 04,,, 12 ; 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 388
,,,,,, 5, 7,,,, : ( 1),,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,, ;,, ( 2),,,,,, ( 3),,,,,,,,,,, ( 4),,,,,,,,, 389
,,,,, ( 5) 85,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 6),,,,,,,, ISM,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 390
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 391
( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( 1), ; 392
1 ( ) ( BP / / ) 60 /,,, ( / ) 35 /,, ( GS / 70 /,, / ) ( 70 /, / / SHELL), / ( ) ( 4 /, ),,, ( / ) 40 /,,, ( ) ( ) 40 /,,, ( SABIC) 25 /, ( + 26 / ) /, ( ) 45 /, 65 /, 2008 25 30 / 70 / 2010 ( 16 /, ) ( 24 /,, ) 2008 2008 45 /, 2008 INEOS 20 /, / 2010 2006, ( ) 173 /33. 6, 2004 2006 52 /9. 7 393
2006 13 2007 9, 2006 7 1 2007 3 15,,, 33 / 9. 5 2007 2007, 206 /43. 1 ( 2) 2 ( 3 ) ( ) 20 ( 15 ) 25 2 ( 2 ) 3 1 ( 1 ) 10 4 2 16 ( 4 ) 4 8 ( 8) 12 11( 6) 5 ( 4) ( ) / 10 4 ( ), ( ) ( ) 14077 ( ) 55, 1000 ( 14, 30% ), 700,, 300 394
, ( ),,,,,,,, ( ), ( 3) 3 ( ) / ( ) ( ) 200 ( ) 150 360, STOLT STOLT ( ) 290, 60 STOLT, 200 100 150 ( ),,,, :,, ( ) 395
,,,, 10,,,,,,,,, ( ),, EHS,, PSC/ FSC ( CDI, OCIMF, SHELL, BP, EXXON-MOBIL ),,,, ( ),, ;, ( MARPOL) ( IBC/ IMDG) ; :,,, 2, 396
,, 3 ( ),,,, STCW,,, ; ; ;, ; ;,,, ; ;,,,, 3 (, ) 3,, 3000 4000,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,, 397
( ),,,,,,, SOLAS ( ), ; ; ( / / ) ; ( / / / ) ;, / ; ;, ;,, PSC/ FSC ( CDI, OCIMF, SHELL, BP, EXXON-MOBIL ), ( ),,,, 4000DWT,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 398
,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, LNG LPG,, 399
( ; ),, 20,,, :,,,, 50%, OECD, 20, 20 1985,, / 2000 2005, 4%, 48500 BIMCO/ ISF, 2010 2015, 51000 53500,, 1 BIMCO/ISF Manpower 2005 Up- 400
1 ( 1990 2015 ) ( Source: BIMCO/ISF estimates based on Lloyds Register-Fairplay data. ) date,, 520, 000 630, 000 ;, 462, 000 560, 000, : OECD, / 1985,, 20, / 360 110,, 2 1969 2000 2 30 ( 1969 2000) ( Sources: Retrieved from Unpublished handout of World Maritime University by Professor Takeshi Nakazawa) 401
2,, 2000, 1985 50% 2000 10%,,,, / / 3 JPY / USD ( JPF),, EXCEL 3 JPF ( JPF), JPY /USD /, ( ) 0. 93, 2 0. 87, 3 : /,, 4 4 ( 1982 2002 ) ( : ) 4, 20, 2002 3880, 1982,,,,,, 402
, 500000,, 2006,,, 2007 /,,,, / : ( ) 2006 2. 1,, :,,, ( ) 2006 2. 2, ;,, ( ),, 10 ( 2007 4 7. 985 2008 2 7. 166),, 1 403
/ 1 ( 1 ) ( 1) ( 2) ( 2) ( 1 & 2) 10 5000 7. 985 39925 7. 166 35830 4095 40950 2500 7. 985 19962 7. 166 17915 2047 20475 800 7. 985 6388 7. 166 5732 656 6552 1, 10,, / 1 6,,,,, 2006, 2004 389, 2005 346, 2006 143, 2006 3 ( ), : 2006 7 1,,,, 2007 3 ( ) ( ),,, /,,, /, /,, 2006,, [ 1] IMCO/ ISF ( 2005). The Worldwide Demand for and Supply of Seafarers: Manpower Update. Prepared by the Institute for Employment Research, University of Warwick, Coventry UK and 404
Published by BIMCO/ISF [ 2] SIRC ( 2007). Welfare services for seafarers. Prepared by the Seafarers International Research Centre, University of Cardiff, Wales, UK, Not published [ 3] Neil G. Ruiz. Protecting Overseas Workers: Lessons and Cautions from the Philippines. Migration Policy Institute. 2007. 9 405
( ; ) STCW 78/95,,,,, STCW 1997 2 1 STCW 78 /95,,, 1987, ( 1997 14 ),, ( 2004 1997 ),, :,, 10, 11 : 13920850007, E- mail: chiefjiang@ sina. com :,, 17, 6, : 13602131933, E-mail: chenguang@ cosbulk. com 406
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 407
,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ( ) STCW 78 /95,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 408
!,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 409
( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 410
STW39 ( ; ; ) STCW STCW STW, STW39 52, STCW ( IMO) ( STW) 39 2008 3 3 7 STCW STCW, 52,, 10,, ( 1967-) :,, STCW,, STCW, : 20-34298850, E-mail: jqyang@ gdmsa. gov. cn ( 1977-) :,,, STCW STCW, : 20-34298892-238, E-mail: pscowjh@ 126. com ( 1967-) :,,, : 411-84724527, E-mail: baojunzhong@ yahoo. com 411
STW39 ( ),, STCW B ( ) STCW A ( ),, ( ), ( STW39 /7 /1), ( STW39 /7 /12), ( ),,, STCW 52,, STCW,, ( GMDSS ),,, STW,,, GMDSS,, GMDSS GMDSS ( ) 1000 1000 ( STW 39 /7 /12) 1000 412
, B ( ) 2006, MSC82 STW ( ITF), MSC83 MSC /MEPC ISM, ITF, ISM, ITF ( ) V V /1- ( LNG) ( WG2),,, ;, ( WG2),, A-V /1-1 A-V /1-2, ( Table A-V /1-1) ( Table A-V/1-2) ( Table A-V /1-3) ( ), A / VI-6,, ( WG3),, II III,, A-VI/1-4 413
,, ( LNG) ( ) 2007 9, 61, 2, ( LNG), STCW ( ) ( LNG) ( ) ( LNG) ( ),,, ( ) STW ( ) STCW ( ) A-VI/ I,, 2008, STW40, ( ) STW, STCW A, STCW 2010, STCW 2012, 2012 STCW, 2012 414
, ( ), A-VI/1-4, ( ),, ( ) 1000,,,,, ( ) ( LNG) ( LNG), ( LNG) ( LNG), ( LNG) ( LNG), ( LNG) [ 1] MO. Draft Report to MSC. STW39 / WP. 5, March 2008 [ 2] IMO. Electronic officer ( Submitted by the Islamic Republic of Iran). STW39 /7 /1, July 2007 [ 3] IMO. Bridge Resource and Engine-room Resource Management ( Submitted by Singapore). STW39 /7 /7, Nov. 2007 415
[ 4] IMO. Definition and mandatory requirements for certification of electro-technical officer and senior elector-technical officer and a special training for engineering personnel managing the operation of electrical power plant above 1000 Volts( submitted by Bulgaria, et al). STW39 /7 /12, Nov. 2007 416
( ),,,,, 50,,,,,,,,, [ 1], [ 2 ],,,,,, ( 1976-) :, / ; :, 355, 315020, : 0574-86801534, 13605741145, E-mail: caiweiwei@ tom. com 417
4, 1 1 1,, ;,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 418
,,,, 2 2 ( ) 1. 2, U = { u 1, u 2, u 3 },,,,, 2. V, : V = { U 1, U 2, U 3, U 4, U 5 } = { - 2, - 1, 0, + 1, + 2 } 419
- 2, - 1, 0, + 1, + 2, : V = { U 1, U 2, U 3, U 4, U 5 } = { - 2, - 1, 0, + 1, + 2 } = {,,,, } ( ) ( AHP),,,,,, : {,, } = { 0. 216, 0. 452, 0. 332} ; {,,, } = { 0. 253, 0. 114, 0. 237, 0. 396} ; {,, } = { 0. 311, 0. 258, 0. 431} ; {,, } = { 0. 325, 0. 391, 0. 284} ; {, } = { 0. 677, 0. 323} ; {, } = { 0. 587, 0. 413} ( ),,,,,,, 100, 50, O 3 3,,,,,,, (, ) 420
( ), 2 ( ) : u 11 u 111 u 112 B 11 ; u 21 u 211 u 212 B 21, B 1 2 B 13 B 14 B 22 B 23 B 3 1 B 32 B 33 : u 1 B 1 ; B 3 u 2 u 11 u 12 u 1 3 u 14 B 11 B 12 B 13 B 14 u 1 u 21 u 22 u 23 B 21 B 22 B 23 u 2 B 2 ; u 3 u 31 u 32 u 33 B 31 B 32 B 33 u 3 : B 1 B 2 B : : B 3,,, R 11 ; A 11, B 11 B 21 = A 21 R 21 : B 11 = A 11 R 11 B 11 B 12 B 13 B 14, B 1 : B 11 B 1 = A 1 R 1 = A 1 B 12 B 13 B 14 421
B 21 B 22 B 23, B 2 : B 2 = A 2 R 2 = A 2 B 21 B 22 B 31 B 32 B 33, B 3 : B 23 B 3 = A 3 R 3 = A 3 B 31 B 32 : B 1 B 2, B: B 3 B 33 B 1 B = A R = A B 2 B, B = ( b - 2, b - 1, b 0, b + 1, b + 2 ), B,, [ b( u i ) ] 2, : B = n [ b( u i ) ] 2 u i i = 1 n [ b( u i ) ] 2, u i = i( i = - 2-1 0 + 1 + 2) i = 1, B, B - 2 + 2 B, B, 1 B 3 B 1 B < - 1. 25, - 1. 25 B < - 0. 45,, - 0. 45 B < 0. 55, 0. 55 B < 1. 50,, B 1. 50, ( ),, 422
,, B,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1].,, 2002 3 ; 25-26 [ 2]. [ J]., 2005 1 ; 79 [ 3]., 2005 423
( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ISF) ( BIMCO) 2005 12 2005, 118. 7, 46. 6 ;, 2005 1 2015 2. 7 ; [ 1 ],,,, ( 1963-) :,,,, : :,, 268, 316021, E-mail: wangjie@ zimc. cn, : 0580-2095666, : 0580-2095003 ( 1974-) :,,, :, : 424
[ 2, 3 ], 500, 10, 6500 12, 20, :,,, 1 40 60 3000, 2004,, 1998 1999 ( DNV) ISO9001, STCW 78 /95,,,,, 1994, 24 2000, 50%,,,,,,,, 4000,, GMDSS 2500, 425
( ),, STCW95,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 2 ] ( ),, [ 4],,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 426
[ 5, 6, 7] ( ),,,,,, [ 8 ],,,,,,,, 18,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, : ; ISM,, ;, [ 9 ],,,, 427
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[ 1]. 2007 [ R]. 2007 12 http: / / www. moc. gov. cn/ zizhan/ siju/ renlaosi /lingdaojianghua/200711 / t20071119 _ 446975. html [ 2],,. [ J]., 2007 3 [ 3],. [ J]., 2004 15 [ 4]. [ J]., 2006 04 [ 5]. [ J]., 2006 04 [ 6]., [ J]., 2002 02 [ 7]. B [ J]., 2003 04 [ 8].. 2005 35, 2005 [ 9]. [ J]., 2006 6 429
( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 1999 :,, 2010,, 1999 160, 2008 :,,, ; E-mail: xpyan@ whut. edu. cn :,, ; E-mail: hm@ whut. edu. cn :,, ; E-mail: ganzhipin@ whut. edu. cn :,, ; E-mail: cs@ whut. edu. cn 430
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( ; ),,,,,,,,,,,, STCW78 /95, 1997 l1,, 2000,,,,,,, [ 1-4] ;, ;,, :,,, :, : 0571-88372701, E- mail: zsmsardf@ sina. com,,, 316021 438
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2 5,,,,,,,, 5.,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, ( ) ( 1),,,,,,,,,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 441
( 3),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 4),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 5),,,,,,,,,,,, ( 6),,,,,, ( 7),,,,,,, ( 8),,,,,,,, 442
,,,,,,, [ 1],,.., 2001, 1( 22) : 51 54 [ 2],.., 2002, 3: 25 26 [ 3].., 2007, 1: 15 17 [ 4].., 2003, 1: 16 [ 5].., 2002, 8: 25 26 443
( ),,,,,,, 5700, 2600, BIMCO ( ISF) 2005, 2015, 2. 7, ( ) 18, 60%,,, 12000, 65%,,,, :,, : 0532-85752158, 13708989531 444
( ) 1. IMO 1978 ( STCW ), I/ 6,, STCW A-I/6, STCW A-I/6 : 2.,, ( 1997 348 ),,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, 2000, ( 2000 2 ),,,, 2002 5, ( ) ( 2002 5 ),,,, 445
,, ( ), 80%,,, 2005 8000, 5000 2006 9600, 8100,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30,,, 1,, 2, 4, 10, 446
, 16 2005,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 5, /,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 20 447
( ),,,,, 1315,,,, 500 ;, 400, ;, 300 200,,,,,,,, 110, 70, 5446TEU,,,,, ( ),,,, 5, 106, 20,,,, 2007,,,,,,, 448
,,,, 2007 10 2008 2 GMDSS GMDSS,,,,,,,! [ 1].., 2007 11 [ 2] BIMCO / ISF MANPOWER 2005 UPDATE - The worldwide demand for and supply of seafarers. December 2005. UK: Team Impression Ltd [ 3].. 2006 [ 4]. [ J]., 2007( 1) 449