(aviation weather observing location) (observing location) (point) (points) (evaluated) (various elements) 1. (clouds) (surface visibility) (weather) (touch down area of the primary runway) 2. (tower visibility) (the airport traffic control tower ATCT) 3. 4. (lightning) (airport location point ALP) 5 (anemometer) (cup generator anemometer) (wind vane) (behavior) (comparability) (obstruction) 1
10m (33ft) (mounted) (anemograph) (pointer) (dial) 2 (METAR) ( 1) 1 (Beaufort wind scale) (specification) (m/sec) (knot) 0 ( )calm 1 light air 2 light breeze 3 gentle breeze 4 moderate breeze 5 fresh breeze (specification) 0.3 1, 0.3 1.5 1 3 1.6 3.3 4 6 3.4 5.4 7 10 5.5 7.9 8.0 10.7 6 10.8 13.8 strong breeze 11 16 17 21 ( ) 22 27 ( ) 2
7 13.9 17.1 near gale 8 17.2 20.7 gale 9 20.8 24.4 strong gale 10 24.5 28.4 storm 11 28.5 32.6 violent storm 12 hurri-can e 28 33 34 40 41 47 48 55 56 63 32.7 36.9 64 71, 13 37.0 41.4 72 80 14 41.5 46.1 81 89 15 46.2 50.9 90 99 16 51.0 56.0 100 108 17 56.1 61.2 109 118 (visibility) (transparency) 3
(opacity) (meteorological optical range MOR) (gold visibility meter ) (optical wedge) (glass slide ) (absolute transparency) (transmissometer) ( )(photo-electric cell) 100m 200m 8 1500 ( runway visual range RVR ) (RVR) 4
(present weather parameter) 1. (precipitation) (water particles)--- a. (drizzle) 0.5mm b. (rain) 0.5mm c. (snow) (crystals) d. (snow grains) e. (ice crystals) f. (ice pellets) 5mm g. (hail) h. (small hail and/or snow pellets) 2~5mm i. (unknown precipitation) 2. (obscurations) a. (mist) 1~5 b. (fog) 1000 5
c. (smoke) (40km~160km ) (haze) d. (volcanic ash) e. (widespread dust) f. (sand) g. (haze) h. (spray) 3. a. ( / ) (well-developed dust/sand whirls) b. (squall) 16kt 22kt 4. (funnel cloud) a. (tornado) b. (funnel cloud) c. (waterspout) 5. (sandstorm) 10 50 6. (duststorm) (present weather observing standards) (qualifiers) (intensity/proximity) 6
(descriptors) 1. (intensity/proximity) ( ) ( ) ( ) (proximity qualifier) (vicinity) (1) (intensity of precipitation) ( ) ( ) ( ) a. (rain) (ice pellets) 2 3 4 2 (criteria) 0.10inch(2.54mm) 0.01inch(0.254mm) 0.11inch(2.79mm) ~ 0.30inch(7.62mm) 0.01inch(0.254mm) 0.03inch(0.762mm) 0.30inch(7.62mm) 0.03inch(0.762mm) 3 (criteria) 4 (criteria) 7
11 4800 b. 5 5 (criteria) > 800 m 800 m > 400 m 400 m (2) (proximity) 5 10 2. (descriptors) (shallow) (partial) (patches) (low drifting) (blowing) (showers) (thunderstorm) (freezing) (1) (shallow) 6 (2) (partial) (patches) (6 <20 ) (3) (low drifting) 6 (4) (blowing) 6 (5) (showers) (6) (thunderstorm) 8
(7) (freezing) 0 ( ) ( oktas ) 8/8 30 4 ( dew point ) ( water droplets ) ( dew ) 9
100% ( frost point ) ( Standard Barometer ) ( Standard Barometer ) ( Mercury barometer ) 1. ( Index Correction ) 2. ( Latitude Correction ) 45 3. ( Temperature Correction ) ( Aneroid Barometer ) ( QFE ) ( QFF ) ( QFE ) ( QFF ( Official Aerodrome Elevation ) QFE 10
( QFF ) QFF 2001 pp.184 NWS/NOAA 1995 Federal Meteorological Handbook NO.1 http://www.nws.noaa.gov/oso/oso12/fmhl/fmhltoc.htm. 11