untitled - PDF 免费下载

SPC Automotive Industry Action Group Carwin continuous 26200 Lahser Road, Suite 200 Unit 1,Trade Link Southfield, MI 48034 USA Western Avenue, West Thurrock Phone:1-248-358-3003 Phone:44-1-708-861-333 Fax:1-248-358-3253 Fax:44-1-708-861-941 1997 6 2000 5 1

S P C 1992 1995 2 () 1992, 1995 2

p u np p c u XMR 9 XR S XR Xs 3

QS-9000 QS-9000 QS-9000 QS-9000 QS-9000 SPC David Tai (Ford) Jason Yeh, Chen Jianhe (Chrysler) Vicky Hao (GM) Victor Tan, Mike Liao (Delphi) 4

QS-9000 QS-9000 QS-9000 PLEXUS CORPORATION AIAG QS-9000 QS-9000 QS-9000 QS-9000 QSA PPAP APQPFMEA MSASPC 97 Keh Tung; David Tai,Paul; M.Meredith (Ford);Jason Yeh,Chen Jeanhe (Chrysler);Viocky Hao,Bill Holland(GM) 5

QS-9000 QS-9000 QS-9000 QS-9000 Chrysler, Ford,GM QS-9000 [ QS-9000 QSAPPAP APQPFMEA MSASPC] DelphiQS-9000 AIAG QS-9000 QS-9000 QS-9000 AIAG QS-9000 QS-9000 QS-9000 QS-9000 6

ASQC AIAG ASQC/AIAG SPC AIAG LeonarD SPC Thomas T.Stallkamp Clinton D.Lauer Donald A. Parvs AIAG Joseph R.Phelan Tripp MartionPeterson Spring ASQC Bruce W. Pince Task Force Coordinator Sandy Corporation Troy, Michigan December, 1991 1991 AIAG AIAG AIAG AIAG 313358-3570 7

I 1... 5 2... 7 3... 9 4...11 5... 13 6... 17 7... 21 8... 25 II... 27 1 XR... 29 A... 31 B... 37 C... 39 D... 57 2 Xs... 65 A... 65 B... 67 C... 67 D... 67 3 xr ~... 69 A... 69 B... 71 C... 71 D... 71 E... 72 4 XMR... 75 A... 75 B... 75 C... 77 D... 77 5... 79 A... 79 B... 80 C... 81 D... 83 8

II... 89 1 P... 91 A... 93 B... 95 C... 99 D... 107 2 np...111 A...111 B...111 C...111 D...111 3 c...113 A...113 B...113 C...113 D...113 4 u...115 A...115 B...115 C...117 D...117 IV...119 1...119 2... 121 A... 121 B... 122 C... 123 D... 127 A... 131 B... 137 C... 139 D Cpm USLT=TLSL... 141 E... 143 F... 147 H... 159 I... 161 9

1... 6 2... 8 3... 12 4... 16 5... 20 6... 26 7 XR... 30 8 XR... 32 9 X... 34 10 XR... 36 11 R... 38 12 R... 40 13 R... 42 14 XR... 44 15 X... 46 16 X... 48 17 X... 50 18 XR... 52 19 XR... 54 20... 56 21... 58 22... 60 23... 64 24 X s... 66 25... 68 26... 70 27... 74 28... 76 29... 82 30... 84 31... 88 32 p... 92 33 p 1... 94 33 p 2... 96 34 p... 98 35 p... 100 36 p... 102 37 p... 104 10

38 np...110 39 c...112 40 u...114 41 u...116 42... 124 43... 125 44... 128 45... 129 11

I H I II XRXs XMR III p np c u IV 1. 2. 1

H 3. SPC 4. 5. 6. AIAG MSA 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 G 4

/ / 1 5

2 SPC 1. 1 2. 3. 4. 5 6

2 7

3 2 2 5 8

15% 85% 9

4 * 15% *W.E.? 1967 8 NO.3,24 3 89~93 ** J.M., 10

3 11

5 3 / 2 5 4 1 3 2 4 12

1 2 3 4 3 2 5 13

1 2 Cp Cpk II 5 22 II 5 14

1 2. 3 14 15

6 3 4 1 FMEA 2 16

3 H 17

1 2 3 5 18

7 Walter 5 A 1 2 3 19

X 5 20

8 B / C I 0= X GR&R%,,: 22

mmkg 0 mm32*f mm h h X R * * 6 23

II X R 6 1 2 16.45mm 3 4 5 X R X R 1 XR X s R 4 24

1 XR XR 26

7 XR 27

A XR 2~5 15 A1 7 a. 4 5 C.1.a C.4.c b. c. 100 25 28

A 8 R 29

A2 8 XR X R X R XR/ A3 XR 8 X R X= X 1 +X 2 +X n n R=X X X 1 X 2 N 30

9 XR 31

A4 9 X R X X 2 R 0 R 2 R 2 1 0.01 1 0.02 A5 9 X R / 32

10 XR 33

B n E B1 RX 10 R= X= R 1 + R 2 ++ R k + k X 1 + X 2 ++ X k + k k R 1 X 1 1 R 2 X 2 1 B2 10 UCL R =D 4 R LCL R =D 3 R UCL X =X+A 2 R LCL X =XA 2 R D 4 D 3 A 2 E 2 10 n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 D 4 3.27 2.57 2.28 2.11 2.00 1.92 1.86 1.82 1.78 D 3 * * * * * 0.08 0.14 0.18 0.22 A 2 1.88 1.02 0.73 0.58 0.48 0.42 0.37 0.34 0.31 * 7,LCL R., 6,6 B3 10 RXUCL R LCL R UCL X LCL X 11 R 34

C R X R X R X C1 R a. 11 c.2 35

b. 12 7 7 n5 R 8 13 R 36

c 13 R 2/3 1/3 2/3 R 25 90% * A 14 XR 37

C2 14 H 11 C3 14 R // R X R X XA 2 R 15 X 38

C4 X a. 15 35 39

b. 16 7 7 40

c. 17 1/3 1/20 1/150 99.73% 2/3 25 90% * A ** B 18 XR 41

C.5 18 38 C.2 ( H, 11) C.6 18 // H 7~13 19 XR 42

C.7 19 22 X R a. σˆ σ ˆ = R/d 2 R d 2 E n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 d 2 1.13 1.69 2.06 2.33 2.53 2.70 2.85 2.97 3.08 b d 2 D 2 D 3 A 2 R = σd ˆ 2 UCL R = D 4 R LCL R = D 3 R UCL X = X+ A 2 R LCL X = X A 2 R C.8 H 7 220~221 20 43

D 18 44

21 45

1 23 D1 R ˆ R E n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 d 2 1.13 1.69 2.06 2.33 2.53 2.70 2.85 2.97 3.08 ˆ D2 21 Z X ˆ USLX XLSL σr/ ˆ σr/ ˆ ˆ USLX XLSL σr/ ˆ σr/ ˆ 46

Z min Z min 4 Z min =2.23 1.3% Z min =2.76 σ X Z min =4 σ = USLX Z min σ = XLSL Z min USL 0.9000.738 0.162 4 4 σ = = = 00405 0.0725 0.0405, 44% X =0.700 Z min =4X4σ USLX 0.9000.700 0.200 Z min 4 4 σ = = = =0.0500 0.0725 0.0500, 30% 1.3% 0.6%,,, X4σ X4σ=0.73840.0725=0.7380.290 =0.410~1.028(:0.45~1.03) X =0.700(), X4σ : X4σ=0.70040.0725=0.7000.290 =0.410~0.990(:0.40~1.00) 22 47

, Z USL =2.21,Z LSL = 2.85 P ZUSL +P ZLSL =0.0136+0.0022=0.0158 1.6% Zmin C PK CPK= =CPU CPL USL LSL X σ R/d 2 Zmin=3 C PK =1.00; Zmin=4, C PK =1.33 D3 22 Zmin C PK Zmin3 C PK 1.00 Zmin4 C PK 1.33 5 48

D4 H H 11 H 7~13 D5 25 50

2 10 1-11 2 1-12 2 1-13 2 1-14 2 1-15 2 1-18 2 1-19 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.30 1.01 1.22 1.08.98 1.12.92 1.04 1.08 1.20 1.25 1.24 1.13 1.08 2 1.10 1.10 1.05 1.12 1.30 1.30 1.10 1.14.92 1.13.91 1.34 1.16 1.31 3 1.20 1.15.93 1.11 1.31 1.01 1.13 1.18 1.14 1.19.96 1.40 1.12 1.12 4 1.25.97 1.08 1.28 1.12 1.20 1.02 1.12 1.20 1.15 1.04 1.26 1.22 1.18 5 1.05 1.25 1.15 1.00 1.08 1.11.03 1.00 1.02 1.03.93 1.13 1.12 1.15 6.95 1.12 1.27.95 1.10.93 1.17 1.02 1.04 1.25 1.08 1.15 1.07 1.17 7 1.10 1.10.95 1.15 1.15 1.02 1.24 1.05.94 1.20 1.29 1.08 1.04.98 8 1.16.90 1.11 1.14 1.35 1.25.98 1.34.105 1.24 1.42.102 1.28 1.05 9 1.37 1.04 1.12 1.28 1.12 1.05 1.34 1.12 1.12 1.10 1.10 1.05 1.12 1.00 10.98 1.08 1.10 1.31 1.26 1.10 1.12 1.05 1.06 1.03 1.00 1.18 1.10 1.26 X 1.15 1.07 1.10 1.14 1.18 1.11 1.10 1.11 1.06 1.15 1.10 1.19 1.14 1.13 S.136.098.106.120.121.115.136.101.086.079.170.125.070.107 1-20 1-21 1-22 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1.08 1.14 1.06 1.14 1.07 1.13 2 1.26 1.02 1.12 1.22 1.05.90 3 1.13 1.14.98 1.18.97 1.12 4.94.94 1.12 1.27 1.05 1.04 5 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.17 1.16 1.40 6 1.15 1.08 1.02 1.26 1.02 1.12 7 1.07.94 1.19 1.15 1.14 1.15 8 1.02 1.12 1.03 1.07 1.07 1.01 9 1.22 1.15 1.02 1.02 1.00 1.30 10 1.18 1.36 1.09 1.36 1.06 1.14 X 1.14 1.12 1.08 1.18 1.06 1.13 S.111.137.074.099.059.141 23 51

2 (Xs ) XR Xs 9 s R / s s Xs XR A 1 A 23 X s s = X i X 2 n1 s = X i 2 nx 2 n1 X i 2 +nx 2 2+X 2 nnx 2 n1 X in X n X s X 24 X s 52

B 24 1 B UCL S LCL S UCL X LCL X UCL S = B 4s UCL X = X+A 3s LCL S = B 3s LCL X = X+A 3s s B 4B 3 A 3 E 2 10 n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B 4 3.27 2.57 2.27 2.09 1.97 1.88 1.82 1.76 1.72 B 3 * * * * 0.03 0.12 0.19 0.24 0.28 A 3 2.66 1.95 1.63 1.43 1.29 1.18 1.10 1.03 0.98 * 6, C. 1 C D 1 D σ ˆ = s/c 4 = σˆ s/c4 s c 4 E 2 10 c 4 n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 c 4 0.798 0.886 0.9214 0.940 0.952 0.959 0.965 0.969 0.973 *,, σ 25 53

3 X R 25 XR XR A A a b 1.5 2 X R B 1 B X R; UCL R LCL R UCL X LCL X UCL R =D 4 R LCL R =D 3 R UCL X =X +Ã 2 R LCL X =X Ã 2 R 54

26 D4D 3 Ã 2 E 2 10 n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 D 4 3.27 2.57 2.28 2.11 2.00 1.92 1.86 1.82 1.78 D 3 * * * * * 0.08 0.14 0.18 0.22 Ã 2 1.88 1.19 0.80 0.69 0.56 0.51 0.43 0.41 0.36 * 7 * C. 1 C UCL R LCL R /3 26 D 1 D σ = R/d 2 R d 2 E 2 10 d 2 n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 d 2 1.13 1.69 2.06 2.33 2.53 2.70 2.85 2.97 3.08 σ 55

E 20 27 56

4 XMR 0 ph 4 XR 2 4 XR X σ 100 XR A 27 1 A X MR 25 24 3 4 23 4 n X a b 1.5 2 MR X B 1 B XR 2 MR 1 57

28 UCL MR =D 4 R LCL MR =D 3 R UCL X =X+E 2 R LCL X =XE 2 R R X D 4 D 3 E 2 E n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 D 4 3.27 2.57 2.28 2.11 2.00 1.92 1.86 1.82 1.78 D 3 * * * * * 0.08 0.14 0.18 0.22 Ã 2 1.88 1.19 0.80 0.69 0.56 0.51 0.43 0.41 0.36 * 7 R R 2 H 23 UCL MR =3.865R LCL MR =0 UCL X =X+3.14R LCL X =X3.14R C 28 1 C X D 1 D XR σ ˆ = R/d 2 =σr/d 2 58

R d 2 n E n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 d 2 1.13 1.69 2.06 2.33 2.53 2.70 2.85 2.97 3.08 σ 59

5 H 17 C p P p CPUCPL C PK P PK CR PR D H 16 C pm C pm A R/d 2 s/c 4 60

S n X S = i X 2 n1 i=1 ^ = σ s X i X n 6σ R/d 2 σr/d 2 6σ S σ^ s B B1 C P USLLSL C P = P P ^ USLLSL P P = C P C PK / C P C PK CPU 6σR/d ^ 2 6σR/d ^ 2 USLX CPU = 3σR/d ^ 2 CPL CPL = C PK C PU C PL 61

USLX P PK 3σR/d ^ 2 XLSL 3σR/d ^ 2 B2 1 6σR/d ^ 2 CRCR= C = P USLLSL 1 6σ^ S PRPR= = 45 B3 s s s A B s 65 X s s s = n s60 n sn n s σs ˆ s 52 ~53 C P USLLSL C C PK P PK C PK 61 B B 62

C PK 1.40 1.05, H 192021 29 63

D C PK C PK H 14 18 D1 29 a / 29b 30 64

D2 I 2 1 6 30a 30a 30b [ 30 c] [ 30e] H 22 45% [ 30d] 65

D3 C C P C PK P P P PK CR C PK PR P PK 30 / σr/d ˆ 2 σˆ s σr/d ˆ 2 σˆ s / C P /C PK 66

/ / / / p np c u 31 67

III II 31/ /// * / */12 3 1 12 H 1 P 2 np 3 c 4 u p 68

1 p p 75 p / / 26 p II 32 p 71

A A.1 32 a. 50 200 np5 25% p b. c. 25 A.2 p 32 n np n= np n A.3 32 0 1.5 2 A.4 32 p 33 p 1 72

B B.1 (p)( 33 ) k, p = n 1 p 1 + n 2 p 2 ++ n k P k n 1 + n 2 ++ n k n 1 p 1 n 2 p 2 n 1 n 2.(p100) p B.2 UCLLCL 33I K UCL P = p + 3p1 p / P = p + 3p1 p / 73

np 1 + np 2 + + np k K np n np n 83

+ ++ k 84

c n c 1 + c 2 ++ c k n 1 + n 2 ++ n k u n u n 85

u n 86

42 43 43 5.15 99% EV e R 1 1 AV o 2 2 AV EV 2 AV= 2 nr n=r= AV=0 90

/ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. A 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 5. X a = R a = 6. B 1 7. 2 8. 3 9. 10. X b = R b = 11. C 1 12. 2 13. 3 14. 15. X c = R c = 16. R P = (X P ) 17. [R a = +R b = +R c = ]/[=]= R= 18. [MaxX= MinX= ]=X DIFF 19. [R= D * 4 = ]=UCL R 20. [R= D * 4 = ]=UCL R * D 4 2 3.27 3 2.58, 7 D 4 * 0,UCL R R R 42 91

R= X DIFF = R P = % EV EV = RK 1 = = AV K 1 2 4.45 3 3.05 %EV = 100[EV / TV] = 100[ / ] = % AV = [X DIFF K 1 EV 2 /nr] = [ = 2 / ] 2 3 K 2 3.65 2.70 %AV = 100[AV / TV] = 100[ / ] = % n= r= R&R R&R = EV 2 + AV 2 = = (PV) PV = R P K 3 = = (TV) 2 + 2 TV = R&R 2 + RV 2 = = 2 + 2 K 3 2 3.65 3 2.70 4 2.30 5 2.08 6 1.93 7 1.82 8 1.74 9 1.67 10 1.62 %R&R = 100[%R&R / TV] = 100[ / ] = % %PV = 100[PV / TV] = 100[ / ] = % 5.15( 99.0%) K 1 5.15/d 2 d 2 rmg 15d 2 E AVAV 0o K 2 = 5.15/d 2, d * 2 (m)(g),g=1,; K 3 = 5.15/d 2, d * 2 (m),(g) 1,; d * 2 (A.J.Duncan) D 3 ( H, 9) 43 92

R&R m R&R= [EV 2 +AV 2 ] PV P P 3 TV PV TV= R&R 2 +PV 2 6 6.00 [TV 2 +R&R 2 ] (TV PV).,(TV) 43 EV TV%EV 100[ TV ] %AV =100[ AV ] TV R&R % R&R =100[ TV ] %PV =100[ PV ] TV 100% 93

43 %EV %AV%R&R %PV TV %R&R 10% 10 44 45 UCL R LCL R 44 UCL R LCL R 45 %R&R 25.2% 94

/ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. A 1 0.83 2. 2 0.83 3. 3 4. X a = 0.85 5. R a = 0.05 6. B 1 0.79 7. 2 0.75 8. 3 9. X b = 0.77 10. R b = 0.03 11. C 1 0.83 12. 2 0.83 13. 3 14. X c = 0.83 15. R c = 0.03 16. R P = 0.56 (X P ) 17. [R a =0.05 +R b =0.05+R c =0.03 ]/[= 3 ]= R= 0.04 18. [MaxX=0.83MinX=0.77 ]=X DIFF 0.06 19. [R=0.04D * 4 =0.13 ]=UCL R 0.13 20. [R=0.04D * 4 =0.00 ]=UCL R 0.00 * D 4 2 3.27 3 2.58, 7 D 3 * 0,UCL R R R 42 95

4/12/88 X2934 0.61.0mm 0.0~10.1mm R= 0.04 X DIFF =0.06 R P =0.56 % EV EV = RK 1 = 0.044.56 = 0.18 AV K 1 2 4.56 3 3.05 %EV = 100[EV / TV] = 100[ 0.18/0.93 ] = 18.7% AV = [X DIFF K 1 EV 2 /nr] = [0.062.700.18 2 /102] =0.16 2 3 K 2 3.65 2.70 %AV = 100[AV / TV] = 100[0.16/0.93] = 16.8% n= r= R&R R&R = EV 2 + AV 2 = 0.18 2 +0.16 2 =0.24 (PV) PV = R P K 3 =0.561.62 =0.09 (TV) TV = R&R 2 + RV 2 = 0.24 2 +0.90 2 = 0.93 K 3 2 3.65 3 2.70 4 2.30 5 2.08 6 1.93 7 1.82 8 1.74 9 1.67 10 1.62 %R&R = 100[%R&R / TV] = 100[0.24/0.93] = 25.2% %PV = 100[PV / TV] = 100[0.90/0.93] = 96.8% 5.15( 99.0%) K 1 5.15/d 2 d 2 rmg 15d 2 E AVAV 0o K 2 = 5.15/d 2, d * 2 (m)(g),g=1,; K 3 = 5.15/d 2, d * 2 (m),(g) 1,; d * 2 (A.J.Duncan) D 3 ( H, 9) 43 96

A X 4 S1 S2 S3 S4 3 1 2 16 # A B C D 1 17 18 18 20 2 12 15 12 12 3 9 10 9 12 4 10 11 12 12 16 97

20 1 80 n=4 7.85 17.91 98

X 2 80 n=4 11.76, 2.84,X 13.83 9.70,R 6.46 X X 3 3 1 X X R X 99

X 4 R X X 3 X X 100

R X R X X 101

B 1 H 4 11 102

C 103

D Cpm*[USLT]=TLSL]** * Cpm = n USLLSL X i T Cpm = T= 6Cpm n=1 i=1 Xi n= ** L.S.ChanS.W.Chengand F.A.SpiringCpmVol.20No.31998 7 16 104

E XR * XS * X R X S n A 2 d 2 D 3 D 4 A 3 C 4 B 3 B 4 2 1.880 1.128 3.267 2.659 0.7979 3.267 3 1.023 1.693 2.574 1.954 0.8862 2.568 4 0.729 2.059 2.282 1.628 0.9213 2.266 5 0.577 2.326 2.114 1.427 0.9400 2.089 6 0.483 2.534 2.004 1.287 0.9515 0.030 1.970 7 0.149 2.704 0.076 1.924 1.182 0.9594 0.118 1.882 8 0.373 2.847 0.136 1.864 1.099 0.9650 0.185 1.815 9 0.337 2.970 0.184 1.816 1.032 0.9693 0.239 1.761 10 0.308 3.078 0.223 1.777 0.975 0.9727 0.284 1.716 11 0.285 3.173 0.256 1.744 0.927 0.9754 0.321 1.679 12 0.266 3.258 0.283 1.717 0.886 0.9776 0.354 1.646 13 0.249 3.336 0.307 1.693 0.850 0.9794 0.382 1.618 14 0.235 3.407 0.328 1.672 0.817 0.9810 0.406 1.594 15 0.223 3.472 0.347 1.653 0.789 0.9823 0.428 1.572 16 0.212 3.532 0.363 1.637 0..763 0.9835 0.448 1.552 17 0.203 3.588 0.738 1.622 0.739 0.9845 0.466 1.534 18 0.194 3.640 0.391 1.608 0.718 0.9854 0.482 1.518 19 0.187 3.689 0.403 1.597 0.698 0.9862 0.497 1.503 20 0.180 3.735 0.415 1.585 0.680 0.9869 0.510 1.490 21 0.173 3.778 0.425 1.575 0.663 0.9876 0.523 1.477 22 0.167 3.819 0.434 1.566 0.647 0.9882 0.534 1.466 23 0.162 3.858 0.443 1.557 0.633 0.9887 0.545 1.455 24 0.157 3.895 0.451 1.548 0.619 0.9892 0.555 1.445 25 0.153 3.931 0.459 1.541 0.606 0.9896 0.565 1.435 UCL X, LCL X = XA 2 R UCL R = D 4 R UCL X, LCL X = XA 3 S UCL S = B 4 S LCL R = D 3 R LCL S = B 3 S =R/d 2 4 * ASTMSTP15D1976 134~136 ASTM 1916Race StreetPhiladelphiaPennsylvania 19103 105

* * * X R X R n A 2 d 2 D 3 D 4 E 2 d 2 D 3 D 4 2 1.880 1.128 3.267 2.660 1.128 3.267 3 1.187 1.693 2.574 1.772 1.696 2.574 4 0.796 2.059 2.282 1.457 2.059 2.282 5 0.691 2.326 2.114 1.290 2.326 2.114 6 0.548 2.534 2.004 1.184 2.534 2.004 7 0.508 2.704 0.076 1.924 1.109 2.704 0.076 1.924 8 0.433 2.847 0.136 1.864 1.054 2.847 0.136 1.864 9 0.412 2.970 0.184 1.816 1.010 2.970 0.184 1.816 10 0.362 3.078 0.223 1.777 0.975 3.078 0.223 1.777 UCL X, LCL X = XA 2 R UCL R = D 4 R UCL X, LCL X = XE 2 R UCL S = D 4 R LCL R = D 3 R LCL S = D 3 R =R/d 2 4 * ASTMSTP15D1976 134~136 ASTM 1916Race StreetPhiladelphiaPennsylvania 19103 * * A ASTMSTP15D W.J.Dixon F.J.Massey,Jr.,(,1969 488 );McGraw-Hill Book Company,New York. 106

p UCL P LCL P =p3p1p/ p3p1p/ UCL P LCL P = p3p1p c UCL C LCL C = c3c u UCL U LCL U =u3u / u u3 n np C p u 107

F P z = z z=2.17, p z =0.0150 1.5%,, 108

G H Terms Used in This Maunal Advanced Statistical Methods Attributes Data // pnpc u Average Mean x XXX XX R AwarenesS Basic Statistical Methods Binomial Distribution p np Cause-Effect Diagram Central Line Characteristic Common Cause 109

Consecutive Continual Improvement in Quality and Productivity 2 Control I II Control Limit CUSUM CUSUM Detection Distrbution Individual X Location Mean Median ~ X ] 110

Moving Range Nonconformity c u Normal Distribution 68.26%, 95.44% ; 99.73% Operational Definition 1 23 Pareto Chart Poisson Distribution c u Prevention Problim-Solving Process Process Average X Process Capability 6R/d 2 Variables Data Case 111

1 2 6R/d 2 % C PK Attributes Data Case pc u 1p Process Control Process Performance 6R/d 2 Process Spread X3 112

113

114

A 2 R E A 2 R E A 3 s E B 3 B 4 s Cc III 3 c n C 4 s E C P 6R/d ˆ 2 C PK CPU CPL CPL 3R/d ˆ 2 CPU 3R/d ˆ 2 6R/d ˆ 2 CR d 2 R E D 3 D 4 R E E 2 R E k LCLLCL X LCL R LCL P LSL MR n n 115

np n np III 2 np n pp III 1 p P P 6ˆ S 6ˆ PR S P PK 3ˆ S 3ˆ S P Z z RR III R R R ss II 2 ss II 5 s SL u u III 4 u UCLUCL X UCL R UCL P USL X II 4 XX II 1 116

X X II 4 X X II 3 X ~ Z Z USL Z min ˆ X R P ˆ S 6R/d ˆ 2 d 2 117

H 1. Walter A.Shewhart,Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product,Van Nostrand,1931;republished ASQC,1980.Available from the American Society for Qontrol,611East Wisconsin Ave.,Milwaukee,WI 53202. 2. Walter A.Shewhart,Statistical Method from the Vicwpoint of Quality Control,Edited by W.Edwards Deming,the Graduate School,Departmtnt of Agriculture,1939 3. W.Edwards Deming,Quality,Productivity and Comperitive Position,Massachusetts Insitute of Technology,Center for Advanced Engineering Study,1982. 4. W.Edwards Deming, Out of the Crisis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center ofr Advanced Engineering Study,1989. 5. American National Standards Institute,Guide for Quality Control and Control Chart Method of Analyzing Date (ASCQ Standards B1-1958and B2-1958/ANSI Z1.1-1958,revised 1975). American National Standsrds institute,control Chart Method of Controlling Quality During Production (ASCQ Standard B3-1958/ANSI Z1.3-1958,revised 1975). NOTE: The above two booklets are available from the American Society for Quality Control,611East wisiconsin Ave,Milwaukee,WI 53202. 6. American Society for Testing and Materials,Mamal on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis (STP-15D),1976.Available from the ASTM,1916 Race Street,Phialdelphia,PA 19103. 7. Westerm Electric CO>,Inc.,Statistical Quality Control Handbllk,1956.Available from:i.d.c.commercial sales,western Electreic Company,P.O.Box 26205,Indianapolis,Indiana 46226. 8. Harvey C.Charbonneau and Gordon L.Webster,Industrial Quality Control,Prentice-Hall,inc.,1978. 9. Acheson J.Duncan,Quality Control and Industrial Statistics,Richard D.1rwin,Inc.,Fourth Edition,1974. 10. Eugene L.Grant and Richard S.Leavenworth,Statistical Quality Control,McGraw -Hill,Inc.,Fifth Edition,1980. 11. Kaoru Ishikawa,Grude to Quality control,asian Prlductivity Organization,Revi- -sed Edition,1976. 12. J.M.Juran,Frand M.Gryna,Jr.,and R.S.Bingham,Jr.,Quality Control Handbook, McGraw-Hill,Inc.,Fourth Edition,1990. 13. Ellis R.Ott,Process Quality Control,McGraw-Hill Inc.,1975 14. Bert Gunter, Use and Abuse of C PK, 4 parts,quality progress,january 1989, March 1989,May,1989 and July 1989. 15. ASQC Automotive Division/AIAG,Measurement Systems Analysis Reference Manual, AIAG,1990.. 16. L.J.Chan.S.W.Cheng,and F.A.Spiring, A New Measure of Process Capability: C pm, Journal of Quality Technologh,vol,20,No.3,1988,pp 162-175. 118

17. Fred A.Spiring,Assessing Process Capabiliyt in the Prescnce of Systematie Assignable Cause, Journal of Qualiyt Technologh, Vol. 23, No.2, April 1991 18. John T.Herman,Capability Index-Enough for Process Industries? Proceedings, ASQC 43rd AQC. 1989. 19. Robert A.Dovivh,Statistical Terrorists, Quality in Manu facturine Manazine, March-April, 1991. 20. B.A.F.Bissell,How Reliable Is Your capability Index?,Applied Statistics,Vol. 39,1990,pp 331-340. 21. R.A.Boyles,The Taguchi Capability Index,Journal of Quality Technology, vol.23,1991,pp.17-26. 22. William W.Scherkenbach,Drmin s Road to Comtinual Improvement,SPC Press, Inc., 1986. 23. Donald J.Wheeler, David s.chambers Understanding Stantistical Process Contro l, Statistical Process Controls, Inc., 1986. 24. General Motors corporation, Key Characteristics Designation System,GM-1805 QN, 1991. 25. Douglas C.Montogomery,Introduction to Statistical Quality Control,ASQC Quality Press, 1991. 26. Leonard A.Doty, Statistical Process Control, ASQC Quality Press, 1991. 27. Peter D. Mauch, Basic SPC: A Guide For the Service Industries, ASQC Quality Press, 1991. 28. J.Bert Keats and Douglas C. Montgomery, Stutistical Process Control in Manufacturing,ASQC Quality Press, 1991. 29. Gary Fellers, PhD.,SPC for Practitioners:Special Cases and Continuous Processes, ASQC Quality Press, 1991. 30. ASQC Statistics Division, Statistical How-To Techniques Series,ASQC Quali- Ty Press (15 volumes), 1979-1991. 31. Victor E.Kane,Defect Pervention-Use of Sinple Statistical Tools, Marcel Dekker, Inc. and ASQC Quality Press, 1989. 32. ASQC, Definitions, Symbols, Formulas, and Tables for Control Charts, ANSI/ ASQC A1-1987. 119

I 120

121

np c UCL np LCL np =np3np1p UCL c LCL c =c3c p u p1p UCL np LCL np =p3 n UCL c LCL c =u2 u n 1 2 3 4 5 122

/S.P.C, 10 SPC / // C.Q.Project Team coordinator AIAG Headquarters-Suite 200 26200 Lahser Road Southfield, Michigan 48 123

86-22-84771635 86-22-84771202 86-22-24375351 86-22-24375352 Emailcaqc@public.tpt.tj.cn catarctr@public.tpt.tj.cm 124